CN101902177A - Theory and method for acquiring renewable energy sources from air and other waste heat - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method for acquiring renewable energy sources from air and other waste heat. In the invention, from a view of meeting the heat demand of people by heat enriched from a heat pump, the actual effect of the heat pump exceeds a reverse Carnot cycle, so that high temperature can be acquired by the improved heat pump which then leads the renewable energy sources in the future. Thus, an inventor firstly speaks of the defects of a thermodynamic classical theory and gradually guides people to receive the entropy theory of a dissipation structure; and the constant temperature compression of Carnot is replaced by the entropy process, thereby obtaining the three-dimensional circulation with higher efficiency; and a scheme of doing work by field change is provided on the basis of theory alternation, so that the air and other waste heat become the renewable energy sources.

Description

From air and other waste heat, obtain the theory and the method for regenerative resource

One, technical field regenerative resource

Two, technical background: in the exploitation of new forms of energy, often can hear solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy ... but the environment thermovision in air, surface water (rivers,lakes and seas), the soil is not made regenerative resource, this can will not list in " People's Republic of China's regenerative resource method " and obtain evidence.In the last century middle period, the imagination [annotating 1] that Chinese physicist's Yan Jici once proposed to utilize environment heat did not only realize because of oil is inexpensive at that time.Behind the first oil crisis, " Yan Shi imagination " set about having implemented by advanced country, and effect is fine.We are acquisition effect same in 3 years on probation in certain school, the heat that 2/3 to 4/5 (summer) arranged in the hot water that shower is used is from air, the hot water cost reduces 3-4 doubly, compare with solar energy, though want electricity consumption take few, be not subjected to weather effect, not influenced by floor, heating can be travelled day and night, (night letter is the paddy that use is encouraged in the power plant) scale is again (being that energy-flux density is higher than solar energy) that solar energy can't be reached, we can say it be deposited with airborne, the various fugitiveness [annotating 2] that comprise solar energy are concentrated withdrawal, though cannot say for sure has the strong point of cannot not adopting intactly by rich ore, claim that " regenerative resource " is qualified fully.

Heat supply is main in the human energy demand." account for 90% in the energy resource structure of China, other developed countries account for 85%, and therefore in a sense, the development and use of the energy are the development and use to heat energy to a great extent." [annotate 3]

In the hot enrichment heat supply [annotate 4] of getting up, can become the following star of regenerative resource. this is because " bio-fuel " discussed warmly originally ordered to suspend by the United Nations, Africa, Britain, the U.S. and planted because of the suspicion of " striving grain with the people " is arranged.The nuclear energy that many countries is yearned for are also because safety, nuclear is useless, input and output are inverted day by day and lose its reliss [annotating 5], change the heat that a electricity but obtains several parts of electricity by contrast, be the directly several times of calorific equivalent of electricity, wherein except the Joule heat that a electricity is sent out, other several parts all from being called as

Air, surface water used heat such as (rivers,lakes and seas), what particularly point out is, this used heat is not the UTILIZATION OF VESIDUAL HEAT IN of power plant, steel mill, but does not have the environment used heat of temperature difference with surrounding environment."

Middle heat-obtaining " be that heat demand is rooted in the circulation, not only not gas dirt, and also it is dirty to absorb heat, is a kind of energy mode that function can match in excellence or beauty with plant, that absorb earth heat, has not both had the anxiety of exhaustion, does not have again Waste, the economic feasibility that more has input to reclaim then should become the basic long-range outlet of human heat energy demand.I once write articles appealing on the magazine under the Chinese Academy of Sciences " high-tech and industrialization " for this reason, and the way that claims this used heat to heat to replace burning to heat is science, the most green, the most most economical heat-obtaining way [annotating 6].As being understood by government, adopt " with

For coal " method obtain heat energy, this is how huge energy-saving and emission-reduction measure? we suppose that the former electric weight that is used to generate heat in the whole nation is Three Gorges electricity amounts, and the effect that (running far deeper than in fact) that used heat heats just is equivalent to and has built three the three gorges hydropower plants.

Today, we will further illustrate two problems: 1, the acquisition of above-mentioned regenerated heat, occurred than " contrary Carnot cycle " better effect, attract us deeply to inquire into its mechanism, can improve temperature and efficient, in the hope of using more widely so that answer " regenerated heat ".2, to discuss whether to obtain " regeneration merit ",, answer the method how to obtain as possibility.These 2 problems all relate to classical theory.The factor of encouraging us to advance despite difficulties has the economic benefit that fires one's imagination except above-mentioned two subjects under discussion, the valuable scientific achievement that also has 2 forefathers to stay supports: 1, nineteen fifty-one Harvard University's Purcell, Edward Mills and Pang De found in test state at negative temperature, in the theory of dissipative structures, disclosed a large amount of negentropy fact [notes 8] as said this experiment of " thermodynamic analysis " book " explain proposed new query to Kelvin " [notes 7] 2, the Puli Gao Jin that obtains the Nobel Prize last century and shaken the theory support that Kelvin is explained.

In 200 years since the establishment of thermodynamics classical theory, existing 2 revolutionary advancements of human understanding, at first, people have abandoned caloric theory, have made up the theory of molecular motion and entropy theory; The last century middle period has been born again

The theory and the theory of dissipative structures, theoretical each is progressive all as the beacon of wisdom, and let us more goes a step further from other shore of truth.Frankness and the scientific spirit of owe thanks to Puli Gao Jin, the original person " problem still exists " of this theory of dissipative structures is also placed hope on oriental cultural [annotating 9].We think, theory also has shortcoming really: 1. caloric theory withdraw from thoroughly inadequately, also have its remnants in the classics, 2. the negentropy theory of dissipative structure still can be further again.Only after theory is explored the acquisition common recognition, provide scientific basis also to obtain feasible method by this could for " from air and other waste heat, obtaining regenerative resource ", we will copy the way of " free fall law " that Benny's moral base of a fruit queries Aristotle then from the incision of the logic flaw of classical theory, so that obtain common recognition as early as possible on the necessity of this problem and possibility.

Review history, we know that the Kano is when caloric theory dominates when founding classics.How many social desirability peak efficiencies of answering hot machine was at that time.The Kano is with the blank of the caloric theory and first law his the Kano law of having proved [annotate 10]: " be operated in all the hot machines between two thermals source; with the efficient of reversible engine for the highest " [notes 11] he is as major premise, minor premise is that the Carnot Engine of two adiabatic process of two isothermals is called reversible engine, has so just obtained most effective formula---η≤1-T in all hot machines ₂/ T ₁Formula tells us to work as T ₁=T ₂The time η=0, the i.e. conclusion of " do not have the temperature difference just can not work done "---1. soon because of the be through with governance of caloric theory of people's such as joule experiment, the Kano law produces the existence difficulty because of the prerequisite disappearance, because above-mentioned reasoning is to deduct, if the Kano law as major premise lost efficacy, conclusion must be survived, and promptly the conclusion of suitable all the hot machines of effectiveness formula will fall back on former scope (promptly only suitable Kano pattern).If doing deeply to crisis at that time, perhaps thinking is a fabulous error correction chance.But Kelvin is for saving the Kano law, directly confirms " single source can't work done "---2. this proposition [annotating 12] because do not quote prerequisite, does not add demonstration, as the row of the said genus of textbook " axiom ".

Clearly, 2. and 1. be the same meaning, different places only be scope of application difference.1. conclusion derives from the rule of indivedual cases, promptly only be two isothermals, this pattern of two thermal insulation derive and formula [annotating 13], rise to the peak efficiency of all hot machines, must make prerequisite by the Kano law, special case can be pushed to generally be suitable for, otherwise can violate the logic error of deciding face to put, this reason just, the Kano has just been proved his Kano law earlier with the caloric theory and first law, unfortunately caloric theory is by useless, the Kano law itself loses prerequisite, has Kelvin directly to establish the act of the redemption of Kelvin statement then, does not have objection at that time with his prestige.

Conspicuous rule is defined as axiom, much in the history of science.But Kelvin is directly 1. identical with the conclusion of Carnot Engine with content, only be that 2. the scope of application different, directly be defined as " Kelvin statement ", skip the scope of application that prerequisite (Kano law) has at will enlarged special case exactly, the conclusion of original " can not pushing away " in logic as " axiom " to having been established.

Not having the Kano law to come out if just think negates to surpass η≤1-T ₂/ T ₁Hot machine exist, can suppose to have its efficient of non-Carnot Engine X is 1-T ₂/ T ₁≤ η _xAs long as≤1 that connect a refrigeration machine and can become the hot machine of single source on the whole and run counter to Kelvin statement (among Fig. 1 as long as non-Carnot Engine X (left side) goes the heat of low-temperature receiver to minus chain-dotted line partly, become output work W, deduct the merit W1 that does to refrigeration machine, W2 has been exactly the merit done by single source Q2 generally) thus the Kano law come down to Kelvin statement prerequisite that depend on for existence, indispensable, skip its and directly establish Kelvin and be expressed as axiom and do not meet logic and require.

Claim and to be expressed as prerequisite with Kelvin as for textbook, Kano law with the reduction to absurdity demonstration, this is to be the prerequisite argument in a circle of going to prove former prerequisite [annotating 14] with former conclusion fully, reason is very simple, and indispensable prerequisite can not be used " opening " card " card " more back because the Kano law is the Kelvin statement.Argument in a circle is claimed invalid argument in formal logic.So far, two logic flaws that Kelvin is expressed in the establishment process are very clear and definite: 1. directly establish the Kelvin statement with the form of axiom, do not meet the logic requirement.2. proving the Kano law with the Kelvin statement as prerequisite is invalid argument in a circle.Kano law goes with its prerequisite, should be unique logical inevitable outcome to be called " though its prerequisite caloric theory is wrong, conclusion is correct " [annotating 15] as for that.

Why we disclose this logic flaw in detail is because it has basic meaning in the argument of this paper.Do not have cracking of this underlying issue, article just becomes the wood of water without a source, unrooted, also just there is no need to allow people listen attentively to, and is only generally acknowledged that in above-mentioned defective article just has the value of expansion.

1, the enlightenment of heat pump heat build-up:

Why we will suppose ideal gas and ideal process, purpose is to allow process break away from all non-principal elements entirely, have a look at and when can obtain optimum efficiency, so that obtain to lead to the " roadmap " of high effect, if the effect after idealized is not the best, the reason that just needs self-examination comprehensively to make mistakes is likely that the factor that should not break away from has been broken away from.This factor is exactly the existence and the variation in the field of force.

The working medium of Kano hypothesis is the ideal gas that does not have active force between the molecule, the heating effect of heat pump relies on exactly has gravitation to exist between the working medium molecule---and gravitation works between the certain distance molecule when working medium is compressed to, condense into drop, the degree of freedom changes and the phase transformation heat release, just let us has obtained " regenerated heat ", its result is than the contrary Carnot cycle better effects if of " ideal " (see among Fig. 1 the contrary Carnot cycle a d c b a of a ' d c b a ' recycle ratio economized area be merit of a b a '), actual gas is made the evaporation process of refrigerant, absorb the heat many (differ from a heat of vaporization) of heat than the isothermal expansion absorption of Carnot cycle, between the molecule of actual gas because gravitation arranged, phase transformation heat release during liquefaction, the Joule heat that obtains than the simple compression of ideal gas is Duoed effect that this phenomenon let us seen actual gas and is surpassed the result of " ideal " gas on the contrary again, this result has great theory significance, phenomenon and negative temperature phenomenon that this is turned a blind eye to, the experiment of Xu Yelin [annotating 16] is same origin, and detailed analysing seen first segment.

