CN203348020U - 一种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统 - Google Patents
一种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN203348020U CN203348020U CN2013203007060U CN201320300706U CN203348020U CN 203348020 U CN203348020 U CN 203348020U CN 2013203007060 U CN2013203007060 U CN 2013203007060U CN 201320300706 U CN201320300706 U CN 201320300706U CN 203348020 U CN203348020 U CN 203348020U
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- ammonia
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- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 title abstract description 56
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound 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[NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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[O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
- Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
- Y02P80/15—On-site combined power, heat or cool generation or distribution, e.g. combined heat and power [CHP] supply
Abstract
本实用新型涉及一种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于：包括蒸发器、回热器、分馏冷凝单元、太阳能氨集热器、分离器、汽轮发电机和给氨泵。本实用新型提供的是采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，属于地热能、太阳能热电转换装置领域。相对于传统地热发电技术，它采用卡琳娜循环技术利用中低温热源，其循环效率在中低温范围内比常规朗肯循环高出20～50％，这在能量利用上是十分可观的，提高了运行可靠性和发电效率。采用太阳能氨集热器与分离器之间形成自然循环来收集太阳能使氨水二次蒸发产生氨蒸汽，从而在地热发电基础上实现光热发电的高效转换。技术成熟，经济可行，其光热转换效率高达95％以上，这是其他太阳能集热器所无法超越的。
Description
ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统
技术领域
[0001] 本实用新型涉及ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，属于地热能、太阳能光热发电装置技术领域。
背景技术
[0002] 世界经济发展对能源的需求日益増加，同时人类赖以生存的生态环境也日益恶化。人类已经开始考虑大力发展新能源，特别是可再生的清洁能源，来替代传统能源。地热能和太阳能作为ー种新能源越来越受到人们重视，各国相继制定鼓励地热能太阳能开发利用的政策，地热能太阳能开发利用的技术、装备也取得新的进展。地热能太阳能发电是利用自然能量发电，由于不需要燃料以及相关联的锅炉，故不产生C02、NOx、粉尘排放，属可再生緑色清洁能源，而且发电成本比常规的火电和水电都低。
