WO2011070517A1 - Système et procédé de charge et d'équilibrage de batterie intégrée - Google Patents

Système et procédé de charge et d'équilibrage de batterie intégrée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011070517A1
WO2011070517A1 PCT/IB2010/055654 IB2010055654W WO2011070517A1 WO 2011070517 A1 WO2011070517 A1 WO 2011070517A1 IB 2010055654 W IB2010055654 W IB 2010055654W WO 2011070517 A1 WO2011070517 A1 WO 2011070517A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
switch
energy
cell
cells
serially connected
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2010/055654
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2011070517A4 (fr
Inventor
Richard Bodkin
Richard Lukso
Original Assignee
Panacis Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Panacis Inc. filed Critical Panacis Inc.
Priority to CA2782351A priority Critical patent/CA2782351A1/fr
Priority to US13/512,744 priority patent/US20130002201A1/en
Publication of WO2011070517A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011070517A1/fr
Publication of WO2011070517A4 publication Critical patent/WO2011070517A4/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0016—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using shunting, discharge or bypass circuits

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to the field of batteries, and particularly to the methods used to maintain and control the individual cells that make up a battery by the application of charging, charge balancing and discharge balancing energy.
  • This device uses a single transformer core with a primary winding and multiple secondary windings. Each secondary winding is connected to a voltage regulator circuit and the regulated voltage is then applied to each cell in the battery pack. It can be appreciated that when this charger is turned on, energy is applied to the primary and transferred to the secondary winding whereby it is applied to the cells such that each cell in the battery pack will achieve full charge at a voltage which is pre-set by the regulator. It can be appreciated that the need for additional regulators on each cell adds to the complexity of the system considerably. Trepka also teaches that a single diode could also be used instead of a regulator, further demonstrating that this system was only intended as a one-way charging system intended to act effectively like a group of individual chargers, each connected to an individual cell.
  • a further disadvantage of a parallel charging system is the power limitations of the magnetic transformer used.
  • Trepka illustrates a single transformer core with multiple windings. Therefore the maximum amount of energy that can be delivered to the entire battery pack will be limited by the parameters of the core with respect to energy storage. For very high charge rates, this core may become larger and heavier than the battery itself.
  • Passive cell balancing is also used, generally, during charging only. As energy is applied to the battery pack, individual cells that have higher than expected voltages will dissipate extra energy through the balancing circuit. If these circuits were used during discharge, then they would effectively reduce the capacity of the battery pack because there is no energy replenishment of the weaker cells. In either situation, passive balancing does not improve the overall capacity of the battery pack beyond the capacity of the weakest cell.
  • the system is composed of a voltage regulated power converter driving a transformer core with a primary winding and multiple secondary windings.
  • the primary-to- secondary turns ratio provides the precise voltage needed at the individual cell level.
  • the secondary windings are attached to each cell through a bidirectional switching circuit.
  • the primary is attached to a waveform source and storage element.
  • the battery is further connected to a bulk energy source.
  • the waveform source would gain power from a common point with the bulk energy source.
  • the waveform source delivers energy to the primaries and the switching elements act as a synchronous rectifier.
  • each transformer can therefore charge to a voltage that is the same as every other cell.
  • the bulk method of charging may be employed where energy is allowed to flow into the series string of cells directly. Cell balancing can remain active during bulk charging, thereby providing the most rapid overall charging rates.
  • the synchronous switching element can also allow energy to flow out of the cells as well as into the cells. This can be controlled on a cell-by-cell basis and will allow energy from any given cell to be captured by the energy storage device on the input to the transformer. This energy can then be applied to a cell that needs it through re- application of the switching element on that cell.
  • a battery can be constructed using this system and method that would allow 10 amps of cell balancing current during charging and would allow an additional 100 amps of charging via the bulk- mode transistor. Additionally, 10 amps of cell balancing current would be available during discharge to improve the capacity of the battery pack under real load conditions, in this case for load of 10 amps or less, the balancing circuit could accommodate any cell variation, even if one cell only possessed 1% of normal capacity.