2, the combing of classical theory:

The classical theory that is subjected to experimental fact, up-to-date theory, formal logic challenge is defectiveness really.It all is the entropy increasing process that heat conduction as everybody knows, merit are changeed hot binomial, and the hot merit conversion is unordered to orderly conversion, therefore, Kelvin statement and Ke Shi statement are equal to, are equal to very imappropriate with irreversible rule, can be described as the true cause that causes " heat death " theoretical, should, can, also there be " non-opening " process really in the Nature, has only non-open procedure to be only the reason the most accurately of expeling " heat death ".

The Kano theory of being born in caloric theory has the defective of four aspects, reorientates inevitable.

3, the mechanism of negentropy birth:

As everyone knows, irreversible dynamic and two notions of flux, it is to be distributed as " power " that entropy increases rule, serves as the state rule of robbing at the end [annotating 17] with " maximum disorderly ".Its extensively be suitable for everybody and without demur.But more than one of simultaneous state rule---potential energy minimum principle, rate distribution is to rob the end, Energy distribution to be divided into rules such as the misfortune end with the degree of freedom with the bell-shaped curve, and the atomic structure of all substances is all with 2n ²Rule is for robbing the end ... these all are the state rules.Motion, has to motion when robbing the end separately in trend, all have and bring orderly possibility, negentropy move towards motion in order with move towards structurally ordered in birth.The former shows as the heat release intensification because of the thermal change merit shows as absorbing and cooling temperature, the latter because of the degree of freedom diminishes, it is two aspects of a problem that negentropy and entropy increase, constitute the circulation of the boundless universe, this paper can illustrate positive entropy and negentropy all is born under certain condition, and so-called " spontaneous " is condition with the normality just.Should not obtain " open system " and " isolated system " divides the scope of application fully by artificial subjective the division

4, better circulation can be arranged:

Demonstration is the prerequisite mistake for the first time, for the second time demonstration is that the Kano law of logic error is wrong really: ideal heat engine not only requires operation desirable (reversible, friction free hypothesis has guaranteed that operation is desirable) also need the pattern ideal, Carnot cycle increases on the problem at the working medium entropy that processing brings because of expansion, with etc. gentle adiabatic compression allow working medium only get back to initial point from the teeth outwards, the hypothesis of " infinity " low-temperature receiver has been covered the consequence that entropy increases, " external world " do not get back to initial point simultaneously with " system ", therefore say that Carnot cycle is not perfect circulation, no longer have the theory value of conclusion from isolated system, this can't perception in the Kano epoch that also do not have the entropy notion.

The more important thing is, Carnot Engine is not most effective ideal heat engine in essence, only in circulation, remove the entropy increasing process of " isotherm compression " this merit heating and change entropy into and subtract process, just can obtain real ideal heat engine, pattern is the ideal heat engine of three-dimensional circulation, have higher efficient, reach the height of Kano said " created groundless rumors in the higher position again " [annotating 18].As said in ' counterevidence ',, will produce the phenomenon of running counter to ' Kelvin statement ' if having together above the hot machine of Carnot efficiency formula and refrigeration machine---the single source acting.That is to say, can obtain from the result of " together " from being called as

Air and other waste heat in obtain " regeneration merit ".

5, the essence of hot merit conversion:

The essence of hot merit conversion is that the direction of motion of particle is intercepted and captured because of ' potential difference ' obtains consistent orderly back, just becomes merit.And the temperature difference is a kind of of potential difference.In view of the above, the temperature-difference heat engine of leading industry revolution a kind of in " hot merit conversion " just.Though caloric theory is cancelled, but work done is because " caloic landing " must have the thought [annotating 19] of temperature difference ability work done, still be stored in " temperature difference heat mechanics ", working medium obtains to expand by heating in fact, be subjected to the restriction of cylinder, expansion is carried out and is obtained in order towards a direction, is intercepted and captured and has been obtained merit by piston.Explain as traditional temperature-difference heat engine available too above-mentioned " intercepting and capturing in order ".As a kind of form in the hot merit conversion, the pattern of temperature difference work done is one " point ", and its effectiveness formula can not be changed this " face " to whole hot merit and promote.In the scope of " face ", exist by other potential differences and obtain orderly may (do work) therefore of also intercepting and capturing for merit as the field change, conclusion should be: by the orderly hot merit conversion of unordered trend, there is the temperature difference no doubt can do work, the no temperature difference and have other potential differences also can " intercept and capture in order " and do work.As for efficiency, certainly should not be subjected to the restriction of the rule (Kano formula) of one of them " point ".

6, truth is simple and beautiful

Can be degraded into

Heat energy in obtain heat and merit, (

With

Notion still be suitable for the thermodynamic (al) category of the temperature difference) its basic reason is only to need condition because change the direction of motion of particle, and wasted work not, this can be confirmed in Lorentz force in the performance of electronics.Classical theory does not consider that the performance of particle in the field of force becomes the reason of makeing mistakes.Obtain heat energy, except doing work, heat (heat conduction) to system---strengthen can also obtaining by structural change the kinetic energy of disorderly particle.Obtain merit, also can correct the direction of particle, the energy after their direction unanimities is intercepted and captured (without piston) just can by the field of force.Truth is simple and beauty, and the mankind can ask in the formal transformation of energy as required, and real regenerative resource allows the mankind need not to worry the exhaustion of the energy.

Three, summary of the invention

Catalogue

1, the enlightenment of heat pump thermal-arrest

2, the combing of classical theory

2.1, Kelvin statement is not same with other statements, can cut, separate.

2.2, to suffer experiment negate to there is no yoke in theory for Kelvin statement.

2.3, the Kano theoretical defects has four.

3, the birth mechanism of negentropy

3.1, " principle of minimum energy " that caused by the field of force can increase conjugation with entropy

3.2, equation of gaseous state should be n ₀=Mg/4 π r ²KT

3.3, the strong force field changes the degree of freedom, birth structure heat

3.4, the field of force brings the notion of potential energy, should recover to restrain the first statement of labor Hughes to first law, i.e. dQ=dH+dJ+dW,

3.5, the field of force brought " negative temperature " phenomenon, opens opinion termination from then on

3.6, the diversification of state rule, make positive entropy negentropy all possible

4, better three-dimensional circulation

4.1, the three-dimensional circulation that can in the isolated system of strictness, deduce and run counter to Kelvin statement.

4.2, the essence and the rule of hot merit conversion

5, the scheme of concentration of energy

1, the enlightenment of heat pump thermal-arrest

The input of kilowatt-hour has but obtained the heat of several years electricity, and this phenomenon just allows the people express one's surprise, wonder, etc in the last century middle period.This thing occurs in Moscow sanitary equipment and prepares factory, and everybody expresses one's surprise, wonder, etc at that time is actually semi-conductive pal phenomenon, and this is the back wash effect of Seebeck effect.To be coupled to galvanic couple right when a N type semiconductor and P type semiconductor, and when adding direct current on circuit, end heat absorption can occur, the phenomenon of other end heating, the amount of heating has surpassed the Joule heat that direct current should be sent out, and the heat of excess is from cold junction, the heat that absorbs from air.Curious people's scream has obtained Encke this said " concentration of energy " but " electricity refrigeration " is the same with " heat pump refrigerating ", and the interest that people go into seriously is all put out by water by the explanation of " contrary Carnot cycle ".

Today is when becoming global language when regenerative resource, and we feel to analyze heat pump and " electricity refrigeration " to obtaining

Middle heat is necessary.First talk about heat pump: that dotted line is from the thermoisopleth family of describing actual gas among Fig. 3 among Fig. 2, and b is the state of vapour-liquid coexistence to the constant temperature process of a, and it is temperature-resistant, and pressure is constant, but smaller volume, we know in the isothermal expansion process because V ₂＞V ₁So Δ S=∫ dQ/T ₀=1/T ₀-∫ dQ=v Rl _n(V ₂/ V ₁) be positive entropy, modern V ₂＜V ₁Should be a negentropy process, although this process is to obtain under the help of extraneous work done compression, work done energy that compression takes in the hot junction Joule heat with many single cent emit.Do not bring " negative entropy flow " of negentropy that any energy loss is arranged because of having done, actual gas is that certain is main apart from gravitation by arrival between the gas molecule.(the top dotted line is a repulsion among Fig. 4, and the below dotted line is a gravitation, and solid line is for making a concerted effort) r ₂Gravitation, r appear in the place ₁Place's gravitation maximum, r ₀Be the balance point of repulsion, gravitation, the intermolecular drop that is condensed into, the degree of freedom changes, and emits cold junction then in the hot junction and absorbs that part heat of coming.The pal effect is based on principle of uniformity, and just by electronics " operation ", electronics quickens under the attraction of cold junction built-in field, thereby heat in the absorption air, emit in the hot junction, common ground all is success in the presence in the field of force, changes about the degree of freedom and follows Entropy Changes to describe in detail in this paper 3,2.

Merit is " process variable " as everybody knows, be that merit is not the function of state, last current state can not be determined the size of merit at the beginning of only knowing, therefore we finish same circulation and lack than Carnot cycle but that to pay merit of ba ' a significant among Fig. 2, and the analysis meeting of back knows that it and negative temperature, Xu Shi test for same origin.

2, the combing of classical theory

2.1 the Kelvin statement is not same with other statements, can cut, separate

At first formal logic is told us, whether compatible notion have, that compatible notion has again is same, the branch of intersection and subordinate (capital and Beijing are that same, man and student are that intersection, China and Shanghai are subordinates), is called that same to be referred to as the second law of thermodynamics in the lump be a mistake so irreversible rule and Ke Shi statement, entropy are increased rule, Kelvin statement.The Kelvin statement is not the same relation with other statements really yet.

The second law of thermodynamics is launched as the research of hot merit conversion rule, people have comprehended the irreversible attribute of things development when this rule of research, should Ke Shi statement be statement to heat conducting irreversibility, only be a kind of in the irreversible process, but its very fast again statement with Kelvin by card communicate.The implication that this festival-gathering explanation communicates but never be the same meaning, said as Yan Jici: " thermodynamics like this is made a general reference the science of studying all variations, and it is too narrow that this name of thermodynamics has been lost " _{[annotating 22]}

We think 1, the irreversible rule of single process is a universe level rule, it is the same with relativity, conservation law, causality etc., be almost to be penetrated into all in action pervasive rules of each corner, we can say that all things, all processes are all at the irreversible terminal point that moves towards balance.

2, then narrow and small many of Ke Shi statement, be describe heat conduction " to " rule, it should be with the rule of describing heat conduction " amount "---Fourier's law be also for unifying.

