WO2011100885A1 - Method for obtaining renewable energy sources from waste heat - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for obtaining renewable energy sources from waste heat. The method involves using air or waste heat as a heat source, and using working medium to absorb the waste heat and expand in vacuum. The working medium is condensed to liquid. The expanding gas is charged by a supply power (6) so as to create a primary current. An inductive current is created in a secondary coil through electromagnetic induction. The method can produce renewable energy sources from air, surface water and so on.

Description

 Method for obtaining renewable energy from waste heat

 The invention relates to renewable energy sources. Background technique

 In the development of new energy, solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy can often be heard... but the air, surface water (river, river and sea), and environmental heat in the soil are not regarded as renewable energy, which can be seen in the "Chinese people." The Republic’s Renewable Energy Law is not included in the evidence. In the middle of the last century, Chinese physicist Yan Jici once proposed the idea of using environmental heat [Note 1], but it was not realized because of the low price of oil at that time. After the first oil crisis, advanced countries began to implement the "Yan's vision", which is very effective. We achieved the same effect in a three-year trial in a school. Two to three to four (5) of the hot water for showers came from the air, and the cost of hot water was reduced by 3-4 times, compared with solar energy, although It takes less electricity, but it is not costly, it is not affected by the weather, and it is not affected by the floor. Heating can be done day and night. (Night power is the electricity that the power plant encourages to use.) The scale is not compatible with solar energy (that is, the energy density is high). In solar energy, it can be said that it is stored in the air, including solar energy, various kinds of fugitive energy [Note 2] is concentrated to recover, although it is not rich, but there are endless advantages, called "renewable energy "Exactly qualified.

Heating is the main source of energy for humans. "China's energy structure accounts for 90%, and other developed countries account for 85%. Therefore, in a sense, the development and utilization of energy is largely the development and utilization of thermal energy." [Note 3] Enriched and heated [Note 4], it can become a future star of renewable energy. This is because the "biofuels" that were originally hotly debated have been suspended from planting by the United Nations, Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States because of the suspicion of "competing food with the people." Nuclear energy that many countries yearn for also loses their appeal because of safety, nuclear waste, and the inversion of input and output [Note 5]. In contrast, the heat that gets a few electricity is a multiple of the direct electric heating equivalent. In addition to a part of the electric hair's Joule heat, the other parts are from waste heat such as air and surface water (river, lake, sea and sea). It is particularly pointed out that this waste heat is not the waste heat of power plants and steel plants. Use, but environmental waste heat without temperature difference with the surrounding environment. "Getting heat from the sputum" is rooted in the circulation of heat demand. It not only has no gas pollution, but also absorbs hot dirt. It is an energy model that is comparable in function to plants and absorbs the heat of the earth. It has neither exhausted nor The waste of commission, the economic feasibility of investing in the year, should be the fundamental long-term solution for human thermal demand. To this end, I once wrote in the magazine "High-tech and Industrialization" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, saying that the waste heat heating method to replace combustion and heat is the most scientific, greenest and most economical way to take heat [Note 6]. If the government interprets it and uses the method of “reducing coal by using coal”, what kind of huge energy-saving and emission reduction measures should it be? We assume that the electricity used for heat in the country is the electricity generated by the Three Gorges. (In fact, it is far more than that.) The effect of waste heat and heat is equivalent to the construction of three Three Gorges hydropower stations. Today we have to clarify two issues: 1. The above-mentioned regenerative heat has a better effect than the "anti-Carnot cycle", which attracts us to explore its mechanism in order to answer. "Regeneration heat" can increase the temperature And efficiency, with a wider range of applications. 2. Discuss whether you can get "regeneration work" and, if possible, answer the method of how to get it. Both of these questions involve classical theory. In addition to the fascinating economic benefits of the above two issues, there are two valuable scientific research results supported by the predecessors: 1. 1951 Harvard University Perse and Pound In the test, a negative temperature state was found. As the book "Thermodynamic Analysis" said, the experiment "has raised new questions about the expression of Kay's" [Note 7]; 2. The Probel Prize in the last century won the Nobel Prize. The theory of negative structure reveals a large number of negative entropy facts [Note 8] shaken the theoretical support of Kelvin's expression.

 In the 200 years since the establishment of the classical theory of thermodynamics, human understanding has made two revolutionary advances. First, people abandoned the thermal theory and constructed the theory of molecular motion and entropy. In the middle of the last century, the theory of 畑 was born. Dissipative structure theory, every advancement of theory is like a beacon of wisdom, let us take a step further from the other side of the truth. Thanks to Plygotsu's frankness and scientific spirit, the founder of the dissipative structure theory called "the problem still exists" and hopes for the Eastern culture [Note 9]. We believe that the theory does have some shortcomings: 1 The exit of the thermal theory is not thorough enough, and there are still its remains in the classics. The negative entropy theory of the dissipative structure can go a step further. Only after the theoretical exploration has gained consensus can we provide a scientific basis for "recovering renewable energy from waste heat such as air" and use this to obtain a feasible method. We will follow Benedetti's questioning of Aristotle's "free fall". The law of the law cuts in from the logical flaws of classical theory in order to reach a consensus as soon as possible on the necessity and possibility of the subject.

 Looking back at history, we know that Kano was the time when thermal theory dominated the creation of classics. At that time, the society asked for the highest efficiency of answering the heat engine. Carnot uses the thermal theory and the prototype law of the first law [Note 10] his Carnot law: "All heat engines working between two heat sources, with the highest efficiency of the reversible machine" [11] This is a major premise. The small premise is that the two Isothermal two adiabatic processes are called reversible machines, which gives the most efficient formula for all heat engines - η

1 A T ₂ / T i formula tells us that when T i = T ₂ ΐ! =0, that is, "no work can be done without temperature difference" conclusion 1 1 soon after the experiment of Joule et al. ended the thermal mass The rule of saying, Carnot's law is difficult to survive due to the lack of premise, because the above reasoning is deductive reasoning, if Carnot's law as a major premise fails, the conclusion will inevitably survive, that is, the conclusion that the efficiency formula applies to all heat engines should be reverted to the original scope. (ie only the Carnot mode). If you think deeply about the crisis at the time, it might be an excellent opportunity for error correction. However, in order to save Carnot's law, Kelvin directly confirmed that "a single heat source can't work" - 2 this proposition [Note 12] because it does not quote the premise, without argumentation, as the textbook says is "axiom".

Obviously, 2 and 1 have the same meaning, and the difference is only the scope of application. Conclusion 1 It is derived from the law of individual cases, that is, the formula derived from the two isothermal and two adiabatic modes [Note 13]. To rise to the highest efficiency of all heat engines, it must be premised by Carnot's law. It is possible to push a special case to universal application, otherwise it will make a logical mistake in the point setting. It is for this reason that Carnot first demonstrated his Carnot law with the thermal theory and the first law, but the heat quality was said to be Abolished, Carnot's law itself lost its premise, and there was a Kelvin's direct decision to save the expression of Kelvin, and his prestige was not objectionable at the time.

 Determining the obvious laws as axioms is not uncommon in the history of science. However, Kelvin directly compares the content with the conclusion 1 of the Carnot engine. It is only the scope of application 2, which is directly determined as "Kai’s expression", which is to skip the necessary premise (Carnot Law) and expand the scope of application of special cases. The conclusion that the logic was "cannot be pushed out" was established as "axiom".

I want to think that there is no Carnot's law to deny the existence of a heat engine that exceeds n 1 - TT ^. It can be assumed that there is a non-Carnot heat engine X whose efficiency is 1 T z / T in _x 1, then just connect a refrigerator. In general, it becomes a heat source of a single heat source and violates Kelvin's expression (in Figure 1, as long as the non-Carnot heat engine X (left) goes to the cold source, the heat is less than the dotted line part, and becomes the output work w, minus the refrigerator. The work Wl, W2 is the work done by a single heat source Q2 as a whole. So, Carnot's law is essentially an indispensable premise for Kelly's expression to survive. Skip it and directly establish that Kelvin's expression is axiom. Not logically required.

 As for the textbook saying that Kelvin's expression can be used as a premise, the Carnot's law, which is demonstrated by the counter-evidence method, is completely based on the original conclusion as a premise to demonstrate the circular argument of the original premise [Note 14]. The reason is very simple, because Carnot's law is Kelvin. The indispensable premise can not be returned to use the "open" card "card". The circular argument is called invalid argumentation in formal logic. At this point, Kelly's two logical defects in the process of standing up are clear: 1 The Kelvin expression is established directly in the form of axioms, which does not meet the logic requirements. 2 Using Kelvin's expression as a premise to demonstrate that Carnot's law is an invalid circular argument. As for what is called "although its premise is that the thermal theory is wrong, but the conclusion is correct" [Note 15] Carnot's law with its premise should be the only logical inevitability.

 We disclose this logical flaw in detail because it has a fundamental meaning in the arguments in this paper. Without the crack of this basic problem, the article becomes a passive water, a rootless wood, and there is no need to let people listen. Only when the above defects are recognized, the article has the value of expansion.

 1. The enlightenment of heat pump heat collection:

 The reason we want to assume the ideal gas and the ideal process is to get rid of the non-primary factors, and to see the best results under what circumstances, in order to get the "road map" to the highest effect, if idealized After the effect is not the best, then you need to fully reflect on the cause of the error, it is likely that a factor that should not be rid of is rid of. This factor is the existence and change of the force field.

Kano's hypothetical working fluid is an ideal gas with no force between the molecules. The heating effect of the heat pump is precisely due to the gravitational existence between the working medium molecules. When the working medium is compressed to a certain distance, the gravitational force acts between the molecules. Condensed into droplets, the degree of freedom changes and the phase change is exothermic, which gives us a "regeneration heat". The result is better than the "ideal" inverse Carnot cycle (see a'dcba' cycle ratio inverse in Figure 1). Card Connaught cycle adcba saves the area of aba'-block work, the real gas is used as the evaporation process of the refrigerant, the heat absorbed by the isothermal expansion of the Carnot cycle is much higher (poor heat of vaporization), because there are Gravity, the phase change heat release during liquefaction, and the more Joule heat obtained by the simple compression of the ideal gas, let us see that the effect of the real gas exceeds the result of the "ideal" gas. This result has great theoretical significance. The phenomenon of ignoring innocence and the negative temperature phenomenon, Xu Yelin's experiment [Note 16] are the same source, as detailed in the first section.