  • the battery may possess multiple
  • transformer cores For example, a single transformer core may have one primary and two secondary windings and would therefore be capable of working with two cells. Connection of the primary windings would therefore be equivalent to a single core transformer.
  • Figure 1 shows typical passive cell balancing system.
  • FIG. 1 shows typical parallel charging.
  • Figure 3 shows typical inductive cell balancing.
  • Figure 4 shows the preferred embodiment of the invention using a single transformer.
  • Figure 5 shows the preferred embodiment of the invention having a controller.
  • Figure 6 shows an example of the energy transfer paths of the preferred embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a typical passive cell balancing system (100).
  • a series string of cells (101) is connected to an energy source (102) which supplies charging energy to the system.
  • Each cell has an individual passive element (103) which is engaged by switch closure (104) controlled by a battery control circuit (105), also called a battery management system.
  • a load (106) is also shown connected to the series string of cells.
  • the passive elements will dissipate extra energy in the form of heat to reduce the charging rate of the cells with the highest voltage.
  • the battery control circuit (105) therefore engages the appropriate passive element (103) based on the chosen cell balancing algorithm.
  • Figure 2 shows a typical parallel charging system (200) that utilizes a single
  • transformer element (201) to deliver energy through a diode or regulator (202) to each individual cell (203).
  • the energy source (209) transfers energy into the transformer element (201) through a switching element (211) which provides the alternating magnetic field required to allow energy to pass from the primary windings (212) of the transformer to the secondary windings (213) and which is then divided between the cells.
  • the cell with the lowest voltage will gain a higher amount of energy from the transformer.
  • a load (210) is connected to the series string of cells.
  • FIG. 3 shows a typical active cell balancing system (300).
  • the energy source for charging (301) is connected to the series string of cells as is the load (302).
  • Each pair of cells then shares an energy transfer element (303, 304, 305, 306, 307).
  • the number of transfer elements will be one less than the number of cells.
  • Each transfer element can accept energy from one cell and transfer it to the other cell. In this way, energy may be passed from cell to cell to cell to cell in serial fashion with associated efficiency losses that would occur.
  • This system can be employed during charging or discharging, but the overall ability of the system to effectively transfer energy into the weakest cell will diminish as the number of cells increases due to the need to pass energy from cell to cell.
  • FIG. 4 and Figure 5 show the preferred embodiment of the invention (400) using one transformer (401) with a charger (402) connected to the series string of cells through a bulk charge control switch (404) and a load (403) connected to the series string of cells.
  • the charger is also connected to the transformer primary (410) through a waveform switching element (405) which provides the alternating magnetic field required to allow energy to pass from the primary winding (410) of the transformer to the secondary windings (406) and which is then passed only to the cells which require it through the cell-switch elements (407) associated with each secondary winding.
  • Controller 415 is illustrated and would have logical connections to the various components of the system. These are not shown as they would be understood by a skilled person.
  • Controller 415 would be connected through appropriate circuitry to sense every cell energy level via voltage, current or other means. Controller 415 would connect to every switch or to analog or digital circuitry controlling every switch shown in the system. Controller 415 may also include communication elements for communication with the load system (403) for communication of state of charge or other battery parameters. It may communicate with the charger (402) and with the operator (not shown) through any number of user interfaces including lights, displays, audio and tactile controls.
  • Low-energy cell 413A has an adjacent bi-directional switch 407 A to connect it to the adjacent secondary coil 406 A.
  • high-energy cell 413B is connected by bi-directional switch 407B to adjacent secondary coil 406B.
  • switch is use in the sense of any electrical control element that can include multi-pole, waveform generating, synchronous and chopping elements designed to facilitate the transfer of energy as appropriate to the goals of the circuit design, power levels, voltages and efficiency levels sought.
  • an energy storage element (411) such as a capacitor, is connected to the primary winding (410) through an additional balancing-charge switching element (408) which can act as a synchronous rectifier to deliver energy from the transformer into the energy storage element (411).
  • the additional balancing-charge switching element (408) can also serve as a waveform generator which provides the alternating magnetic field required to allow energy to pass from the primary winding (410) of the transformer to the secondary windings (406).
