WO2011080329A2 - Gene gpav de resistance aux nematodes chez les solanacees - Google Patents
Gene gpav de resistance aux nematodes chez les solanacees Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011080329A2 WO2011080329A2 PCT/EP2010/070952 EP2010070952W WO2011080329A2 WO 2011080329 A2 WO2011080329 A2 WO 2011080329A2 EP 2010070952 W EP2010070952 W EP 2010070952W WO 2011080329 A2 WO2011080329 A2 WO 2011080329A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
- C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
- C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
- C12N15/8285—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for nematode resistance
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants
Definitions
- the invention relates to the GpaV gene conferring resistance to nematodes in solanaceous plants.
- the activation of plant defense mechanisms results from a cascade of events in which higher plants and pathogens exchange molecular signals.
- the signals triggering the defense mechanisms are called elicitors.
- the recognition by the host cell of an elicitor produced by the pathogen or the plant is the preliminary and necessary step for the activation of specific genes (recognition gene by gene), others are general (non specific recognition ).
- specific genes recognition gene by gene
- others are general (non specific recognition ).
- the presence of resistance genes makes it possible to limit, delay or prevent the course of the infection cycle of the pathogen in the plant.
- the plant reacts very early to the attempt to invade pathogens aimed essentially at preventing or stopping the colonization of the pathogen.
- the cell wall is a very effective natural physical barrier to pests that synthesize enzymes and compounds that can degrade it. During infection with a pathogen this wall will be reinforced by deposits of phenolic compounds (lignins), esters such as suberin, polysaccharides such as callose and the accumulation of glycoproteins rich in hydroxyproline.
- the biochemical responses are: (1) synthesis of phytoalexins (antibiotic compounds), (2) synthesis and accumulation of low molecular weight and proteinaceous phenolic compounds in cell walls, (3) synthesis of PR proteins (Pathogenesis- Related). These syntheses of compounds are made in response to the recognition of the pathogen to inhibit its growth and development (lactic enzymes, phytoalexins) but also to limit its spread in the plant.
- defense mechanisms results from transcriptional activation of a large number of genes. These genes code for enzymes in the phenylpropanoids biosynthetic pathway or for defense proteins, some of which possess known hydrolytic activities (chitinase, glucanases, RNases, protease inhibitors). Molecular dissection of the promoters of defense genes helped to highlight areas cz 's-regulatory and trans-regulators elements.
- the phenomenon of resistance may be due to the effect of resistance alleles of a single gene (monogenic resistance), or to the combined effect of the alleles of several genes (polygenic resistance).
- the monogenic resistance results from a specific interaction between a host plant resistance gene and a pathogen avirulence gene. This interaction can be direct or indirect. However, monogenic resistances often have the disadvantage of being quickly bypassed by the parasite and are in this case unsustainable. Polygenic resistances are considered as durable resistances, but difficult to analyze and exploit.
- the potato ⁇ Solarium tuberosum ssp. tuberosum belongs to the Solanaceae family. This family also includes other widely grown vegetable species such as tomato (Solarium lycopersicum), chilli (Capsicum sp.) And eggplant (Solarium melongena).
- the potato crop is one of the largest in the world. This tuber is indeed produced in more than 130 countries. With production of more than 320 million tonnes in 2007, it is the world's third largest food crop, after wheat and rice (FAO data, 2007). In France, the quantity of potatoes produced is estimated at 4,440,000 tons in 2006, including 1 million tons for the processing industry and nearly 2 million tons for the French fresh market (FAO data, 2007).
- Cyst nematodes are very small worms (less than 1 mm). Their cysts resulting from the transformation of the females after fertilization, are visible with the naked eye on the roots. Females are white when they appear on the root surface; those of G. pallida remain white whereas those of G. rostochiensis will go through a golden yellow phase. When females are fully developed they die; their skin hardens, turns brown, and turns into a protective covering: the cyst. This cyst may contain more than 1000 larvae; it is thus the essential element which ensures the conservation and the dispersion of the species. It is therefore its form of resistance.
- the cyst contains juvenile larvae at their second stage of development J2, which is the infective form. J2 in the cyst are in diapause. The emergence of this latency state is stimulated by root exudates secreted by a potential host plant. Nematodes at stage J2 attach to the roots and then enter and develop to induce the formation of their feeder site: the syncytium. It is a giant cell multinucleate, dense cytoplasm, resulting from the fusion of several tens of adjacent cells.
- This syncytium has an important function during the growth of juveniles which preferentially develop in females (more than 90%) under favorable conditions. In the opposite case (competition between the nematodes too important, poor physiological state of the attacked plant, presence of certain resistance genes), they develop preferentially in males or remain blocked at a larval stage.
- the resistance of a plant to nematodes has been defined as the ability of the host plant to reduce or prevent the reproduction of the plant.
- the genes involved in resistance to cyst nematodes previously described in Solanaceae are not opposed to the penetration or migration of juveniles in the root (Caramel et al, 2004).
- Expression of resistance occurs after syncytium initiation, inducing necrosis of the surrounding cells, thus preventing its function as a transfer cell.
- Nematodes are thus deprived of food, which frequently results in the inversion of the sex ratio (percentages of males and females) of the population, usually observed in susceptible plants. The greater the necrosis, the less the syncytium develops. And in case of really serious necrosis, the majority of nematodes remain blocked at a juvenile stage (Mugniéry et al, 2001, Caramel et al, 2005).
- the combined ef and QtL GpaV sp i mapped on the V chromosome and QTL GpaXI sp mapped on the XI chromosome, allows a considerable reduction in the development of the cyst nematode.
- the expression of these QTLs allows the plant to develop a necrosis of the root infected by the parasite, and thus prevents the development of syncytium: the nematodes can no longer feed properly and less than 1% between them can develop into female (Caromel et al, 2005).
- the subject of the present invention is now the complete genomic sequence of a resistance allele of the Gpa V gene conferring high resistance to nematodes in complementation tests.
