WO2011134783A1 - Alkali-aktiviertes alumosilikat-bindemittel enthaltend glasperlen - Google Patents
Alkali-aktiviertes alumosilikat-bindemittel enthaltend glasperlen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011134783A1 WO2011134783A1 PCT/EP2011/055702 EP2011055702W WO2011134783A1 WO 2011134783 A1 WO2011134783 A1 WO 2011134783A1 EP 2011055702 W EP2011055702 W EP 2011055702W WO 2011134783 A1 WO2011134783 A1 WO 2011134783A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- glass beads
- mixture according
- water
- alkali
- glass
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/006—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type
- C04B28/008—Mineral polymers other than those of the Davidovits type, e.g. from a reaction mixture containing waterglass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/08—Slag cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/34—Filling pastes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00663—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filling material for cavities or the like
- C04B2111/00672—Pointing or jointing materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/2038—Resistance against physical degradation
- C04B2111/2069—Self cleaning materials, e.g. using lotus effect
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a mixture comprising an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder which, after curing, contains at least 25% by weight of glass beads, a process for preparing the mixture and the use of the mixture according to the invention as grouts.
- Alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders are cementitious materials formed by reacting at least two components.
- the first component is a reactive solid component containing S1O2 and Al2O3, e.g. As fly ash or metakaolin.
- the second component is an alkaline activator, e.g. Sodium water glass or sodium hydroxide. In the presence of water it comes through the contact of the two components for hardening by formation of an aluminosilicate, amorphous to semi-crystalline network, which is water resistant.
- the process of hardening takes place in solutions with pH values above 12 and differs from the hydration process of inorganic binders, such as e.g. of Portland cement.
- inorganic binders such as e.g. of Portland cement.
- This process which takes place predominantly via the "solution”
- an incorporation of Al atoms (and probably also the Ca and Mg atoms) into the original silicate lattice of the reactive solid component takes place.
- the properties of the products produced by this method are in particular depending on the concentration of the alkaline activator and the moisture conditions.
- Alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders were studied by Glukhovsky in the 1950s. The industry's interest in these binders has increased significantly in recent years due to the interesting properties of these systems. Alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders allow strengths that can exceed those of standard portland cements. Furthermore, these systems cure very quickly and have a very high chemical resistance and temperature resistance.
- EP 1 236 702 A1 describes, for example, a water-glass-containing building material mixture for the production of chemical-resistant mortars based on a latently hydraulic binder, water glass and metal salt as a control agent. Granulated blastfurnace slag can also be used as a latent hydraulic component.
- WO 2008/017414 A1 describes a pumpable geopolymer formulation for oilfield applications.
- the formulation is characterized by a controllable thickening and curing time, which is maintained over a wide temperature range.
- the use of glass beads is also proposed.
- EP 1 666 430 A1 describes a joint filling material, in particular joint mortar, which comprises a binder and an aggregate, wherein the aggregate consists essentially of glass beads.
- the binders are above all transparent binders, such as epoxy resins or acrylates used.
- the joint filler is relatively easy to process and clean.
- Dirt-repellent and easy-to-clean surfaces are of great interest in many applications.
- the dirt-repellent surfaces used according to the prior art can be both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic.
- the contact surface and thus the adhesion between the surface and the particles or water lying on it are reduced so much that it comes to self-cleaning. This property is also known as lotus effect.
- the surface is designed so that an extremely high surface energy (high adhesion) occurs and the water edge angle is less than 1 °.
- high adhesion high adhesion
- water edge angle is less than 1 °.
- water is distributed over a large area on the surface, so that dirt can be undermined and thus easily dissolves. This allows dirt to be easily rinsed off the surface.
- Exemplary for the production of hydrophilic surfaces is the application of finely crystalline titanium dioxide (anatase modification) to ceramic surfaces.
- the known hydrophilic and hydrophobic systems often have only a limited mechanical resistance, which limits their duration of action.
- the present invention therefore an object of the invention to provide a binder system available, which forms a surface after curing with very low tendency to contamination.
- the surface should still be easy to clean, and the effect of low soiling tendency should be maintained over a long period of time.