  • FIG. 6 Further illustrated in Figure 6 is an example of the energy transfer paths that would exist when bulk charging is enabled as well as charge balancing from one cell to another cell.
  • the charge balancing takes energy (602) from the highest energy cell (413B) and transfers it (604) to the energy storage element (411).
  • the energy may be transferred (601) into the lowest energy cell (413 A) directly through the transformer (401) or by extracting the energy (604) from the energy storage element (411).
  • energy may be transferred (603) from the charger (402) into all of the cells of the system.
  • This ability to supply energy into all the cells while simultaneously taking energy from one or more high-energy cells and transfer it to one or more low energy cells is a key aspect of the invention and is only one example of the plurality of operating modes such bi-directional energy transfer from the individual cells will enable.
  • the transformer in this case would generally have a turns- ratio of about X: 1 where X is the number of cells in the battery system. This allows the overall pack voltage which is XV where V is the average voltage of the individual cells to be divided into a voltage V which matches the individual cells. It is also possible to construct the transformer with separate primary windings in order to facilitate or simplify the actual construction of the circuitry involved such that the act of balancing and the act of charging could be carried out by application of energy to two different primary windings and combined by a single core into the secondaries, or by two completely separate transformers with separate primaries, separate cores and separate secondaries, while still carrying out the functions and energy transfer paths as described herein.
  • Discharge Mode The load is connected to the battery, all other switching elements are off. Power is delivered to the load (if the load is present) or the battery is idle if no load is present. This is the normal mode used for supplying energy to a load.
  • Discharge Balancing Mode The load is connected to the battery (if a load is not present, then the battery will be idle). Simultaneously, if the battery control circuitry (not shown) detects that cell balancing is required, then the cell switch elements (407) associated with the highest energy cells would delivery energy through the secondary windings (406) through the transformer core through the balancing-charge switch element (408) into the energy storage element (411). The battery control circuitry would then identify the cells which have the least amount of energy and the balancing- charge switch element (408) would deliver energy from the energy storage element (411) through the transformer core to the secondary windings (406) and through the cell switch elements (407) to the cells that require extra energy.
  • the bulk charge control switch (404) will connect the charger (402) to the battery string and this will allow charging at whatever rate the switch and charger can handle, even at a rate of hundreds or thousands of amps. When charging is complete the bulk charge control switch (404) can be opened by the battery control circuitry or charging may be terminated by the charger itself in ways that are well understood in the art.
  • the bulk charge control switch (404) may also be composed of a current control element that has the ability to limit the amount of current flowing into the battery to allow for constant charge current levels.
  • This mode allows energy to be transferred from a charger to the battery system in a way that is balanced and in a way that promotes balancing.
  • the charger (402) is used as an energy source which, through the switches and transformers previously described can transfer energy to all the cells in the pack at the same time. Using matched transformer windings, the charge voltage on each cell can be maintained within the required accuracy range.
  • This mode will typically operate at a rate in the range of 1 to 30 amps, with higher currents possible only with the use of very large magnetic elements, high power switches and high frequencies. Individual cells can also be charged at different rates by varying the current through the switches that connect each cell, such control could be implemented using pulse- width modulation, frequency control, or a number of other well understood methods.
  • Fast Charging Mode In this mode, the system attempts to charge the battery pack as quickly as possible by using the Bulk Charging Mode to deliver a lot of current to the battery pack and at the same time the Balanced Charging Mode is engaged. This allows the cells to balance at the same time high charge current is being delivered, with an end result that the battery pack may be completely recharged in a few minutes.
  • the transformer system can also be configured or broken up into separate units.
  • a six cell battery pack could be fashioned using one transformer core with six secondary windings.
  • two cores, each with three secondary windings, or three cores each with two secondary windings could be used.
  • the invention teaches a system 400 for integrated battery charging and cell
  • the system comprises a plurality of serially connected cells 413 forming a battery and a load 403 connected to the battery.
  • the system also comprises a transformer 401 comprising a primary coil 410 and a plurality of secondary coils 406.
  • the number of the plurality of secondary coils 406 is equal to the number of the plurality of serially connected cells 413.