- the invention relates to isolated polynucleotides selected from the following polynucleotides:
- polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 The polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 3, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 5, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 7, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 9; and the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 11;
- the subject of the invention is also an isolated polynucleotide conferring on Solanaceae plants resistance to Globodera nematodes, said isolated polynucleotide being chosen from:
- the plants are chosen from plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum.
- the nematodes are selected from Globodera pallida, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera tabacum ssp. tabacum, ssp. virginiae and ssp. solanacearum, and Globodera mexicana.
- the invention also relates to expression cassettes comprising in the direction of transcription:
- the functional promoter in a host organism is selected from CaMV 35 S, T-DNA promoters, promoters of genes encoding ubiquitins, promoters expressed specifically in roots and the promoter of position 1 at position 1657 of SEQ ID No. 1.
- Another subject of the present invention is a vector comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention or an expression cassette according to the invention.
- the present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- the transformed host cell is chosen from plant cells and plant cell protoplasts.
- the subject of the invention is also a host organism comprising at least one transformed cell according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a host organism transformed with a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- the host organism is a non-human host organism.
- the transformed host organism is chosen from plants, seeds and plant tissues.
- the invention also relates to a transformed plant expressing a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- the subject of the invention is also a plant expressing a polypeptide according to one of SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12.
- the transformed plants belong to the Solanaceae family. More preferably, the transformed plants are chosen from plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum.
- the invention also relates to the plants chosen from the plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum comprising or expressing a polynucleotide or a polypeptide according to the invention. 'invention.
- the plant is chosen from cultured potatoes and comprises or expresses polynucleotide according to the invention or a polypeptide according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a method for conferring resistance to Globodera nematodes to a Solanaceae plant comprising the following steps:
- the invention also relates to a method for rendering a plant of Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigena, or Solanum phureja with Globodera nematodes comprising the following steps:
- the invention also relates to the use of primers or polynucleotide probes derived from SEQ ID No. 1 for the detection of Solanaceae plants resistant to nematodes.
- SEQ ID No. 12 Protein Code by Hl cDNA
- the invention relates to the GpaV nematode resistance gene, isolated from Solanum sparsipilum, a wild species of Solanaceae related to potato.
- the invention relates to the polynucleotide sequence of this gene comprising the coding part of the gene as well as regulatory sequences located upstream and downstream of these coding sequences.
- the invention also relates to expression cassettes comprising the coding part of this gene, vectors as well as the polypeptides encoded by the GpaV gene.
- the GpaV gene gives Solanaceae plants high resistance to nematodes. With the GpaV resistance gene, it is now possible to confer resistance to nematodes to other plants belonging to the family Solanaceae including plants of vegetable species widely cultivated.
- Globodera nematode resistance is meant the resistance of plants, particularly Solanaceae plants, to nematodes of the genus Globodera.
- the tests that are commonly performed are tests on potted plants, inoculated either with cysts or with already hatched J2.
- the number of neo cysts formed on the roots is counted and compared with the number of neoformed cysts on a sensitive control (for example, the Desiree variety susceptible to G. pallida and G. rostochiensis).
- a sensitive control for example, the Desiree variety susceptible to G. pallida and G. rostochiensis.
- the procedure for carrying out the stress test is described in the European Union Directive 2007/33 / EC.
- the G. pallida resistance test measures the number of neo cysts formed on a potato plant after a complete cycle of the nematode. It is carried out on 4 plants (4 repetitions) of each genotype with cysts of the Chavornay population, which corresponds to a Pa3 pathotype in the classification of Kort et al. (1977).
- the tubers are individually planted in a pot containing 400 grams of a mix of loam and loam, to which 10 cysts of G. pallida are added. This number of cysts is sufficient to obtain, after hatching, 5 to 10 nematode larvae per gram of soil. The plants are grown in the greenhouse.
- a complete cycle of culture is carried out in order to allow the nematode time to grow and to be cystic. After four months of culture, the contents of each pot are washed and sieved to allow counting of neoformed cysts. The average number of nematodes found on each potato genotype is compared to the average number of nematodes found on the Desiree susceptible variety, susceptible to G. pallida, following the protocol of Council Directive 2007/33 / EC. of 11 June 2007, published in the Official Journal of the European Union of 16/06/2007.
- Solanaceae for which less than 200 or less than 100 neo-formed cysts are obtained, preferably between 0 and 100 neo-formed cysts, more preferably between 0 and 80 neformed cysts after carrying out the test according to the above protocol. Typically, under the same conditions, more than 400 cysts are observed on the susceptible variety Désirée.
- the present invention relates to resistance to nematodes of the genus Globodera which are well known pests of plants of the family Solanaceae.
- the GpaV gene of Solanum sparsipilum confers resistance to Solanaceae and Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L. and Nicotiana tabacum nematodes, and to plants belonging to the genus Solodum sparsipilum. Capsicum.
- the Gpa V gene confers resistance to nematodes to the potato (Solanum tuberosum L. and Solanum phureja) including the many cultivars exploited commercially.
- Cultivated potatoes include both subspecies: Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum and Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. Andegenum as well as Solanum phureja.
- the GpaV gene confers nematode resistance to cultured potatoes of the subspecies Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum.
- SEQ ID No. 1 also comprises sequences upstream downstream of the coding sequence of the GpaV gene.
- position 1 at position 1657 of SEQ ID No. 1 contains, in particular, the promoter of the GpaV gene with respect to nematode resistance.
- the invention therefore also relates to the promoter of the gpaV nematode resistance gene and in particular to the polynucleotide having the sequence of position 1 at position 1657 of SEQ ID No. 1.
- the coding sequence of the Gpa V gene corresponds to the following positions on SEQ ID No. 1: 1822-2330, 2526-3615, 4227-4532 and 6844-8322. This coding sequence is represented in SEQ ID No. 3.