- the binder system should be easy to process and have a high strength after curing.
- the Inventive binder system suitable as joint filling material and grout in particular.
- a mixture comprising an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder, which after hardening at least 25 wt .-% glass beads, preferably at least 35 wt .-% glass beads, in particular at least 45 wt .-% glass beads, especially preferably at least 55 wt .-% glass beads based on the total mass.
- an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder which after hardening at least 25 wt .-% glass beads, preferably at least 35 wt .-% glass beads, in particular at least 45 wt .-% glass beads, especially preferably at least 55 wt .-% glass beads based on the total mass.
- aluminosilicate from the series of natural aluminosilicates and / or synthetic see aluminosilicates, in particular blastfurnace, microsilica, trass, oil shale, metakaolin, fly ash, in particular of type C and type F, blast furnace slag , aluminum-containing silica fume, pozzolans, basalt, clays, marls, andesites, diatomaceous earth, kieselguhr or zeolites, particularly preferred are blastfurnaceous flour, fly ash, microsilica, slag, clay and metakaolin.
- the binder according to the invention contains this solid component preferably in an amount of 5 to 70 wt .-%, preferably from 10 to 50 wt .-%, and in particular from 15 to 30% by weight, which may also be mixtures.
- the ratio of silicon to aluminum atoms is of great importance.
- a ratio of silicon to aluminum atoms between 30 and 1, 0 has proved to be advantageous, with a ratio between 6 and 1, 5 and in particular between 1, 8 and 2.2 and between 4.7 and 5.3 is preferred.
- an alkaline activator is a compound from the series sodium water glass, potassium water glass, lithium water glass, ammonium water glass, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, alkali metal sulphates, sodium metasilicate, potassium metasilicate, preferably potassium waterglass.
- the alkaline activator is preferably contained in an amount of from 0.1 to 50% by weight, preferably from 2 to 25% by weight, and more preferably from 5 to 20% by weight, and they are also mixtures of these compounds can act.
- the shape of the glass beads is not subject to any significant restrictions. These may, for example, have an elliptical, teardrop or spherical shape, the glass beads preferably having a smooth surface.
- the glass beads are preferably full-glass beads, in particular solid glass beads. Glass beads with a diameter between 0.01 and 5 mm, in particular between 0.05 and 2 mm, particularly preferred between 0.1 and 1 mm, have proven to be particularly suitable. In the case of non-spherical glass beads, the diameter refers to the largest measurable diameter of the bead. Preferably, a mixture of glass beads with different diameters is used to achieve the smoothest possible surface.
- the glass material used is not particularly limited as long as it is compatible with the binder. In particular, A, C, E and AR glass are suitable as the glass. Particularly suitable is E and AR glass.
- the system according to the invention may additionally contain at least one filler, plastic, additive and / or pigment component.
- Curing accelerators such as aluminum phosphate, defoamers, rheology modifiers and dispersing aids are also suitable as additive components.
- the total mixture preferably contains from 0.01 to 50% by weight, at least one of these further constituents, and in particular from 0.3 to 30% by weight.
- the plastic component is in particular redispersible polymer powder or, in the case of 2K binders, also liquid dispersions, which are preferably composed of at least one member of the series vinyl acetate, acrylate, styrene, butadiene, ethylene, versatic acid vinyl ester, urea-formaldehyde condensation products and Melamine-formaldehyde condensation products are constructed, and for example polyethylene fibers or polypropylene fibers.
- titanium dioxide can be used as the pigment component.
- the fillers include rock powder, basalts, clays, feldspar, mica flour, glass flour, quartz sand or quartz powder, Bauxitmehl, alumina hydrate and wastes of alumina, Bauxit-, or corundum, ashes, slags, amorphous silica, limestone and mineral fiber materials in question , Also light fillers such as perlite, kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth), expanded mica (vermiculite) and foam sand can be used. Fillers from the series limestone, quartzes and amorphous silica are preferably used.
- the mixture according to the invention contains between 2 and 60% by weight of water, and in particular from 5 to 40% by weight.
- plasticizers and / or superplasticizers can also be added to the system. In particular, amounts of 0.1 to 3 wt .-% are to be regarded as preferred.