 2. Sorting out the classic theory:

 Classical theories that are challenged by experimental facts, the latest theories, and formal logic are indeed flawed. Everyone knows that both heat conduction and work heat transfer are entropy increase processes, while heat work conversion is disorderly to orderly transformation. Therefore, it is not appropriate to equate Kelvin’s expression with Kline’s expression and with irreversible law. It is the real reason for the theory of "hot silence". Nature should, can, and does have a "non-open" process. Only the non-opening process is the most accurate reason to drive out "hot silence."

 The Kano theory born in the thermal theory has four defects, and repositioning is inevitable.

 3. Mechanism of birth of negative entropy:

As we all know, there are two concepts of irreversible power and flux. The entropy increase law is based on the distribution of "power" and "maximum disorder" as the state law of the robbery. There is no objection to its wide application. However, the state laws that exist at the same time are not limited to the principle of minimum potential energy, the velocity distribution is dominated by the bell-shaped curve, and the energy distribution is divided into the bottom of the law. The atomic structure of all matter is 2n ² rule. ... These are the laws of the state. When the movements go to their respective robberies, there is a directed movement, which brings about the possibility of order. The negative entropy is born in the orderly movement and orderly structure. The former shows heat absorption and cooling due to thermal work, and the latter shows exothermic heat because the degree of freedom becomes smaller. Negative entropy and entropy increase are two aspects of the problem, which constitute the cycle of the world, and this article will clarify the positive entropy. Both negative entropy and birth are born under certain conditions. The so-called "spontaneousness" is only conditional on the normal state. The "open system" and "isolated system" that should be obtained from the subjective division of human beings should not be divided into applicable scopes.

 4, there can be a better cycle:

 The first argument is a premise error, and the second argument is that the logic error of Carnot's law is indeed wrong: the ideal heat engine not only requires the ideal to operate (reversible, frictionless assumptions guarantee the ideal of operation) but also the pattern ideal, the Carnot cycle To deal with the problem of entropy increase due to expansion, isothermal compression is used to make the working fluid return to the origin only on the surface. The assumption of "infinite" cold source masks the consequences of entropy increase. "The outside world" does not. Returning to the starting point at the same time as the "system", it is said that the Carnot cycle is not a perfect cycle, and no longer has the conclusion from the theoretical value of the isolated system, which is not perceptible in the Kano era without the concept of entropy.

More importantly, the Carnot engine is not the most efficient and ideal heat engine. Only by removing the entropy increase process of "isothermal compression" in the cycle and replacing it with the entropy reduction process, can the real ideal heat engine be obtained. The ideal heat engine for three-dimensional circulation will have higher efficiency, which is what Kano said. "The height is high, there is no middle school." [Note 18] The height. As stated in the 'reverse proof, if there is a heat engine that exceeds the Carnot efficiency formula and the refrigerator, there will be a phenomenon that violates the 'Kai’s expression' - a single heat source. In other words, it is possible to obtain "regeneration work" from the waste heat such as the air called Fu from the result of "joining".

 5. The essence of thermal power conversion:

 The essence of thermal power conversion is that the direction of motion of the particles is intercepted by the 'potential difference', and it becomes the work. The temperature difference is only one kind of potential difference. According to this, the thermoelectric engine that dominates the industrial revolution is only one of the "heat power conversion". Although the heat quality theory is abolished, it is because the idea of "heat mass falling" must have a temperature difference to work hard [Note 19], and it is still stored in "temperature difference thermodynamics", and its selling quality is heated by heating to obtain expansion. The limitation of the cylinder, the expansion proceeds in one direction and is ordered, and the work is obtained by intercepting the piston. As a traditional thermoelectric heat engine, it can also be explained by the above-mentioned "interception". As a form of thermal power conversion, the mode of temperature difference work is only a "point", and its efficiency formula cannot be promoted to the whole "heat surface" conversion. In the scope of "face", there is the possibility of obtaining order by other potential differences and intercepting it as work (such as field work). Therefore, the conclusion should be: from disorder to ordered heat work conversion, although temperature difference can be done There is no temperature difference and other potential differences can also be "intercepted orderly" and work. As for the efficiency issue, of course, it should not be limited by one of the "point" rules (Carnot formula).

 6, the truth is simple and beautiful

 Heat and work can be obtained in the heat of the fallen, (the concept of commission and 仍 is still applicable to the thermodynamics of temperature difference). The root cause is that changing the direction of movement of the particles requires only conditions, and does not consume work. The performance of electrons in Lenzeli was confirmed. The classical theory does not consider the performance of particles in the force field as the cause of error. In order to obtain thermal energy, in addition to the work and heating (heat conduction) of the system, which can enhance the kinetic energy of the disordered particles, it can also be obtained by structural changes. To get the work, the force field can also be used to correct the direction of the particles, and the energy after they are aligned (without the piston) can be intercepted. Truth is simple and beautiful. Humans can get it on demand in the form of energy conversion. Real renewable energy does not require humans to worry about the exhaustion of energy. Disclosure of invention

table of Contents

1. Enlightenment from heat pump heat collection

2, combing the classic theory

 2.1. Kelvin's expression is not the same as other expressions and can be cut and separated.

2.2, Kelvin's expression is negative in theory.

2.3 - There are four defects in Carnot's theory.

3. The birth mechanism of negative entropy. 3.1. The "minimum energy principle" caused by the force field can be increased with entropy.

3.2, the gas equation should be n _Q = Mg / 4 ii r ² KT

 3.3, the strong field changes the degree of freedom, the birth of the structure is hot

 3.4. The concept of potential energy brought by force field should restore the first expression of Clausius to the first law, ie dQ =dH+dJ+dw,

 3.5, the force field brings the phenomenon of "negative temperature", the beginning of this theory

 3.6. Diversification of state laws, making positive entropy and negative entropy possible

 4, a better three-dimensional cycle

 4.1. A three-dimensional loop that violates Kelvin's expression can be interpreted in a strictly isolated system.

4.2. The nature and law of thermal power conversion

 5. Energy concentration scheme

 1. The enlightenment of heat pump heat collection,

 The input of electricity once gained a few degrees of heat, which was amazing in the middle of the last century. This happened in the Moscow sanitary equipment preparation factory. At that time, everyone was surprised by the fact that the semiconductor was the Parr phenomenon, which was the inverse effect of the Seebeck effect. When an N-type semiconductor is connected to a P-type semiconductor as a galvanic pair and a DC current is applied to the circuit, there is a phenomenon that one end absorbs heat and the other end generates heat. The amount of heat exceeds the Joule heat of the DC power. The heat comes from the cold end, the heat absorbed from the air. Curious people exclaimed what Enx called "energy concentration" but "electric cooling" is the same as "heat pump cooling", and people's interest in deep learning has been ruined by the explanation of "anti-Kano cycle".

Today, when renewable energy becomes a global discourse, we feel that it is necessary to analyze the heat pump and "electric cooling" to obtain medium heat. Let me talk about the heat pump: The dotted line in Figure 2 is from the isotherm family of the real gas in Figure 3. The isothermal process of b to a is the state of vapor-liquid coexistence. The temperature is constant, the pressure is constant, but the volume is smaller. We know that during isothermal expansion, because V ₂ >V , so ΔS = J dQ / T ₀ = 1 / To / dQ = v Rln VV ) is positive entropy, and today Vs V should be a negative entropy process, although This process is obtained with the help of external work compression, but the energy required for work compression is released at the hot end with a lot of Joule heat. It is not because of the energy loss caused by the "negative entropy flow" that brings negative entropy. The real gas is mainly caused by the attraction of gas molecules to a certain distance.

(The upper dotted line in Figure 4 is the repulsive force, the lower dotted line is the gravitational force, the solid line is the resultant force.) The gravitational force occurs at r ₂ , the gravitational force at η is the largest, and the 13⁄4 is the equilibrium point of repulsive force and gravitation. 'Intermolecular condensation is droplets, and the degree of freedom changes. The cockroach releases the heat absorbed by the cold end at the hot end. The Peltier effect is based on the same principle. It is only operated by electrons. The electrons are accelerated by the intrinsic electric field of the cold end, so that the heat in the air is absorbed and released at the hot end. The common point is the success of the force field. The change in degrees of freedom associated with entropy changes is detailed in Sections 3 and 2.

Everyone knows that work is a "process quantity", that is, work is not a function of state. Only knowing the state of the beginning and the end does not determine the size of the work. Therefore, in Figure 2, we complete the same cycle but pay less than the Carnot cycle. Block work is important, and later analysis will know that it is the same source of negative temperature and Xu's experiment.

2, combing the classic theory

 2.1, Kelvin's expression is not the same as other expressions, can be cut, separated

 First, the formal logic tells us that the concept is compatible or not. The concept of compatibility has the same, cross and subordinate (the capital and Beijing are the same, the man and the student are the cross, and the Chinese and Shanghai are the subordinates), so the irreversible law will be The expressions of Krebs, entropy, and Kelvin are called the same and collectively called the second law of thermodynamics is a mistake. The expression of Kelvin is not the same as other expressions.

 The second law of thermodynamics is developed as a study of the law of heat transfer. When people study this law, they understand the irreversible property of the development of things. It should be said that Krebs expression is an irreversible expression of heat conduction, only in the process of irreversibility. One, but it was quickly proved to be in communication with Kelvin. This section will explain the meaning of the same but it is not the same meaning, as Yan Jici said: "The thermodynamics like this refers to the science of studying all changes, the name of thermodynamics has been too narrow" [Note 22]

 We believe that the irreversible law of a single process is a cosmic law. Like the relativity, the conservation law, the causal law, etc., it is a universal law that almost penetrates into every corner. It can be said that all things, all processes They are all irreversibly going to the end of the balance.

 2. The expression of Kjelda is much narrower. It is a law describing the heat conduction "direction". It should be consistent with the law describing the heat quantity "quantity" - Fourier's law.

 3. As we all know, irreversible has two attributes: power and flux. "Entropy increase" is an irreversible process based on distribution. Everyone has no objection to its correctness, but because there are other dynamic state laws, " The system entropy is "no longer an unconditional, unique state result." The negative entropy process is not only described as the theory of dissipative structure, but can also be obtained as described in this paper.

