WO2011072526A1 - Procédé et dispositif de mise en correspondance entre un flux de mots de code et des couches dans un système de communication à entrées multiples et sorties multiples - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de mise en correspondance entre un flux de mots de code et des couches dans un système de communication à entrées multiples et sorties multiples Download PDF

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WO2011072526A1
WO2011072526A1 PCT/CN2010/075140 CN2010075140W WO2011072526A1 WO 2011072526 A1 WO2011072526 A1 WO 2011072526A1 CN 2010075140 W CN2010075140 W CN 2010075140W WO 2011072526 A1 WO2011072526 A1 WO 2011072526A1
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layer
layers
mapping
transmission quality
codeword
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PCT/CN2010/075140
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
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张�杰
周华
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富士通株式会社
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Priority to CN2010800603441A priority Critical patent/CN102726014A/zh
Publication of WO2011072526A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011072526A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
    • H04L5/006—Quality of the received signal, e.g. BER, SNR, water filling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a wireless communication system, and in particular to a method and apparatus for mapping a codeword stream to a layer in a multiple input multiple output communication system.
  • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a high-speed transmission technology in a wireless environment that transforms high-speed serial data into multiple relatively low-speed parallel data and modulates different carriers.
  • This parallel transmission system greatly expands the pulse width of the symbol and improves the performance against multipath fading.
  • multi-carrier wireless communication based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology divides the frequency selective fading broadband channel into several frequency flat fading channels, and only needs a single-tap frequency equalizer at the receiving end. Therefore, the equalization algorithm of the system receiver is greatly simplified; on this basis, the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology utilizes the characteristics of the spatial channel to provide high data rate and large throughput and a larger communication distance. High spectrum utilization. Therefore, MIMO-OFDM systems will remain the key technology of the physical layer of wireless communication systems for a long time now and for a long time to come.
  • OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
  • parallel data streams in multi-antenna transmission are first encoded with independent forward error correction codes, and then the encoded codewords are mapped onto one or more transport layers (referred to as layers).
  • layers transport layers
  • the total number of layers supported by the system is also called the rank of the transmission.
  • the downlink can support up to 2 code word spatial multiplexing (codeword spatial multiplexing), and can support up to 4 antenna ports.
  • codeword spatial multiplexing codeword spatial multiplexing
  • the corresponding number of layers can be 1 ⁇ 4, each one.
  • the modulated codeword stream symbols are mapped to one or more layers, and then the signals on each layer are mapped to physical antenna ports by precoding.
  • the downlink supports up to 2 codeword streams, and supports up to 8 transmit antenna ports.
  • the corresponding number of layers can be 1 ⁇ 8.
  • the channel can support up to 2 codeword streams, and can support up to 4 antenna ports, so the corresponding number of layers can be 1 ⁇ 4.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a signal transmitted by an LTE system.
  • a user's data stream passes through one or more encoders to obtain coded information bits (also called information bits, system bits), which are respectively subjected to respective scrambling operations, and then the scrambled information bits are modulated by a symbol modulator. Modulated into something like
  • the operation of the scrambler is to compare the encoded information. Specially sums with a particular binary sequence and then modulo 2 operations.
  • the module codeword to layer mapper maps the last codeword stream output by the respective encoder to different layers to obtain signals on multiple layers. The number of layers here must be greater than or equal to the number of codeword streams.
  • the signal on the layer is converted to n signals by a precoder, where n is the number of transmit antennas.
  • the serial signal of each branch is mapped to the time-frequency two-dimensional physical resource, and finally the time domain signal on each antenna is generated by the OFDM signal generator and transmitted to the physical channel via the respective transmitting antenna.
  • the codeword stream to layer mapping method is to sequentially map the modulation symbols of the codeword stream to different layers, such as mapping one codeword stream to two.
  • layers the odd-numbered symbols of the codeword stream are mapped onto the first layer, and the even-numbered symbols are mapped onto the second layer.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of existing mapping methods for mapping from a single codeword stream and from multiple codeword streams to multiple layers.
  • Figure 2 implements the mapping from one codeword stream to two layers.
  • the specific method is to map all the subscripts with the subscript to the first layer, and the subscripts with the subscripts to the second layer. on.
  • Figure 3 implements a mapping method from 2 codeword streams to 2 layers.
  • the specific method is to map the first codeword stream to the first layer and the second codeword stream to the second. On the floor.