[0003] 其中地热发电是把地下热能转变为机械能，然后再把机械能转变为电能的生产过程。能够把地下热能带到地面并用于发电的载热介质主要是天然蒸汽(干蒸汽和湿蒸汽)和地下热水。
[0004] 由于热水和蒸汽的温度、压カ以及它们的水、汽品质的不同，地热发电的方式也不同。常用的地热发电方式有以下几种:
[0005] (I)直接蒸汽法。从地热井取出的高温蒸汽，首先经过净化分离器，脱除井下带来的各种杂质，清洁的蒸汽推动汽轮机作功，并使发电机发电。所用发电设备基本上同常规火电设备一祥。
[0006] (2)扩容发电方式。即地热水经井口引出至热水箱部分扩容后进入厂房扩容器，扩容后的二次蒸汽进入汽机作功发电。这种一次扩容系统，热利用率仅为3%左右。将ー级扩容器出口蒸汽引入汽机前几级作功，ー级扩容器后的地热水进人ニ极扩容器，经ニ级扩容后进入汽轮机中间级作功，这就是两次扩容地热发电，其热利用率可达6%左右。西藏羊八井地热发电站属此种发电方式的机组，单机容量为3000千瓦。
[0007] (3)双エ质循环地热发电方式。当地热參数较高，温度在150°C以上时，采用扩容发电很合适。但參数较低时扩容发电就很困难，这种情况适宜采用双エ质发电方式。即用參数较低的地热水去加热低沸点的エ质(如异丁烷、氟里昂等)，再用低沸点エ质的蒸汽去冲动汽轮机。这种方式理论上效率较高，但技术难度大。目前国内进ロ的两台1000千瓦机组已投产发电。
[0008] (4)全流式地热发电方式。将地热介质全部引入全流发电机组。该方式理论上效率很高，可达90%，但实际结果较低。目前，该方式在国内、外仍处于试验阶段，尚未付诸エ业应用。
[0009] 地热发电方式还有两相全流法等。
[0010] 地热发电的原理与火力发电大致相同。由于地热发电不消耗燃料，因而不需要庞大的燃料运输、存储设施，设备系统比火力发电简单。地热发电后排出的热水只是降低了一些温度，还可以用于取暖、医疗等。地热电站不会排出污染环境的烟气和灰尘。[0011] 我国地热资源储量丰富，分布面广，己发现的热沸泉2500处，地热田270多个。地热资源可开采量相当于4626.5亿吨标准煤，地热利用在我国具有广阔前景。
[0012] 地热能的利用通常分为三种:
[0013]-用于发电的蒸汽或温度极高的热流体；
[0014]-可被直接利用的中低温的热流体；
[0015]-地源热泵(GHPs)利用地表浅层的能源，为建筑物制冷/供暖。
[0016] 地热发电是地热利用的最重要方式。高温地热流体应首先应用于发电。地热发电和火力发电的原理是ー样的，都是利用蒸汽的热能在汽轮机中转变为机械能，然后带动发电机发电。所不同的是，地热发电不象火力发电那样要备有庞大的锅炉，也不需要消耗燃料，它所用的能源就是地热能。地热发电的过程，就是把地下热能首先转变为机械能，然后再把机械能转变为电能的过程。要利用地下热能，首先需要有“载热体”把地下的热能带到地面上来。目前能够被地热电站利用的载热体，主要是地下的天然蒸汽和热水。
[0017] 蒸汽型地热发电是把蒸汽田中的干蒸汽直接引人汽轮发电机组发电，但在引人发电机组前应把蒸汽中所含的岩屑和水滴分离出去。这种发电方式最为简单，但干蒸汽地热资源十分有限，且多存于较深的地层，开采技术难度大，故发展受到限制。
[0018] 一、闪蒸发电
[0019] 原理:当高压热水从热水井中抽至地面，于压カ降低部分热水会沸腾并“闪蒸”成蒸汽，蒸汽送至汽轮机做功；而分离后的热水可继续利用后排出，当然最好是再回注入地层。
[0020] ニ、中低温双エ质发电
[0021] 地热水首先流经热交換器，将地热能传给另ー种低沸点的工作流体，使之沸腾而产生蒸汽。蒸汽进人汽轮机做功后进人凝汽器，再通过热交換器而完成发电循环。地热水则从热交換器回注人地层。这种系统特别适合于含盐量大、腐蚀性强和不凝结气体含量高的地热资源。发展双循环系统的关键技术是开发高效的热交換器。