 4. The expression of Kelvin expressing the law of thermal power conversion is the law within the true sense of thermodynamics: it contains the "single heat source can not work", "the second type of perpetual motion impossible" and the efficiency formula It is the expression of the same intercommunication. Due to the challenge of experimental facts, its correctness needs to be studied again. The most controversial topic in history, it should be time to freeze, it is irreversible with a single process, including the single heat conduction process. Irreversible, can be cut and separated. They do not affect each other's new positioning.

2.1.1 Second, define, irreversible refers to a process. The process develops spontaneously and irreversibly in a certain direction under certain conditions. The "spontaneous" power comes from the gradient, and the process begins with the action of the gradient and ends with the disappearance of the gradient. The heat transfer gradient expressed by Kline is due to the temperature difference, and the gradient of the entropy increase process is due to the "distribution" going to the most probable state. We call the time required to go to balance as the relaxation time, which is as long as a few hundred years and a few seconds. We call this process a catastrophe, and we call the last most stable balance. With motivation, it is inevitable to go to the bottom of the robbery. Without motivation, the process cannot be started. The "reversible" assumption is against the known truth that "everything is irreversible." The "reversible" way of thinking still stays in the Newton era of "time inversion symmetry", and has not yet introduced "symmetry breaking" The "Time Arrow"... the most important gain in this classic thermodynamic study.

 The cycle can never be done by "reversibility", and it is only possible that the irreversible process of another power constitutes a loop with each other. In short, the abc process in Figure 5 cannot be done by a reversible cba, but by another powered cda.

 2.1.2 It is a mistake to regard entropy increase as the common cause of all irreversible processes. The irreversible process has its own motives, each with its own. To say that they are connected, it simply means that there is commonality on the irreversible point.

 Figure 6 The left picture is a logical diagram of the textbook view. A is irreversible, B is entropy law, C is Kelvin, D is Kelvin, and Figure 6 shows A is the same relationship with B, C, and D. . Figure 6 The right picture shows our point of view: B belongs to A, B. The two irreversible processes of E and C are the heat of heat and the heat of heat C, both of which are entropy increases in the irreversible process, and "irreversible" The law of the universe is a subordinate relationship. It is a mistake to confuse the irreversible and entropy law, the Kline expression, and the Kelvin expression because it rejects the same irreversible, but it is another negative entropy process X. The purpose of combing this logical relationship is It can be seen that there can be a negative entropy process of X in the right picture of Fig. 6, including the orderly moving D and the orderly structure F. (The conversion of the thermal work indicates that there is a disorder in the system into order, It should be a negative entropy process.) They are all opposites of B, but they are also irreversible processes. They can form a loop with E or C (described in detail later), and this is shown in the left graph of Figure 7, because the entropy increase law B error is expanded to The same relationship of irreversible law A, X is not allowed to exist. This makes the "hot death" in the left picture of Figure 6 unavoidable. [Note 21], Figure B is unlikely to occur "hot death."

 2.1.3 There is no potential difference between the two energy forms of heat and work, so it is impossible to create an irreversible phenomenon of "spontaneousness". It is impossible for the heat to be unconditionally transformed into even a little bit of work. The conversion is successful under the conditions of a heat engine. Similarly, in the absence of friction and electrical resistance, in the meteorites and superconductors in space. The current does not spontaneously slow down and heat up, which means that there is a certain condition for the work to be converted into heat. The mechanical motion in the inertial state is in the most stable equilibrium state as the molecular thermal motion in the most probable state. Even the concept of time has disappeared (the equilibrium state has no concept of relaxation time). Maintaining this state does not have the power to spontaneously transform into other states. We will know later that entropy is zero and entropy maximization is the two extremes. Entropy increase and entropy reduction are two ways to describe "more chaotic" or "more orderly" in the case of neither zero nor maximal. Dynamic description. Entropy, entropy, and entropy are all conditional and each is born by power. It is an irresistible irreversible process.

2.1.4 Textbooks in the certificate "g""open" intercommunication, if "open" does not work, it will lead to the final result of heat running from the cold end to the hot end, we think this is not surprising, and it is due Because the end result at this time is not the result of a "single process", but the result of the cycle. The concept of "single process" is very important here. The one-way irreversibility of entropy increase and heat conduction refers to a single process that is consistent with the gradient phase. Irreversible and non-rejective states can be reconstructed by loops. In short, irreversible refers to a single Process, without state, state can be the result of multiple processes. If the "non-gram" hypothesis is obtained because of the "non-open" hypothesis - the heat conduction reverses the original path, and the gram and the open are indeed the same. The current situation is that "non-open" provides another way to return heat to the high temperature end, providing only the possibility that heat conduction can be repeated and proceeding. The non-opening process is the other half of the cycle (cda in Figure 6). It is not appropriate to call the same two, as stated in the book Thermodynamic Analysis. In recent years, new questions have been raised about the conditions and equivalence of the two expressions, especially the 1951 nuclear spin system experiment. The fact that negative absolute temperature exists and proves that the negative absolute temperature is higher than the absolute absolute temperature raises new questions about the second law of thermodynamics. The "ke" and "open" two arguments are incompatible parallel concepts. The C describing the heat conduction is a process of entropy increase, and the process of heat becoming work is a negative entropy process. They can part ways.

 2.2 The expression of Kelvin was negatively rejected by the experiment. There is no theory in theory.

 2.2.1 Behind life is negative entropy

 Kelvin is the initiator of the "Kai's expression". He still carefully puts the expression outside of "life" in the "thermal dynamic theory". He said, "It is impossible to use the role of inanimate matter to cool any part of the material below the temperature of the coldest object around it to produce a mechanical effect," which is later called a single heat source. Kale’s statement. We believe that Kelvin defines the scope of expression as "inanimate" material. Although the style of study is prudent, it should not be bounded by life. Life is an orderly miracle. It stores the absorbed heat and light energy in the structure, and even Schrödinger profoundly says that "life is negative entropy." The petrochemical resources that we used today are still the solar energy storage of the year. There must be a law behind the phenomenon of life. The birth mechanism of negative entropy is supported. Once it is opened, the blank of the opening of the sage will prove that the prospects of the sages are very wise. . Like Enx's solution, it expresses the rigorous and precise style of the great thinker.

 2 . 2 . 2 The non-opening process can, should, and does exist.

 First of all, the expression of Kelvin is not the result of direct verification by experiments, but the result of speculation. The rules that are not in conformity with the laws of science to be supported by experiments can be wrong. In the last century, the experiment of negative temperature in the United States gave the result of direct expression of Kelvin. The unbiased diode experiment reported by China and the super ideal work of heat pump are all related to the theory. If science is an experimentally based law exploration, do you still insist on the conclusion of the facts in the face of the experimental facts?

 Secondly, Kelly’s expression is wrong to conform to the law of unity of opposites, and it does not contradict Darwin’s theory; it is consistent with the law of conservation of energy of η = 1 without affecting the extensive application of irreversible laws in a single process, including Expression. On the contrary, its correctness will bring about the heat of silence, which will bring about the lack of the other half of the cycle, which will bring the contradiction of the first law "quality" (Enics), so there should be a mistake.

Finally, even if it fails to bring a single heat source to work as a "second perpetual motion machine", it is different from the first type of perpetual motion machine. Just as Yan Jici said that the name "perpetual motion machine" is not appropriate, we I think that the permanent word 2 should not be derogatory, because the existence of this kind of cyclical perpetuity is never stopped, The epitome of nature that circulates, with this "microcosm" to truly depict nature

2 . 2 . 3 It is not surprising that the "axioms" established by the incomplete induction method are wrong.

 The difference between the so-called incomplete induction and the complete induction is that the latter verifies the arguments one by one, which is very reliable. For example, the determination that "metal is conductive" is proved by the conduction of all metals, and the former is different. Observing many cases to determine the law is often N examples are correct, but can not prove the correctness of N + 1 so it needs scientific explanation to support, Kelvin's expression is introduced by "axiom", its support is to be seen at that time Make an absolute, unconditional increase in entropy. Today, the theory of dissipative structure has demonstrated the existence of a large number of negative entropy phenomena, and has been awarded and recognized. What we want to elaborate is only the birth mechanism of negative entropy, and other state laws that exist simultaneously with the law of entropy increase, which dominates the process of negative entropy. Entropy and entropy reduction exist in the universe at the same time, but each has different birth conditions. They are also unstoppable to the balance of their own, so that the order and disorder are born accordingly. Once you have corrected the "scientific explanation", you can explain how the two are born under different conditions.

 The example of the incomplete induction of errors in history is not uncommon. Aristotle’s "free fall law" is typical. Aristotle believes that free fall always landed with heavy objects, which is easy to be in the stone. And the practice of leaf landing speed has been observed as "axiom", so "correct" for more than 2,000 years, but in the Galileo era, an Italian named Benedetti raised questions with wise logic. The result was fixed by Galileo and Aristotle was wrong. 2. Before the discovery of the law of inertia, people "observe" a law: All movements will slowly stop, so China's Zhuangzi asks about the operation of the sun and the moon: "It can't stop ya", he thinks "Cannot stop" is abnormal, and the inertial motion that knows "cannot stop" is the same as static, which is a normal state that does not require interpretation. It can be said that the phenomenon and the essence are often not completely unified. Similarly, "entropy entropy reduction is conditional", it will violate the people's acceptance, and the "truth" that has been fixed will inevitably have great resistance. Detailed analysis.

 2 . 3 Carnot theory defects have 4

 Since the Kelvin argument is invalid, "rescue" is a failure. However, the original two logical relationships still exist: 1 The Carnot's law described above is an indispensable premise for Kelvin's expression. 2 The thermal theory is an indispensable prerequisite for Carnot's law. In this way, the three constitute the thermal quality theory - Carnot's law - the logical chain of Kelvin's expression, the ultimate premise is the thermal theory.

The composition of the heat quality theory has two parts. In the past, the heat quality was said to be abolished only by the fact that "the heat quality is not indestructible". Another important idea is that the "temperature difference can only work" has been preserved until now. The amount is determined by the "quality" in the temperature difference. The word "quantity" is changed to "quantity". "No cold, heat will be useless", the metaphor of waterfalls and turbines all reflect the idea of temperature difference, which is "we are orderly." The understanding of the nature of the interception is completely different. "The temperature difference can be done" is no mistake, but it is a mistake to regard it as the only one. The Carnot mode can be a mode in the conversion of thermal power, but it is a mistake to regard it as the best. The two errors stem from the error. The understanding of the essence is wrong, and the logic is wrong. Let's open the dusty History, take a look at the shortcomings of Kano's theory.