- resistance to nematodes is obtained by transformation of plants
- Solanaceae with the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 or by introgression of a genomic fragment comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 in Solanaceae plants.
- the genomic fragment of Solanum sparsipilum comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 introgressed in a plant of interest preferably has a size of less than 20, 50, 200, 250, 500 kb or IMbp.
- the resistance to nematodes is obtained by transformation of Solanaceae plants and expression of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 3 or expression of the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 2 in Solanaceae.
- the GpaV gene transcript is susceptible to alternative splicing and different messenger RNAs corresponding to the GpaV gene have been identified.
- SEQ ID Nos. 5, 7, 9 and 11 represent preferred cDNAs (B6 cDNA, cDNA 8, cDNA 9 and cDNA H1) corresponding to different messenger RNAs.
- the resistance to nematodes is obtained by transformation of Solanaceae plants and expression of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 5, 7, 9 or 11 or by expression of the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 6, 8, 10 or 12 in the Solanaceae.
- the GpaV gene has exons at the following positions on SEQ ID No. 1: 1658-2330 (exon 1), 2526-3615 (exon 2), 4227-4532 (exon 3), 6844-8331 (exon 4) and 8465 -8811 (exon 5).
- the invention also relates to the polynucleotides corresponding to these different cDNAs and the polypeptides encoded by these cDNAs.
- the resistance to nematodes is obtained by transformation of Solanaceae plants and expression of a polynucleotide corresponding to one of the various cDNAs above or by expression of a polypeptide encoded by one of the cDNAs. -above.
- the subject of the invention is an isolated polynucleotide chosen from the following polynucleotides: the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 3, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 5, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 7, the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 9, and the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 11;
- polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 2 the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 4, the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 6, the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 8, the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. ID No. 10 or the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 12.
- the subject of the invention is also an isolated polynucleotide conferring on Solanaceae plants resistance to Globodera nematodes, said isolated polynucleotide being chosen from:
- the polynucleotides of the present invention are isolated from a plant resistant to nematodes of the Solanum species, sparsipilum. These polynucleotides have a homology with one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11, and typically correspond to other resistance alleles of the GpaV gene of Solanum sparsipilum.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention conferring resistance to Globodera nematodes to Solanaceae plants are isolated from plants of the species Solanum vernei or Solanum spegazzinii. These polynucleotides isolated from Solanum vernei or Solanum spegazzinii typically encode orthologues of the GpaV gene of SEQ ID No. 1. These orthologous genes can be isolated from Solanum vernei or Solanum spegazzinii using polynucleotides derived from SEQ ID No. 1 as probes or primers.
- the invention thus also relates to the orthologous genes or polynucleotides of the GpaV gene of Solanum sparsipilum in Solanum vernei or Solanum spegazzinii.
- These genes or polynucleotides encoding a resistance allele preferably having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% and preferably at least 99% identity along their entire length with one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention confer resistance to Globodera nematodes to plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L. (spp tuberosum). and andigena), Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum.
- the polypeptides of the present invention confer resistance to nematodes Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera tabacum ssp. tabacum, Globodera tabacum ssp. virginiae and Globodera tabacum ssp. solanacearum, and Globodera mexicana.
- polynucleotide is understood to mean a single-stranded nucleotide chain or its complementary which may be of the DNA or RNA type, or a double-stranded nucleotide chain which may be of the complementary or genomic DNA type.
- the polynucleotides of the invention are of the DNA type, in particular double-stranded DNA.
- polynucleotide also refers to modified polynucleotides.
- polynucleotides of the present invention are isolated or purified from their natural environment.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention may be prepared by standard molecular biology techniques as described by Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Labratory Manual, 1989) or by chemical synthesis.
- the invention relates to the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11.
- the invention also relates to polynucleotides having at least 75%, 80%>,
- the invention relates to polynucleotides having at least 75%>, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% and preferably at least 99% full length identity with one of the polynucleotides. SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- the invention also relates to polynucleotides having at least 75%>, 80%>, 85% o, 90%), 95%), 98% o and preferably at least 99%> homology with one of the polynucleotides. SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- the invention also relates to polynucleotides having at least 75%>, 80%>, 85% o, 90%), 95%), 98%> and preferably at least 99%> homology along their entire length with respect to one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- the invention also relates to fragments of at least 500bp, 1kb, 1.5kb, 2kb or 2.5kb of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- fragment of a polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide comprising part but not all of the polynucleotide from which it is derived.
- these polynucleotides confer resistance to nematodes Solanaceae plants when these polynucleotides are introduced and expressed in these plants.
- nucleotides invariant or unchanged between two sequences may have a deletion, an addition or a substitution of at least one nucleotide relative to the reference polynucleotide.
- homology is meant the measurement of the similarity between nucleic sequences. These polynucleotides may have a deletion, an addition or a substitution of at least one nucleotide relative to the reference polynucleotide. The percentage of homology between two sequences, quantified by a score, is based on the percentage of identities and / or conservative substitutions of the sequences.
- polynucleotides having a degree of homology with a reference polynucleotide retain the function of the reference sequence.
- the polynucleotides confer resistance to nematodes to plants of the family Solanaceae.
- the applicable resistance tests are described above and in the examples.
- the invention also relates to polynucleotides capable of hybridizing selectively with one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11.
- the selective hybridization is carried out under conditions of medium stringency and preferably under conditions of high stringency.
- sequence capable of hybridizing selectively sequences which hybridize with the reference sequence at a level above the background noise significantly.
- the level of the signal generated by the interaction between the sequence capable of hybridizing selectively and the reference sequences is generally 10 times, preferably 100 times more intense than that of the interaction of the other DNA sequences generating the background noise.
- Stringent hybridization conditions allowing selective hybridization are well known to those skilled in the art. In general, the hybridization and washing temperature is at least 5 ° C below the Tm of the reference sequence at a given pH and for a given ionic strength.