  • Each one of the plurality of secondary coils 406 is electrically connected to a single one of the plurality of serially connected cells 413 by one of a plurality of bi-directional first switches 407.
  • the plurality of bidirectional first switches 407 is equal in number to the plurality of the serially connected cells 413 and secondary coils 406.
  • the system includes a capacitor 411 for energy storage connected to the primary coil 410 by a second switch 408 and a battery charger 402 connected to the plurality of serially connected cells 413 by a third switch 404.
  • a fourth switch 405 connecting the battery charger 402 to the primary coil 410 and a controller 415 for controlling the system 400 on a bulk basis and on a cell-by-cell basis so that a surplus of energy in the system is distributed in a balanced manner to and from one of the capacitor 411 and the plurality of serially connected cells 413.
  • the controller 415 is adapted to identify the at least one cell having the low-energy condition 413A and the at least one cell having an high-energy condition 413B.
  • the second switch 408 is a balancing-charge switch element.
  • the balancing-charge switch 408 is a synchronous rectifier to deliver the energy surplus from one of the battery charger 402 and/or the plurality of cells 413 into the primary coil 410 and then into the capacitor 411 for energy storage.
  • the third switch 404 may be open or closed depending on the speed of charge desired and the fourth switch 405 will be open.
  • the plurality of first switches 407 will be closed and the balancing-charge switch 408 will be closed.
  • the balancing charging switch 408 is a first waveform generator for generating an alternating magnetic field in the primary coil 410. In turn, this will generate a current in the plurality of secondary coils 406 hence charging and balancing the plurality of serially connected cells 413 through the plurality of first switches 407 until a charged and balanced condition is detected by the controller.
  • the third switch 404 may be is open or closed depending on whether the battery is charging or not.
  • the fourth switch 405 is open and the balancing-charge switch 408 is closed.
  • the first switch 407A is closed so that the energy surplus is transferred from the capacitor 411 to the primary coil 410 generating an alternating magnetic field and thus a current into the adjacent secondary coil 406 A. The energy will then flow into the at least one cell 413A to increase the energy level of that low-energy cell.
  • the battery charger 402 will simultaneously charges all cells in the plurality of serially connected cells 413.
  • the fourth switch 405 is a second waveform
  • the system can be balanced by opening second switch 408, the third switch 404, the fourth switch 405 and switches 407.
  • the controller then closes the first switch 407B adjacent to the at least one high-energy cell 413B and closes the first switch 407 A adjacent to the at least one low-energy cell 413A so that the energy surplus is transferred from cell 413B through secondary coil 406B to the primary coil 410.
  • An alternating magnetic field is generated to induce a current into secondary coil 406A which transfers the surplus energy to the at least one low-energy cell 413A.
  • the transformer has a turns-ration of about 'X' to 1, wherein 'X' is the number of cells in the plurality of serially connected battery cells.
  • the method is applied in a system of integrated battery charging and cell balancing comprising a plurality of serially connected cells 413 which together form a battery connected to a load 403.
  • the system further comprises a transformer 401 having a primary coil 410 and a plurality of secondary coils 406.
  • the number of secondary coils 406 is equal to the number of cells 413.
  • the system also comprises a plurality of switches 407 equal in number to the plurality of secondary coils 406 for connecting each cell of the plurality of serially connected cells to one of the plurality of secondary coils.
  • a capacitor 411 connected to the primary coil 410 by a second switch 408 and a battery charger 402 electrically connected to the plurality of serially connected cells 413 by a third switch 404.
  • the system also includes a fourth switch 405 connecting the battery charger 402 to the primary coil 410.
  • a system controller 415 controls the system.
  • the method is a method of charge control and comprises one of the following
  • initiating a system discharge mode initiating a system discharge balancing mode, initiating a system bulk charging mode, initiating a system balanced charging mode and initiating a system fast charging mode.
  • the method of initiating a system discharge mode comprises the following steps initiated by the controller 415: opening the second switch 408; opening the third switch 404; opening the fourth switch 405; opening the plurality of first switches 407; so that only the load 403 is connected to said plurality of serially connected battery cells 413 for discharge.