 The classical theory of thermodynamics was born after the invention of the steam engine. When the steam engine was basically perfect in 1768, the society was in urgent need of answering the hottest theory. The young French engineer Kano, answered this question with thought experiments. His basic thoughts [Note 22] are:

 a, the dominant thermal theory at the time - "Heat is a particle flow that does not produce weight in any process and does not disappear". "The degree of heat and cold of an object determines how much it contains heat."

 b. His father Lazar studied and asserted that "permanent motivation is impossible to achieve" belief.

 c, the idea of temperature difference work. "The heat provided alone is not enough to give a driving force. It must be cold, no cold, and heat will be useless."

 d, the maximum idea. He compared the heat engine to a water turbine. He believes that the turbine relies on the difference in water level and water volume. The power of the heat engine depends on the temperature difference and the heat quality of the transfer. He said: "Every situation has a maximum value, regardless of the action of water. What kind of machine, on the other hand, regardless of the substance of heat, we can't exceed this maximum."

 e, irreversible thinking. "Hot quality drop" occurs from high temperature to low temperature. "It is impossible to complete the reverse process."

 These basic ideas (b), (e), (d) are actually the first law of thermodynamics, the second law, and the type of Carnot's law. Can't help but admit that this genius young man is the founder of classical thermodynamics, but sadly in his society at the time, his only published work in the world was not sold in eleven years, that was the Enx The Carnot cycle diagram (Fig. 7), which is called the "beautiful parallelogram", is also the expression of the absolute temperature when the 36-year-old genius who died young is painted by Craperon two years after his death. ^ 1 -T Τ, was the final completion of Kelvin. Any historical figure will have a cognitive error that is limited by the times. - Kano is no exception: 1 Carnot theory originated from the heat theory, and there is still the influence of heat quality on the understanding of the nature of heat work conversion. 2 Because At that time, there was no entropy theory to guide, and even Kano’s “ideal heat engine” model was not ideal. 3 The research method was wrong. 4 The conclusion was incorrectly applied.

2.3.1 Kano's fault lies in the popular heat quality theory at that time, which made him understand the nature of heat work conversion. - Because the heat quality said that the heat work is called "thermal mass drop", which makes it comparable to the waterfall. The temperature difference is compared to the height difference, and the idea of temperature difference work is born. But in fact, the essence of heat and work is only the common direction of the movement of particles. Yes, you can get mechanical work or electrical energy. No, it is heat. Therefore, from the perspective of molecular motion theory, the essence of thermal power conversion is only to correct the direction of particle motion, so that it is consistent. The Carnot heat engine uses cylinders to limit the expansion in other directions, leaving only the way the piston can expand. Consistent, this was great at the time. It can be said that this has epoch-making significance in human history. The acquisition of fire, power and electricity has made a major turning point in human history and created a new era. It is also because of the joy of "expansion work". So Kano said, "The necessary condition for generating maximum power is that in an object that achieves thermal power, there should be no such thing as not due to volume change. The temperature change caused by "Note 23] This "temperature change" refers to the heat that is wasted by heat radiation, conduction, friction, etc. It can be seen that Kano was still unaware of the increase in entropy due to the expansion of the working fluid. People still don't know what entropy is. Later, let us know that if there is no temperature difference, the force field can be changed to correct the direction more effectively, and the work done by the force field is saved in the same direction. In the increment, even the force field is only the condition of this transition without consumption. This new concept makes us jump out of the temperature difference.

 From the entropy theory, the work of the heat engine is the process of entropy reduction of a system, that is, a part of the system becomes disordered, and its essence is completely different from the waterfall. The metaphor of the waterfall can no longer be used after the thermal theory is abolished. It is the transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy. In the ideal state without friction, the conversion efficiency of potential and kinetic energy should be r = l, and there is no commonality with the law of thermal power conversion. When Carnot did not know it, he used the waterfall metaphor. More than this conclusion is that there is nothing. The metaphorical heat engine has the same waterfall 100

% efficiency, let everyone admit that it is the ideal heat engine, as you know, Carnot's law is proved by the thermal theory and the prototype of the first law.

 The conversion of heat and work has its own laws. (1) Disorder does not spontaneously change into order. (2) — Once a condition is achieved, disorder can be transformed into order, and it does not matter whether the disorder is at normal temperature or high temperature. There are only two conditions for the conversion of heat to work, (1) must be born in order (2) must be intercepted or derived orderly. As for efficiency, it can be between zero and one, and should not be restricted by the law of temperature difference. The temperature difference is born in an orderly manner, just a kind of "a certain condition", and its law cannot be completely partial.

 The "rule" mentioned above is of course the efficiency formula of the ideal heat engine that Carnot obtained. It is impossible to use the partial cover. The two isothermal two adiabatic Carnot modes are no longer called the best mode in the conversion of thermal power after the thermal mass is discarded.

 2 . 3 . 2 Carnot heat engine is to change the volume of work, both in the case of the thermal expansion of the working medium to get "work", there is a problem of working fluid expansion. The cd process of the Carnot cycle (Fig. 7) aims to solve the problem of expansion of the process. Using the process of external work and isothermal compression to solve the problem, it has indeed received the result of volume from c to d, but external work, cold source heat is a work heat, orderly change disorder entropy increase process, and The purpose of getting the negative entropy as much as possible for the heat engine is flawed. The so-called ideal heat engine is not a process without friction. It is also necessary to consider whether the Carnot heat engine is the most ideal heat engine from the model of the process. It is the cd process seen from its design scheme. This birthmark is described later. A three-dimensional loop without a cd positive entropy process is more efficient than it.

 2 . 3 . 3 Kano's "two infinite" hypothesis makes its conclusion lose its theoretical guiding significance.

The first "infinitely slow" hypothesis has been attacked. They were Ke Zeng (F. L. curzon) and Alborn (B. Ahlborn). In 1975, they first noticed that this "infinitely slow cycle" power would be close to zero [Note ₂₄ ]. There is no heat output for the heat engine. What is the point? Lost the need for research! The efficiency at which they push the maximum output power is η 1 - 0 / Τ _Η ) ^{, and /2} differs from Carnot’s conclusion. Very large, assuming a high temperature of 1600K, a low temperature of 4Ό0Κ, then the card's conclusion is 75% and the conclusion of Ke and A is only 50% 25%, and the conclusion of 75% is "the conclusion that the power is close to zero." Meaning, it seems that there is no need to pay attention.

 The hypothesis of the second "infinite cold source" obscures the fact that the loop is out of the isolated system, and the loop is actually carried out in a closed system. We found that: 1 If there is no cold source, the result of the compression can only be returned along the cb adiabatic line, which cannot be recycled. 2 The cold source is small. It is known from the first law that the cold source must heat up, which makes the outside world "changed." 3 Only the "infinite cold source" makes the temperature rise infinitely small, and the external temperature rises up, and the result of "no change" is achieved. However, because the isolated system with borders can't fit the "infinite cold source", that is to say, it can't be discussed in the isolated system. Therefore, it can be said that the cd process continuously throws waste heat into the outside world, actually in the closed state with heat conversion. In the system. No longer have the meaning that the original hope has - the conclusion was born in the "isolated system"!

 If we abandon the assumption of using "infinite" cold source, add a process of continuously removing waste heat and return to the isolated system from the closed system, then the conclusion is completely impossible to reach ni-TT, the theoretical upper limit, but smaller, The original meaning of this formula is that the ideal heat engine uses the equal sign, and the real heat engine uses the less than the number. Since the upper limit of the ideal heat engine is not obtained in the isolated system, the equal sign in the equation is discarded, which causes the Carnot theory to appear at the foundation. collapse. The collapse said from two aspects: First, the heat engine designed according to his plan, even at the "ideal" level, could not reach the predetermined upper limit. It makes the equal sign invalid. Second, the other modes, the process of participating in the negative entropy flow (later), can be free from the upper limit and invalidate the less than. This made Kano's research lose its meaning. The reason is not only because the Carnot model has an unclear cd process, but the root cause is rooted in that era.

 [ 0 091 ] 2 . 3 . 4 The above analysis let us know that the efficiency formula of the original design of fetal disease η 1 -T, / T, can not be called the highest efficiency of thermal power conversion, only 2 isothermal 2 The adiabatic Carnot heat engine - ^ strictly speaking only the conclusion that the Carnot heat engine with power close to zero runs in the closed system - a general conclusion without theoretical guidance.

 If we get rid of the thermal theory and the "card" and "open" mistakes, not only limited to the "temperature difference work" mentality, the negative entropy process is embedded in the heat engine, the result will be completely different, today's dissipative structure theory enumeration The case of negative entropy has been recognized. As long as we further explain its birth mechanism, we can get the true ideal heat engine and the new heat work conversion law. And this requires a broader perspective to look at the problem.

 3. Mechanism of birth of negative entropy

 3. The "minimum energy principle" caused by the force field can be increased with entropy.

 The theory of dissipative structure lists a large number of examples of negative entropy, and it is said that as long as the absolute value of the negative entropy flow is greater than the entropy, negative entropy can be obtained. We believe that there is still a distance between this statement and the final mechanism for the birth of negative entropy, and the reason that the problem still exists is that the theory of consumption does not involve the application of the law of entropy.

People regard the law of entropy increase as the only law of state, and it is not a small matter to completely equate it with irreversible law. mistake. The world is multidimensional, "irreversible" contains a variety of processes with potential differences. The law of entropy is undoubtedly a law of "robbing the bottom" - the law of entropy is great, but it is not the only law of state, the law of particles going to minimum potential energy It can be fully conjugated and has the same wide range of applications. The principle of "minimum energy" can be discussed from the construction of the nucleus.

 We know that free protons and neutrons emit energy when they are combined into nucleus. On the contrary, when the atomic nucleus is split into free protons and neutrons, the same amount of energy needs to be added. The energy ΔΕ is called binding energy, and the ratio of ΔΕ to mass number (nuclear number) is the average binding energy. The larger the average binding energy is, the larger the atomic nucleus is. The more stable, the higher the mass (iron, magnesium, copper) is found to have the highest average binding energy, with an average of 8.6 MeV. This explains why the fission of heavy nuclei and the fusion of light nuclei can be released. Energy, it turns out that they are all moving towards the middle - the state of the most stable nuclear state!