[0022] 三、干热岩发电
[0023] 干热岩是埋藏于地面Ikm以下、温度大于200°C的、内部不存在流体或仅有少量地下流体的岩体。干热岩发电是从地表往干热岩注入温度较低的水，注入的水沿着裂隙运动并与周边的岩石发生热交換，产生高温高压超临界水或水汽混合物，然后从生产井中提取高温蒸气，用于地热发电和综合利用。
[0024] 太阳能是指太阳光的辐射能量。在太阳内部进行的由“氢”聚变成“氦”的原子核反应，不停地释放出巨大的能量，并不断向宇宙空间辐射能量，这种能量就是太阳能。太阳能是ー种緑色、洁净、取之不尽的能源。人类对太阳能利用大体上就有三种:太阳能光热、光电和光化学的能量转换，而用于产生电カ的转换方式只有太阳能光热和光电的转变。光电转换的形式比较单一，主要的利用形式是太阳能电池。太阳能光热电的转换方式和其设备装置就比较多。太阳能光热电转换的ー个最常见原则就是设法通过太阳能的收集获得水蒸汽，通过蒸汽透平做功，带动发电机产生电力。
[0025] 常规太阳能光热发电系统使用的都是高温太阳能资源。高温太阳能发电系统最主要使用高温热源的原因是其透平发电单元是常规朗肯循环动カ系统，为了保证其热经济性，就必须提高热カ循环的初始温度和压力。太阳能资源是能量密度较低的资源，这就导致常规太阳能光热发电必须通过特殊的装置来聚集低能量密度的能量，从而能提供足够的热量来加热水，得到高温高压的水蒸汽。比如太阳能塔式发电，槽式发电等，都需要投入巨资建设太阳能聚集装置。以下便介绍几种常见的太阳能光热发电系统。
[0026] 一、塔式太阳能发电系统
[0027] 该系统是在空旷平地上建立高大的塔，塔顶安装固定一个接收器相当于锅炉，塔的周围安置大量的定日镜，将太阳光聚集并反射到塔顶的接收器上产生高温，接收器内生成的高温蒸汽推动汽轮机来发电。
[0028] 塔式太阳能热发电按加热エ质的不同又可以分为两种，一种是加热纯水，另ー种为加热盐水溶液。
[0029] 在盐塔式太阳能热利用发电站里，数千块日镜将太阳光聚焦到塔楼顶部吸热体上，热量转入吸热体内的盐水溶液，其温度从265°C升高到565°C，然后高温溶液送到热盐储存器中，通过蒸汽发生器产生蒸汽，蒸汽透平做功后，冷凝放热冷却后又重新回到冷盐储存器里，通过盐溶液泵升压后再次打入吸热体内。
[0030] 尽管塔式热发电系统起步较早，人们也一直希望通过尽可能多的定日镜将太阳能量聚集到几十兆瓦的水平，但是塔式系统的造价一直居高不下，产业化困难重重，其根本原因在于定日镜系统的设计。目前典型的塔式热发电系统的定日镜都有两个特点一是定日镜的反射面几乎都采用普通的球面或平面，ニ是定日镜的跟踪都使用传统的方位角仰角公式。这两个设计特点导致塔式太阳能聚光接收器存在着以下难以克服的问题:
[0031] 第一、太阳在塔上聚焦的光斑在一天之内呈现大幅度变化，导致聚光光强大幅度波动，普通球面或平面反射镜无法克服由于太阳运动而产生的像差。由于太阳的盘面效应，各个反射镜在中央塔上形成的光斑大小随着它与中心塔的距离增加而线性增长，塔上最后形成的太阳聚焦光斑在一天之内可以随定日镜场的大小从几米变化到几十米之大，因此塔式太阳能热发电站光光强出现大幅度波动。再加上各个定日镜的不同余弦效应，塔式系统的光热转换效率仅为60%左右。尽管目前在一些比较讲究的塔式系统的设计中，对不同的定日镜开始采用不同曲率半径的球面以减小太阳在塔上聚焦光斑的尺寸，但光学设计复杂性大大增加导致制造成本也跟着大幅增长。
[0032] 第二、众多的定日镜围绕中心塔而建立，占地面积巨大的中央塔的建立必须要保证各个定日镜之间互相不能阻挡光线。各个定日镜之间的距离随着它们与中心塔距离的增加而大幅度增长，因而塔式热发电系统的占地面积随着功率等级的增加而呈指数性激増。
[0033] 由于上述这些问题，塔式热发电系统尽管可以实现1000°C的聚焦高温，但ー直面临着单位装机容量投资过大的问题。目前塔式系统的初投资成本为3.4万〜4.8万元，而且造价降低非常困难，所以塔式系统50多年来始終停留在示范阶段而没有推广开来。
[0034] ニ、槽式太阳能发电系统一