  • the two mapping methods shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 above are direct mapping methods in the case of one codeword stream or two codeword streams, that is, the difference characteristics between the two layers are not considered. Moreover, in the case where the error correction coding is a system code, the influence of the information bit field check bit on the performance of the decoding end is not considered.
  • multiple layers of a wireless MIMO system there may be a difference in transmission performance between layers, that is, the transmission quality on some layers is good, and the signal transmission quality on some layers is poor.
  • the existing mapping method from codeword to layer does not take into account the difference between layers, which will affect system performance and lead to a decline in the overall transmission quality of the system.
  • R1 -094318 "Issues on Layer Shifting for Dual-Layer Beam forming," 3GPP TSG RAN WGl#58b, Miyazaki, Japan, October, 2009.
  • Patent Publication No. US20080192718 entitled “Methods and Systems for US Patent Application for Codeword to Layer Mapping.
  • Patent Publication No. US20060270343 entitled “Method and apparatus for antenna mapping selection in MIMO-OFDM wireless networks”.
  • Patent publication No. CN101465718A entitled “Chinese Patent Application for Mapping Method and Apparatus of Code Word Flow to Layer in Multiple Input Multiple Output System".
  • a method for mapping a codeword to a layer in a MIMO communication system includes:
  • the codeword to layer mapping method and apparatus in the multiple input multiple output communication system of the present invention improves the reliability of system transmission and reduces the number of retransmissions required for correct detection.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of signal transmission of a current LTE system
  • 3 is a flow chart of mapping from two codewords to two layers in the prior art
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for mapping a codeword to a layer according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for mapping a codeword to a layer according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a mapping process of a single codeword stream to multiple layers according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a mapping process of multiple codeword streams to multiple layers according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 is a structural block diagram of an apparatus for mapping a codeword to a layer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a structural block diagram of an apparatus for mapping a codeword to a layer according to another embodiment of the present invention. detailed description
  • the purpose of the embodiments of the present invention is to design a different type of codeword stream placed on a layer having different transmission characteristics for the difference in transmission characteristics (such as signal-to-noise ratio SNR) between multiple layers in a MIMO communication system.
  • the embodiment of the present invention mainly uses an LTE-A system and an LTE system as an example to illustrate the importance of using information bits and check bits in a codeword stream according to differences in transmission quality of different layers in some special application scenarios. Different in nature, an improved mapping method from codeword stream to layer is proposed.
  • information bits are of higher importance than parity bits (check bits), so that at the time of initial transmission, coded symbols containing information bits are transmitted on a layer with higher transmission quality. (ie, information symbol), and the coded symbols (ie, check symbols) containing the check bits with less importance are placed on the layer with poor transmission quality; in the process of retransmission, the opposite mapping method can be adopted. That is, the coded symbols (ie, information symbols) containing the information bits are transmitted on the layer with lower transmission quality, and the coded symbols (ie, check symbols) containing the check bits with less importance are placed in the layer with higher transmission quality. Transfer on, in order to achieve the effect of diversity, improve the efficiency of retransmission.
  • the link quality difference between different layers may be based on the characteristics of the codebook used, that is, the sum of the squares of the elements in different columns in the codebook (corresponding to the transmission power or energy) is not exactly the same.
  • the transmission quality of the corresponding layer of the square and the larger column is good, and the transmission quality of the corresponding layer of the smaller column is poor.
  • a precoding based precoding based transmission mode will be employed.
  • a codebook is composed of a set comprising a plurality of precoding matrices, and the user equipment selects the channel state information from the base station and the specific precoding matrix selection criterion (such as the maximum signal to noise ratio criterion) to select the most suitable one.
  • the precoding matrix is then used to perform precoding operations on the signals on the multiple layers, and then the signals on each layer are transmitted through different transmitting antennas.
  • a multi-transmission multi-receive MIMO system is configured such that the physical channels from each transmit antenna to each receive antenna are independently and equally distributed.
  • the codebook used is a CMP (cubic metric preservation, cubic metric retention) codebook, for example, in a codebook table applicable to 4 transmit antennas and 3 layers, there are 20 codebooks, and the codebook is in the form of Table 1.
  • the subscripts shown in the example are multiplied by a matrix of 4 rows and 3 columns of 0 to 19 by a power distribution matrix of 3 rows and 3 columns, that is, WA, where is a precoding matrix, and ⁇ is a power distribution matrix.
  • the present invention can map the modulation symbols of the information bits containing the higher importance information bits to the first layer for transmission.
  • the modulation symbols containing the slightly less important check information bits are mapped to the second and third layers for transmission.