Looking at the composition of the atom, the maximum number of electrons possible for each shell calculated by the Pauli exclusion principle is 2n ² , and for each layer of K, L, M, N ······ 8, 18, 32 ······E-electronics. When an atom forms a molecule, the configuration of an inert element having an outer layer of 8 electrons is a ruin. When the electron is at a higher energy level, it always waits for an opportunity to return to its steady state, 2n ² , and the Eight Laws... These "state laws" that worked after the Big Bang surprised us to discover that the universe is the cornerstone of everything. - When you are an element, you are not simply going to disorder, going to entropy, but being very orderly! The principle of minimum energy, the law of equal distribution of energy according to degrees of freedom, and the rate of distribution according to the Maxwell curve. These well-known laws concerning the distribution of particles and the energy they carry should be state laws. These "state laws", including the entropy increase law, spontaneously move toward their own ruins, thus bringing about energy conversion. Bring orderly. Confucius once felt that the river was such a "not staying up late" when it came to the sea with the lowest potential energy. The "multidimensional cycle" of nature, which is the beginning and the end of each other, is much deeper than the philosophical thinking of the West, which pursues the "first wave of power". At the end of the article, we will realize that "all kinds of energy are mutually energized by circulation"! The six words "passive, only cycle" are the subject of this article. No matter what form of energy is obtained, it is just a successful interception of human beings in a certain cycle. The original word of energy is just a dialect of the global village. .

3. 2, the equation of state should be n. = Mg / 4 π r ² KT The most basic of classical thermodynamics is the equation of state, internal energy and entropy. Other thermodynamic functions can be derived from these three basic functions. Unfortunately, the role of the force field is not considered in the equation of state. Compared with the above nuclear and electric, universal gravitation is the weakest force among the four forces, but it can still influence the entropy change. Boltzmann's formula n = n _Q e- ^m g ^{h / KT} does not say n. Which factors determine, and the state equation P = n. η in KT. Nor did it take into account the existence of the Earth's gravitational field. Atmospheric pressure is obtained by dividing the total weight of the atmosphere by Mg by the surface area of the earth by 4 π r ² , so there is Ρ = ]ν3⁄4 / 4 π r ² This P should be in the equation of state P is equal to n. KT = Mg / 4 Ji r ² , ie _η . Two Mg / 4 π r ² ΚΤ , this equation is better than n _Q =

The P / KT equation of state is more comprehensive, that is, η. It is determined by four factors, among which M, g, and r are the same, so ίΐ. It is only inversely proportional to T. T large n _Q becomes smaller, is expansion, T is small n. It is big, it is shrinking, this is everyone knows. But let's assume that M and g can also change, then n when g or M becomes larger. It also becomes larger, and instead n _Q becomes smaller. That is to say n. Smaller expansion can also be determined by two other factors beside T, which gives us a more delusion. Figure 8 The horizontal axis V of the intersection of the intermediate temperature line family and the atmospheric pressure P = l at 0, 0, 0, and . VV ₂ is the volume of this temperature in the Earth's force field.

 Any point above the P = l line has a tendency to swell. It is necessary to expand along the isotherm to the intersection with P = 1, corresponding to when there is volume. This process is the entropy increase process (V becomes larger).

 We have not noticed in the past that P = 1 has any tendency to extend the isotherm back to the intersection with the line P = 1. Because it does not exist naturally, the following points of P = l have the behavior of being forced to contract, that is, the temperature is constant, but the volume is reduced, and the entropy is reduced. These two phenomena are caused by a non-equilibrium steady state of the whole atmosphere and the gravitational field of the earth. In the words of "the minimum entropy production" described by Prigogine, any "small disturbance" that leaves the unbalanced state will eventually spontaneously return. Go to the non-equilibrium steady state. The fact that this law can be proved is that the fact that every mole of gas has 22.4 liters in standard conditions, regardless of the reason for leaving this volume, whether it is larger or smaller than the original volume, it must return, regardless of the entropy at the time of return. Increase or entropy reduction. Everyone knows that the power of entropy increases from the chaos to the most irreversible state, and the negative entropy here comes from the lowest potential energy, which is also irreversible, and because of the strong field background, it is very strong, they are each Independently, go to their respective balance points and never stop for themselves. Non-equilibrium steady state is the result of equal integration between the two sides.

Let's assume that g is mutable, then n. = Mg / 4 π r ^{2 The} expansion phenomenon in ΚΤ occurs not only in the Τ change (increased), but also in the force field change (smaller). This is not the enlightenment that we can use the force field to become smaller. Work, it can reduce the work without heating up, and the change of the control force field can bring order just like the change of the control temperature, and let the piston intercept the expansion. , you can get mechanical work! This is the first revelation brought by this formula.

The second revelation is the free expansion that was originally exemplified as the entropy increase phenomenon, but a special case when g is zero, (g→0, _n() →0), that is, in the presence of the Earth's gravitational field. In case, The combination of the minimum energy principle and the entropy increase leads to the establishment of the law of the gas equation. Entropy increase is not an unconditional behavior. Entropy increase, entropy decrease, and entropy maximization have certain conditions.

 The reason for the above phenomenon is the state law of the minimum energy principle, which requires the particles to move as far as possible to the minimum potential energy. The law from the composition of the atom to the state of the atmosphere obeys this law. Under normal conditions, the electrons tend to be exhausted. May have the lowest energy level. The filling of the electron shell begins with the lowest energy level of the shell and then proceeds to the higher energy level. If for some reason it transitions to a high energy level, it will emit a corresponding electromagnetic wave and return to the low energy level. The atmosphere must follow the entropy increase law of expansion, diffusion, and maximum disorder, and follow the principle of minimum energy that shrinks, gathers, and returns to the minimum potential. The state of the atmosphere is the result of the combination of the two. Any point above P = l has a tendency to expand to the equilibrium point, which is a positive entropy region. At any point below P = 1, the atmosphere has a tendency to return to equilibrium, which is a negative entropy region. We see that the entropy entropy reduction is achieved under certain conditions, and the force field is ubiquitous and omnipresent. The lack of force field is a special case and a more harsh condition. Therefore, it can be said that Only the one-sided view of the entropy increase is that the classical theory misses the important principle of the energy minimum principle powered by the force field. Retrieving this factor will be experienced in the "better three-digit loop."

 If there is no force field, the atomic nucleus cannot be formed, the element can not be born, and nothing can be said. If we say that the entropy law is dominant at this time, then we are not against it.

 3 . 3 , the strong field changes the degree of freedom birth structure heat

The definition of "internal energy" tells us that internal energy is the product of the total number of molecules and the average kinetic energy of each molecule, E = Ν ε _k ie E = iv RT 12 and the entropy value is determined by S = Q / T, Q = ST Substituting the previous expression ST = v RT i/2 g卩S = iv R / 2 because v R / 2 is a constant, that is, entropy

S increases or decreases directly with the increase or decrease of the degree of freedom i. This is easy to understand. Just as the textbook explains the entropy increase of free expansion, the increase in freedom directly provides a greater possibility of disorder, so i becomes larger and entropy increases. And when i becomes smaller, entropy reduction can occur - this provides the possibility of the birth of negative entropy. This allows us to get the result of T liters in the unchanging lone system, because i becomes smaller (S becomes smaller), and this temperature rise is neither from work and heat conduction, but only because of the degree of freedom. Small and warm, it is structural heat. This can be observed in the natural world. The phenomenon of spontaneous warming of phase change exotherm can be clearly observed when the fog is raining. This phenomenon is successfully replicated in the heat release of the heat pump condenser, so that the heat pump discharges heat at the hot end several times higher than the Joule heat released by the compressor work. This has been stated in the previous revelation that he should be the best way to get thermal energy. Only the mechanism of the heat pump is the external force, and the changing conditions are provided by the outside world. The natural rain process is self-coupling by nature, but the mechanism is the same. - Fundamentally speaking, the entropy change caused by structural changes is caused by the force of each level. It is the sudden increase or decrease of the force field to a certain extent.

In the temperature entropy graph (Fig. 9), abed and ab ' e ' d ' are two A-states and B-states with equal areas. That is to say, the two states of B and B contain the same amount of heat. The temperatures are TV and Τ ₂ respectively. From the Β state to the Α state is the positive entropy process (8, to S ₂ ). The change from the A state to the B state is a negative entropy process, the entropy becomes S ₂ , and the temperature can rise from η to T ₂ , S. S ₂ is an entropy reduction process that is not allowed by the thermal law, but it occurs under the condition that the degree of freedom changes. It is not difficult to understand that the amount of heat energy is constant, the unit of average distribution is less, each unit can be multi-pointed, the kinetic energy is increased, and the temperature is high. This is a good way to obtain heat from the high temperature without relying on heat conduction, and not relying on work. In the formation of lightning, there is also a phenomenon similar to this temperature rise - the phenomenon of rising potential. The To^E/i expression has an analogous logical structure with the electrical formula U q/ _C. When the lightning is formed, each of the charged clouds is unified and the surface area of the cloud layer is relatively reduced and the capacitance is reduced. Once the heavy rain falls from the cloud, the capacitance c drops again, and the potential U of the cloud layer will increase sharply, leading to hundreds of thousands of volts of high-voltage electricity. The process of generating the potential difference is the same mechanism as the temperature rise during gas liquefaction. A negative entropy process resulting from structural changes, the same effect of capacitance and degree of freedom. This means that the potential difference is generated in nature, and the gradient does not require the first driving force. Structural heat, including the release of heat from all levels of particles back to the most stable structure, is an important source of heat for all levels.

 3.4 The concept of potential energy in the force field should restore Claus Hughes’ first expression of the first law, ie dQ = dH + dJ + dw

 In 1850, the 28-year-old Crow Hughes published the article "On the dynamics of heat and the general law of thermal theory that can be derived from this" in the third year after receiving a Ph.D. in philosophy. The paper believes that the heat transferred to objects is increased. dQ is equal to the change in heat dH in the object, the change in internal work dJ and the change in external work dW g卩dQ = dH + dJ + dW

 He understands H as the kinetic energy of particles in an object, which is determined by temperature. The internal work J is a state function determined by the structure of the molecule. However, since the exact representation of the internal work J is not known, a new physical quantity U is introduced to represent H and The sum of J, thus writing the law of conservation of energy as the first law of thermodynamics dQ = dU + dW - after years Kelvin called U as internal energy.

