WO2011073375A1 - Saucisson sec au processus de maturation accéléré et procédé de production - Google Patents
Saucisson sec au processus de maturation accéléré et procédé de production Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011073375A1 WO2011073375A1 PCT/EP2010/070036 EP2010070036W WO2011073375A1 WO 2011073375 A1 WO2011073375 A1 WO 2011073375A1 EP 2010070036 W EP2010070036 W EP 2010070036W WO 2011073375 A1 WO2011073375 A1 WO 2011073375A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- raw sausage
- raw
- added
- mass
- folic acid
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000013580 sausages Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 166
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiamine Natural products CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 235000019157 thiamine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000011721 thiamine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SCN1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 235000008160 pyridoxine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011677 pyridoxine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 235000019192 riboflavin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000002151 riboflavin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 claims description 47
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chick antidermatitis factor Natural products OCC(C)(C)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- ASARMUCNOOHMLO-WLORSUFZSA-L cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2s)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@H](C)OP([O-])(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O ASARMUCNOOHMLO-WLORSUFZSA-L 0.000 claims description 19
- 229940055726 pantothenic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000019161 pantothenic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011713 pantothenic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vitamin D2 Natural products C1CCC2(C)C(C(C)C=CC(C)C(C)C)CCC2C1=CC=C1CC(O)CCC1=C MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N d-alpha-tocopherol Natural products OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960002061 ergocalciferol Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960001295 tocopherol Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000010384 tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N vitamin D2 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)/C=C/[C@H](C)C(C)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000001892 vitamin D2 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011653 vitamin D2 Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000015241 bacon Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 riboflavm Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- AEDORKVKMIVLBW-BLDDREHASA-N 3-oxo-3-[[(2r,3s,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylpyridin-3-yl]methoxy]oxan-2-yl]methoxy]propanoic acid Chemical compound OCC1=C(O)C(C)=NC=C1CO[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COC(=O)CC(O)=O)O1 AEDORKVKMIVLBW-BLDDREHASA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 27
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 241001237745 Salamis Species 0.000 description 20
- 235000015175 salami Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 17
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 244000203593 Piper nigrum Species 0.000 description 11
- 235000008184 Piper nigrum Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 235000013614 black pepper Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 7
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000295644 Staphylococcaceae Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 5
- 150000002224 folic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000015277 pork Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000004213 low-fat Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000235036 Debaryomyces hansenii Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000192132 Leuconostoc Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000192001 Pediococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005899 aromatization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009739 binding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010289 potassium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004304 potassium nitrite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020995 raw meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000442425 Aristeomorpha foliacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282461 Canis lupus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000057399 Dalea candida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000305071 Enterobacterales Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194036 Lactococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000192041 Micrococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000913 Nitrate Reductases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000228143 Penicillium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000864269 Penicillium nalgiovense Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000006002 Pepper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000016761 Piper aduncum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017804 Piper guineense Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191965 Staphylococcus carnosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191973 Staphylococcus xylosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M [(1s,2s)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethyl]-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide;chlororuthenium(1+);1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound [Ru+]Cl.CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1.C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)[N-][C@@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940014144 folate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000004280 healthy diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015784 hyperosmotic salinity response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021110 pickles Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/60—Comminuted or emulsified meat products, e.g. sausages; Reformed meat from comminuted meat product
- A23L13/65—Sausages
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
- A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
- A23L13/428—Addition of flavours, spices, colours, amino acids or their salts, peptides, vitamins, yeast extract or autolysate, nucleic acid or derivatives, organic acidifying agents or their salts or acidogens, sweeteners, e.g. sugars or sugar alcohols; Addition of alcohol-containing products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/15—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the invention relates to processes for the production of raw sausage with an accelerated ripening process and raw sausage produced by this process.
- Raw sausages are produced on the basis of known recipes and according to the guidelines of typical types of raw sausage (see the Guidelines in the German Food Book 27728.1 1.1974, Sections 2.211 and 2.212).
- lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Laktococcus and Streptococcus
- micrococci and staphylococci such as Micrococcus and Staphylococcus, eg Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus
- fen such as Debaromyces hansenii and Candida famata
- noble mold cultures such as various Penicillium spp., eg P. nalgiovense, P. camembertü and P. candidum).
- the raw sausage mass is filled into artificial or natural casings.
- the filled raw sausages are matured in a known manner in climatic chambers or ripening rooms at a controlled temperature, humidity and air movement. In some cases, the product is also smoked.
- the most important processes in the ripening of the raw sausage are reddening, pH reduction, binding, drying and aromatization. The individual processes run side by side and one after the other and are also interdependent.
- EP 1048227 B1 discloses meat products containing omega-3 complementary fatty acids and which are additionally enriched with vitamins and fiber.
- the enrichment of the raw sausage aims at a healthy diet of the end user.
- vitamins with a total content of 0, 1 to 0.3 percent by weight of the raw sausage are added.
- One Effect on the ripening of raw sausage was not observed.
- the ripening process of raw sausage is highly dependent on the type of meat used and the ripening conditions, which leads to a highly batch-dependent quality of raw sausage.
- EP 1 601 257 B1 discloses a process for producing raw sausage with an accelerated ripening process, in which folic acid and / or folates are preferably added to the raw sausage mass in the step of adding the spice.
- the vitaminization of the meat with folic acid has been shown to promote an improved ripening process by stimulating the growth of the lactic acid bacteria involved in the ripening process, such as lactobacilli and / or micrococci. Activation of lactic acid production resulted in faster maturation of the raw sausage.
- positive product properties such as a significant improvement of taste and smell, a better cut resistance and a fast and uniform color development as well as good storage properties were found.
- the addition of folic acid and / or folates for the production of the risk of defective production can be reduced.
- the maturation of the raw sausage is known to climatic chambers or ripening rooms at a controlled temperature, humidity and air movement.
- the provision of appropriately equipped climatic chambers or ripening rooms is associated with considerable investment costs and technical effort for the manufacturer.
- the operation of the climatic chambers or ripening rooms is also a considerable expense in the production of raw sausage.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide an improved process for the production of raw sausage, in which the maturing process proceeds stably even in the event of environmental variations.
- the object is achieved by a process for the production of raw sausage with an accelerated ripening process, in which a) meat and bacon are minced with the addition of spices, sugar and salt to a raw sausage mass, b) the raw sausage mass is then filled into artificial or natural casings and c) the resulting raw sausage is subjected to ripening.
- the inventive method is characterized in that folic acid and one or more food-legally approved vitamins selected from thiamine, riboflavm, pyridoxine and niacin in the production of raw sausage mass in the following amount per kilogram Rohwurstmasse be added finely divided: 1.4 mg to 36 mg folic acid, 4th mg to 100 mg thiamin, 4.8 mg to 120 mg riboflavin, 54 mg to 1350 mg niacin, 5.2 mg to 130 mg pyridoxine.
- the following amounts (stated per kilogram raw sausage mass) of the vitamins mentioned are preferred for use in a method according to the invention: 4-25 mg, more preferably 10-25 mg, most preferably 15-20 mg folic acid; 10 to 50 mg, more preferably 10 to 30 mg of thiamine; 12-80 mg, more preferably 12-50 mg riboflavin; 120-1000 mg, more preferably 120-400 mg niacin; 15-100 mg, more preferably 15-70 mg pyridoxine. It was found that raw sausage maturation was very stable and less susceptible to changing environmental conditions, especially with the addition of folic acid (folate included in the term) and at least one vitamin from thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin in the preferred amounts.
- Raw sausage according to the invention consists of raw meat, bacon and spices and is either eaten fresh or preserved by drying or smoking.
- Preferred raw sausages according to the invention are spreadable raw sausages such as mettwurst and tea sausage as well as hard sausages such as salami, Zervelat sausage, chorizo, kulen or landhunter.
- Raw sausage graining is followed by reddening of the sausage, as well as the development of consistency and aroma.