3, as everybody knows, irreversible dynamic and 2 attributes of flux, " entropy increases " are being distributed as the irreversible process of power, and everybody is to its correctness and without demur, but because still there is the state rule of other power to exist, " system's entropy is very big " is unconditional, unique state result no longer just.Negentropy process is not only as the said existence of the theory of dissipative structures, and can try to achieve by this paper is said.

4, the Kelvin statement of expressing the hot merit conversion rule is only the rule in truly the thermodynamics category: it comprising " single source can't work done ", " second kind perpetual machine can not " and effectiveness formula this several be the statement of same intercommunication in fact, owing to be subjected to the challenge of experimental fact, its correctness needs research again, this argues maximum topics in history, today should be when fixing, the irreversibility of it and single process, the irreversibility that comprises single heat transfer process can cutting and separating.The location that is independent of each other and respectively makes a fresh start.

2.1.1 its less important definition irreversiblely is meant a process.This process is under certain condition, spontaneously, irreversibly develop towards certain direction.The power of " spontaneous " is from gradient, process because of the effect of gradient begin, because of disappearance end of gradient.The heat conduction gradient of Ke Shi statement is because of the temperature difference, and the gradient of entropy increasing process will be moved towards the most probable state because of " distribution ".We call relaxation time moving towards the needed time of balance, long then 100000000 years weak points then several seconds.We call a misfortune to this process, and last the most stable balance point is claimed to rob at the end.Dynamic, moving towards to rob the end becomes inevitablely, does not have power, and then process can't start.The hypothesis of " reversible " is run counter to " all processes all are irreversible " this known truth.The mode of thinking of " reversible " also rests on Newtonian time generation of " time reversal symmetry ", does not also introduce " the time arrow " of " Broken Symmetry "---most important results in this classical thermodynamics research.

Circulation is finished by " reversible " till the ass ascends the ladder, only may constitute circulation each other from beginning to end by the irreversible process of another power.The abc process can not be gone by reversible cba to finish among Fig. 5 in brief, but is finished by the cda of another power.

2.1.2 it is a mistake that entropy is increased the common cause of regarding all irreversible processs as, the each have their own power of irreversible process is at the bottom of each have their own misfortune.Say that they communicate, only be meant on irreversible this point to have general character.

The left figure of Fig. 6 is the logic illustration of textbook viewpoint, and A is that irreversible rule, B are that entropy increases rule, C is that Ke Shi statement, D are the Kelvin statement, and the left figure of Fig. 6 shows that A and B, C, D are the same relation.The right figure of Fig. 6 shows our viewpoint: B is subordinated to A, and two irreversible processs of E, C are respectively the E and the heat conducting C of merit heating among the B, all are a kind of that entropy increases in the irreversible process, with this universe level rule of " irreversible " rule be subordinate relation.Increase rule with irreversible with entropy, the Ke Shi statement, why the Kelvin statement is a mistake if lumping together, be because can to repel like this be irreversible equally, but the negentropy process X that belongs to another power, the purpose of this logical relation of combing is exactly the negentropy process that an X can be arranged in the right figure of Fig. 6 so as to explanation, comprise and move towards the orderly D of motion and move towards structurally ordered F, (heat has a disorder transformation to become in order in the conversion specification system of merit, should be negentropy process) they all are the opposites of B, be irreversible process also, it can constitute circulation (back is described in detail) with E or C, and this is in the left figure of Fig. 7, because entropy increases the same relation of expanding as irreversible rule A of rule B mistake, X does not allow to exist.This makes the left figure of Fig. 6 " heat is dead " inevitable [annotating 21], and " heat is dead " then can not take place figure second.

2.1.3 between heat and these two energy forms of merit, do not have potential difference, the irreversible phenomena of therefore can not be born " spontaneous ".Heat can not unconditionally be converted into even a wee bit merit is a called optical imaging, conversion is successful under the condition of hot machine, equally, under this class condition that does not have friction and resistance, aerolite in the space, the electric current in the superconduction do not have spontaneous slack-off and generate heat, and that is to say that merit is converted to heat certain condition is also arranged.The mechanical movement that is in inertial states is the same with the molecular thermalmotion that is in the most probable state, all be in the most stable equilibrium state, concept of time all disappear (equilibrium state has not had the relaxation time notion), do not have extraneous intervention and will keep this state always, do not have the power that spontaneous nuclear transformation becomes other states.The back we will know entropy be the zero-sum entropy greatly be two extreme, entropy increases, entropy subtracts is also not describe trend " more random " under the situation greatly both non-vanishing, or 2 dynamic descriptions of " more orderly ".Entropy increase entropy subtract respectively have ready conditions form, each is given birth to by power, all is irrepressible irreversible process.

2.1.4 textbook claims when card " gram " " is opened " intercommunication, don't work if " open ", then can cause heat to run to the final result in hot junction from cold junction, we think that this point is not strange, and be the view that should have, because the final result of this moment is not the result of " single process ", but the result of circulation.Here the notion of " single process " is very important.Entropy increases and heat conducting unidirectional irreversible all being meant and gradient all the time single process mutually.The irreversible state that do not repel can be by cyclic reconstruction.In brief, the single process of irreversible special finger does not relate to state, and state can be the result of a plurality of processes.If obtained the inference of " non-gram " because of the hypothesis of " non-opening "---the reverse former road of heat conduction has been returned, and that gram, opens really and communicates.Present situation is that " non-opening " provides another approach, allow heat get back to temperature end, only provide heat conduction to repeat, the possibility of proceeding, non-open procedure is second half (cda among Fig. 6) in the circulation, the two claims same imappropriate, as said in " thermodynamic analysis " book " in the last few years; condition and equivalence problem to two kinds of statements have proposed new query; especially the existence of negative temperature has been pointed out in nineteen fifty-one nuclear spin system experimentation; and prove the fact that negative temperature is higher than positive absolute temperature, the second law of thermodynamics having been proposed new query "." gram ", " opening " two opinions are inconsistent juxtaposition concepts, and the C that describes heat conducting Ke Shi statement belongs to the entropy increasing process, and thermal change is that the process of merit then is a negentropy process, and talking clearly this ATM layer relationsATM is can part company with each other for them.

2.2 it negates to there is no yoke in theory that the Kelvin statement suffers experiment

2.2.1 the behind of life is a negentropy

Kelvin is the perpetrator who proposes " Kelvin statement ", and he still is placed on statement outside " life " in " the power theory of heat " very carefully.He says, and " utilize the effect of xenobiotic matter, any department of material is as cold as below the temperature than object the coldest around it, this is impossible to produce mechanical effect " promptly was referred to as to call the impossible Kelvin statement of single source work done afterwards.We think that Kelvin is decided to be " no life " to the scope of application of statement although the discretion of material style of study should not be the boundary with life.Biological phenomena is orderly miracle, and it is stored in the heat energy, the luminous energy that absorb in the structure, so that Schrodinger very profoundly says " life is exactly negentropy ".Relying today is still then the solar energy storage of the petrochemical industry resource of usefulness, must be regular in the behind of biological phenomena---the birth mechanism of negentropy is supporting, in case open, it is very wise with the proof sage of the past's perspective worry to open blanking in advance of father-in-law.With Encke this wait separate the opinion the same, expressed rigorous, the accurate demeanour of big thinker.

2.2.2 non-open procedure can, should also exist really.

At first, Kelvin statement is not the result who is tested direct checking, but the argument result, does not meet the rule that scientific law will be supported by experiment, can be wrong.The experiment of eighties of last century U.S. negative temperature has drawn the result who directs at Kelvin statement, the no inclined to one side diode experiment of China Report, the ultra-ideal work of heat pump all with open opinion and be contrary to.Explore for the rule of foundation if science is experiment, face the experimental fact of pushing and coming so, also adhere to the argument conclusion?

Secondly, Kelvin is explained the wrong rule that just conforms to the unity of opposites, does not just run counter to Darwinism; Both the law of conservation of energy with η=1 was harmonious, and did not influence the extensive utilization of the irreversible rule in the single process again, explained comprising Ke Shi.On the contrary, it correctly can bring the theory of heat death, can bring second half disappearance of circulation, can bring the contradiction (this language of Encke) with first law " matter ", so should be wrong.

At last, even because its inefficacy has brought " second kind of perpetual machine " of single source work done, that is also groundless different with the perpetual motion machine of the first kind, very incorrect as this name of Yan Jici said " perpetual machine ", we think that moving forever 2 words should not have derogatory sense, because the moving forever existence of this circulation is the epitome of the Nature of eternal, cycle operation, there be this " epitome " just to describe the Nature truly

2.2.3 " axiom " wrong no wonder by the incomplete induction establishment.

The difference of so-called incomplete induction and complete induction is the latter to discuss all checking one by one, and this is very reliable.Such as this judgement of " metal all conducts electricity " just proves that with the conduction one by one of all metals the former is then different.By observe numerous examples determine rule often N illustration be correct, so but the correctness that can't prove N+1 needs scientific explarnation to support, the Kelvin statement is introduced with " axiom ", and its support is exactly to be counted as absolute, unconditional entropy at that time to increase opinion.Today, the theory of dissipative structures has been proved the existence of a large amount of negentropy phenomenons, and prize-winning, generally acknowledged.What we will set forth only is the birth mechanism of negentropy, is that other and entropy increase the simultaneous state rule of rule, is dominating negentropy process.Entropy increases entropy and subtracts simultaneously and be present among the universe, but the birth condition of having nothing in common with each other, they move towards at the bottom of the misfortune of each self-balancing equally all irresistiblely, so that it is orderly, unordered correspondingly to be born.Just can explain how the two is born in case rectified " scientific explarnation " under different condition.

The incomplete induction example of makeing mistakes is much 1 in history, " free fall law " Aristotle be the typical case, Aristotle thinks that freely falling body always lands earlier with heavy object, this is easy to observe in stone and leaf land the practice of speed and becomes " axiom ", " so correctly " two thousand years, but in gal, omit the epoch, an Italian who is Benny's moral base of a fruit asks in retort with wise and farsighted logic and has proposed problem, the result is given the final word by Jia Lilve, and Aristotle is wrong.2, before the law of inertia is found, people's " observation " are to a rule: all motions all can stop slowly, so the village of China is just to the operation question of life: " its running and can not end certainly " clearly, he thinks that " can not end certainly " is unusual, who would have thought the inertia motion of " can not from end " is with static the same, and being only does not need the normal condition explained.We can say that phenomenon and essence are often not exclusively unified, say " entropy increase entropy subtract all be with good conditionsi " equally, can run counter to people and accept, and " truth " that fixed re-recognize knowledge very big resistance must be arranged, need detailed in the back analysing.

2.3 the Kano theoretical defects has 4

Since Kelvin proves invalid, " redemption " promptly returns failure.And original two logical relations still exist: the Kano law of 1. setting forth above is the indispensable prerequisite of Kelvin statement.2. caloric theory is again the indispensable prerequisite of Kano law.The logic chain of Kelvin statement that like this, the three has constituted caloric theory---Kano law---, final prerequisite is a caloric theory.