  • the load 403 (if present) is connected to the plurality of serially connected cells 413.
  • the plurality of serially connected cells 413 are electrically isolated from the plurality of secondary coils 406 by opening switches 407.
  • At least one cell 413B has an energy surplus in an high- energy condition and at least one cell 413A has an energy deficit in an low-energy condition.
  • initiating the discharge balancing mode comprises the following steps initiated by the controller 415: 1 detecting the at least one high- energy cell 413B; 2 detecting the at least one low-energy cell 413A; 3 closing the first switch 407B connecting the at least one high-energy cell to its adjacent secondary coil 406B; 4 closing the second switch 408; 5 transferring the surplus of energy from the high-energy cell 413B through the adjacent secondary coil 406B into the primary coil 410 thereby generating a current flow into the second switch 408 and then into the capacitor 411 for energy storage; 6 determining the at least one low-energy cell 413A which needs to be balanced; 7 opening the closed first switch 407B; 8 opening the second switch 408; 9 closing the first switch 407 A connecting the at least one low- energy cell 413A to its adjacent secondary coil 406A; 10 closing the second switch 408; 11 transferring the surplus of energy from the capacitor 411 through the primary coil 410 and into the secondary coil 406A adjacent to the low-energy cell 413A thereby
  • the method initiating a bulk charging mode requires that the plurality of cells 413 be isolated from the plurality of secondary coils 406 by opening switches 407.
  • the method of initiating the bulk charging mode comprises the following steps initiated by the controller: 1 closing the third switch 404 connecting the battery charger 402 to the plurality of serially connected cells 413; 2 the controller 415 detecting a full charge in the plurality of serially connected cells 413; and, 3 opening the third switch 404 to disconnect the battery charger 402 from the plurality of serially connected cells 413.
  • the method of initiating the balanced charging mode comprises the following steps initiated by the controller: 1 detecting the at least one low-energy cell 413A in the plurality of serially connected cells 413; 2 opening the plurality of first switches 407; 3 opening the second switch 408; 4 opening the third switch 404; 5 closing the fourth switch 405 to connect the battery charger 402 to the primary coil 410; 6 generating an alternating magnetic field within the primary coil; 7 generating a current in the secondary coil 406A adjacent to the low-energy cell 413A; 8 closing the first switch 407 A adjacent connecting the low-energy cell 413A to the adjacent secondary coil 406A so that the current is transferred into the low-energy cell; 9 detecting a balanced condition in the low-energy cell; 10 opening the adjacent first switch 407A; 11 opening the fourth switch 405; and, 12 repeating steps 1 to 11 until the controller detects a balanced condition in the plurality of serially connected cells.
  • the method of initiating the fast charging mode comprises the steps of: 1 closing the third switch 404 to initiate the bulk charging mode; 2 simultaneously closing the fourth switch 405 to initiate the balanced charging mode; 3 maintaining the battery charger connected to the plurality of serially connected cells until the controller detects a full charge in the plurality of serially connected cells.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système et un procédé qui permettent aux cellules constituant un bloc-pile d'être maintenues à des niveaux de stockage d'énergie égaux par l'utilisation d'une redistribution active de l'énergie dans chaque cellule par l'intermédiaire d'un moyen de couplage de transformateur bidirectionnel qui permettra de produire un équilibrage pendant les états de charge, de décharge, de charge brute, de charge parallèle ou de repos.
PCT/IB2010/055654 2009-12-09 2010-12-08 Système et procédé de charge et d'équilibrage de batterie intégrée WO2011070517A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2782351A CA2782351A1 (fr) 2009-12-09 2010-12-08 Systeme et procede de charge et d'equilibrage de batterie integree
US13/512,744 US20130002201A1 (en) 2009-12-09 2010-12-08 System and method of integrated battery charging and balancing

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US26787909P 2009-12-09 2009-12-09
US61/267,879 2009-12-09

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011070517A1 true WO2011070517A1 (fr) 2011-06-16
WO2011070517A4 WO2011070517A4 (fr) 2011-08-25

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US (1) US20130002201A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2782351A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011070517A1 (fr)

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