- the maturation process also involves microorganisms, in particular lactic acid bacteria, micrococci and staphylococci. Also on the surface of the intestines applied noble molds are involved in the maturation process.
- Lactic acid bacteria form lactic acid, which leads to a lowering of the pH of the raw sausage mass and thus provides suitable growth conditions for the participating microorganisms. Furthermore, they contribute to the formation of aroma. Micrococci and staphylococci form the enzyme nitrate reductase, which supports reddening. In addition, they contribute to aroma formation through their protease lipase peptidase activity.
- Yeasts have a positive effect on the stabilization of the red pickle dye and further contribute to the overall taste impression of the raw sausage by a certain yeast flavor.
- the yeasts involved in the maturation process have a high salt tolerance and preferably grow on the surface of the sausage or in the surface layer of the product. This localization is determined by the aerobic metabolism of the yeasts.
- the preparation of the raw sausage in a method according to the invention is based on known recipes and according to the principles of typical raw sausage varieties.
- heating would result in the killing of microorganisms
- heat-labile vitamins would denature during the manufacturing process.
- raw sausage is made from raw meat and bacon, which are comminuted to a raw sausage mass.
- spices in particular pepper, sugar, in particular glucose, dextrose and / or lactose, and ascorbic acid and salt are added.
- Salt in this context includes common salt as well as curing agents, in particular nitrite pickling salt or nitrate.
- Nitrate or nitrite serve to preserve the raw sausage by suppressing pathogenic germs and cause the reddening of the raw sausage and contribute to the formation of the desired Pökelaromas.
- Nitrate is preferably used as sodium nitrate (E 251) and / or potassium nitrate (E 252), nitrite in the form of sodium nitrite (E 250) and / or potassium nitrite (E 249).
- folic acid and / or folates and at least one vitamin selected from thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine or niacin are distributed in a finely divided manner to the raw sausage mass.
- the vitamin mixture is mixed evenly into the salt (common salt or nitrite curing salt or nitrate) and added with the salt mixture thus obtained.
- the raw sausage mass is then bottled, being used as casings art or natural casings.
- the reddening, binding, drying, preservation and aromatization takes place.
- the onset by the lactic acid bacteria lactic acid causes a drop in the pH.
- Micrococci and staphylococci are involved in microbial reddening.
- the growth and activity of all the microorganisms involved produces specific natural flavorings.
- the filled raw sausages are stored for maturing at a temperature of 16 ° C. and optionally at about 90% relative humidity. After about 24 hours, the temperature is increased to about 23 ° C, possibly with about 73% relative humidity. The beginning of ripening falls into this time window. The proliferation of microorganisms involved in the maturation process begins.
- folic acid and at least one vitamin from thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin in the amounts mentioned in a method according to the invention reproducibly causes improved maturation in raw sausage production.
- the ripening process can be shortened from about 60 days (without vitamin mixture) or 21 days (with addition of folic acid) to about 15 days (see example 3).
- the added by the novel process vitamin mixture the growth of microorganisms is stimulated (booster effect).
- Microorganisms are also present in the spontaneous flora of the meat except in starter cultures, which are optionally added to the process.
- the spontaneous flora also includes undesired enterobacteria and pseudomonads.
- the vitamin mixture stimulates the growth of the entire microorganism flora. Due to the excess of desired microorganisms present their number increases in the exponential growth phase massively, so that advantageous unwanted germs are displaced.
- the obtained raw sausages showed a particularly rounded taste pattern, which in sensory tests was confirmed.
- the addition of the vitamin mixture according to the method of the invention is also advantageously suitable for the production of low-fat products.
- low-fat raw sausages can be produced with a surprisingly significantly improved sensor technology compared to low-fat raw sausages according to the conventional method of preparation without added vitamin.
- the raw sausage mass is preferably added to at least one vitamin-approved vitamin selected from cobalamin, pantothenic acid and biotin.
- the addition is carried out in the same way as the addition of folic acid and at least one vitamin from thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin, so that they are finely distributed in the raw sausage mass.