- the hybridization temperature is at least 30 ° C for a polynucleotide of 15 to 50 nucleotides and at least 60 ° C for a polynucleotide of more than 50 nucleotides.
- the hybridization is carried out in the following buffer: 6X SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% BSA, 500 ⁇ g / ml sperm denatured salmon DNA.
- the washes are, for example, carried out successively at low stringency in a 2 ⁇ SSC buffer, 0.1% SDS, medium stringency in a 0.5 ⁇ SSC buffer, 0.1% SDS and high stringency in a 0.1 ⁇ SSC buffer. , the OSDs%.
- Hybridization can of course be carried out according to other usual methods well known to those skilled in the art (see in particular Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Labratory Manual, 1989).
- polynucleotides hybridizing selectively to a reference polynucleotide retain the function of the reference sequence.
- the invention relates generally to the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides according to the invention. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, different polynucleotides can encode the same polypeptide.
- the GpaV gene can be expressed in Solanaceae plants from its homologous regulatory sequences, in particular for overexpression in Solarium tuberosum L.
- the GpaV gene can be expressed in a Solanaceae plant under the control of the promoter of SEQ ID No. 1. of the present invention or under the control of a heterologous promoter.
- the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 encodes a polypeptide comprising TIR, NBS and LRR domains.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention encode a polypeptide comprising at least one T1R domain.
- the invention also relates to polypeptides whose expression in Solanaceae plants confers resistance to Globodera nematodes.
- the subject of the invention is therefore the polypeptides of SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
- the invention also relates to polypeptides having at least 80%>, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% and preferably at least 99% of identical amino acids with one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
- identical amino acids amino acids that are invariant or unchanged between two sequences.
- These polypeptides may have a deletion, addition or substitution of at least one amino acid with respect to the reference polypeptide
- the subject of the invention is also polypeptides having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% and preferably at least 99% of similarity with one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
- Similarity is the measurement of the resemblance between protein sequences. These polypeptides may have a deletion, addition or substitution of at least one amino acid relative to the reference polypeptide.
- the degree of similarity between two sequences, quantified by a score, is based on the percentage of identities and / or conservative substitutions of the sequences.
- polypeptides according to the invention are isolated or purified from their natural environment.
- polypeptides of the present invention when expressed in a plant of the family Solanaceae confer resistance to nematodes and in particular to
- the polypeptide of SEQ ID No. 2 comprises TIR, NBS and LRR domains.
- the polypeptides of the present invention comprise at least the T1R domain.
- a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide according to the invention is inserted into an expression cassette by using cloning techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- This expression cassette comprises the elements necessary for the transcription and translation of the sequences coding for the polypeptides according to the invention.
- this expression cassette comprises both elements making it possible to produce a polypeptide by a host cell or a host organism and elements necessary for the regulation of this expression.
- these expression cassettes comprise in the direction of transcription:
- any type of promoter sequence may be used in the expression cassettes according to the invention.
- the choice of the promoter will depend in particular on the host organism chosen for the expression of the GpaV gene.
- the expression cassettes of the present invention are for the expression of the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the present invention in plants, seeds, plant tissues and plant cells and more particularly for expression in plants. Solanaceae. Some promoters allow constitutive expression whereas other promoters are inducible on the contrary.
- promoters in plants are CaMV 35 S promoters, T-DNA promoters, promoters of genes encoding ubiquitins (Garbarinov et al., 1994, 1995), promoters expressed specifically in roots such as Tob, RB7 and SIREO (Opperman et al 1994, Jones et al., 2008). These promoters are described in the literature and well known to those skilled in the art.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention are expressed in Solanaceae plants and in particular in plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L. under the control of a strong constitutive promoter such as the 35S promoter. In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides of the present invention are expressed in Solanaceae plants and in particular in plants of the species Solanum tuberosum L. under the control of a root-specific promoter.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention are expressed under the control of the promoter of SEQ ID No. 1 and in particular under the control of the polynucleotide or a fragment of the polynucleotide of position 1 at position 1657 of SEQ ID No. 1.
- the expression cassettes according to the present invention may further include any other sequence necessary for the expression of the polypeptides or polynucleotides.
- any regulatory sequence making it possible to increase the level of expression of the coding sequence inserted in the expression cassette.
- terminator sequences can be used in the expression cassettes according to the invention, these sequences allow termination of the transcription and polyadenylation of the mRNA. Any functional terminator sequence in the selected host organism may be used.
- expression cassettes comprising a terminator selected from the terminator sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 (8811-10046) or ubiquitin gene terminator sequences will be selected.
- the expression cassettes according to the present invention are inserted into a vector.
- the invention also relates to vectors comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention or an expression cassette according to the invention.
- the present invention therefore also relates to replication or expression vectors for the transformation of a host organism comprising at least one polynucleotide or an expression cassette according to the present invention.
- This vector may especially correspond to a plasmid, a cosmid, a bacteriophage, a virus or an artificial chromosome into which is inserted a polynucleotide or an expression cassette according to the invention.
- the techniques for constructing these vectors and for inserting a polynucleotide of the invention into these vectors are well known to those skilled in the art.
- any vector capable of maintaining, self-replicating, propagating or inserting itself into the genome of a host cell or a host organism in order to induce, in particular, the expression of a polynucleotide or a polypeptide can be used.
- Those skilled in the art will choose the appropriate vectors according to the host organism to be transformed, and according to the transformation technique used.
- the vectors of the present invention allow the expression of a polynucleotide or a polypeptide according to the invention in a plant of the family Solanaceae or in a plant cell, a seed or a plant tissue derived from a plant. Solanaceae plant.
- the present invention also relates to a method for transforming a host cell or organism by integrating into said cell or said host organism at least one polynucleotide or an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- the polynucleotide can be integrated into the genome of the host cell / organism or replicate stably in the host cell / organism. Transformation methods of host cells / organisms are well known to those skilled in the art and widely described in the literature.
- the subject of the invention is therefore also a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide according to the invention, an expression cassette according to the invention or with a vector according to the invention.