[0035] 该系统是ー种借助槽形抛物面反射镜将太阳光聚焦反射到聚热管上，通过管内热载体将水加热成蒸汽推动汽轮机发电的清洁能源利用装置。槽形抛物面太阳能发电站的功率为10〜1000MW。槽式太阳能热发电是目前所有太阳能热发电站中功率最大的。系统集热器采集到的热量传递到管内流动的热载体上，热载体可以是水蒸气、热油或盐水等，所用的反射镜由贫铁玻璃制成，它必须有足够的制造精度以便在任何情况下都能有效地反射太阳光线。[0036] 槽形抛物面太阳能收集器所采用的反射镜是抛物面柱。反射的阳光聚焦在一条直线上，安置在焦点线上的真空管玻璃集热器吸收被聚焦的太阳能辐射，温度可以达到400°C，高温载热质在中间换热器中加热水产生水蒸汽，自身温度下降，通过载热质循环泵流回太阳能集热器吸热，构成热源ー回路。产生的水蒸汽在汽轮机内透平做功，带动发电机发电，排气在冷凝器中冷凝成水，经冷凝水泵和给水泵升压后，再回中间换热器，继续循环，此构成第二回路。
[0037] 槽式系统以线聚焦代替了点聚焦并且聚焦的管线随着圆柱抛物面反射镜一起跟踪太阳运动，这样就解决了塔式系统由于聚焦光斑不均匀而导致的光热转换效率不高的问题，将光热转换效率提高到70%左右。但是槽式系统也带来个新的问题是无法实现固定目标下的跟踪，导致系统机械笨重。由于太阳能接收器中间的聚焦管线固定在槽式反射镜上，随着反射每个槽式反射镜都是长、宽的ー个大整体镜面，风阻很大，必须要改变或加强反射镜的支撑结构以增加槽式系统的抗风性能，这样必然导致初投资成本和热发电成本増加。
[0038] 槽式系统的接收器长，散热面积大，槽式系统的太阳能接收器是根很长的吸热管，尽管发展了许多新的吸光技术。但其散热包括由热辐射造成的散热面积要比其有效的受光面积大，因此与点型聚光系统如碟式和塔式相比，槽式系统的热损耗较大。
[0039] 三、碟式太阳能发电系统
[0040] 碟式太阳能发电系统是由2000多镜子组成的抛物面反射镜组成。接收器在抛物面的焦点上把收集到的600~2000°C的热源引到斯特林发动机内，将传热エ质加热到750°C左右，最后驱动 发电机进行发电。碟形反射镜跟踪太阳的运动而运动，克服了塔式系统较大余弦效应的损失问题，光热转换效率大大提高，一般高达85%左右。
[0041] 碟式接收器将太阳聚焦于旋转抛物面的焦点上，又因为太阳能聚光器和斯特林发动机能非常好的结合产生电能，其将太阳能转换为电能的净效率可达29.4%，所以斯特林循环在相同的运行温度范围内是所有太阳能发电中效率最高的。碟式太阳能发电系统使用灵活，既可以作分布式系统单独供电，也可以并网发电。
[0042] 碟式太阳能发电系统与槽式太阳能发电系统及塔式太阳能发电系统的比较如下表所示:
1: 塔式 1:槽式「碟式
工作温度(0C) 500-1000 260-400 500-1500
太阳聚光倍数 I 600-1000 8-80 200-3000
光热转换效率《) I 60 70 85
投资成本(太m能和其他染料组成I
的混合系统发电)(万元/謂) 3,4 2,2 4,7
投资成本(単独使用太阳能发电)
(万元/Kf) 4,8 4,4 6,4
[0044] 通过该表可知，碟式太阳能发电工作温度和聚光比是最大的，其光热转换效率高达85%左右，在类似系统中位居首位。碟式系统的缺点是造价昂贵，在这种系统中也是位居首位。目前碟式热发电系统的初投资成本高达4.7万〜6.4万元。尽管碟式系统的聚光比非常高，可以达到2000°C的高温，但是对于目前的热发电技术而言如此高的温度并不需要甚至是具有破坏性的。所以，碟式系统的接收器一般并不放在焦点上，而是根据性能指标要求适当地放在较低的温度区内，这样高聚光度的优点实际上并不能得到充分的发挥并且热储存困难，热熔盐储热技术危险性大而且造价高。
[0045] 综上所述，现有的三种太阳能光热发电技术都属于高温太阳能发电技术，这就大大增加了对太阳能集热器性能的要求，也就势必增加了在太阳能集热器装置的资金投入，増加了初期投资。
发明内容
[0046] 本实用新型要解决的技术问题是提供一种造价低廉且循环效率高运行稳定的采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统。