- cobalamin, pantothenic acid and / or biotin the quality of the raw sausage obtained can be further improved.
- cobalamin, pantothenic acid and / or biotin are preferably added in the following amounts (stated per kilogram of raw sausage mass): 10.8-270 ⁇ g, more preferably 10.8-50 ⁇ g of cobalamin; 21.6-540 mg, more preferably 60-200 mg pantothenic acid; 160-4000 ⁇ g, more preferably 160-1000 ⁇ g, most preferably 160-300 ⁇ g biotin.
- calciferol and / or tocopherol are preferably added to the raw sausage mass in a finely divided manner in a process according to the invention.
- the addition of calciferol and / or tocopherol enhances the health value of the preserved raw sausage so that it also provides a nutritional benefit to the consumer.
- the following amounts per kilogram of raw sausage mass are preferably added in the process according to the invention: 18-450 ⁇ g, more preferably 18-200 ⁇ g, most preferably 18-100 ⁇ g of calciferol; 21.6-450 mg, more preferably 30-200 mg tocopherol.
- Preferred combinations in which the vitamins are added to the raw sausage mass in the process according to the invention are in the amounts stated in each case:
- folic acid thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, cobalamin, pantothenic acid, biotin, calciferol and tocopherol.
- the proliferation of the microorganisms promoted by the vitamin mixture added in the method according to the invention contributes to the fact that the use of starter cultures can be reduced, preferably it is entirely unnecessary to do so. Therefore, reduced amounts of starter cultures are preferably added than in known production processes. Preferably, at most half, more preferably at most one third of the manufacturer of the starter cultures specified, usually used starter culture amount in the raw sausage production according to the invention is added.
- the ripening of the raw sausage is carried out outside of ripening rooms or climatic chambers.
- the invention further comprises a raw sausage containing a total content of folic acid and one or more vitamins selected from the group of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin, which is higher than that of the meat itself derived content of the respective vitamin and which by a inventive method is available.
- the raw sausage according to the invention contains one or more food-legally approved vitamins selected from cobalamin, pantothenic acid and biotin having a total content which is higher than that of the meat itself derived content of the respective vitamin.
- the raw sausage according to the invention particularly preferably contains calciferol and / or tocopherol with a total content which is higher than the content of the respective vitamin derived from the meat itself.
- the higher total content of vitamins in the raw sausage according to the invention in comparison with the meat used results from the finely divided addition of the vitamins to the raw sausage mass in the production.
- the vitamins are distributed homogeneously in the raw sausage mixture by the mixing in the cutter or in the wolf and are not completely consumed during maturation by the microorganisms.
- the added vitamins are contained in the raw sausage in such amounts that the raw sausage according to the invention advantageously has a balanced nutritional balance. Since the vitamins which are added to the raw sausage mass in the process according to the invention are at least partially consumed by the growth of the microorganisms during the ripening phase, the proportion of vitamins per kilogram (mature) raw sausage is less than the proportion of vitamins in the raw sausage mass. Preferably, the proportion of the respective added vitamin per kilogram raw sausage is at most 3/4, more preferably at most 2/3 of the amount of the vitamin added per kilogram of raw sausage mass during production.
- Preferred raw sausage according to the invention contains per kilogram the following vitamin amounts:
- Folic acid 1.4-36 mg, preferably 4-25 mg, more preferably 10-25 mg, most preferably 15-20 mg,
- - thiamine 4 - 100 mg, preferably 10 - 50 mg, more preferably 10 - 30 mg,
- Riboflavin 4.8-120 mg, preferably 12-80 mg, more preferably 12-50 mg,
- Niacin 54-1350 mg, preferably 120-1000 mg, more preferably 120-400 mg,
- - Pyridoxine 5.2-130 mg, preferably 15-100 mg, more preferably 15-70 mg.