  • Scenario 2 Receive Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) imbalance due to pilot density
  • the difference in link quality between different layers in this scenario is based on the difference in channel estimation performance caused by the difference in dedicated pilot density, that is, the estimation performance of the composite channel of some layers is better, and the estimation performance of some layers is poor.
  • the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at different layers is different.
  • precoding-based MIMO systems dedicated pilot signals are often required to aid in MIMO equalization and channel decoding. If the density of the pilot signals used to estimate each layer is different, the estimated performance of the composite channel obtained from the pilots of the respective layers also differs, and thus the post-equalization of each layer is caused by the difference in channel estimation performance.
  • the signal-to-noise ratio is different, that is, the signal-to-noise ratio of some layers is relatively high, and some layers are lower. Therefore, the signal transmission quality on different layers is also different.
  • the quality of the transmission quality between layers is fixed, so that the present invention can realize the flow from the codeword to the layer.
  • mapping according to the difference in transmission quality between layers, the modulation symbols including the information bits of higher importance are mapped to the transmissions with higher transmission quality, and the verification information bits containing the lower importance are included.
  • the modulation symbols of the bits are mapped to transmissions on a layer with a slightly lower transmission quality to improve the transmission quality of the signals.
  • Scenario 3 Inter-layer power imbalance caused by transmit antenna transmit power
  • the difference in link transmission quality between different layers in this scenario is caused by the transmit power of the transmit antenna or the power amplifier characteristics of the power amplifier.
  • the resulting signal-to-noise ratio (SN) between different layers is different. the difference.
  • the modulation symbols including the information bits of higher importance are mapped to the layer with higher transmission quality, and the verification information containing the lower importance is included.
  • the modulation symbols of the bits are mapped to the transmissions on the layer with a slightly lower transmission quality to improve the transmission quality of the signals.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing a method of mapping from a codeword stream to a layer according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the method includes:
  • Step S310 mapping the information symbol stream in the at least one codeword stream to be high according to the transmission quality.
  • M and L are integers, and 1 ⁇ 2, M ⁇ L.
  • M and L are integers, and 1 ⁇ 2, M ⁇ L.
  • M and L are integers, and 1 ⁇ 2, M ⁇ L.
  • M and L are integers, and 1 ⁇ 2, M ⁇ L.
  • the number is 2 to 4 ; in the LTE-A system, for the downlink, the 1 ⁇ is 2 to 8, and for the uplink, the L is 2 to 4.
  • the present invention is not limited to LTE and LTE-A systems, and is equally applicable to other systems employing MIMO-OFDM technology.
  • the transmission quality may include, for example, the transmission quality of each layer determined by the transmission power of each layer (the transmission power of each layer is determined by a corresponding column of a pre-selected precoding matrix in the codebook for precoding)
  • the sum of squares determines that the transmission quality of the layer corresponding to the column with the larger sum of squares is higher; or the transmission quality of each layer determined by the signal estimation performance corresponding to the dedicated pilot density of each layer; or the corresponding transmission by each layer
  • the transmission quality of each layer determined by the transmission power of the antenna or the power amplifier characteristics of the power amplifier is not limited thereto.
  • the information symbol stream is mapped to one layer with the best transmission quality, and the check symbol stream is mapped to the last two layers with relatively low transmission quality; or the information symbol stream is mapped to On the first two layers with the best transmission quality, the check symbol stream is mapped to one layer with the lowest transmission quality.
  • the Nth layer in which the quality is arranged from low to high) that is, the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream are mapped to the Mth layer in which the transmission quality is arranged from high to low.
  • the transmission quality of some layers is the same, in which case, these may have the same transmission quality. Sorting between layers. For example, when mapping two codeword streams onto three layers (layer 1, layer 2, and layer 3), assume that the ratio of the length of the information symbol stream to the length of the codeword stream is 1/3, if layer 1 and If the transmission quality of layer 2 is the same and higher than the transmission quality of layer 3, the information symbol stream can be mapped onto layer 1, and the check symbol stream can be mapped to layer 2 and layer 3. The information symbol stream can also be mapped to the layer. 2 Up, and the check symbol stream is mapped to layer 1 and layer 3, that is, the layer 1 can be arranged after layer 2 before layer 2 can also be arranged.
  • step S330 may be performed before step S310 or in parallel with step S310.
  • the block error rate of the first transmission can be reduced, thereby effectively improving the reliability of the system transmission.