- these transformed cells are plant cells or protoplasts of plant cells.
- the present invention further relates to a host organism transformed with a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- host organism is meant in particular according to the invention any mono or multicellular organism, lower or higher.
- host organism is meant a non-human organism.
- the transformed host organism is a plant, a seed or a plant tissue.
- the invention also relates to a plant transformed with a polynucleotide according to the invention, an expression cassette according to the invention or a vector according to the invention.
- the transformed plant is a Solanaceae plant in which the GpaV gene is expressed or over-expressed in order to confer on this plant resistance to Globodera nematodes.
- the transformed plant is chosen from plants of the species Solarium tuberosum L., Solarium phureja, Solarium lycopersicum L., Solarium melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum.
- the transformed plant is a potato and more particularly a potato cultivar exploited commercially.
- Solanaceous plants can be made resistant to nematodes by transformation with a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- the transformed plants are therefore typically transgenic plants having integrated in their genome a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a vector according to the invention.
- polynucleotide or a polypeptide according to the invention express polynucleotide or a polypeptide according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to plants, and especially commercially grown Solanaceae plants in which the polynucleotides of the present invention, in particular the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1, has been introduced by introgression.
- the invention relates to plants selected from the species Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to plants selected from Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum phureja, Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanum melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum comprising a polynucleotide of Solanum sparsipiulum consisting of a genomic fragment. of size less than 15, 20, 50, 200, 250, 500 kb or 1 Mbp comprising a resistance allele of the GpaV gene according to the invention, a polynucleotide according to the present invention or more preferably the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1. .
- the subject of the invention is a potato (Solanum tuberosum or Solanum phureja) comprising a Solanum sparsipiulum polynucleotide consisting of a genomic fragment of size less than 15, 20, 50, 200, 250, 500 kb or 1 Mbp comprising a resistance allele of the GpaV gene according to the invention, a polynucleotide according to the present invention or more preferably the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1.
- the invention relates to a potato (Solanum tuberosum or Solanum phureja) comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention and in particular a polynucleotide according to SEQ ID No. 1.
- the subject of the invention is a potato (Solanum tuberosum L subsp. tuberosum) comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention and in particular a polynucleotide according to SEQ ID No. 1.
- the GpaV gene of Solanum sparsipilum conferring nematode resistance has been identified. This gene can now be introduced into Solanaceae species of interest.
- molecular markers specific for the GpaV gene of the present invention include primers or probes derived from SEQ ID No. 1. These molecular markers in the form of primers or probes can in particular be identified by aligning the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 coding for a resistance allele of the GpaV gene with the polynucleotides of SEQ ID Nos. 34-36 coding for susceptibility alleles of the GpaV nematode resistance gene.
- the invention therefore also relates to selection markers derived from the polynucleotides of the present invention and to their use for marker-assisted selection of plants resistant to nematodes and in particular of plants of the family Solanaceae such as potatoes.
- the primer pair of SEQ ID No. 32-33 is used for marker-assisted selection of nematode-resistant plants.
- Another aspect of the invention is therefore the use of primers or polynucleotide probes derived from SEQ ID No. 1 for the detection of Solanaceae plants resistant to nematodes, for the detection of plants expressing a polynucleotide according to SEQ ID No. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or 11 or for the detection of plants comprising the GpaV nematode resistance gene of SEQ ID No. 1.
- the invention thus also relates to methods for detecting Solanaceae plants resistant or nematode-sensitive using probes or primers derived from SEQ ID No. 1 of the present invention.
- these probes or primers are fragments of at least 15 nucleotides of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1.
- nematode-resistant Solanaceae plants are detected with the primer pair of the SEQs. ID No. 32-33.
- This detection can be carried out according to methods well known to those skilled in the art such as PCR or hybridization.
- the GpaV gene is inserted into the genome of the plant of interest by transformation or transgenesis.
- Species of interest include plants selected from Solarium tuberosum L., Solarium phureja, Solarium lycopersicum L., Solarium melongena L., Nicotiana tabacum and plants of the genus Capsicum.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a method for conferring resistance to Globodera nematodes to a Solanaceae plant comprising the following steps:
- the selection of a nematode-resistant plant is by markers or primers derived from the polynucleotides of the present invention.
- Transgenesis involves introducing into the genome of the host plant a DNA fragment coding for a gene involved in the expression of a trait of interest.
- the most commonly used method is transformation via Agrobacterium tumefasciens.
- the DNA fragment is recombined into a binary vector (see description of the vectors) which will be introduced into a strain of Agrobacterium tumefasciens by electroporation or by thermal shock.
- This bacterial strain will be used to infect plant tissues or protoplasts, and the DNA fragment of interest will be integrated into the genome of certain cells. These cells will be grown on a regenerating medium to regenerate an entire plant.
- the transformed plants will be selected either by culture on a medium supplemented with antibiotic or herbicide if an antibiotic or herbicide resistance gene has been transferred together with the gene of interest, or by molecular techniques (PCR with primers specific for the gene of interest) directly (de Vetten et al., 2003).
- An alternative technique to transformation via Agrobacterium tumefasciens is the transformation by biolistics.
- the DNA containing the gene of interest is deposited on metal balls (usually gold), and these metal balls are projected onto plant tissues using a particle gun. DNA enters the cells and in some cases integrates into the genome.
- the selection of transformed plants is carried out in the same way as for the transformation via Agrobacterium tumefasciens.
- the nematode resistance GpaV gene is inserted into the plant of interest by introgression.
- the plant of interest is preferably a potato and the introgression comprises a cross of a plant species Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. andigena, or Solanum phureja with a wild plant related to the potato, Solanum sparsipilum, resistant to nematodes.
- These introgression techniques followed by backcrossing to obtain the return to the genetic background of the recipient (plant of interest) are well known to those skilled in the art.