The composition of caloric theory has two partly, then caloric theory by useless just " Neither dying nor being born for caloic " this, the thought of another important composition " work done of temperature difference ability " is preserved so far always, only " matter " word in " amount of caloic is decided by the temperature difference " has been made into " amount ", " do not have cold; heat is with useless ", the metaphor of waterfall and the hydraulic turbine all reflects the thought of temperature difference work done, this essence understanding with we " merit is orderly intercepting and capturing " is fully different." temperature difference can work done " do not have mistake, but it is regarded as unique mistake that is only, and the Kano pattern can be a pattern in the hot merit conversion, is only a mistake but it is regarded as the best, and it is wrong that two mistakes come from essence understanding, and logic speculation is wrong.Let us is opened the history that is covered with dust, and has a look at the defective of Kano theory.

The thermodynamics classical theory is born after the steam engine invention.Perfect substantially when steam engine in 1768, how many theoretical peak efficiencies that the hot machine of answer is badly in need of in society is, this problem has been answered with thought experiment in young French engineer Kano.His basic thought _{[annotating 22]}Have:

A, the caloric theory that dominated at that time---" heat is the weightless particle flux that can not produce in any process, also can not eliminate ", " what of caloic the cold and hot degree decision of object it contain ".

" perpetual machine is impossible realize " conviction that b, he father La Zhaer study and assert.

The thought of c, temperature difference work done." provide heat to be not enough to provide motive force separately, must also will have coldly, do not have coldly, heat will be useless ".

D, maximum thought.He likens hot machine to the hydraulic turbine, think and depend on water-head with the hydraulic turbine and the water yield is the same, the power of hot machine depends on the caloic of temperature difference and transfer, he says: " every kind of situation all has a maximum; what machine is one side be regardless of the water effect; on the other hand also regardless of the hot material that is acted on, always we can not surpass this maximum ".

E, irreversible thought.To low temperature " caloic landing " " finish inverse process again, this is impossible " taken place from high temperature.

These basic thoughts (b), (e), (d) are the hay type of the first law of thermodynamics, second law and Kano law unexpectedly.The young man that must admit this talent is the founder of classical thermodynamics, but regrettably in society at that time, his alive unique works of publishing, in 11 years, do not sell for one yet, that talent that this Carnot cycle schematic diagram (Fig. 7) that is referred to as " beautiful parallelogram " was still just died in youth in this 36 years old by Encke after death 2 years is painted by carat amber dragon, the formula η≤1-T that expresses with absolute temperature ₂/ T ₁Be that Kelvin finishes at last.Any historical personage can have the understanding mistake that the epoch that are subjected to place restrictions on, they are no exception in the Kano: 1. the Kano theory is originated in caloric theory, on essence understanding, also has the influence of caloric theory so far to the hot merit conversion, 2. there is not entropy theory to coach owing to work as fashion, so that " ideal heat engine " pattern of Kano is unsatisfactory, 3. the wrong 4. conclusion of research mode is suitable wrong

2.3.1 the mistake in Kano is popular at that time caloric theory, makes him wrong because caloric theory claims " caloic landing " the hot merit conversion to the essence understanding of hot merit conversion, this make it can with waterfall one ratio, temperature difference is likened to difference in height, the theory of the temperature difference work done of being born.But in fact hot and essence merit is not, only is that the motion of particle has or not common direction.Have, then can obtain mechanical power or electric energy.Not having, then is heat energy.Therefore from the visual angle of the theory of molecular motion, hot merit conversion essence only is the direction of motion of correcting particle, make its unanimity, Carnot Engine is to have limited the expansion of other directions with cylinder, only stays the expansive way of piston direction, the results unanimity, this is very amazing at that time, we can say that this has epoch making significance on human history, fire, merit, electric three's acquisition all allows human history that great turnover is arranged, and has started the New Times.Also just because of that " expansion working " brings is joyful.So that the Kano says that " necessary condition that produces maximum power is; in the object of the power of realizing heat, should not exist any is not the variations in temperature that causes owing to change in volume " [annotating 23] this " variations in temperature " just is meant the heat that thermal radiation, conduction, friction etc. slattern.Can see that the Kano also do not know to increase because of the working medium entropy produce that expands at that time.The level of understanding at that time, people do not understand also it is what that entropy increases.The elaboration let us of back is known, if there is not the temperature difference to exist, also can change and come more effective correction direction by the field of force, and the field of force changes in the increment that the merit done is stored in the merit after the direction unanimity, so that the field of force only be this transformation condition and and no consumption, the jumped out yoke of temperature difference work done of this new theory let us.

From the entropy theory machine work done that sees hot is exactly the process that certain system's entropy subtracts, it is some unordered having become in order in the system, its essence is different from waterfall fully, the metaphor of waterfall then can not be used after useless fully at caloric theory again, and it is the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy, at the ideal state that does not have friction, the conversion efficiency of gesture, kinetic energy should be η=1, do not have general character with the rule of hot merit conversion, then the Kano but be familiar with less than, he uses the waterfall metaphor to claim to surpass this conclusion is exactly groundless.By the hot machine likened 100% the same efficient of waterfall is arranged, just allow recognized herein it be ideal heat engine, as known, the Kano law proves with the caloric theory and the first law blank.

The conversion of heat and merit has its rule.(1) not unordered can spontaneously not being transformed in order.(2) in case certain condition is achieved, unordered can being converted in order just do not minded unordered normal temperature or the high temperature of being in yet.Heat has only two conditions to the merit conversion, and (1) must birth orderly (2) must intercept and capture or derive orderly.As for efficient can zero to one between, should not be subjected to the restriction of temperature difference work done rule.The temperature difference is born in order, a kind of under " certain condition " just, and its rule can not be complete with inclined to one side lid.

Above said " its rule " certainly just be meant effectiveness formula of the ideal heat engine that the Kano obtains.Can not be meant that by after useless, just groundless claims optimal mode in the hot merit conversion to the Kano pattern of two thermal insulation of two isothermals again at caloric theory with inclined to one side lid entirely.

2.3.2 Carnot Engine is to change the volume work done, all obtains " merit ", the problem that all has a working medium to expand under the situation of working medium expanded by heating.Cd process (Fig. 7) purpose of Carnot cycle will solve the expansion issues of working medium.Process with extraneous work done, isotherm compression solves problem, has received the result of volume from c to d really, but extraneous work done, low-temperature receiver to receive heat be a merit heating, become unordered entropy increasing process in order, be contrary to as far as possible aims of obtaining negentropy of hot machine more.So-called ideal heat engine is not that process does not rub just, also to consider whether ideal says that Carnot Engine can not be optimal hot machine from the pattern of process, be from the scheme of its design, to see the cd process, this birthmark defect, the three-dimensional circulation of introducing later that does not have the positive entropy process of cd just has higher efficient than it.

2.3.3 the hypothesis of " two unlimited " of Kano makes its conclusion lose theoretic directive significance.

The hypothesis of first " slowly unlimited " someone has been done attack.They are that once (F.L.curzon) and A Erboen (B.Ahlborn) noticed at first in 1975 that this " circulation infinitely slowly " power can approach zero to Ke _{[annotating 24]}, do not have the hot machine of power output what meaning is arranged? lost necessity of research! They push away to such an extent that the efficient during peak power output is η=1-(T _L/ T _H) ^1/2Differ greatly with the conclusion of Kano, suppose that high temperature is 1600K, low temperature is 400K, and then Ka conclusion is 75% and the conclusion of Ke Yua has only 50% to differ from 25%, and 75% conclusion to be " conclusion that power interface is bordering on zero hot machine " do not have realistic meaning, as if needn't go to pay close attention to.

The hypothesis of second " infinitely great low-temperature receiver " has hidden the fact that circulation runs off isolated system, and circulation is actually to be carried out in the system of remaining silent.We find: if 1. there is not low-temperature receiver, the result of compression returns along the cb adiabat, does not become circulation.2. low-temperature receiver is little, by first law as can be known low-temperature receiver must heat up, this " changes " external world.3. have only " infinitely great low-temperature receiver ", just making heats up becomes infinitely small, and extraneous intensification is covered, and has reached the result of " no change ".But owing to have the isolated system on border can not load " infinitely-great low-temperature receiver ", that is to say to get back in the isolated system and discuss, we can say that therefore the cd process constantly throws away the process of used heat to the external world, be actually in the system of remaining silent that the heat conversion is arranged and carry out.No longer possessing the meaning that original hope has---conclusion is born in " isolated system "!

If we abandon using the hypothesis of " infinity " low-temperature receiver, to add one and constantly remove the process of used heat and get back to isolated system from the system of remaining silent, that conclusion just can not reach η≤1-T fully ₂/ T ₁This theoretical upper limit, but littler, the original meaning of this formula is that ideal heat engine uses equal sign, and true hot machine uses is less than, since can not get this upper limit of ideal heat engine in the isolated system, promptly to abandon the equal sign in the formula, this makes the Kano theory avalanche occur at the place, basis.Avalanche is from two aspects: at first press the hot machine of his scheme design, even also do not arrive the predetermined upper limit on the aspect of " ideal " at all.It allows the number of equaling lose efficacy.The second, other pattern---the process (back is specially talked) that has negative entropy flow to participate in can not be subjected to placing restrictions on of his upper limit again, allows is less than lose efficacy again.This has lost meaning with regard to the research that makes the Kano.Trace it to its cause, not only because the Kano pattern has one and poor cd process, and basic reason is rooted in those epoch and understands not enough to the essence of hot merit conversion.

2.3.4 last surface analysis let us is learnt, because of intrinsic tire disease η≤1-T ₂/ T ₁Effectiveness formula can not claim the peak efficiency of hot merit conversion,---can only be that power interface is bordering on the conclusion that 0 Carnot Engine is moved strictly speaking in the system of the remaining silent---common conclusions that does not have theory directive significance that can only be the Carnot Engine of 2 thermal insulation of 2 isothermals.

If we break away from the mistake of caloric theory and " card ", " opening ", not only be confined to the thinking set of " temperature difference work done ", negentropy process is embedded hot machine, the result can be different fully, the negentropy case that today, the theory of dissipative structures was enumerated is generally acknowledged, as long as its mechanism that is born that we further specify again just can obtain real ideal heat engine and new hot merit conversion rule.And this need look at problem with more wide in range visual angle.

3, the mechanism of negentropy birth

3.1, " principle of minimum energy " that caused by the field of force can increase conjugation with entropy

The theory of dissipative structures has been enumerated a large amount of negentropy examples, and claims as long as the absolute value of negative entropy flow greater than entropy production, just can obtain negentropy.We think that final mechanism that this saying and negentropy are born is decoded and still have distance, and " problem still exists " reason be that the consumption opinion does not relate to the scope of application that entropy increases rule.

People increase unique rule that rule is regarded state as to entropy, and it is equal to irreversible rule fully is a no small mistake.The world is multidimensional, " irreversible " comprises the multiple process that potential difference is arranged, entropy increase rule beyond doubt one move towards self " at the bottom of the misfortune "---the great rule of entropy, but be not unique rule of state, the rule that particle moves towards minimum potential energy is conjugation fully with it, and the scope of application is equally widely arranged." minimum energy " principle can be talked from nuclear structure.