[0047] 为了解决上述技术问题，本实用新型的技术方案是提供了ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于:包括蒸发器、回热器、分馏冷凝単元、太阳能氨集热器、分离器、汽轮发电机和给氨泵，地热水经由蒸发器的热介质通道循环流动，地热水进入该热介质通道后将热量传递给流经蒸发器的冷介质通道的介质，蒸发器的冷介质通道的出口端连接分离器，分离器具有气体出口端及液体出口端，经由分离器分离出来的稀氨水分为两路，一路进入回热器将热量交换给流经回热器的冷介质通道的介质，另一路进入太阳能氨集热器在太阳光照下产生更多氨蒸汽，该氨蒸汽与经由分离器分离出来的氨蒸汽汇流后进入汽轮发电机驱动其发电，回热器的冷介质通道的出ロ端连接蒸发器的冷介质通道的入口端，回热器的冷介质通道的入口端连接给氨泵的出口端，给氨泵的入口端连接分馏冷凝単元的热介质通道的出口端，汽轮发电机的出口端与回热器的热介质通道的出口端汇流后连接至分馏冷凝単元的热介质通道的入口端，回热器的冷介质通道的出ロ端连接蒸发器的冷介质通道的入口端，冷却水经由分馏冷凝単元的冷介质通道循环流动从而带走流经分馏冷凝単元的热介质通道的介质的热量。
[0048] 优选地，所述太阳能氨集热器的个数为2个以上时，所述太阳能氨集热器之间根据不同采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统的需要进行串联或并联。
[0049] 优选地，所述太阳能氨集热器包括至少ー个真空管，真空管通过外部的支撑结构固定，在真空管内的管壁上涂有选择性吸收涂层，在真空管内设有水平/竖直放置的至少一片翅片，管中没有中间传热介质的U形管穿过翅片设于真空管内，U形管的两端设于真空管外，当有至少两个真空管时，相邻的两个U形管的端部相互连接。
[0050] 优选地，所述分馏冷凝単元包括冷凝器，在冷凝器内的顶部设有喷雾装置，冷凝器的冷凝侧出口连接冷却塔，冷却塔的出ロ依次串联第三循环水泵及第三节流阀后连接冷凝器的冷凝侧进ロ。
[0051] 本实用新型提供的是采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，属于地热能、太阳能热电转换装置技术领域。相对于传统地热发电技术，它采用卡琳娜循环技术利用中低温热源，其循环效率在中低温范围内比常规朗肯循环高出20〜50%，这在能量利用上是十分可观的，提高了运行可靠性和发电效率。采用太阳能氨集热器与分离器之间形成自然循环来收集太阳能使氨水二次蒸发产生氨蒸汽，从而在地热发电基础上实现光热发电的高效转换。其技术成熟，经济可行，且其光热转换效率高达95%以上，这是其他太阳能集热器所无法超越的。
[0052] 本实用新型的优点是:
[0053] 1、首次将卡琳娜循环发电设备应用到地热能太阳能联合发电领域，能够充分利用地热能太阳能能源特点，高效发电，有利于保护环境，节约能源；
[0054] 2、系统内所采用太阳能氨集热器集热效率高，n≥95%，技术成熟；
[0055] 3、系统内的太阳能热电转换效率高达16%以上；
[0056] 4、系统内的太阳能氨集热器与相同热电转换效率设备相比较，价格降至1/3，在市场上具有极高的价格优势；
[0057] 5、系统内的太阳能氨集热器与相同热电转换效率设备相比较，产品能耗回收期缩短一半，在新能源行业具有极高的能源效益；
[0058] 6、充分回收太阳光照能量，在阴天或夜间条件下不影响发电系统正常运行，系统对热源具有很强的适应性，解决了传统光热发电系统对光照变化的敏感性问题；
[0059] 7、系统内太阳能氨集热器工程安装数量可调节性強，高效区间广；
[0060] 8、设备简单，布置紧凑，可成套生产，成本较低，每千瓦初投资约为1.4万元；
[0061] 9、卡琳娜循环在低温(≥150°C )段，循环效率高，比常规朗肯循环高20~50%;
[0062] 10、氨水热电转换系统稳定，安全可靠，可实现无人操作，维护周期长，维护成本低，发电成本低；
[0063] 11、适用范围广，特别是在太阳能资源和地热资源都丰富的地区将更为实用。附图说明