Clausius’s initial statement about the first law is correct. Until now we have learned that the form of energy can be divided into phenomena such as electrical energy, light energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy, atomic energy and thermal energy. In essence, the transformation of energy is divided into two aspects. Einstein's mass equation E = mc ² reflects the relationship between mass and energy. The initial expression of Clausius dQ = dH + dJ + dW reflects the relationship between work, heat and structure (bit energy) without involving "quality loss", that is, dQ on the left side of the equation In the changed orphans, the essence of energy conversion is the disorder on the right side of the equation, and the change between structural order and motion order. There can be a "generalized thermodynamics".

a Because the short-range nuclear force is very powerful, it is 10 ³⁹ times of gravitation. So regardless of fission or Fusion can release very large amounts of energy from structural changes.

 b The transition of an electron's energy level in an atom, absorbing or releasing a corresponding electromagnetic wave, the visible part of which is called light energy.

 The C atom constitutes a new molecular structure. The heat absorbed or released is what people call chemical energy. Combustion is only one form.

 Crystallization, melting, liquefaction, and gasification at the molecular level are called phase transitions, and they also release or absorb heat because of structural changes. The above four items reveal the relationship between structure and energy. The classical theory only studies the limited part of the structural exothermic (combustion) conversion into work in C. The heat pump originally explained by the "reverse Kano cycle" is simply a low-order energy conversion that absorbs or releases heat from the phase change.

 Ordering can be that the particles have the same direction of motion or a stable structure, both of which have an entropy of zero. Disorder is the loss of thermal motion in the same direction. When dQ = 0, in an isolated system, the transition between dH, dJ, and dW summarizes the nature of all energy conversions. Since the stable structural entropy is zero, the stable structure becomes a process of negative entropy. This process often brings us a lot of heat (release), which is what we often call "energy". The intensity is nuclear and atom. , structural changes in the molecule. If negative entropy occurs, it is expressed as absorbing heat and hiding it in the "higher energy level" of the structure. Only negative temperature phenomena and photosynthesis of plants exist in life phenomena. (Plant can store energy into the structure. Then, the animal can turn the structure in the plant into kinetic energy). This allows us to retrieve the possibility of a negative entropy that was simplified by Krebs. Whether it is entropy increase or entropy reduction should be described in real terms. Therefore, we believe that the original description of the first law should be restored.

 3.5. The force field brings about the phenomenon of "negative temperature".

The appearance of negative temperature phenomenon, according to some scholars, is "because of the imperfections in Kelvin's temperature. _25" We think that it is not yet true. The name "negative temperature" does have a common sense, because everyone knows that temperature is a molecular disorder thermal movement. The measure of the average kinetic energy is difficult to understand. To say that the "negative temperature" is higher than the positive temperature, there is a sense of reversal, but the name is only a symbol after all, and is the number of the memory. The naming rights are often granted. The discoverer. We do not intend to change this title, just to explore its origin, whether there is a more appropriate expression.

The negative temperature is derived as follows: According to the basic equation of thermodynamics, the relationship between the entropy and the internal energy change rate (3S /3U ) _y when the temperature T and the parameter y of the system remain unchanged: 1 / T = (as / 9U) _y In the general system, the higher the internal energy, the more the number of possible microscopic states of the system, that is, the entropy increases monotonously with the internal energy, so the temperature is constant. However, there are also some systems. When the system can increase, the entropy decreases, which causes the temperature to push out the negative sign. The system is called in the "negative temperature" state. The reason we think this is the first law mentioned in 3.4. The medium energy form does not contain dJ, that is, the basic equation does not reflect the force. Reflecting the fact that the force field and potential energy are related. The increase in internal energy in the negative temperature phenomenon is obtained by the increase of the force field, and the enhanced potential energy of the particles in the force field. If dJ is added to the basic equation, it can objectively and truthfully reflect the change of things. It is not dH but dJ that is recognized to increase, and entropy decreases when dJ increases. Thus, when the force field is reversed, the dJ reflecting the potential energy should be expressed by a symbol, so that T is not necessarily negative. Let the truth not be awkward, is it better?

The phenomenon of negative entropy is confirmed in the negative temperature. This phenomenon proves that the force field change described above can bring about negative entropy. At the moment when the negative temperature is born, the phenomenon of "heat is more expensive" is well explained. In Figure 10, the negative temperature starts at c, at which point the crystal enters the reverse magnetic field. Since the force field is reversed, the original parallel becomes anti-parallel, and the original anti-parallel becomes parallel, thus having N ₂ > N , (according to the Boltzmann distribution N ₂ / = e- ^{2 ΜΎ}当Ν ₂ > Ν , that is, the system is under negative temperature.) We see that the crystal placed in the reverse magnetic field faces the process of increasing magnetic field reversal. The movement of each particle is only feasible in one direction. No matter what direction the particle is moving in, it must be unified at this moment. (The time is short but it is also a "robbery".) That is to say, this disordered movement becomes impossible. The movement in the same direction becomes the only possibility. This is the more precious microscopic interpretation of the heat work. The force field makes all the particles in the same direction, and the original dH is added to the orderly ranks. This is the form of energy concentration that Engels predicted in the past. The heat energy of all directions is concentrated into the same direction of motion. This is really a good idea, much better than using a cylinder, because it achieves the same result for all particles at the same time, the reason for the negative temperature to appear subverted Kelvin is here. This is a very valuable Yihai|J, because if it is not "effectively intercepted", the end of the change of the Eli field will be reversed. An opportunity to gain merits will be lost. The moment that you can get the work can only get high temperature. At present, we only use this phenomenon of particle reversal in the laser. The practice has come to the front of the theory. We have both The urgency of the plastic theory is more collinear in the study of the urgency of this "energy concentration" because he is only one step away from success.

 The negative temperature is considered to be infinite after the force field is reversed. We believe that the reason is that the force field reversal time is very short, because the power is inversely proportional to time, the shorter the time, the higher the power, any heating method, Because there is a relaxation time that is not as fast as the force field reversal, the force field allows each particle to receive commands, each going to a higher structural high (ie, the so-called energy level is limited), and then immediately reversed, Each particle has to be "migrated" for the second time. The action is highly consistent. Because there is no effective interception, the force field can only be driven in the form of heat to the dj after it is high, and the dw after it is reversed and accelerated. The dH it originally had all heat up in an instant (in a sense, it can be called an explosion), which gives a very high temperature.

Such a process of including all the energy of the particles instantaneously heating up can be said to be an unparalleled heating process, and heat pump technology cannot be expected. There are two reasons, first, in the conversion of thermal power Time is very important because it is related to power. The relaxation time should be shortened as much as possible, and the inversion of the force field can achieve this requirement. Second, the secondary temperature mode with secondary order should be the best mode for waste heat heating that is unmatched by the inverse Carnot cycle. This is why we believe that heat is better than heat pumps to get higher temperatures.

 3. 6 The diversification of the state law makes both positive entropy and negative entropy possible.

 In summary, since the law of entropy increase is not the only state law of nature, when other state laws are going to the bottom of each other, if the movement of particles appears in a short-ordered state, it is measured by the standard of entropy as negative entropy. The birth of this, as long as the effective interception, which may bring "gong", this is one of them. The structure is orderly, the entropy is zero, and a lot of heat is released. This is the second. The commonality of these two items - ... are indispensable for negative flow, that is, there must be a controller. From the cybernetic theory, there are two sources of manipulation commands, one is outside the system, when people understand that the transmission of information must be carried out by energy. Brillouin has driven the conclusion of "Maxwell Demon". In fact, the instructions can also come from within the system, that is, the movement itself gives instructions to the next movement - positive feedback. In an isolated system, as long as there is a "next match" in the negative entropy flow, it can ignite an orderly hope. If the isolated system has nothing but entropy, it is not a lonely orphan. Must be critical. Because the objective existence is not transferred by the will of the human being, the heat is silent, this "lonely" may have to go through a long "robbery", like the devil who was sealed in the mail bottle in the thousand and one nights, waiting The opening of the outside world ---... the intervention of negative entropy flow.

 Man is just a very fragile existence in the universe. But despite the fragility of human existence, the evolution of the human brain is part of the evolution of nature, the latest achievement in the development of the universe, and the direction of the universe...--he can understand the law and imitate it. We may wish to realize nature again.

 The irreversible process of "power" by distribution, one is the familiar entropy increase, and the other is the irreversible process in which the velocity distribution ends at the Maxwell curve. The curve is used as a process of robbing the bottom, and the difference is born when it comes to this ruin. . If the entropy increase is the process of nature's transition to equilibrium and the disappearance of the difference, then Maxwell's curve is to use the speed of the molecule to always maintain a regular unequalness to express the will of nature's never-balance.

Distribution and state are not the same concept, but the microscopic state corresponding to a distribution is approximately equal to the number of microstates of the localized system divided by N! . The Maxwell rate distribution curve (Fig. 11) expresses that the molecular velocity distribution is always a bell curve, that is, the ratio of the middle in the most probable state is the largest, and the left and right legs of the curve respectively indicate the ratio of the low rate and the high rate. If the high-speed molecules at the right foot are greatly reduced due to evaporation, the entire curve will shift to the left due to cooling, but it is valuable that the McGregor curve is still the target of the new distribution, even if it falls to · ₂ The right foot still extends to the vertical line shadow, that is to say, there are high-speed molecules. If the speed of this high-speed molecule is regarded as the most probable rate of another temperature, the process of spontaneously selecting high-speed molecules is not Is the process of going to 'high temperature'? High-speed molecules are neither heated nor derived from work. They are obtained only because the state is going to a certain equilibrium state. Like the entropy increase, the distribution is the irreversible process of power. Thus, the evaporation of rivers and lakes is like One yong A spontaneously heated vaporization boiler that does not stop! Supported by waste heat in a "dead state"! Because the rivers, lakes and seas contain a lot of waste heat, the book says that if possible, a 1 degree reduction can drive the world's machines for more than 1,700 years, so the left shift of the curve is very rare, and because the atmosphere is constantly replenished with waste heat, so this The mode of spontaneously selecting high-speed molecules is endless. Here we see that "heat can't spontaneously go from high temperature to high temperature", just a single process, which is a segment of the cycle, which is connected by irreversible processes. The end-to-end encounters are all in the balance of their respective standards, thus forming a cycle, and constantly creating differences. Even when we finally liquidate the energy of hydropower, there will be a clear data reflecting how much energy is derived from the rivers and lakes. After how many water molecules enter the atmosphere, they continue to rise in the atmosphere and enter the sky at a cost of 1 degree per 100 meters. Until the temperature drops to a critical point, the water molecules attract each other more than each other and become water droplets. Down from high altitude. We see that the negative entropy of the birth difference has to be a continuous process, and it must enter the cycle. If there is no gravity of the earth, it cannot return from another route (rain).