- the mixture according to the invention is also suitable for use in conjunction with inorganic or hydraulic or mineral binders, such as cement, in particular Portland cement, Portland slag cement, Portland silica dust cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland fly ash cement, Portland slate cement, Portland limestone cement, Portland composite cement, blast-furnace cement, pozzolanic cement, composite cement Cement with low hydration heat, Cement with high sulphate resistance, Cement with low effective alkali content and quicklime, gypsum (a - hemihydrate, ß-hemihydrate, ⁇ / ß-hemihydrate) and anhydrite (natural anhydrite, synthetic anhydrite, REA-anhydrite).
- cement in particular Portland cement, Portland slag cement, Portland silica dust cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland fly ash cement, Portland slate cement, Portland limestone cement, Portland composite cement, blast-furnace cement, pozzolanic cement, composite cement Cement with low hydration heat, Cement with high
- the amount ratio of the alkali-activated inorganic binder used to the inorganic or hydraulic or mineral see binder can be varied within wide ranges. In particular, ratios of 1: 100 to 100: 1, preferably 1: 20 to 20: 1 and in particular 3: 1 to 1: 3 have proved to be advantageous.
- the system preferably contains no further inorganic or hydraulic or mineral binders.
- the mixture according to the invention comprising an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder contains the following components:
- the mixture contains
- Another object of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a mixture according to the invention containing an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the reactive solid component, the alkaline activator, glass beads and water and optionally further components are homogeneously mixed with one another.
- the order of addition of the components is not critical, but it has proved advantageous to introduce water and the alkaline activator and then add the reactive Feststoffkomponente and the glass beads.
- the process can be carried out both batchwise and continuously, with static mixers, extruders, Rilem mixers and drills with stirring attachments being suitable as apparatus.
- the binder is activated, resulting in the hardening of the mortar.
- the mixture according to the invention only has to be homogeneously mixed with water.
- the mixture according to the invention comprising an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder is preferably used as a joint filler and, in particular, jointing mortar.
- Another object of the present invention is thus a grout based on an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder, which after curing at least 25 wt .-% glass beads, preferably at least 35 wt .-% glass beads, in particular at least 45 wt .-% glass beads , Particularly preferably at least 55 wt .-% glass beads based on the total mass.
- the mixture described above is usually mixed with other components such as fillers, latent hydraulic substances and other additives.
- the addition of the powdered alkaline activator is preferably carried out before the said components are mixed with water, so that a so-called dry mortar is prepared.
- the alkaline activation component is in powder form, preferably as a mixture with the reactive solid component, glass beads and optionally fillers (1 K system).
- the aqueous alkaline activator may be added to the other powdered components. But it is also possible to first mix the powdered components with water and then add the alkaline activator. In these cases one speaks then of a two-component binder system (2-K system).
- the present invention claims the use of glass beads in a grout, which comprises an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder, to reduce the tendency to foul the joint produced.
- the mixture according to the invention can also be advantageously used as a screed, coating, plaster, paint, road marking and in particular as an anti-graffiti coating.
- Another object of the present invention is a cured product comprising the inventive mixture containing an alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder and at least 25 wt .-% glass beads based on the total mass.
- the mixture according to the invention is preferably cured at between -10 and 90.degree. Depending on the composition, very good strengths are achieved after just a few hours, so that the manufactured articles, in particular joints, in most cases ensure almost full load after just 4 to 10 hours.
- the cured product is a joint filling.
- the inventive system has good processability and the cured product has a super hydrophilic surface as well as a high chemical resistance, durability and temperature resistance.
- the low soiling tendency of the surfaces remains virtually unchanged over a very long period of time.
- joints which are produced from the mixture according to the invention have a good surface appearance.
- the same number of drops of the stain former are applied per sample surface.
- the stain former is left on the soiled surface for 10 minutes.
- the thus treated plates are then stored under water for 10 minutes. After removal from the water bath, the grouted tile surfaces are freed by pouring off excess water and the degree of contamination is assessed. In an additional step, any residual soiling residues can be cleaned with a hand brush.