We know when free proton and neutron are combined into atomic nucleus will emit energy.Otherwise making atomic fission is the energy that the free proton and the middle period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m need add as much, energy Δ E just is called binding energy, Δ E and mass number (nucleon number) are with it than being exactly average binding energy, heal thick atom nuclear of average binding energy is just more stable, it is found that mass number is medium its average binding energy maximum of numerical value (iron, magnesium, copper), average out to 8.6MeV has just explained well that the why fission of heavy nucleus and the fusion of light nucleus can both emit huge energy, and they were all being walked towards the centre originally---tend to the most the state of stable nucleus and rob the end!

See the formation of atom again, the possible maximum electron numbers of each shell that calculated by Pauli's exclusion principle are 2n ², for K, L, M, N ... each layer can hold 2,8,18,32 at most respectively ... individual electronics.When atom form to divide a period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m, again with skin be 8 electronics inert element be configured as rob at the end.When electronics is in higher energy level, always wait for an opportunity to return its stable state, 2n ², octant rule ... the discovery that " state rule " let us that just works after these Big Bangs is taken aback, universe is at the foundation stone of setting up all things on earth---during element, just be not simply move towards unordered, to move towards entropy very big, but very in order!

Minimum energy principle, energy are by the rule of degree of freedom mean allocation, the rule that speed is pressed maxwell's curve distribution.These are known relates to particle and it to take the energy distributions rule all should be the state rule, comprises these " state rules " that entropy increases rule all separately spontaneously at the bottom of the trend misfortune separately, thus bring energy conversion, bring orderly.Confucius sighed with deep feeling once that rivers were such " regardless of day and night " when moving towards the minimum sea of potential energy.The philosophizing that " the multidimensional circulation " at this beginning each other of the Nature, end only pursued " the first vertebra power " than west one is much deep.We understanding at last of article " various forms of energy because of circulation the energy " each other! " can passive, only circulation " six words are this paper themes, no matter the acquisition of what form energy all only is human successful intercepting and capturing in certain circulation, and original two words of the energy on the meaning, but be the global village dialect in uncivilized period.

3.2, state equation should be n ₀=Mg/4 π r ²KT

The most basic in the classical thermodynamics is state equation, interior energy and entropy, and other thermodynamic function can be derived from these three basic functions.Unfortunately do not consider the effect in the field of force in the state equation.Compare with above-mentioned nuclear, electricity, gravitation is four kinds of the most weak power in the power, but it still can left and right sides Entropy Changes.Boltzmann's formula n=n ₀e ^-mgh/KTIn do not mention n ₀By which factor decision, and state equation P=n ₀N among the KT ₀Do not consider the existence of earth gravitational field yet.Atmospheric pressure is that atmosphere total weight Mg is divided by the long-pending 4 π r of earth surface ²And obtain, so P=Mg/4 π r is arranged ²This P should equate just to have n with the P in the state equation ₀KT=Mg/4 π r ², i.e. n ₀=Mg/4 π r ²KT, this equation compares n ₀=P/KT state equation that is to say n just more comprehensively ₀By the decision of four factors, wherein M, g, r three factors are constant, so n ₀Only be inversely proportional to T.The big n of T ₀Diminishing, is to expand the little n of T ₀Becoming big, is to shrink, and this is known.But we suppose that M and g also can become, n when g or M become big so ₀Also become big, opposite n ₀Diminish.That is to say and impel n ₀The expansion that diminishes can also be by other two the factor decisions outside the T, a reverie that this let us is many.The abscissa V corresponding of thermoisopleth family among Fig. 8 with intersection point O, O`, the O`` of atmospheric pressure P=1 ₀, V ₁, V ₂Be exactly this temperature in this field of force of the earth as volume.

The above any point of all P=1 straight lines all has the trend of expansion.On will expanding into intersection point with P=1 along thermoisopleth, with corresponding as volume.This process is entropy increasing process (it is big that V becomes).

We did not notice in the past that the following any point of P=1 straight line all has and prolong thermoisopleth and revert to trend with this straight-line intersection of P=1.Because it does not exist naturally, following all points of P=1 all have the behavior that is forced to shrink that shows as, and are promptly temperature-resistant, have been volume-diminished, and entropy has subtracted.These two phenomenons are that whole atmosphere and earth gravitational field have nonequilibrium stationary state institute extremely, and with the words of the high Tianjin description of Puli " minimum entropy generation ", every " little microvariations " of leaving nonequilibrium stationary state finally all can spontaneously be got back on the nonequilibrium stationary state.The phenomenon that can prove this rule is exactly that every moles of gas all has 22.4 liters of these facts under normal conditions, no matter leave what the reason of this volume is, also no matter be greater than or less than original volume, it all will return, and no matter entropy increases still that entropy subtracts when returning.The power that increases of entropy is from moving towards disorderly as everybody knows---move towards the irreversibility of most probable state, and the power of the negentropy here is from moving towards the potential energy lowest part, has irreversibility equally, and because field of force background is arranged, seem very powerful, they are independent action separately, and trend balance point separately rests never voluntarily.Nonequilibrium stationary state is the result that the two sides are evenly matched.

Hypothesis g is variable below, so n ₀=Mg/4 π r ²Swelling has just not only occurred when T changes (increasing) among the KT, also can occur when changing (diminishing) in the field of force, this is not to edify the expansion working that we can utilize the field of force to diminish and cause, it can innerly under the situation of heat temperature raising not can reduce work done, yes, control also can bring in order the same of variation in the field of force, and allow piston intercept and capture orderly that expansion brings, just can obtain mechanical power with the control variation of temperature! This is first enlightenment that this formula is brought.

Second enlightenment is formerly to be used as that entropy increases phenomenon and the free wxpansion of widely giving an example, but is the special case of g when being zero, (g → 0, n ₀→ 0), that is to say is having under the situation of earth gravitational field, and principle of minimum energy and entropy increase acting in conjunction, just cause the foundation of this rule of equation of gaseous state, and entropy does not increase and is being the behavior that does not have condition, and entropy increases, entropy subtracts, the great appearance of entropy all has certain condition.

The reason that produces above-mentioned phenomenon is this state rule of principle of minimum energy, it requires particle to arrive the activity of potential energy minimum place as much as possible, all obey this rule from the composition of atom to the state of atmosphere, atomic system is under normal condition, and each electronics trend is occupied lowest energy level as far as possible.The filling of electron shell begins with the lowest energy level shell exactly, then successively to the higher energy level development of energy level.As because of certain reason has transitted to high level, it can send the respective electrical magnetic wave and get back to low-lying level.Atmosphere then should be followed expansion, diffusion, at utmost disorderly entropy increases rule, follows contraction, set again, gets back to the principle of minimum energy at potential energy minimum place to greatest extent, and the state of atmosphere is both coefficient results.The above any point of P=1 all has the trend that expand into balance point, is positive entropy district, and the following any point atmosphere of P=1 all has back the trend of balance point, is the negentropy district.We see that entropy increases entropy and subtracts all realization under certain condition, and this condition of the field of force is ubiquitous, at all times, there is not an on the contrary special case of the field of force, it is the condition of a more severe gram, therefore we can say that the unilateral view of having only entropy to increase existence originally is that classical theory omitted is this key factor of minimum energy principle of power with the field of force.Giving this factor for change will obtain experiencing in " better three circulations ".

If there is not the field of force to exist, atomic nucleus can't be formed, and element more can't be born, and all are not known where to begin yet.If this time, entropy increased the rule dominant force, we do not oppose.

3.3, the strong force field changes degree of freedom birth structure heat

Definition by " interior energy " is told us, and interior can be the product of molecule sum and each molecule mean kinetic energy, E=N ε _kBe E=iv RT/2 and entropy is decided by S=Q/T, the last formula of Q=ST substitution get ST=v RT i/2 be S=i v R/2 because v R/2 is a constant, that is to say that entropy S directly increases and decreases with the increase and decrease of degree of freedom i.This is readily appreciated that, it is the same to explain that as the book of teaching the entropy of free wxpansion increases, the increase of the degree of freedom directly provide disorderly bigger may, increase so i becomes big generation entropy.And i diminishes and entropy can take place subtracts---the possibility that this just provides negentropy to be born.This can obtain in the constant orphan of Q system us, because of the i result that (S diminishes) T rises that diminishes, this temperature rise neither from work done, again not from heat conduction, but only heat up because the degree of freedom diminishes, be structure heat.This is can be observed at occurring in nature, can the clear phenomenon of observing this spontaneous intensification of phase transformation heat release when dense fog becomes rain.This phenomenon is successfully duplicated in the condenser heat release of heat pump, so that heat pump is higher than several times of Joule heat that the compressor work done emits at the hot junction liberated heat.This illustrates in enlightening in front, and he should be the best approach of obtaining heat energy.Just the mechanism of heat pump is that external force is facilitated, and provide the condition of variation by the external world, and the one-tenth rain process of the Nature is by natural coupling voluntarily, but mechanism is the same.Basically the Entropy Changes that causes of structural change all is that the field of force of each level causes, is that the field of force strengthens or is attenuated to a certain degree, the sudden change of the degree of freedom just occurs.

Abc d is A attitude and the B attitude that two areas equate with a b ' c ' d ' in the temperature entropy chart (Fig. 9), that is to say that A, B binary states institute heat content equate that temperature is respectively T ₁And T ₂Becoming the A attitude by the B attitude is positive entropy process (S ₁To S ₂) to become the B attitude by the A attitude then be negentropy process, entropy S ₂Become S ₁, temperature just can be from T ₁Rise to T ₂, S ₂Become S ₁Be that entropy subtracts process, be that heat two rules institute is unallowable, but under this condition that the degree of freedom changes, occurred.This is understood that also the amount of heat energy is constant, and the unit of mean allocation is few, and each unit just can many branches, kinetic energy is many, and temperature is height just also.This is neither to lean on heat conduction to transmit from the temperature eminence, also by work done, is to change to come and the good method of acquisition heat energy by the degree of freedom.In the forming process of thunder and lightning, the phenomenon of similar this temperature rise is arranged also---produce the phenomenon that electromotive force rises.T ∝ E/i formula and electricity formula U ∝ q/c have can analogy logical construction.Thunder and lightning when forming each charged cloud mass and when unifying the cloud layer surface area dwindle relatively on the contrary and electric capacity diminishes.In case heavy rain falls from cloud, capacitance c falls again, therefore the electromotive force U of cloud layer will increase sharply, the high-tension electricity that draws into the hundreds of thousands volt, the process of birth potential difference, heating up during with gas liquefaction is same mechanism---by the negentropy process that structural change produces, the variation role of the electric capacity and the degree of freedom is identical.Occurring in nature produces potential difference in other words, gradient does not need the major drive.Structure heat comprises and emits the important source that heat is each level heat supply when each level particle is got back to the most stable structure.

3.4 the notion of potential energy is brought in the field of force, should recover to restrain the first statement of labor Hughes to first law, i.e. dQ=dH+dJ+dW

1850,28 years old gram labor Hughes the 3rd year after obtaining the doctor of philosophy, delivered " universal law of the power of opinion heat and the calorifics theory that can release thus " literary composition, paper thinks that the heat of passing to object, increment dQ equal the variation dJ of the variation dH of heat in the object, internal strength and the variation dW of external work is dQ=dH+dJ+dW

He is interpreted as H the kinetic energy of particle in the object, determine by temperature, internal strength J is the function of state that structure determined by molecule, but owing to do not know the definite expression of internal strength J, so introduce again a new physical quantity U represent H and J and, thereby the form dQ=dU+dW that law of conservation of energy is write as the first law of thermodynamics after 1 year Kelvin claim that U is interior energy.