[0064]图1为本实用新型提供的ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统的连接框图；
[0065] 图2A为太阳能氨集热器的结构示意图；
[0066] 图2B为图2A的局部视图；
[0067] 图2C为图2B的断面图；
[0068] 图3为分馏冷凝单元示意图。
具体实施方式
[0069] 为使本实用新型更明显易懂，兹以优选实施例，并配合附图作详细说明如下。
[0070] 如图1所示，本实用新型提供的ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，包括蒸发器3、回热器2、分馏冷凝単元1、太阳能氨集热器4、分离器5、汽轮发电机6和给氨泵7，地热水经由蒸发器3的热介质通道循环流动，地热水进入该热介质通道后将热量传递给流经蒸发器3的冷介质通道的介质，蒸发器3的冷介质通道的出口端连接分离器5，分离器5具有气体出ロ端及液体出ロ端，经由分离器5分离出来的稀氨水分为两路，一路进入回热器2将热量交换给流经回热器2的冷介质通道的介质，另一路进入太阳能氨集热器4在太阳光照下产生更多氨蒸汽，该氨蒸汽与经由分离器5分离出来的氨蒸汽汇流后进入汽轮发电机6驱动其发电，回热器2的冷介质通道的出ロ端连接蒸发器3的冷介质通道的入口端，回热器2的冷介质通道的入口端连接给氨泵7的出ロ端，给氨泵7的入口端连接分馏冷凝単元I的热介质通道的出ロ端，汽轮发电机6的出ロ端与回热器2的热介质通道的出ロ端汇流后连接至分馏冷凝単元I的热介质通道的入口端，如图所示，在本实施例中，在回热器2的热介质通道的出ロ端还增加了一个阀门，回热器2的冷介质通道的出ロ端连接蒸发器3的冷介质通道的入口端，冷却水经由分馏冷凝単元I的冷介质通道循环流动从而带走流经分馏冷凝单元I的热介质通道的介质的热量。
[0071] 若太阳能氨集热器I的个数为2个以上时，太阳能氨集热器I之间根据不同采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统的需要进行串联或并联。
[0072] 如图2A至图2C所示，太阳能氨集热器I包括多个真空管8，真空管8通过外部的支撑结构11固定，在真空管8内的管壁上涂有选择性吸收涂层，在真空管8内设有水平/竖直放置的至少一片翅片9，管中没有中间传热介质的U形管10穿过翅片9设于真空管8内，U形管10的两端设于真空管8タト，当有至少两个真空管8时，相邻的两个U形管10的端部相互连接。
[0073] 如图3所示，分馏冷凝単元I包括冷凝器29，在冷凝器29内的顶部设有喷雾装置25，冷凝器29的冷凝侧出ロ连接冷却塔26，冷却塔26的出ロ依次串联第三循环水泵27及第三节流阀28后连接冷凝器29的冷凝侧进ロ。
[0074] 使用时，地热水进入的卡琳娜循环动カ循环系统的蒸发器3，将热量传递给卡琳娜动カ系统的循环エ质-氨水混合物。蒸发器3出来的氨水-氨两相蒸汽进入分离器5进行汽液分离；分离器5与太阳能集热器4形成自然循环，吸收光能产生更多氨蒸汽进入汽轮发电机6，分离出来的氨蒸汽驱动汽轮发电机6发电；分离出来的稀氨水进入回热器2加热，最后进入冷凝器I由冷却水冷却凝結。凝结的氨水经给氨泵7送到回热器2进行回热加热，再次进入蒸发器3吸收地热水的热量。
[0075] 本实用新型充分运用了卡琳娜系统在地热和光热领域各自的优势，并使之结合，形成了更高效、稳定的系统。
[0076] 卡琳娜系统本身利用的就是氨水混合物具有不恒定的沸点温度的特点，可以缩小与热源的换热温差。在热カ曲线上，在吸热蒸发段，氨水混合物没有定压吸热过程，它可以比常规的纯水多吸一部分热量。在冷凝段，同理氨水没有固定的凝结点，在放热冷凝段，它就可以少放一部分热量。多吸热，少放热，热カ循环效率可获提高。
[0077] 太阳能氨集热器提高了氨汽轮机进气參数，从而实现了高效率的太阳能热电转换。
Claims (4)