  • mapping method from codeword stream to layer in the embodiment of the present invention is applicable not only to the initial transmission of the codeword stream but also to the HARQ retransmission. If the error transmission of the codeword stream requires HARQ retransmission or even multiple HARQ retransmissions, it is preferable to use the mapping method opposite to the mapping manner of the codeword stream to the layer used in the previous transmission in each transmission to utilize HARQ. Retransmission introduces diversity gain. Therefore, when the retransmission is included, as shown in FIG. 5, the method for mapping from codeword to layer in the embodiment of the present invention further includes the following steps:
  • Step S350 when retransmitting the at least one codeword stream, mapping the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream of the at least one codeword stream according to a mapping relationship opposite to the previous transmission to high to low according to transmission quality.
  • mapping the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream of the at least one codeword stream according to a mapping relationship opposite to the previous transmission to high to low according to transmission quality.
  • the mapping relationship includes a correspondence relationship between the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream and the transmission quality of the layer.
  • the information symbol stream corresponds to a layer with relatively high transmission quality
  • the check symbol stream corresponds to a layer with relatively low transmission quality.
  • the opposite mapping relationship that is, the information symbol stream
  • the check symbol stream corresponds to a layer with relatively high transmission quality.
  • the information symbol stream in the at least one codeword stream may be mapped to the last M layers of the L layers arranged according to the transmission quality from high to low, and the at least one The check symbol stream in the codeword stream is mapped onto the first N layers of the L layers arranged in descending order of transmission quality.
  • the second retransmission a manner different from the first retransmission is adopted, and the information symbol stream in the at least one codeword stream is mapped to be high according to the transmission quality, such as the mapping manner in the initial transmission.
  • mapping the check symbol streams in the at least one codeword stream to the last N layers of the L layers arranged in descending order of transmission quality.
  • the method of mapping from codeword stream to layer in this embodiment can effectively improve the reliability of system transmission, reduce the number of retransmissions required for correct detection, and residual bit error rate.
  • the method for mapping a codeword to a layer of the present invention will be exemplified below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of symbol mapping of a single codeword to two layers in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • information bits are mapped to layers with relatively high transmission quality (for example, layers with high SNR), and parity bits are mapped to A layer of relatively low transmission quality (eg, a layer with low SNR).
  • Figure 6 shows only the case where the lengths of the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream in the codeword stream are equal. Since different encoders can perform channel coding based on different code rates, even the same encoder can perform channel coding based on different code rates, so the ratio of information symbol streams in the coded codeword stream can be various. Value, such that the information symbol stream may occupy less than one layer or exceed one layer.
  • the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream share a layer.
  • the information symbol stream can be mapped to the layer with high transmission quality at this time, and 1/6 of the check symbol stream is mapped to the high transmission quality.
  • 1/6 of the check symbol stream is mapped to another layer.
  • the length ratio of the information symbol stream to the codeword stream is 0.8
  • 5/8 of the information symbol stream can be mapped to the layer with high transmission quality
  • 3/8 of the information symbol stream is mapped to another layer. on.
  • the above 0.4 and 0.8 are merely examples, and may be other values.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of symbol mapping of two codeword streams to two layers in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • information bits of the two codeword streams are mapped to layers with relatively high transmission quality (for example, having high SNR) Layer), the parity bits are mapped to layers with relatively low transmission quality (eg layers with low SNR).
  • the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream size are different in the above two codeword streams, the case where the information symbol stream and the check symbol stream share a layer also occurs. For example, in the case where the information symbol stream occupies 0.4 of the length of the two codeword streams, the information symbol stream can be all mapped to the layer with high transmission quality, and 1/6 of the check symbol stream is mapped to the transmission quality.
  • 1/6 of the check symbol stream is mapped onto the other layer.
  • 5/8 of the information symbol stream can be mapped onto the layer with high transmission quality, and 3/8 of the information symbol stream is mapped to another On the floor.
  • 0.4 and 0.8 as above are merely examples, and may be other values.
  • mapping one or more codeword streams to 3 layers or more the mapping manner is basically the same as that of FIG. 6 and FIG.
  • this selective mapping method can be adopted as long as there is a difference in transmission quality between different layers, and the mapping criterion is included. Symbols of important information (such as information symbols) are mapped to layers with the best transmission quality.
  • Figure 8 shows the mapping of the codeword stream corresponding to Figure 6 to the layer during the first retransmission.
  • Information bits are mapped to layers of relatively low transmission quality (eg, layers with low SNR), and parity bits are mapped to layers of relatively high transmission quality (eg, layers with high SNR).