- the raw sausage according to the invention contains cobalamin, pantothenic acid and / or biotin, these are preferably contained in the following quantities per kilogram of raw sausage:
- Cobalamin 10.8 ⁇ g to 270 ⁇ g, more preferably 10.8-50 ⁇ g,
- Pantothenic acid 21.6-540 mg, more preferably 60-200 mg,
- - Biotin - 4000 ⁇ g, more preferably 160-1000 ⁇ g, most preferably 160-300 ⁇ g. If the raw sausage according to the invention contains calciferol and / or tocopherol, these are preferably contained in the following quantities per kilogram of raw sausage:
- Calciferol 18-450 ⁇ g, more preferably 18-200 ⁇ g, most preferably 18-100 ⁇ g,
- the raw sausage contains the vitamins folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin.
- the raw sausage contains the vitamins folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, cobalamin, pantothenic acid and biotin.
- the raw sausage contains folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, cobalamin, pantothenic acid, biotin and calciferol and tocopherol.
- the raw sausage according to the invention is characterized by a uniform color development and increased color stability.
- the raw sausage has a significantly improved sensor technology, as raw sausage, which was prepared with the same process steps without the addition of vitamins.
- Raw sausage according to the invention has a positive raw sausage aroma, which manifests itself on the basis of generally customary standardized sensory tests in a significant improvement of smell and taste.
- raw sausages according to the invention have improved properties, as raw sausages, which are prepared according to the same recipe, but without the addition of vitamins added in the process according to the invention.
- Another advantage offered by the raw sausage according to the invention is the high health value due to the vitamins added during the manufacturing process.
- the raw sausage according to the invention shows very little to no signs of ripening, in the sense of a continued lactic acid fermentation after completion of the ripening process.
- the raw sausage according to the invention is particularly stable in storage, which characterizes the raw sausage according to the invention as a particularly high quality product.
- the storage stability is significantly improved, especially in hard raw sausages, so that inventive raw sausages meet the requirements of a top product.
- a Edelschimmelsalami invention is characterized by a particularly fast developed and even noble mold coating on the surface.
- the combination of folic acid and thiamine has proved to be particularly advantageous for the preparation of bovine salami. Especially when processing beef, the positive effect of thiamine on maturation is particularly significant.
- Embodiment 1 the solution according to the invention will be explained in more detail.
- cervelat sausages were prepared according to the standard cervelat sausage base formulation given in the following table (data in percentages by weight unless otherwise stated).
- Pantothenic acid in mg / kg 100
- Tocopherol in mg / kg 200 For the above formulation, a commercially available starter culture was added in the amount specified by the manufacturer. The meat and bacon were crushed in the cutter and mixed, the salt and spices were added to the resulting raw sausage mass in the cutter and distributed by further mixing in the mixing process of the cutter homogeneously in the raw sausage mass. The vitamins were mixed into the nitrite curing salt and added to the manufacturing process during the salt addition step. This ensured a homogeneous distribution of the vitamin mixture in the raw sausage mass. The comminution of the meat in the cutter took place until the desired degree of granulation of the raw sausage mass was achieved.
- the produced according to the invention Cervelatwurst from the production with the o.a. Vitamin mixture was characterized by a high cut resistance and a fast color development and high color stability and was far superior to batches of a Kontrollcervelatwurst without added vitamins. Likewise, these batches of cervelat sausage with the vitamin mixture were technologically superior to such raw sausages, in their production folic acid alone in the o.a. Amount was added.
- the CervelatTALste produced with the vitamin mixture according to the invention are characterized by a sensed as excellent sensor. This was tested by repeated standardized, scientifically common sensory tests performed 3, 4, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after sausage production. It compared the CervelatTALste according to the invention according to the above formulation with CervelatHzsten after the same basic recipe with starter culture, however, without added vitamins, and CervelatTALsten according to the above formulation with the addition of folic acid. For this purpose, the cervelat sausages were tested by a group of 12 lay auditors, whereby blind analyzes were carried out, ie the tested products were anonymized. The batches according to the invention were able to achieve the best rating. They were significantly superior to the other batches of taste and odor prepared by known methods.