- the assessment of the removability of the test medium can be carried out in the following stages:
- the glass beads used here have a diameter of 0.01 mm - 0.75 mm.
- Commodities Ex1 Ex2 Commodities Ex1 Ex2
- Solids content 40%) 350 350 200 250 350 350
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/642,761 US8657954B2 (en) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | Alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder containing glass beads |
CN2011800134566A CN102791651A (zh) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | 含玻璃珠的碱活化硅铝酸盐粘合剂 |
CA2797342A CA2797342C (en) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | Alkali-activated aluminosilicate binder containing glass beads |
ES11716198.4T ES2603070T3 (es) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | Aglutinante de aluminosilicato activado por álcali que contiene perlas de vidrio |
EP11716198.4A EP2563738B1 (de) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | Alkali-aktiviertes alumosilikat-bindemittel enthaltend glasperlen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10161010 | 2010-04-26 | ||
EP10161010.3 | 2010-04-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2011134783A1 true WO2011134783A1 (de) | 2011-11-03 |
Family
ID=44262723
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2011/055702 WO2011134783A1 (de) | 2010-04-26 | 2011-04-12 | Alkali-aktiviertes alumosilikat-bindemittel enthaltend glasperlen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8657954B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2563738B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN102791651A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2797342C (de) |
ES (1) | ES2603070T3 (de) |
PL (1) | PL2563738T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2011134783A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102014003103A1 (de) | 2013-06-06 | 2014-12-11 | Ceramix Ag | Herstellungsverfahren für wasserhaltig synthetisch hergestellte Alkali-Alumosilikate auf Basis anorganischer Bestandteile zur Herstellung von härtbaren Formmassen |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN104844142B (zh) * | 2015-04-24 | 2017-11-10 | 中国地质大学(北京) | 一种膨胀珍珠岩保温板及其制备方法 |
WO2017099188A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-09 | 2017-06-15 | デンカ株式会社 | 防草材及びその使用方法 |
US20170334779A1 (en) * | 2016-05-20 | 2017-11-23 | The Catholic University Of America | Pumpable geopolymer composition for well sealing applications |
EP3724149B1 (de) * | 2017-12-13 | 2024-02-07 | Etex France Exteriors SAS | Geopolymeres beschichtungssystem für faserzementprodukte |
IT202000011716A1 (it) * | 2020-05-20 | 2021-11-20 | Itt Italia Srl | Pastiglia del freno con un materiale di attrito avente un legante geopolimerico |
IT202100005717A1 (it) * | 2021-03-11 | 2022-09-11 | Daniel Pinter | Pittura strutturale o intonaco in argilla per interni e ed esterni metodo per la realizzazione di detta pittura o intonaco |
DE102022108093A1 (de) * | 2022-04-05 | 2023-10-05 | glapor Werk Mitterteich GmbH | Formkörper, insbesondere feuerfeste Bauplatte |
EP4303203A1 (de) * | 2022-07-04 | 2024-01-10 | ALISEA S.r.l. Società Benefit | Beschichtung basierend auf geopolymer bindemittel und verfahren zum bereitstellen einer beschichtung basierend auf geopolymer bindemittel |
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2011
- 2011-04-12 US US13/642,761 patent/US8657954B2/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 CN CN2011800134566A patent/CN102791651A/zh active Pending
- 2011-04-12 EP EP11716198.4A patent/EP2563738B1/de active Active
- 2011-04-12 ES ES11716198.4T patent/ES2603070T3/es active Active
- 2011-04-12 WO PCT/EP2011/055702 patent/WO2011134783A1/de active Application Filing
- 2011-04-12 PL PL11716198T patent/PL2563738T3/pl unknown
- 2011-04-12 CA CA2797342A patent/CA2797342C/en active Active
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Also Published As
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CN102791651A (zh) | 2012-11-21 |
EP2563738A1 (de) | 2013-03-06 |
US8657954B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 |
CA2797342A1 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
PL2563738T3 (pl) | 2017-09-29 |
US20130206033A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
ES2603070T3 (es) | 2017-02-23 |
EP2563738B1 (de) | 2016-08-24 |
CA2797342C (en) | 2018-11-06 |
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