1.ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于:包括蒸发器(3)、回热器(2)、分馏冷凝単元(I)、太阳能氨集热器(4)、分离器(5)、汽轮发电机(6)和给氨泵(7)，地热水经由蒸发器(3)的热介质通道循环流动，地热水进入该热介质通道后将热量传递给流经蒸发器(3)的冷介质通道的介质，蒸发器(3)的冷介质通道的出口端连接分离器(5)，分离器(5)具有气体出口端及液体出口端，经由分离器(5)分离出来的稀氨水分为两路，一路进入回热器(2)将热量交换给流经回热器(2)的冷介质通道的介质，另一路进入太阳能氨集热器(4)在太阳光照下产生更多氨蒸汽，该氨蒸汽与经由分离器(5)分离出来的氨蒸汽汇流后进入汽轮发电机(6)驱动其发电，回热器(2)的冷介质通道的出口端连接蒸发器(3)的冷介质通道的入口端，回热器(2)的冷介质通道的入口端连接给氨泵(7)的出口端，给氨泵(7)的入口端连接分馏冷凝単元(I)的热介质通道的出口端，汽轮发电机(6)的出口端与回热器(2)的热介质通道的出口端汇流后连接至分馏冷凝単元(I)的热介质通道的入口端，回热器⑵的冷介质通道的出口端连接蒸发器⑶的冷介质通道的入口端，冷却水经由分馏冷凝単元(I)的冷介质通道循环流动从而带走流经分馏冷凝単元(I)的热介质通道的介质的热量。
2.如权利要求1所述的ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于:所述太阳能氨集热器(I)的个数为2个以上时，所述太阳能氨集热器(I)之间根据不同采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统的需要进行串联或并联。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于:所述太阳能氨集热器(I)包括至少ー个真空管(8)，真空管(8)通过外部的支撑结构(11)固定，在真空管(8)内的管壁上涂有选择性吸收涂层，在真空管(8)内设有水平/竖直放置的至少一片翅片(9)，管中没有中间传热介质的U形管(10)穿过翅片(9)设于真空管(8)内，U形管(10)的两端设于真空管(8)タト，当有至少两个真空管(8)时，相邻的两个U形管(10)的端部相互连接。
4.如权利要求1所述的ー种采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统，其特征在于:所述分馏冷凝単元(I)包括冷凝器(29)，在冷凝器(29)内的顶部设有喷雾装置(25)，冷凝器(29)的冷凝侧出口连接冷却塔(26)，冷却塔(26)的出口依次串联第三循环水泵(27)及第三节流阀(28)后连接冷凝器(29)的冷凝侧进ロ。
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| CN103306918A (zh) * | 2013-05-29 | 2013-09-18 | 上海盛合新能源科技有限公司 | 采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统 |
| CN104929708A (zh) * | 2015-06-24 | 2015-09-23 | 张高佐 | 一种利用混合组分工质的低温热源热电转换系统及方法 |
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| CN103306918A (zh) * | 2013-05-29 | 2013-09-18 | 上海盛合新能源科技有限公司 | 采用光热二次蒸发的地热发电系统 |
| CN104929708A (zh) * | 2015-06-24 | 2015-09-23 | 张高佐 | 一种利用混合组分工质的低温热源热电转换系统及方法 |
| TWI631272B (zh) * | 2015-06-24 | 2018-08-01 | 張高佐 | 利用混合多組份工作介質之低溫熱源熱電轉換系統及方法 |
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