Gram labor Hughes is correct about the initial statement of first law on the contrary.We just know till now, and it can be electric energy, luminous energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy, atomic energy and heat energy that the form of energy is divided from phenomenon.And from dividing in essence, the conversion of energy divides 2 aspects.Einsteinian mass-energy formula E=mc ²The relation that has reflected quality and energy.The initial statement dQ=dH+dJ+dW of gram labor Hughes has then reflected the relation between merit, heat and structure (potential energy) three when not relating to " mass defect ", that is to say in dQ constant orphan in the equation left side is, the essence of power conversion is the unordered of equation the right, and the variation between structurally ordered, the motion in order carries out, and one " thermodynamics of broad sense " can be arranged

A is gravitational 10 because short-range nuclear forces are very powerful ³⁹Doubly.So fusion can both discharge very large energy by structural change no matter fission still.

The transition of b electronics energy level in atom absorbs or emits corresponding electromagnetic wave, and its visible part is called as luminous energy.

The c atom is formed new molecular structure, and absorption or liberated heat are exactly the said chemical energy of people, and burning is wherein a kind of form just.

The crystallization of d molecule aspect, melt, liquefy, gasify, people are called phase transformation, also emit because of structural change or absorb heat.Above-mentioned four relations that disclosed structure and energy.Classical theory studies only that structure heat release (burning) is converted into this finite part of merit among the C.And the original heat pump of explaining with " contrary Carnot cycle " only is the power conversion by the phase transformation absorption or the exothermic low order of magnitude.

Can be that particle has equidirectional motion in order, also can be stable structure, and the two all is that entropy is zero.Unordered then is to have lost unidirectional disorderly warm-up movement.When dQ=0 promptly in isolated system, the essence of all power conversion has been summarized in the conversion between dH, dJ, the dW three.Because the stable structure entropy is zero, moves towards the process that stable structure has also just become negentropy, this process is often brought a large amount of heat energy (emitting) to us, is exactly " energy " that we often say, and intensity is followed successively by the structural change of nuclear, atom, molecule.If negentropy the time, show as the absorption heat, and it is hidden in " the more high level " of structure, that has only in the biological phenomenas such as negative temperature phenomenon and photosynthesis of plants and exists, (plant can deposit energy in structure, can become kinetic energy to the structure in the plant by animal again).Let us has been given a possibility that the negentropy of being simplified by Ke Shi is born for change like this.No matter be that entropy increases or entropy subtracts all and should describe really.Therefore we think and recover the initial description of Ke Shi to first law.

3.5 " negative temperature " phenomenon has been brought in the field of force, opens opinion termination from then on

The appearance of negative temperature phenomenon is " because kelvin degree has incomplete place by some scholar's saying _{[annotating 25]}We think still exactly so.The name of " negative temperature " is perverse really, because everybody knows that temperature is the measuring of mean kinetic energy of the disorderly warm-up movement of molecule, becoming negative value is difficult to understand, say that again " negative temperature " is higher than positive temperature, the sense of putting upside down is just arranged, but title is a symbol after all, is the numbering of withdrawing deposit in the data base.The right of name is usually authorized the finder.We must change this address unintentionally, just explore its origin, and whether properer expression is arranged.

Negative temperature be push away like this: according to fundamental equation of thermodynamics, entropy was with the rate of change of interior energy when the temperature T of system and parameter y remained unchanged

Between have a following relation:

In the time of can be high more in General System, the possible microstate number of system also the more, promptly entropy can dullly increase with interior, so the temperature perseverance is just.But some systems are arranged also, entropy reduces on the contrary in the time increasing in the system, this just makes temperature release negative sign, system is called as " negative temperature " state that is in, trace it to its cause we feel this with 3.4 in said first law form of energy not contain dJ relevant, do not reflect in the fundamental equation that promptly this fact of the field of force and potential energy is relevant.In in the negative temperature phenomenon can increase be that increase by the field of force obtains, enhancing be the potential energy of particle in the field of force.If added the variation of the reflection things that dJ just can objective reality in the fundamental equation, that admit to increase is not dH but dJ, and entropy had reduced when dJ increased.When reverse in the field of force, the dJ of reflection potential energy should have symbol to express like this, so that T is negative with regard to unnecessary band again.Is not making truth no longer awkward, better?

The negentropy phenomenon is identified in negative temperature, and this phenomenon has been proved the field of force of setting forth our front and changed the viewpoint that can bring negentropy, in the moment that negative temperature is born, the phenomenon fine explanation of " the ratio of specific heat merit is expensive " occurs.Negative temperature is from c among Figure 10, and at this moment crystal enters in the opposing magnetic field.Because field of force counter-rotating, originally parallel one-tenth antiparallel, originally antiparallel having fallen, thereby N has been arranged into parallel ₂＞N ₁(according to ANALOGY OF BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION N ₂/ N ₁=e ^{-2 μ oB/KT}Work as N ₂＞N ₁Promptly be that system is under the negative temperature), we see that the crystal face of inserting the opposing magnetic field is to the continuous process that strengthens of FR.The motion of each particle has only a direction feasible, no matter particle is originally to the motion of what direction, constantly all will unify direction at this, it is impossible that (short but also be one " misfortunes ") that is to say that disorderly at the moment motion becomes on the contrary, and unidirectional motion becomes unique possible.Here it is the more precious microscopic explanation of ratio of specific heat merit, the field of force allow all particle direction unanimities, make original dH add orderly ranks, the form of the concentration of energy of Engels's prophesy then that Here it is.The heat energy of all direction unusual fluctuations is concentrated into the motion into same direction.This is a good method really, and than consistent better with the cylinder acquisition, because it has accomplished the consistent simultaneously result of all particles, negative temperature the reason of Kelvin statement occurs overturning with regard to here.This is most valuable a moment, because, finish as soon as the field of force changes as it " effectively not being intercepted and captured ", with regard to the involution disorder.The chance that can obtain merit will have been narrowly missed, what can obtain merit originally can only obtain high temperature in a flash, we have only utilized the phenomenon of this particle counter-rotating in laser at present, theoretical front has been gone in practice, we are existing to reinvent theoretical urgency, the urgency of lising research this " concentration of energy " is more arranged, because he is only one step away with success.

Negative temperature is considered to temperature after the counter-rotating of the field of force be infinitely great, we think that its reason is that time of field of force counter-rotating is very short, because power is to be inversely proportional to the time, time is short more, power is just big more, any heating means, all fast like that because there be pining down of a relaxation time all to be not so good as field of force counter-rotating, the field of force allows each particle receive order, go to separately can not be high again a structure high position (being that so-called energy level is limited), wink promptly reverses then, each particle is the second time " migrating " again, and action is again highly consistent, because ineffective the intercepting and capturing, so dj after can only catching up with the field of force it to go up a high position with the form of heat, the dw of its acceleration of counter-rotating relief, and its dH of having originally all in the moment heating (can claim blast in some sense), this has just obtained a very high temperature.

Such process of including all energy instantaneous heatings of particle can be described as an impayable process that heats, and heat pump techniques at all can't be unmatch.Reason has two, the first, the time in the hot merit conversion, so seem extremely important, relaxation time will shorten as far as possible because relevant with power, and the inversion in the field of force is to reach this requirement.The second, have the orderly negative temperature pattern of secondary should be contrary Carnot cycle the optimal mode that heats of incomparable used heat.Here it is, and we think

Middle heat-obtaining still has the reason that obtains higher temperature than the better way of heat pump.

3.6 the diversification of state rule makes positive entropy, negentropy all possible

To sum up said, since entropy increases unique state rule that rule is not the Nature, when trend is robbed the end separately in other state rules so, if of short duration order state has appearred in the motion of particle, weighing with the standard of entropy has been exactly the birth of negentropy, as long as effectively intercept and capture, may bring " merit " thus, this is an one.Move towards structurally ordered, entropy is zero, emits big calorimetric, this be its two.The common ground of this binomial---all can't do without negative stream stream, promptly the manipulator to be arranged, know from cybernetics, control instruction 2 sources are arranged, one is outside the system, when people recognize that the transmission of information must be done carrier by energy, the conclusion that Brillouin has driven " demo of Maxwell " occurred, instruction can also be from the system in fact, and promptly motion itself sends instructions for next motion---positive feedback.In isolated system, as long as this root of negative entropy flow " last match " is arranged, with regard to lighting orderly hope by point, if having nothing at all except entropy is very big in the isolated system, that conduct orphan of heat death neither be criticized.Because objective reality is not the will with the people is transfer, and heat death is with regard to heat death, and perhaps this " lonely system " wanted very very long " misfortunes ", enclosed the devil who posts bottle in Harem, waits for unlatching---the intervention of negative entropy flow in the external world.

The people only is a kind of very fragile existence in the universe.Although but people's existence is very fragile, the evolution of human brain is the part that the Nature is evolved, and is the newest fruits of universe development, is the direction of representing universe---he can come to realize rule and be imitated.We might as well come to realize the Nature again.

By irreversible process that distribute to make " power ", an entropy that is everybody is familiar with increases, another be exactly rate distribution be the irreversible process of terminal point with maxwell's curve, at the bottom of the misfortune of curve as a process, birth difference when moving towards this to rob the end.If entropy increases is that the Nature moves towards balance, moves towards the process that difference disappears, and that maxwell's curve is exactly clocklike unequal with the speed maintenance forever of molecule, expresses the never will of balance of the Nature.

Distribute and state is not an identical concept, but the microstate number that equals the localization system that corresponding microstate of distribution all is similar to divided by Maxwell Speed Distribution curve (Figure 11) has been expressed the molecule speed distribution and has been bell curve forever, the promptly middle ratio maximum that is in the most probable state, and two pin are represented the low and high ratio of speed respectively about curve.If allow the high-velocity molecular at right crus of diaphragm place reduce in a large number because of evaporation, that entire curve can because of cooling to moving to left, but valuable be that the Maxwell bell curve is still the target that new distribution is pursued, even reduce to T ₂Right crus of diaphragm still reaches vertical line shadow shape place, that is to say and have high-velocity molecular to be born, if the speed of this high-velocity molecular being regarded as this spontaneous process of selecting high-velocity molecular of most propable speed of another temperature is not exactly the process of trend ' high temperature '? high-velocity molecular gets neither heat, neither work done and get, only, state obtains because will moving towards certain equilibrium state, increase the same with entropy, be to be distributed as the irreversible process of power, the evaporation of rivers,lakes and seas is just just as the gasifying boiler of a spontaneous heating that never rests like this! Supporting by the used heat that is in " dead attitude "! Again because the contained used heat of rivers,lakes and seas is many, book claims if possible, reduce by 1 degree and just can start whole world machine more than 1700 year, so curve moves to left seldom, again because atmosphere constantly has used heat to replenish, so the pattern of so spontaneous choice high-velocity molecular is unending forever, here we have seen " heat can not from the spontaneous high temperature that moves towards of temperature lower ", only being meant single process, is a section in the circulation, and circulation is to be formed by connecting by irreversible process, they are end to end, all move towards the balance misfortune end of standard separately separately, thereby constituting circulation, also continuous Creates Difference.So that when the hydroelectric energy of our last clearances came wherefrom, how much will have a data reflection clearly to have was can gained from the interior of rivers,lakes and seas.After having how many hydrones to enter atmosphere again, continue to enter the high-altitude by can lifting in the atmosphere with 100 meters costs that reduce by 1 degree of every rising, reduce to critical point until temperature, hydrone is attracted each other and has been surpassed mutually exclusively, forms the globule and lowers from the high-altitude.We see that the negentropy of birth difference will become continuous process, must enter circulation, can not continue again if there is terrestrial gravitation can't return (raining) process from another approach.