- the Cervelatrtzste invention characterized by a particularly high storage stability, especially compared to a standard Cervelatwurst.
- Embodiment 2 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 1:
- cervelat sausages were prepared according to the standard Cervelat sausage basic formulation given in the following table (data in% unless otherwise stated).
- the used meat and bacon were minced in the cutter, the salt and the spices were added to the resulting raw sausage mass in the cutter and by further mixing in the Mixing course of the cutter homogeneously distributed in the raw sausage mass.
- the vitamins were mixed into the nitrite curing salt and added to the manufacturing process during the salt addition step. This ensured a homogeneous distribution of the vitamin mixture in the raw sausage mass.
- the comminution of the meat in the cutter took place until the desired degree of granulation of the raw sausage mass was achieved.
- the ripening process was comparable in both batches.
- the embodiment 2 thus shows that by a suitable amount of vitamin, the starter culture amount can be reduced. This represents in particular significant economic benefits for the manufacturer.
- CervelatTALste were prepared according to the recipe of Example 1 by a method according to the invention. It was dispensed with the use of starter cultures.
- noble mold salami were prepared according to a method according to the invention after u.a. Recipe (data unless otherwise indicated in weight percent) prepared. The production took place according to the standardized recipes and guidelines for the production of noble mold salami.
- Pantothenic acid in mg / kg 100
- the approx. -4 ° C cold beef and pork was first minced in the cutter with very fine grain, bacon was added and the mass further reduced.
- the comminution of the meat in the cutter took place until the desired degree of granulation of the raw sausage mass was achieved.
- the mass was bottled in natural intestines, the salamis were washed in hand-warm salt water and hung on incense sticks.
- the Edelschirnmelsalamis prepared by the process according to the invention require for the last maturation phase, the period of about 15 days and are then ready for sale.
- a conventionally produced noble mold salami o.a. Recipe without vitamins up to 60 days maturity, one after o.a. Recipe produced noble mold salami, in their production only folic acid in o.a. Amount was added, 21 days.
- Embodiment 5 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 5:
- Bovine salami was prepared by a method according to the invention having a formulation according to the following table (data in% unless stated otherwise).
- a commercially available starter culture was added in the amount specified by the manufacturer.
- the beef was first minced very fine-grained in the cutter, then the bacon was added and the mass further crushed.
- the salt was added to the resulting raw sausage mass in the cutter and distributed homogeneously in the Rohwurstmasse by further mixing in the mixing cycle of the cutter.
- the vitamins were mixed into the nitrite curing salt and added to the manufacturing process during the salt addition process. This ensured a homogeneous distribution of the vitamin mixture.
- the bovine salamis produced by the process according to the invention were distinguished by an improved ripening process, as a control salami, in whose preparation o.a. Recipe was added only to folic acid. A more stable flavor development was noted during the ripening process, which is characterized in particular by the fact that in the end a rounder taste was present. This has been confirmed by independent sensory tests, which were carried out analogously to those in Example 1, proven.
- the bovine salamis according to the invention are characterized by uniform coloring, which results from the improved reddening process.
- the ripening could be carried out without ripening rooms with a comparable result. No bad batches were produced.
- Embodiment 6 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 6
- Bovine salami was prepared by a process according to the invention having a formulation according to the following table (data indicating unless otherwise stated):
- a commercially available starter culture was added in the amount specified by the manufacturer.
- the beef was first vorgewolft and then minced in the cutter very fine-grained, then added the bacon and further crushed the mass.
- the salt was added to the resulting raw sausage mass in the cutter and distributed homogeneously in the Rohwurstmasse by further mixing in the mixing cycle of the cutter.
- the vitamins were mixed into the nitrite curing salt and added to the manufacturing process during the salt addition process. This ensured a homogeneous distribution of the vitamin mixture.
- the ripening was carried out outside a ripening room at about 20 ° C and ran smoothly without problems.
- Bovine salami from both batches were characterized by uniform coloring and positive sensor technology.