 Nature's spontaneous and unbalanced Max's curve and the entropy increase law of the balance as a contradiction, once again prove the universal law of the two opposite and interdependent, and the general applicability of the "Mc's curve" It is no less than the law of minimum energy and entropy increase. It has its dominant case in the termite world and human society [Note 26].

 From the "differentiation of the makers" ... the evaporation of the sea, the ocean surface is filled with water vapor, chaos theory tells us that as long as a small incentive - the butterfly effect can create a rotating vortex, the reinforcement of this vortex can be Coriolis Force, this is proved by the direction of the typhoon. Another force is obtained from the cooling mechanism of "eddy current cooling" [Note 27]. Einstein's equivalent principle tells us: the form of all physical laws in the inertial system of uniform linear motion in free space, and The form of the local inertial system for free fall in the gravitational field is exactly the same. In a rotating typhoon, the water molecules are equivalent to being in a gravitational field, and the movement to other directions is blocked. Only the rotational motion is encouraged. To make the water molecules surrender their own kinetic energy in the rotation, strengthen the typhoon, and on the other hand, as a "negative entropy flow", coerce the new water molecules that participate in this trend and their unified direction - surrender kinetic energy. It is this positive feedback that keeps the typhoon growing until it is destroyed – it has a source of more than a dozen hydrogen bomb energies until it throws trillions of tons of fresh water to the mainland and ends up with no subsequent water vapor. We have seen how nature is “self-organizing”, and through its positive feedback of negative entropy flow, it gains negative entropy and gains merit. We can completely imitate nature's "self-discipline" and design a "three-dimensional cycle."

 4, a better three-dimensional cycle

 4.1 Three-dimensional loops that violate Kay's expression can be interpreted in a rigorous isolated system

In the previous discussion, the possibility of the birth of negative entropy was discussed. The following consensus was reached: Negative entropy needs to be born in the case of negative entropy flow. This has two more points: a When the absolute value of the negative entropy flow is greater than the entropy generation, the negative entropy is obtained - this is the theory of cost. This is obtained by the negative entropy flow to generate the de-entropy. b The negative entropy brought by the negative entropy flow exceeds the entropy to produce pure negative entropy. This is the theme of the third part of the "entropy can be positive and negative". Root According to the concept of b, a three-dimensional cycle is designed (Fig. 12). Ab and be are the same as Carnot. Kano's cd process is cancelled and replaced with a negative entropy curve cd due to the increase of the force field. The interception of negative entropy can be achieved. Let this outside investment be returned in the heat of de, and the heat can be obtained.

 4.1.1 Heat engine with negative entropy flow participation

 Let's take a look at what happens when a negative entropy flow enters the heat engine.

 In Fig. 13, the 1 cycle starts from a point a on the isotherm, and the heat absorbed by the working medium heats up along the ab line to reach the point b which is in equilibrium with the external atmospheric pressure, and the external work of the heat engine is abf) '.

 2 Working from the outside world, pulling the piston to the right, the outside world overcomes the atmospheric pressure, the volume is from point b to point o, the working medium is adiabatically expanded to reach point c, and the outside works boc.

 3 Release the piston, because c is a point on the isotherm cd. According to Section 2.1, the ab process is a small disturbance to the non-equilibrium steady state of the atmosphere. It will return to the non-balanced fixed point d point under atmospheric pressure, and the pressure difference inside and outside the cylinder will be ocd-block, minus the external work boc-block in 2, and the net work bed-block.

 4 Adiabatic compression by d point, the external work is done dao ' - block, in addition, the work can be eliminated in the abo' block of 1 heat machine work, so that 1 net abd - block, abd + bcd is just a complete piece" Parallel four sides "but the process of external work without cd, nor the process of throwing heat to the "infinite cold source" is the conclusion that was born in an isolated system. The heat sandwiched between the two isotherms is all converted into work (Q = cmAT). However, this is completely different from the model of the Carnot engine. It just completes Kano's wish. We rely on the negative entropy process cd to eliminate the work. This result is obtained by the entropy increase caused by the expansion of mass.

 4.1.2 Single heat source heat engine

 The classical theory states that if there is more than the efficiency of the Carnot engine, it is inevitable that a single heat source can be used to perform the work. This is true. Please refer to the process in Figure 14.

 To illustrate the problem more clearly, we simplify the above cycle:

 1 The process starts from the normal temperature isotherm and the intersection point b of the atmospheric pressure P = l, and the external work boc a working fluid expands from b adiabatic to C

2 The working fluid returns to d along the T ₂ isotherm, and the pressure difference between the cylinder and the atmospheric pressure is ocd — block, minus boc – the remaining bed in the outside world

 3 The working fluid absorbs the waste heat of the atmosphere from d to b, and the cycle starts from b. The whole process has the result of "single heat source" work. The bed area is small but significant, it will let us reconsider the law of heat work conversion.

 4.2 The nature and law of thermal power conversion

The error in the Kano era stems from the misunderstanding of the nature of thermal power conversion. 1 Kano regards the conversion of thermal power as "thermal mass fall" and the conversion of thermal power is an essential difference from the viewpoint of disordered to ordered conversion. The heat quality that is not indestructible is even opposite to the first law. How can we get the true heat work conversion law based on this understanding? His conclusion is that when fashion does not establish molecular movement theory, there is no level of understanding of the concept of entropy. 2 Carnot thermal machine focuses on the expansion of volume change work, and the expansion is indispensable to increase the entropy of working fluid, and the method of compressing the working fluid by the outside world has obtained the result of volume reduction. However, the work has become hot, but the entropy value has been increased. The proportion of heat converted into work is small. The purpose of getting a heat engine that is ordered and converted into mechanical energy is to do things in the south. How can we get the highest efficiency?

 The essence of thermal power conversion is that when molecular motion appears to be consistent, timely interception of this order becomes mechanical work. It is a process in which disorder is directed to order and intercepted in an orderly manner. Order is the primary condition, and interception is a necessary process. The wind is an orderly movement of the air. If there is no windmill to intercept, it will return to disorder quickly. If the river is undoubtedly orderly to the sea but there is no turbine, it will not be able to generate electricity. It is the eddy current in the transformer, and it is also because there is no interception and waste. Using this point of view to look at the Carnot heat engine, first of all, the heat engine is based on the temperature difference to give birth orderly.

 - ""The cylinder is used to limit the expansion in other directions. Only the direction of the piston can be expanded and ordered. The piston receives the impact of the working medium molecules to intercept the order. Two problems arise: 1. Order Whether it must be obtained from expansion, expansion, in addition to heating, there are other ways, the answer is that the order is not just expansion; expansion can still be obtained by the change of the force field. 2 From disorder to order, whether the turbulent heat must come from high temperature, the answer is also negative, the disorder turns into order, and the thermal energy that does not require disorder must come from high temperature, because the order is derived from the potential difference, and the potential difference is not necessarily only It is the temperature difference, so that the negative expression of Kelly's work on a single heat source can't stand. If the intensity of the disorder is called temperature, then the degree of turbulence is the entropy. The essence of thermal power conversion is chaotic. The only change is the direction of particle motion. Only when this is consistently transmitted is intercepted and turned into mechanical work, it will cool down. Because the disorder is changed to order, the entropy value must be reduced. But where the heat comes from, there is no requirement, which makes it possible to use waste heat as a source.

 · We borrow the term "negative entropy flow" in the dissipative theory to apply the energy flow that can bring about a negative entropy process.

(Ordered motion) is called negative entropy flow. According to this definition, the process of pulling the piston to the right is the negative entropy flow. The Bo in Figure 13 is the negative entropy flow. In the heat pump, the compressor is pulling the evaporation. In the process, when the piston is forced to move to the right, the molecules moving to the right give the kinetic energy in this direction to the piston when it hits the piston. This is the typhoon that is given to the rotating typhoon by the water and gas molecules on the ocean surface. The same, just the "negative entropy flow" of the typhoon is the expanding cyclone. In the process of resisting atmospheric pressure, the working fluid reduces the temperature to the point c due to the contribution of internal energy. The whole atmosphere is enlarged by the bo process by a little volume, and is subject to "small disturbance". As the previous analysis said, the overall atmosphere is Going back to its original "non-equilibrium steady state", since the temperature has dropped from b to c, it is locally seen that the working medium is pressed by atmospheric pressure from c along the isotherm back to d. In the process of reaching point d, we can get the work bed due to the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the piston. Finally, absorb heat in the inexhaustible atmospheric waste heat and return to point b. The area bed is small, but significant. If we believe that Carnot's theory has a wrong understanding of the nature of heat transfer, then accepting this new conclusion should be without psychological barriers.

 The Kelvin's expression of the textbook is expressed as follows: "It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat source and turn it into useful work without causing other changes." When it is explained "impossible", it is impossible to mean not only , directly absorbs heat from a single heat source without causing other changes, and completely turns it into useful work, and means that, regardless of any complicated method, at the end of the whole process, the ultimate effect is A single heat source absorbs heat and turns it into a useful work completely [Note 28]

 The first one of the explanations is impossible, and it can be understood that the disorder is not spontaneous. The latter "and refers to" is a step closer to the truth. It violates the contradiction of mutual sympathy, and it is also the direct cause of the hot silence. It is not correct. As many sages have said, the contradictory side loses the other party that contradicts it, and it cannot exist by itself. Because the cycle cannot be constituted, his own actions are unsustainable.

With the above argument, the efficiency problem of heat work conversion is no longer a problem, η ι is the conclusion of the orphan system, where the equal sign refers to "the end of the whole process" - that is, the non-single process with the existence of negative entropy flow. The other single process is the less than sign, and since then its potential contradiction with the first law no longer exists. The negative entropy flow only acts as a "catalyst". At the end of the process, it has no loss and plays a role. The only role is to promote the conversion of heat to work. This is also the order in nature that can become a negative entropy flow. Coupling" and constantly creating new and orderly reasons. The negative entropy flow divides negative entropy, nothing else happens. We differ from the dissipative structure theory in that we do not expect ds =d _iS + d _e s to get ds by ld _e s| >d _iS Negative, that is to say, the negative entropy flow that is not provided by the outside is greater than the entropy generation—the negative entropy is obtained by the cancellation, but the d _e s is regarded as the condition. Under this condition, the entropy of d _iS is negative. The process of values. Negative entropy is a kind of objective existence process in the universe. Like positive entropy, it needs to appear under certain conditions. The "certain condition" is called the cause and the origin in Indian philosophy. Because it is the main condition, it is the secondary condition. The cause of karma can be a natural disaster, or it can be artificial.