- the invention thus relates to a method for rendering a plant of the species Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. andigena, or Solanum phureja with Globodera nematodes comprising the following steps:
- the genomic fragment of Solanum sparsipilum comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID No. 1 introgressed in a plant of interest preferably has a size of less than 15, 20, 50, 200, 250, 500 kb, IMbp or 2Mbp.
- Solanum sparsipilum is a diploid species while Solanum tuberosum is a tetraploid species. Introgression of a S. sparsipilum gene into the S. tuberosum genome therefore requires a change in ploidy level. By parthenogenesis in situ, or by culture of anthers or ovules, clones of diploid S. tuberosum can be obtained. These diploid clones are sexually compatible with S. sparsipilum. Conversely, one can go from the diploid level to the tetraploid level or by using the ability of certain wild or cultivated potato clones to produce diplogametes, or by causing polyploidization by in vitro culture or by treatment with chemical agents such as colchicine.
- the introgression of a gene from a diploid wild species into the genome of a tetraploid cultivated species can therefore be done by a succession of pseudo-backcross (the clone of S. tuberosum is changed at each cross because the potato poorly supports inbreeding) either at the diploid level or at the tetraploid level.
- pseudo-backcross the clone of S. tuberosum is changed at each cross because the potato poorly supports inbreeding
- Each new generation is selected on the basis of markers (in this case, but we can also do phenotypic selection) individuals who have the gene of interest (or more precisely the allele of resistance to the gene in question). question). If the selection was made at the diploid level, it is necessary to return to the tetraploid level after 4 to 5 generations in order to obtain a plant of a good agronomic level.
- Figure 1 Genotype and phenotype of individuals with a recombination event between markers MS063_2 and Z751_2R.
- the QTL GPAV sp i was mapped by interspecific offspring (named 96D31 / 00D53) 239 diploid clones from the cross between two parental accessions spl329.18 and Caspar H3 (Caromel et al. 2005).
- the G. pallida-resistant parent, spl329.18 is a diploid clone of S. sparsipilum accession PI310984, from the Sturgeon Bay (USA) collection.
- the susceptible parent, Caspar H3 is a dihaploid clone obtained by parthenogenesis in situ at INRA Ploudaniel (France) from the tetraploid Caspar variety.
- the 96D31.75 and 96D31.69 genotypes are part of the 96D31 offspring.
- the 96D31.75 genotype has been the sensitivity of the QTL GPAV sp i and allele resistance QTL GpaXI sp i.
- the 96D31.69 genotype has the QTL sensitivity allele GpaV sp i and the QTL sensitivity allele GpaXI sp i (Caromel et al., 2005).
- Neoformed cysts were separated from the substrate by elutriation. They were counted separately for each pot. The raw data was transformed by a logarithmic function: log10 (number of cysts + 1). III. Development of new markers and genetic mapping of the gene underlying QTL GpaV sp i
- ASC231, ASC240, Z751F 2R, ASC102 and MS092 markers were developed from the AC151803 and AC154033 BAC sequences.
- the MS063 2 marker was developed from the CK864217 potato EST sequence. The sequences of the primers for amplifying these markers are indicated in the sequence listing.
- the 107 clones exhibiting a recombination event between these two markers were then genotyped with the markers MS063 2 and Z751F 2R, which allowed us to identify 12 clones exhibiting a recombination event between these two markers.
- the 12 clones exhibiting a recombination event between MS063 2 and Z751F 2R were phenotyped according to the protocol described above for QTL mapping, with four repeats per clone. Of the 12 clones tested, 5 were considered resistant, five as sensitive, and two were not considered ( Figure 1).
- the 12 clones exhibiting a recombination event between MS063 2 and Z751F 2R were also genotyped with five markers defined according to the sequence of BAC clones of S. demissum (AC151803 and AC154033): the markers ASC231, ASC240, Z751, ASC 102 and MS092. Mapping of the resistance trait and these new markers allowed the gene underlying the QTL GpaV sp i to be located between the ASC231 and ASC240 markers (FIG. 1).
- a recombination event separates the GpaV sp i locus from the ASC231 marker and two recombination events separate it from the ASC240 marker. There was no recombination event to separate the ASC 102 and MS092 markers from G. pallida resistance.
- TIR domain Toll-interleukin 1 receptor homology region
- NB-ARC domain nucleotide-binding adapter shared by APAF-1 resistance proteins, and CED-4
- LRR leucine-rich repeat
- the Z1505 6F / Z1505 R primer pair was defined from the sequences of S. demissum-overlapping BAC clones (AC151803 and AC154033) and S. lycopersicum (AC232763), to amplify the entire coding sequence by PCR. of the TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene and about 2000 base pairs of 5 'and 3' flanking sequences.
- the amplification was carried out in 50 ⁇ from 50 ng of genotype 05D2.12 DNA, derived from a sibling cross between two genotypes of the mapping progeny and homozygous at the GpaV sp i locus, using a Takara ExTaq HS unit (Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) according to the conditions described in the protocol provided by the supplier, with the following amplification program: an initial denaturation step at 94 ° C for 2 minutes, followed by 40 cycles comprising a denaturation step at 98 ° C for 10 seconds and a primer hybridization step and synthesis of the complementary strand at 68 ° C for 10 minutes, and followed by a final step of elongation at 72 ° C for 15 minutes. minutes.
- the size and quantity of the PCR product obtained was estimated by migration of 2 ⁇ l of 0.8% agarose gel PCR product. Eight independent amplifications were performed. The PCR products were purified by precipitation with two volumes of absolute ethanol and 0.3 M sodium acetate of final concentration, washed twice with 600 ⁇ l of 70% ethanol and re-suspended in ultra-pure water. The purified PCR product was sent to sequence at Cogenics (Meylan, France). The resulting sequence served as a reference sequence for the subsequent amplification and cloning step.