  • the above method of the embodiment of the present invention can not only reduce the block error rate of the first transmission, but also change the mapping mode according to the difference of the transmission quality between different layers in the retransmission, and also reduce the residual block error rate and Correctly detect the number of retransmissions required.
  • the MIMO communication system to which the embodiments of the present invention are applicable may be not only a single carrier system but also a multi-carrier system based on OFDM or other multi-carrier technology, SP, and the method of the present invention may be directed to a single carrier in a single-carrier MIMO communication system or The same mapping operation is separately implemented for each resource block containing several subcarriers in a multi-carrier MIMO communication system.
  • the transmission reliability of an important symbol stream is preferentially guaranteed, and the most important symbol stream is mapped to the best performing subcarrier in the resource block of the layer, and the least important symbol is used.
  • the stream is mapped to the worst performing subcarrier in the resource block of the layer; when performing retransmission, the mapping manner opposite to the previous transmission may be adopted, for example, mapping the most important symbol stream to the resource block of the layer is the worst performance.
  • the least significant symbol stream is mapped to the best performing subcarrier in the layer's resource block.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further provides a codeword to layer mapping device in a MIMO communication system, and the device may be, for example, a codeword of a base station or a user equipment to a layer mapper.
  • the device includes:
  • the first mapping unit 910 is configured to map information symbols in the at least one codeword stream to the first M layers of the L layers arranged according to the transmission quality from high to low, where M and L are integers, and 1 ⁇ 2, M ⁇ L;
  • the device further includes:
  • a retransmission mapping unit 930 configured to: when retransmitting the at least one codeword stream, map an information symbol and a check symbol of the at least one codeword stream to a per-transmission quality by a mapping relationship opposite to a previous transmission To the L arrays of low alignment.
  • the mapping relationship is, for example, a correspondence relationship between the information symbol stream and the transmission quality of the check symbol stream and the layer.
  • a base station wherein the base station is provided with a mapping device of a codeword to a layer in the foregoing MIMO communication system.
  • a user equipment is further provided, where the user equipment is provided with a mapping device of a codeword to a layer in the foregoing MIMO communication system.
  • a MIMO communication system comprising a base station that sets the mapping function of the foregoing codeword stream to a layer.
  • portions of the invention may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof. All or part of the steps of the method for implementing the above embodiments may be implemented by a computer program to instruct related hardware, the program may be stored in a computer readable medium, and when executed, executable The flow of an embodiment of each of the above methods.
  • Any process or method description or block in the flowcharts or otherwise described herein may be understood as a module representing code comprising one or more executable instructions for implementing steps in a particular logical function or process, Fragments or portions, and the scope of the preferred embodiments of the invention includes additional implementations, which may be performed in a substantially simultaneous manner or in an inverse order, depending on the functions involved, in the order shown or discussed. Function, which should be understood by those skilled in the art of the present invention.
  • a "computer-readable medium” can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, or in conjunction with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
  • the computer readable medium can be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (non-exhaustive list) of computer readable media include the following: electrical connections (electronic devices) having one or more wires, portable computer disk cartridges (magnetic devices), random access memory (RAM) (electronic device), read only memory (ROM) (electronic device), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM or flash memory) (electronic device), optical fiber (optical device), and portable compact disk read only memory (CDROM) )
  • the computer readable medium may even be a paper or other suitable medium on which the program can be printed, as it may be optically scanned, for example by paper or other medium, followed by editing, interpretation or, if appropriate, other suitable
  • the method proceeds to obtain the program electronically and then store it in computer memory.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour la mise en correspondance entre des flux de mots de code et des couches dans un système de communication à entrées multiples et sorties multiples. Le procédé comprend les étapes suivantes : un flux de symboles d'information dans au moins un flux de mots de code est mis en correspondance avec les M premières couches dans les L couches qui sont ordonnées en fonction de la qualité de transmission, de bonne à mauvaise, M et L étant des entiers et L ≥ 2 et M ≤ L; un flux de symboles de contrôle dans ledit au moins un flux de mots de code est mis en correspondance avec les N dernières couches dans les L couches qui sont ordonnées en fonction de la qualité de transmission, de bonne à mauvaise, N étant un entier avec N ≤ L et M + N = L ou M + N = L + 1. Grâce au procédé selon la présente invention, il est possible d'améliorer la fiabilité de la transmission du système.
PCT/CN2010/075140 2009-12-18 2010-07-14 Procédé et dispositif de mise en correspondance entre un flux de mots de code et des couches dans un système de communication à entrées multiples et sorties multiples WO2011072526A1 (fr)

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