Starting with the assumptions of Maxwell's demon, the demon has always embarrassed the heat. After the establishment of information theory, because the transmission of information must be supported by energy, everyone seems to have expelled the demon. The error occurred in Brillouin, who mixed the entropy of Shannon with the entropy of thermodynamics. Shannon discussed with John von Neumann when he named "unqualified", Neumann said, "You should call it entropy. There are two reasons for this: First, your uncertainty function, in statistics Mechanics has been used under entropy, so he originally had this name, second, and more importantly, no one knows what entropy is, so it is good for you in the debate." [Note 2 9] So it can be said that "Shannon's information entropy is completely different from thermodynamic entropy, it is also a probability function, which is independent of energy and temperature. Shannon's entropy is a dimensionless quantity, Brillouin will Shannon entropy and The conversion of thermodynamic entropy is an obvious mistake." [Note ₃ 01 Let the little demon light illuminate the molecule and arrest the "fast molecule" is actually a misunderstanding of the hypothesis of the great thinker Maxwell. The "little demon" is his thought of the general suspicion of the hot law. Knowing "catch" from cybernetics is just a kind of control Form, it is entirely possible to design the program to separate itself. We say that orderly is born in the check valve and self-circulation. The check valve refers to the generalized program setting for changing direction, and the self-circulation is the end point of this process. At the beginning of another process, they are the beginning and end of the cycle. Positive feedback is one of the mechanisms for making this program continuous. The instruction to continue the movement comes from the previous movement itself, which is positive feedback, and the positive feedback develops to the apex and ends.

 Whether it is a typhoon that transports fresh water in the air or a laser process called a negative temperature phenomenon, there is one thing in common – positive feedback. That is, the movement in one direction is continuously strengthened, and the movement in other directions is suppressed. During the formation of the typhoon, the only actionable direction of the water molecules is to move in the direction of rotation, and the other directions are blocked. Similarly, the formation process of the laser tells us that the stimulated radiation in one direction of the optical cavity can be continuously strengthened, while the other directions are suppressed. These two examples make us realize a reason and orderly conditions. But no energy is needed.

 We know that changing the direction of movement of something in mechanical motion requires external force, but does not consume the "quantity" of external force. The amount of movement of the changer and the changed person is preserved in the vector sum (conservative English has "save" meaning). The pebbles tied by the rope move around the other end of the rope in a circular center. The pebbles change direction of movement all the time, but the rope does not work. In this sense, it is not necessary to consume energy to change the direction of motion. Another example is the Lorentz force, which is a state law involving particles. The Lorentz force is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field and perpendicular to the velocity direction of the charged particles, so the work on the particles is zero, the rate and kinetic energy of the charged particles. There is no change, only the direction changes. So changing the direction of motion, negative entropy flow is a necessary premise. But it does not consume energy, which is equivalent to finding Maxwell's demon, and also found Enke's "energy concentration" method.

 As a philosopher said, "The truth is actually simple and beautiful." The problem after cleaning up the theoretical obstacles is the design.

 1. Yan Jici, The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

 2, Engels, Dialectics of Nature

 3, Zheng Hongfei, "A new method of commission" P2 Beijing Institute of Technology Press 2004

4, Zhu Mingshan, etc. Thermodynamic Analysis P115 Higher Education Press, 1992 Edition

 5, He Meizhen "Green Energy 2050 before 100% renewable energy can be achieved" from "World Environment" 2009 No. 6

 6. Xu Zhizhi "Waste heat and heat will become a new industry" from "High-tech and industrialization" 2007. 2

 7. Zhu Mingshan et al. Thermodynamic Analysis P76 Higher Education Press, 1992 Edition

 8. Preface to the book "Puli Gaojin and Dissipative Structure Theory"

 9. Preface to the book "Puli Gaojin and Dissipative Structure Theory"

 10, Zhu Mingshan, etc. Thermodynamic Analysis P82 Higher Education Press, 1992 Edition

11, Xiong Yitao, "Thermodynamics" P67 Higher Education Press, 1961 Edition 12, Xiong Yitao, "Thermodynamics" P63 Higher Education Press, 1961 Edition

 13. Zhang Sanhui, Shen Huijun, Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics P114

 14. Department of Philosophy, Renmin University “Formal Logic” P194

 15. See various thermodynamic textbooks

 16. China Guangming Daily 2004 . 12 . 30 Experimental report of unbiased diode

 17. "Robbery" is the concept of time in Indian Buddhism. Each robbery consists of four stages: generation, stability, destruction, and extinction. He is more scientific than the concept of equalizing the Earth's rotation. 1 It is the same as the time of relaxation. The length of each process is different. There are four stages of completeness, summarizing all the commonalities that move toward the bottom of the robbery. 3 It is irreversible after the start. Inevitability.

 18, Hu Jiacong "Preliminary Study on the Origin of Entropy Concept" P177 Selected by Wang Fushan, Editor-in-Chief of Modern Physics History

 19, Hu Jiacong "Preliminary Study on the Origin of Entropy Concept" P177 Selected by Wang Fushan, Editor-in-Chief of Modern Physics History

 20, Yan Jici, The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, P2

 21. The critique of "hot silence" is famous for "the infinite theory of the universe" and "the ups and downs", but it is all far-fetched. Because entropy is extensive, it can prove that there is a possibility of isolation in the isolated system, one by one. Is the isolated system connected still not entropy added? Therefore, without the restriction of negative entropy, hot death is inevitable, and the most thorough criticism should be the "non-open" process with negative entropy participation. That is, the theory of dissipative structure moves forward one step.

 22, Hu Jiacong "Preliminary Study on the Origin of Entropy Concept" P177 Selected by Wang Fushan, Editor-in-Chief of Modern Physics History

 23, Hu Jiacong "Preliminary Study on the Origin of Entropy Concept" P177 Selected by Wang Fushan, Editor-in-Chief of Modern Physics History

 24, Zhu Mingshan, etc. Thermodynamic Analysis P86 Higher Education Press, 1992 Edition

 25, Zhu Mingshan, etc. Thermodynamic Analysis P379

 26. There is a certain proportion of the "squatters" in termites, and the original ones must die before they can be supplemented according to the bell curve. The rich and the poor in human society are also matched according to this curve.

 27, Chen Guangming, Chen Guobang, The principle of refrigeration and low temperature P32

 28, Wang Zhicheng, Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics, P40

 29, US · Myron Trebs and other "Energy and Information" excerpt 74 . 2 P8 30, "21st Century Science, Exploration · Experimental Library" "The Story of Entropy" P92

 5, energy concentration scheme

The invention provides a method, which can make waste heat which has been played as air, surface water (river, river and sea), ground source heat, etc. into renewable energy, and is characterized by: 1. Waste heat from air and the like as a heat source, working medium Absorbing the waste heat and expanding in a vacuum; 2. The instruction to change the charge on the working medium to obey the electric field will turn the disorder into order; 3. Inductive current is obtained in the secondary by electromagnetic induction. The barrel of the drawing is to be explained

 In Figure 1, the heat engine only needs to go to the part of the cold source Q2 with less dotted lines, and it can output more work w2

Figure 2, 3, and 4 The real gas compression process in Figure 2 is less than the ideal gas. The reason is that the real gas has a ba process in Figure 3, that is, it condenses into droplets by intermolecular attraction, and the molecule The distance between which gravitation is generated can be seen in Figure 4. - ¥ ₂ (maximum when ^) This is the most important reason for the loss of efficiency in the ideal process.

 Figure 5: The loops in nature are formed by the irreversible process. The abc process cannot be returned by cba, but must be the irreversible process of another power.

 Figure 6 shows that since the theory of "dissipative structure" is established, there can be a negative entropy process X, where A is the irreversible law B is the entropy increase rate, C is the Kelvin expression D is the motion order F is the structure order.

 Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the Carnot cycle.

 Figure 8 shows the isotherm family Τοΐγΐ^ and the atmospheric pressure intersection 00 ' 0" and the corresponding volume.

 Figure 9 is a negative entropy diagram. The heat contained in Α and Β is equal, but the temperature is different. A to B is a negative entropy process, and B is a positive entropy process.

 Figure 10 shows that the important reason for the birth of negative temperature is force field reversal.

Figure 11 shows Maxwell's bell curve. Although the temperature is lowered to T ₂ but in the shadow of high-speed molecules, the "foot" of τ ₂ still extends, which means that high-speed molecules are still born.

 Figure 12 Schematic diagram of three-digit cycle

 Figure 13 Loop added by negative entropy flow

 Figure 14 Simplified diagram of the cycle added by the negative entropy flow

 Figure 15 is a diagram of the present invention. The ab and be processes are isothermal expansion and adiabatic expansion. The cd process is a negative entropy process, which is born under the change of the force field, and the de process returns to the origin.

 Figure 16 Schematic diagram of the orderly energy brought by the three-dimensional cycle

 Figure 17 Schematic diagram of thermal energy brought by three-dimensional cycle. Experimental diagram B. The best way to achieve the present invention.

 Figure 16 B 1 is a copper tube with fins. The copper tube is in the middle of the refrigerant, the copper tube is heated by the fins, and 2 is the refrigerant charging chamber where the charge is supplied by 2.1, expanded by 3, and condensed into 4 Liquid, Figure 6 is the power supply to accelerate the condensation and let the inflation gas be charged to become the primary current when passing through 3, and the electromagnetic induction causes the output current at AB.

Figure 17 B is slightly different, 4.1 has a liquid that accepts heat, and is accepted by the refrigerant. The heat. Industrial applicability

Convert heat from the air into electricity.

Claims

Rights request

1. The present invention provides a theory and method for obtaining renewable energy from waste heat such as air, which can make waste heat of air, surface water (river and lake), ground source heat and the like become renewable energy, and its characteristics. It is: 1. The waste heat such as air is used as the heat source, the working medium absorbs the waste heat and expands in the vacuum; 2, the instruction that the working medium is dyed with electric charge changes according to the electric field will be disorderly turned into order; 3. By electromagnetic induction, at times The stage obtains the induced current.