- the primer pair Z1505 8F / Z1505 4R was defined from the sequence of the fragment obtained by PCR with the Z1505 6F / Z1505 R primer pair on the DNA of the genotype 05D2.12. These primers were used to PCR amplify the entire TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene with 1821 base pairs of upstream 5 'sequences (before ATG) and 1720 base pairs of downstream sequences after the STOP codon, from genotype spl329.18 genotype resistant to G. pallida. The amplification was carried out in 8 times 20 ⁇ using Herculase II Fusion Enzyme (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) according to the supplier's instructions.
- the following amplification program was used: an initial denaturation step at 94 ° C for 2 minutes, followed by 20 cycles including a denaturation step at 98 ° C for 10 seconds and a primer hybridization step and synthesis of the complementary strand at 68 ° C for 5 minutes, and followed by a final elongation step at 72 ° C for 15 minutes.
- each amplification product was cloned separately into the binary vector pBIN19 (Bevan et al., 1984) digested with the SalI enzyme, using the In-Fusion 2.0 cloning kit.
- Clontech Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit (sold by Ozyme, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France) according to the supplier's instructions.
- the product of each reaction was used to transform 50 ⁇ l of the NEB 10-beta Competent E. coli strain, then cultured according to the supplier's instructions (New England BioLabs, sold by Ozyme, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France). France).
- Two of the eight sequenced clones had a sequence 100% identical to the reference sequence obtained from the PCR product.
- the Gpa clone was used for subsequent functional validation steps.
- the sequence of the cloned fragment corresponds to the "genomic sequence GpaV sp i" of SEQ ID No. 1.
- the explants were transferred to petri dishes on a new potato medium rich in antibiotic selection (Kanamycin 300 mg / L), antibiotic to eliminate the bacterium (Timentin 225 mg / L) and regeneration promoting hormones (ANA 0.1 mg / L, GA3 0.1 mg / L, BAP 1 mg / L) and then placed in a culture chamber at 20 ° C.
- the culture medium was renewed every 15 days.
- the regenerated plants were isolated from the explants and then transferred for rooting into culture tubes containing "potato" medium supplemented with 225 mg / L of Timentin and 300 mg / L of Kanamycin.
- the plants resulting from a transformation event and producing a root system on the medium supplemented with kanamycin, were indexed and multiplied in order to have a sufficient number of cuttings to carry out the G. pallida resistance tests.
- G. pallida resistance of transgenic plants was evaluated by an in vitro test.
- Six independent transformation events regenerated from the 96D31.75 genotype with the QTL GpaV sensitivity allele sp i and the QTL GpaXIs p i resistance allele were tested. These independent transformation events were named 96D31.75A, 96D31.75B, 96D31.75C, 96D31.75E, 96D31.75F, and 96D31.75G.
- Genotype 96D31.75, transformed with the reporter gene GUS was used as a control (named 96D31.75 GUS).
- Rooted cuttings were transferred to Petri dishes containing sucrose-free potato medium and in which Vitro Agar was replaced with Gelrite (Kalys, Saint Ismier, France) at 5 g / l.
- the boxes were placed vertically in a phytotron set at a temperature of 17 ° C, hygrometry 70%, duration of the day 16 hours and night 8 hours, illumination intensity of 250 ⁇ . ⁇ . ⁇ 2 ⁇ "1 .
- thirty roots were inoculated per transformation event and for the control (2 roots per cuttings and 15 cuttings per transformation event or control) Each root was inoculated with 5 juveniles of G.
- inoculated roots were excised 4 weeks after inoculation, immersed for 5 min in a 1% calcium hypochlorite solution and stained for 15 seconds in a solution of Fuchsin Acid (0.1% in 30% of Acetic Acid) at 100 ° C. The nematodes are thus stained red The roots were then crushed between blade and coverslip , and nematodes at different stages of development were counted under a microscope (400 magnification). They were divided into two classes: female stage on the one hand, and other stages on the other hand (male stages, J2 and J3).
- genotype 96D31.69 with alleles of sensitivity to both QTL GpaV sp i and GpaXI sp i, was transformed with the same bacterial strain (bacterial clone Gpa in the Agrobacterium tumefasciens strain C58 carrying the helper plasmid pGV2660). Three independent transformation events (09D803.5, 09D.817.36, and 09D.817.42) were tested for resistance to G. pallida. Genotype 96D31.69 transformed with the GFP reporter gene was used as a control. The resistance test was performed as described above. Two roots of 5 to 15 cuttings were inoculated for each independent transformation event.
- Table 3 Percentage of nematodes developed in females, 28 days after inoculation, in the roots of plants from genotype 96D31.69, transformed with the TIR-NBS-LRR gene.
- RNA derived from tissue fragments taken from the 05D2.12 genotype Tissue fragments were collected from inoculated and non inoculated G. pallida roots at 6 hours, 2 days and 4 days postinoculation, as well as on leaves, sprouts and stems.
- RNAs from each sample were extracted with the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini Kit kit (Courtaboeuf, France), as specified by the supplier and assayed by the spectrophotometer. The RNAs of the different samples were mixed in equivalent proportions.
- One microgram of total RNA was retro-transcribed with 200 units of SuperScript TM II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France), according to the supplier's instructions.
- RNAs transcribed from the TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene were determined by 5 'and 3' RACE using the SMART RACE kit cDNA Amplification Kit (ClonTech, resold by OZYME).
- a series of RT-PCR experiments was performed using the primers defined for the RACE experiments and primers defined on the 5 'and 3' ends of the cDNAs.
- the cDNA fragments were amplified by PCR with one unit of ExTaq HS from Takara (Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) according to the conditions described in the protocol provided by the supplier, with the following amplification program: an initial denaturation step at 94 ° C for 2 minutes, followed by 40 cycles comprising a denaturation step at 98 ° C for 10 seconds, a primer hybridization step at 60 ° C for 20 seconds and a complementary strand synthesis step at 72 ° C for 3 minutes, and followed by a final step elongation at 72 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the amplified products were cloned and / or purified and sent to sequence at Cogenics.