The spontaneous trend of the Nature never Maxwell curve of balance increases the both sides of rule as contradiction with the entropy that moves towards balance, having proved the two again both opposed mutually, the universal law of interdependence again, the general applicability of trend " Maxwell curve " is as good as minimum energy rule and entropy increases rule, at the termite world, human society its leading case is arranged all _{[annotating 26]}

By " difference producer "---the evaporation in sea, allow the ocean surface be full of aqueous vapor, chaology is told us as long as a slight inducement---buterfly effect just may produce rotating vortex, and what strengthen this eddy current can be Coriolis force, and this rotation direction from typhoon obtains proof.Another power obtains [annotating 27] exactly from " eddy current refrigeration " this refrigeration mechanism, Einsteinian equivalence principle is told us: all physical laws are made form in the inertial system of linear uniform motion at free space, identical with the form in the local inertial system that in gravitational field, does free-falling, in the typhoon of rotation, hydrone is equivalent in a gravitational field, motion to other all directions all is obstructed, have only rotation to motion encouraged, make the hydrone one side in rotation, surrender own kinetic energy, strengthened typhoon, coerced new participation as " negative entropy flow " again on the other hand and advance the hydrone of this trend and unify direction with it---surrender kinetic energy.This positive feedback goes from strength to strength up to destroying the decadent force easily typhoon just---have the source of tens hydrogen bomb energy, and up to trillion tons of fresh water are thrown away the continent, last because of there not being follow-up steam to stop.We have seen that the Nature is how " self-organizing ", by oneself positive feedback when negative entropy flow, obtain negentropy, obtain merit.We can imitate the Nature " coupling voluntarily " fully, design one " three-dimensional circulation ".

4, better three-dimensional circulation

Run counter to the three-dimensional circulation of Kelvin statement 4.1 can in the isolated system of strictness, deduce

The possibility that negentropy is born has been inquired in the front, obtains following common recognition: negentropy needs to be born under the situation of negative entropy flow.This absolute value that has two viewpoint: a to work as negative entropy flow again just obtains negentropy greater than entropy production---and this is a consumption opinion viewpoint.This is to offset entropy production and obtain by negative entropy flow.The negentropy that b relies on negative entropy flow to bring surpasses the result that entropy production just has pure negentropy.This is the theme of whole third part " entropy can be positive and negative ".Idea according to b has designed three-dimensional circulation (Figure 12), ab, bc and Kano are same, and the cd process of Kano is cancelled changes the curve cd that occurs negentropy because of the increase in the field of force, intercept and capture negentropy and can get merit, allow this give back in intensification that is dropped in de on boundary especially, can obtain heat energy.

4.1.1 the hot machine that has negative entropy flow to participate in

Following let us is had a look at the operation that negative entropy flow enters hot machine and is had what result.

Among Figure 13, certain 1 a from the thermoisopleth that 1. circulates, working medium absorbs the thermal source heat and makes isothermal expansion along the ab line, arrives the b point with the external atmosphere pressure balance, and hot machine is one of abo ' as net work externally.

2. by extraneous work done, haul piston and continue to the right, the external world overcomes the atmospheric pressure work done, and to the o point, make adiabatic expansion and arrive c point, one of extraneous work done boc by working medium from the b point for volume.

3. decontrol piston, because c is on the thermoisopleth cd a bit, analyze according to 2.1 joints, the ab process is that the nonequilibrium stationary state of atmosphere has been done slight disturbance.It can get back to non-equilibrium fixed point d point under atmospheric pressure, one of cylinder inside and outside differential pressure work done ocd, deduct 2. in one of extraneous work done boc, must net work bcd one.

4. by d point adiabatic compression, one of extraneous work done dao ', this extraneous work done can be in middle cancellation of the abo ' of 1. hot machine work done, make 1. one of clear abd, abd+bcd just in time is one complete " parallel four limit row " but do not have the extraneous work done process of cd, also heat not being thrown to the process of " infinitely great low-temperature receiver ", is the conclusion of birth in isolated system.Be clipped in that heat between two thermoisopleths all has been transformed into merit (Q=cm Δ T) but, the pattern of this and Carnot Engine is different fully, just finished the hope of Kano, we rely on negentropy process cd to eliminate working medium to increase because of the entropy that expansion brings, and just obtain this result's.

4.1.2 the hot machine of single source

Classical theory claims must draw the process of single source work done if efficient above Carnot Engine is arranged, and the way it goes, please see Figure 14 process.

In order more clearly to say something, we simplify above-mentioned circulation:

1. process is from normal temperature thermoisopleth T ₁Begin with the intersection point b of atmospheric pressure P=1, working medium of extraneous work done boc from the b adiabatic expansion to c

2. working medium is along T ₂Thermoisopleth is got back to d, and one of the pressure reduction work done ocd between cylinder and the atmospheric pressure deducts boc---one of a surplus bcd of extraneous work done in 1.

3. working medium absorption atmosphere used heat is warming up to b by d, and circulation is begun by b again.The result of " single source " work done has appearred in whole process, though the bcd area is little significant, it re-recognizes the hot merit conversion rule with let us

4.2 the essence and the rule of hot merit conversion

The Kano epoch produce wrong coming from the essence of hot merit conversion are misunderstood.1. hot merit conversion is regarded as " caloic landing " is that unordered viewpoint to orderly conversion has essential distinction with hot merit conversion in the Kano, all oppose as for the caloric theory that Neither dying nor being born even with first law, do the basis by such understanding and how can obtain real hot merit conversion rule? his conclusion is and does not establish the theory of molecular motion when fashion, do not have the level of understanding of entropy notion corresponding.2. the Carnot Engine starting point is the expansion working that volume changes, and can't do without allowing the working medium entropy increase and expand, with the way of extraneous work done compression working medium, though obtained the result of volume-diminished.But merit has become heat, has increased entropy on the contrary, and the ratio that heat is converted into merit is just little, with the hot machine purpose that obtains in order and be converted into mechanical energy be the thing of trying to go south by driving the chariot north, how can obtain peak efficiency?

When the essence of hot merit conversion was molecular motion appearance unanimity, in time intercepting and capturing this became mechanical power in order.It is disorderly the trend in order, a process of being intercepted and captured in order.Be the most important condition in order, intercepting and capturing are necessary processes.Wind is a kind of orderly motion of air, if there is not windmill to go the very fast recurrence of intercepting and capturing unordered; Rivers flow to the sea beyond doubt in order but do not have the water wheels unit, the generating of just being far from being.Being exactly the eddy current in the transformer, also is not form waste because intercept and capture.With this viewpoint Carnot Engine, at first this hot machine is to rely on the temperature difference to be born orderly---limited the expansion of other directions with cylinder, only staying piston direction can expand and obtain in order, accepted the bump of working medium molecule intercepts and captures in order by piston, this just 2 problems occurred: 1, whether must obtain from expansion in order, expanding except whether heating also exists other ways, answer is that to lead to be not only expansion in order; Expand and still can obtain by the variation in the field of force.2 are turned in order by disorder, whether disorderly heat energy must be from high temperature, answer and also negate, disorder transfers in order, and do not require that disorderly heat energy must be from high temperature, because come from potential difference in order, and potential difference not necessarily only is the temperature difference, the Kelvin statement just can't stand to the negative of single source work done like this.If claim temperature disorderly earthquake intensity, so Wen Luan degree is exactly an entropy.The essence of hot merit conversion with regard to turmoil for controlling, the just direction of particle movement that changes, have only this unanimity to be passed---intercepted and captured, become mechanical power, just can lower the temperature, because transferred in order by disorder, entropy must reduce, but heat comes no requirement (NR) wherefrom, and this just makes used heat become possibility for the source work done.

We use " negative entropy flow " this noun in the dissipation theory, can flow (motion in order) that can bring negentropy process called negative entropy flow, according to this definition, that hauls piston process to the right is exactly negative entropy flow, bo among Figure 13 Figure 14 is exactly a negative entropy flow, be exactly that compressor hauls evaporating course in heat pump, piston is when being forced to move right, all molecules that moves right, all the kinetic energy this direction has been given it when percussion piston, this is the same with the typhoon that the aqueous vapor molecule on the ocean surface is given rotation kinetic energy, and just " negative entropy flow " of typhoon is exactly the cyclone that constantly enlarges.Piston is in the atmospheric process of opposing, working medium reaches the c point because of having contributed the interior temperature that can reduce, whole atmosphere has been enlarged little by little volume by the bo process, it is said as preceding surface analysis to be subjected to " slight disturbance ", integral body sees that atmosphere will get back to its original " nonequilibrium stationary state ", because temperature drops to c from b, be exactly that working medium is being pressed from c by atmospheric pressure and got back to d along thermoisopleth so the part is seen.In the process of ordering to d, we can obtain because the merit bcd that the piston inside and outside differential pressure is brought.At last, in inexhaustible atmosphere used heat, absorb heat, and get back to the b point.Bcd is very little for area, but significant, if we assert that the Kano theory is wrong to the essence understanding of hot merit conversion, accepts this new conclusion so and should not have a mental handicape.

The statement of the Kelvin of textbook is to express like this: " can not make it to become fully useful work from the single source heat absorption; and do not cause other variations " when then explaining " impossible " be say so " can not only be meant; under the condition that does not cause other variations directly from the single source heat absorption and it is become useful merit fully; and be meant; no matter with the method for any winding complex; that at the end its final unique effect is to absorb heat and it is become useful merit fully from single source at all processes " _{[annotating 28]}

First of this explanation is impossible, and can be understood as disorder can be spontaneous not orderly.Back one " and being meant " just belongs to truth and has walked a step more, has both run counter to this antinomy that counteracts each other, and also is the immediate cause of bringing the theory of heat death, is incorrect.As many sage of the past sages were said, a side of contradiction had lost the opposing party of contradiction with it, and itself also just can't exist, because circulation can't constitute, his action is also just unsustainable.