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Abstract
L'invention concerne un procédé de production d'un saucisson sec au processus de maturation accéléré, et les saucissons secs produits selon ce procédé. Le procédé selon l'invention comprend les étapes consistant à : a) hacher de la viande et du lard pour constituer une garniture par apport d'épices, de sucre et de sel, b) introduire la garniture dans des boyaux artificiels ou naturels c) effectuer la maturation du saucisson. Le procédé selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que de l'acide folique et au moins une vitamine, admissible selon la législation sur les denrées alimentaires et sélectionnée parmi la thiamine, la riboflavine, la pyridoxine et la niacine, sont ajoutées en dispersion fine lors de la production de la mêlée dans la quantité suivante par kilogramme de garniture : 1,4 mg à 36 mg d'acide folique, 4 mg à 100 mg de thiamine, 4,8 mg à 120 mg de riboflavine, 54 mg à 1350 mg de niacine, 5,2 mg à 130 mg de pyridoxine. L'invention concerne également un saucisson sec qui présente une teneur totale en acide folique et en ladite au moins une vitamine sélectionnée dans le groupe constitué de thiamine, de riboflavine, de pyridoxine et de niacine, ladite teneur totale étant supérieure à la teneur en la vitamine concernée issue de la viande utilisée, et qui peut être obtenu par un procédé selon l'invention.
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DE102009055018A DE102009055018A1 (de) | 2009-12-18 | 2009-12-18 | Rohwurst mit beschleunigtem Reifeprozess und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
DE102009055018.6 | 2009-12-18 |
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WO2011073375A1 true WO2011073375A1 (fr) | 2011-06-23 |
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PCT/EP2010/070036 WO2011073375A1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 | 2010-12-17 | Saucisson sec au processus de maturation accéléré et procédé de production |
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WO (1) | WO2011073375A1 (fr) |
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CN115251315A (zh) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-11-01 | 苏州烁焰生物科技有限公司 | 一种新型萨拉米香肠及其制备方法 |
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EP4230048A1 (fr) | 2022-02-18 | 2023-08-23 | Antje Albeck | Procédé et dispositif de mise en uvre d'un processus de maturation de produits de charcuterie |
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EP1048227B1 (fr) | 1999-04-29 | 2002-01-02 | European FoodTec GmbH | Produits carnes avec des acides gras oméga 3 et des vitamines |
DE10047515A1 (de) * | 2000-09-22 | 2002-04-18 | Stolle Gmbh & Co Kg Geb | Fleischprodukt für die menschliche Ernährung und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Fleischproduktes |
EP1601257A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-16 | 2005-12-07 | Esa Patentverwertungsa Gentur Sachsen-Anhalt Gmbh | Procede de production de saucisses crues par un processus de maturation accelere |
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NZ232238A (en) | 1989-02-16 | 1991-07-26 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Food products containing porous polymeric beads impregnated with a vitamin |
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EP1048227B1 (fr) | 1999-04-29 | 2002-01-02 | European FoodTec GmbH | Produits carnes avec des acides gras oméga 3 et des vitamines |
DE10047515A1 (de) * | 2000-09-22 | 2002-04-18 | Stolle Gmbh & Co Kg Geb | Fleischprodukt für die menschliche Ernährung und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Fleischproduktes |
EP1601257A1 (fr) * | 2003-01-16 | 2005-12-07 | Esa Patentverwertungsa Gentur Sachsen-Anhalt Gmbh | Procede de production de saucisses crues par un processus de maturation accelere |
EP1601257B1 (fr) | 2003-01-16 | 2008-12-31 | Zylum Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. Patente II KG | Procede de production de saucisses crues par un processus de maturation accelere |
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ANONYMOUS/ DELIKATA: "Was ist das Besondere an der Folsami", 13 March 2007 (2007-03-13), pages 1 - 1, XP002621844, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.delikata.de/community/news-lesen.php?auswahl=74> [retrieved on 20110209] * |
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CN115251315A (zh) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-11-01 | 苏州烁焰生物科技有限公司 | 一种新型萨拉米香肠及其制备方法 |
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