- the GpaV sp i gene comprises 5 exons and 4 introns.
- Exon 1 has the 5 'untranslated region (5'UTR) and the TIR domain
- exon 2 has the NB-ARC domain
- exon 3 has the beginning of the LRR domain
- exon 4 has the end from the LRR domain to the stop codon and the beginning of the 3 'untranslated region (3' UTR)
- exon 5 has the end of the 3'UTR region.
- MRNAs corresponding to different mechanisms of alternative splicing were observed: retention of intron 1, intron 2 and / or intron 3, skip of exon 3, use of a cryptic acceptor site in exon 2 leading to a deletion the first 966 base pairs of exon 2.
- the level of expression of the TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene was determined under two conditions (I: Inoculated with the nematode and NI: Not Inoculated) and at three kinetic points (6h, 2 days and 4 days after the infection with the parasite) in different genotypes of the population from the cross between Caspar H3 and spl3219.18.
- the genotypes were chosen according to their allelic combinations to both QTL GpaV sp i and GpaXI sp i (Caramel et al., 2005).
- Genotype 96D31.139 has resistance alleles to both QTLs (R5R11), genotype 96D31.03 possesses the QTL resistance allele GpaV sp i and the QTL sensitivity GpaXI sp i (R5S11), and the 96D31.152 genotype has alleles of sensitivity to both QTL (S5S11).
- RNAs were extracted from 5 mm root fragments around the inoculation point or the corresponding area for uninoculated plants, with the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini Kit kit (Courtaboeuf, France). For each sample, 1 g of RNA was retro-transcribed with 200 units of SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France), according to the supplier's instructions. The reaction was then diluted 20-fold with ultrapure water.
- the TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene expression level was measured by Q-RT-PCR with the SYBR Premix Ex Taq kit (Takara) on an MX3005 (Stratagene) apparatus according to the supplier's instructions, using the primers.
- Q63 and the following program an initial denaturation step at 95 ° C for 2 minutes followed by 40 cycles including a denaturation step at 95 ° C for 20 seconds, a primer hybridization step at 55 ° C for 20 seconds and a step of synthesis of the complementary strand at 72 ° C for 30 seconds.
- the denaturation curve of the amplified product was calculated after the following three steps: 95 ° C for 1 minute, 55 ° C for 30 seconds and 95 ° C for 1 minute.
- control target Ct of the target gene in the control sample (for example S S NI 6h).
- - MEAN sample target Ct of the target gene in the unknown sample (for example SS I 6h).
- the TIR-NB-ARC-LRR gene is much more expressed in an R5R11 genotype than in an S5S11 genotype, at 6h (31 times more) and at 4 days (14 times more). Likewise, this gene is 6 times more expressed in an R5R11 genotype than in an R5S1 genotype 1, 6h after inoculation with the nematode.
- the TIR-NSB-LRR gene is also more expressed, whatever the kinetics, in an R5R11 genotype than in an S5S11 genotype: 6h after infection it is 16 times more expressed, 2 days later. it is 13 times more and after 4 days it is 234 times more.
- the Z1505 8F / Z1505 5R primer pair was used to amplify the GpaV locus from two accessions of S. sparsipilum (spl329.18 and spl504.5) and two diploid accessions of S. tuberosum (Caspar H3 and Rosa hl).
- the amplified products were cloned as previously described. At least three clones per allele were sequenced.
- the resistance allele is identical and corresponds to the sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- the alleles of sensitivity from these two accessions are different and correspond to the sequences SEQ ID No. 34 and SEQ ID No. 35.
- a single allele was cloned from S. tuberosum; this allele is identical in the two accessions sensitive to G. pallida, Caspar H3 and Rosa Hl. The sequence of this allele corresponds to the sequence SEQ ID No. 36.
- Clones of S. sparsipilum spl329.18 and spl504.5 are heterozygous at the GpaV locus.
- the resistance allele, GpaV sp i is identical in these two clones.
- the sensitivity alleles of these two clones are different.
- the susceptibility allele of S. tuberosum, isolated from Caspar H3 and Rosa H1 clones is different from all alleles isolated from S. sparsipilum.
- the genomic sequences of the GpaV sp i resistance allele and the three sensitivity alleles were aligned with the Multalin software (http://multalin.toulouse.inra.fr/multalin/multalin.html).
- the primers for amplifying this marker are as follows:
- Digestion of the amplifiates with the restriction enzyme Mbol produced three fragments of 208, 229, and 622 base pairs for the GpaV sp i resistance allele, and only two fragments for the 3 susceptibility alleles (a 229 fragment). bp and a fragment of a size between 845 and 856 bp according to the sensitivity allele).
- the visualization of the different fragments is carried out after electrophoresis of the digests digested with Mbol in a 2% agarose gel. This marker specifically distinguishes the GpaV sp i resistance allele from sensitivity alleles, whether they originate from S. tuberosum or S. sparsipilum. References
- RI resistance gene cluster contains three groups of independently evolving, type I RI homologues and shows substantial structural variation among haplotypes of Solanum demissum. Plant Journal 44: 37-
- Van der Voort, JNAM Van der Vossen, E., Bakker, E., Overmars, H., van Zandvoort, P., Hutten, R., Klein Lankhorst, R. and Bakker, J. 2000. Two additive QTLs conferring broad-spectrum resistance in potato to Globodera pallida are localized on resistance gene clusters. Theor. Appl. Broom. 101: 1122-1130.
- the tomato resistance protein Bs4 is a predicted no -nuclear TIR- NB-LRR protein that mediates defense responses to severely truncated derivatives of AvrBs4 and overexpressed AvrBs3. Plant Journal 37: 46-60.
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Non-Patent Citations (29)
Title |
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US20120291157A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
EP2519638A2 (fr) | 2012-11-07 |
FR2954779A1 (fr) | 2011-07-01 |
FR2954779B1 (fr) | 2012-01-27 |
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