Above-mentioned demonstration has been arranged, and the efficiency of hot merit conversion no longer is a problem, η≤1st, and the conclusion of lonely system, wherein the number of equaling is meant " all processes is at the end "---the non-single process that promptly has negative entropy flow to exist.Other single processes are is less than, from then on the potential contradiction of it and first law and no longer existing.Negative entropy flow only plays " catalyst ", the effect of condition is played in its none loss when process finishes, and unique effect is to impel heat to change to merit, this also is can become negative entropy flow in order in the Nature, " coupling " voluntarily and the new orderly reason that constantly is born.Negative entropy flow is except that bringing negentropy, and what does not all have to take place for other, and we and theory of dissipative structures difference are not look to ds=d _iS+d _eLean in the s formula | d _eS|＞d _iS just obtains ds and becomes negative, that is to say, be not the negative entropy flow that provides of outer boundary greater than entropy production---obtain negentropy by offseting, but d _eS regards condition as, under this condition d takes place _iThe entropy production of s is the process of negative value.Negentropy is a kind of process of objective reality in the universe, and need the same with positive entropy occurs under certain conditions, and " certain condition " in India's philosophy, claim because of and edge, cause is an essential condition, edge is a secondary conditions, and " cause " can be natural coupling, also can be artificial design.

From the hypothesis of demo of Maxwell, the sprite allows heat two rules embarrassed always.As if information theory is established the back because the transmission of information must be supported by energy, and everybody has expelled the sprite again.Mistake occurs in Brillouin, and he confuses the entropy of the entropy of Shannon and thermodynamics together.Shannon is being that " ambiguity " is when giving a name, once discussed with Feng's John Neumann, Neumann is said " you should claim that it is an entropy; this has two reasons: first your uncertainty function; be used in below the entropy, so he just had this title originally, second and be more prior; who is ignorant of entropy is what, therefore favourable to you when arguement " in statistical mechanics. _{[annotating 29]}So we can say " comentropy of Shannon is different from thermodynamic entropy fully, and it is probability function equally, and this and energy, temperature all have nothing to do, and the entropy of Shannon is a nondimensional amount, and it is a manifest error that Brillouin converts Shannon entropy and thermodynamic entropy ". _{[annotating 30]}Allow the sprite light a lamp illuminating molecule and remove to arrest " rapid molecular " is that big thinker maxwell's hypothesis is misunderstood in fact, and " sprite " says so that he totally holds the thought of suspection to heat two rules.Know " arresting " the just a kind of form of control of leading from cybernetics, can the program of designing allow it separate voluntarily fully, we say and are born in unidirectional valve and self-loopa in order, wherein unidirectional valve is meant the program setting of the change direction of broad sense, self-loopa then is the terminal point of this process, costed the initial point of another process, each other the cyclic process at the whole story.And positive feedback is to allow one of continuous mechanism of this program.The instruction that motion continues is exactly positive feedback from a last motion itself, and positive feedback attains the acme of development and finishes.

No matter be the typhoon that transports fresh water aloft, still be called as the laser process of negative temperature phenomenon, a common ground---positive feedback is all arranged.The motion that is a certain direction is constantly strengthened, and the motion of other directions then is suppressed.In the process that typhoon forms, the unique direction of taking action of hydrone is that other directions are obstructed without exception along the direction of rotation motion.Equally, the forming process of laser is told us, and the stimulated radiation of a certain direction can constantly be strengthened in the optical resonator, and being suppressed of other directions, these 2 example let us realize a reason, orderly acquisition needs condition, but does not need energy consumption.

We know, the direction of motion that changes something in mechanical movement needs external force, but does not consume " amount " of external force, the amount of changer and the person's of being changed motion, vector with in store (conservative force English has the meaning of " preservation ").The handstone that is hitched by rope is the circular motion in the center of circle around the other end of rope, and handstone is all changing the direction of motion all the time, but not work done of rope.Just say on this meaning that changing the direction of motion does not need energy consumption.Another example is a Lorentz force, and it relates to the state rule of particle, and Lorentz force was both vertical with magnetic direction, velocity attitude with charged particle is vertical again, so to the particle work done is zero, the equal no change of the speed of charged particle and kinetic energy, just direction changes.So change travel direction, negative entropy flow are necessary precondition.But it is consumed energy not, this equals to have found demo of Maxwell, has also found this method of " concentration of energy " of Encke.

As a sage said " truth is simple and beautiful in fact ", cleaning the problem of following behind the theoretical obstacle has been exactly design.

1, Yan Jici " thermodynamics first and second laws "

2, Engels's " dialectics of nature "

3, Zheng Hongfei "

A kind of new methodology " publishing house of P2 Beijing Institute of Technology 2004

4, " thermodynamic analysis " P115 Higher Education Publishing House such as Zhu Mingshan is 1992 editions

5, He Meiyun " green energy resource 2050 preceding 100% regenerative resources can reach " selects from " world environments " 2009 the 6th phases

6, Xu Zhizhi " used heat heats will become new industry " selects from " high-tech and industrialization " 2007.2

7, " thermodynamic analysis " P76 Higher Education Publishing House such as Zhu Mingshan is 1992 editions

8, " the high Tianjin of Puli and the theory of dissipative structures " preface speech

9, " the high Tianjin of Puli and the theory of dissipative structures " preface speech

10, " thermodynamic analysis " P82 Higher Education Publishing House such as Zhu Mingshan is 1992 editions

11, Xiong Yintao " thermodynamics " P67 Higher Education Publishing House is 1961 editions

12, Xiong Yintao " thermodynamics " P63 Higher Education Publishing House is 1961 editions

13, Zhang San's favour, Shen Huijun compile, and molecular physics is thermodynamics P114 also

14, the P194 of People's University department of philosophy " formal logic "

15, see all kinds of thermodynamics textbooks

16, Chinese Guangming Daily 2004.12.30 does not have the experiment report of inclined to one side diode

17, " misfortune " is the concept of time of India's Buddhism, each rob all by generate, stable, breaking-up, extinction four-stage form.More science 1 is the same with relaxation time than the concept of time of dividing equally earth rotation for he, each process is different in size 2, the integrality of four-stage is all arranged, and has summarized all general character 3 of moving towards to rob end motion and has started the irreversible certainty in back.

18, Hu Jiacong " pre-test of entropy notion origin " P177 selects from Wang Fushan chief editor " research of Modern Physics history "

19, Hu Jiacong " pre-test of entropy notion origin " P177 selects from Wang Fushan chief editor " research of Modern Physics history "

20, Yan Jici " thermodynamics first and second laws " P2

21, there be famous " theory of infinite universe " " to rise and fall and say " etc. multiple to the criticism of " heat death ", but all give a strained interpretation, because of entropy is since that extensive quantity can prove that isolated system has the possibility of heat death, that one by one isolated system link to each other and not to be still the entropy addition? so there is not the restriction of negentropy, heat extremely can not avoided, and criticism just should be " non-opening " process that has negentropy to participate in the most completely.Be that the theory of dissipative structures takes a step forward.

22, Hu Jiacong " pre-test of entropy notion origin " P177 selects from Wang Fushan chief editor " research of Modern Physics history "

23, Hu Jiacong " pre-test of entropy notion origin " P177 selects from Wang Fushan chief editor " research of Modern Physics history "

24, " thermodynamic analysis " P86 Higher Education Publishing House such as Zhu Mingshan is 1992 editions

25, " thermodynamic analysis " P379 such as Zhu Mingshan

26, " do-nothing " in the termite has certain proportion, and necessary former do-nothing's death can replenish according to bell curve.Rich or poor this curve proportioning of also pressing of human society.

27, Chen Guangming, Chen Guobang compile, refrigeration and Cryo Fundamentals P32

28, Wang Zhicheng " Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics " P40

29, Mei Mailuntelaibusi etc. " energy and information " translates selected passages 74.2 phase P8

30, " library is tested in the 21 century Science Explorations " " story of entropy " P92

5, the scheme of concentration of energy

The invention provides a kind of method, it can allow air, surface water (rivers,lakes and seas), ground source heat etc. become

Used heat become regenerative resource, it is characterized in that: be thermal source by air and other waste heat 1,, working medium absorbs this used heat, expands in a vacuum; 2, working medium is caught electric charge and is obeyed the instruction of electric field change and will unorderedly transfer to orderly; 3, by electromagnetic induction, at secondary acquisition induced current.

Four, description of drawings

As long as hot machine removes few chain-dotted line this part of part of low-temperature receiver Q2 among Fig. 1, just many output works of energy W2 is one

Actual gas is compressed into the liquid process and lacks work done ba ' a on the contrary than ideal gas among Fig. 2,3,4 Fig. 2, and reason is that actual gas has a ba process in Fig. 3, promptly condense into drop by intermolecular attraction, and the distance of intermolecular generation gravitation can be seen γ in Fig. 4 ₀-γ ₂(γ ₁The time maximum) reason of ideal process loses efficient that Here it is.

Circulation is end to end and constitute by irreversible process in Fig. 5 the Nature, and the abc process can not be gone back by cba, and must be that the irreversible process cda of another power goes back.

Fig. 6 represents can have a negentropy process X to exist after " dissipative structure " theoretical establishment, wherein A is that irreversible rule B is the entropy gaining rate, and C is that Ke Shi statement D is structurally ordered for the orderly F of motion.

Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of Carnot cycle

Fig. 8 is the T of thermoisopleth family ₀T ₁T ₂With atmospheric pressure intersection point 00 ' 0 " and corresponding volume.

Fig. 9 is negentropy figure, and A equates with B institute heat content, but the temperature difference, it is negentropy process that A becomes to B, B is to the positive entropy process of A

Figure 10 is field of force counter-rotating for the major reason of birth negative temperature

Figure 11 is maxwell's bell-shaped curve, though temperature is by T ₁Drop to T ₂But at the shaded side that high-velocity molecular is born, T ₂" pin " still reach, that is to say that high-velocity molecular still is born.

Three circulation schematic diagrames of Figure 12

The circulation that Figure 13 is added by negative entropy flow

The circulation reduced graph that Figure 14 is added by negative entropy flow

Figure 15 is that description of drawings ab of the present invention, bc two processes are isothermal expansion and adiabatic expansion, and the cd process is a negentropy process, and this process is born under the variation in the field of force, and the de process is got back to initial point.

Figure 16 is brought the schematic diagram first lab diagram second of ordering energy by the three-dimensional circulation

Figure 17 is brought the schematic diagram first lab diagram second of heat energy by the three-dimensional circulation

Five, implementation example

Figure 16 second 1 is the copper pipe with fin, walk refrigerant in the middle of the copper pipe, copper pipe is by the fin heat absorption, the 2nd, electric charge is supplied with by 2.1 here in the refrigerant chamber of powering up, expand through 3, be condensed into liquid to 4,6 is that power supply makes condensation quicken also to allow the expanding gas should be charged through 3 the time and become primary current among the figure, and electromagnetic induction makes AB place output current.

Figure 17 second is slightly different, the liquid flow of accepting heat is arranged in 4.1, accepts the heat of being sent here by refrigerant.

Claims (1)

1. the invention provides a kind of method, it can allow air, surface water (rivers,lakes and seas), ground source heat etc. become

Used heat become regenerative resource, it is characterized in that: be thermal source by air and other waste heat 1,, working medium absorbs this used heat, expands in a vacuum; 2, working medium is caught electric charge and is obeyed the instruction of electric field change and will unorderedly transfer to orderly; 3, by electromagnetic induction, at secondary acquisition induced current.

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