WO2011066816A1 - Composant, procédé d'introduction d'informations dans un composant et procédé de détermination d'un historique de sollicitation d'un composant - Google Patents

Composant, procédé d'introduction d'informations dans un composant et procédé de détermination d'un historique de sollicitation d'un composant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011066816A1
WO2011066816A1 PCT/DE2010/001336 DE2010001336W WO2011066816A1 WO 2011066816 A1 WO2011066816 A1 WO 2011066816A1 DE 2010001336 W DE2010001336 W DE 2010001336W WO 2011066816 A1 WO2011066816 A1 WO 2011066816A1
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Prior art keywords
component
yield strength
region
microstructure
regions
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PCT/DE2010/001336
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wilfried Reimche
Grzegorz Mroz
Friedrich-Wilhelm Bach
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
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Publication of WO2011066816A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011066816A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02—Details
    • G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
    • G01N3/066—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with electrical indicating or recording means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0298—Manufacturing or preparing specimens

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a component which, in a component edge zone, consists of a metal having a microstructure, the metal having a basic yield strength limit. According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a method for introducing information into such a component and, according to a third aspect, to a method for determining a load history of this component.
  • components can be metal components such as steel or light metal components, which are used for example in vehicles such as cars or aircraft.
  • the probability of a failure largely depends on the load history, ie in particular on whether and at what frequency the component was exposed to load peaks. Although the recording of the load history is basically possible with corresponding sensors, these are very complex.
  • components are currently designed conservatively, so that load peaks do not lead to failure within the intended service life. By this conservative interpretation, however, the components are oversized, which is undesirable in particular with regard to a desired lightweight construction in vehicles. It is therefore desirable to be able to easily determine a material fatigue and aging due to stress peaks.
  • CONFIRMATION COPY It is known to test safety components at regular intervals non-destructive. In such a test damage caused by the load, such as cracks, are detected at an early stage, before they can endanger the reliability of the system in which the component is installed. The disadvantage of this is that must be checked at regular intervals, with damage to the component, which have not yet led to macroscopic errors such as cracks, can not be detected. From DE 24 17 232 C3 a method for non-destructive testing of the fatigue of components is known in which on the surface of the component, a test strip is attached, the reflectivity changes with the exceeding of a critical shear stress. By measuring the reflection can then be concluded that the maximum shear stress. The disadvantage of this is that the method for dirty environment, for example in motor vehicles, is not suitable.
  • the invention has for its object to be able to determine the fatigue of a component easier.
  • the invention solves the problem by a component consisting of a metal having a microstructure in a component edge zone, wherein the metal has a Grundge Stahl strength, with (a) a first region in the component edge zone with a first region structure having a first yield strength smaller than the basic fabric yield strength, and (b) at least a second region in the component edge zone having a second domain texture having a second yield strength significantly less than the first yield strength. wherein (c) the regions adjacent to each other are arranged such that, as the mechanical stress of the component increases, the second-domain microstructure and / or the first-region microstructure plastically deform before the basic microstructural yield strength is exceeded.
  • the invention solves the problem by a method For introducing information into a component, which consists of metal at least in a component edge zone of a structure, comprising the steps: (i) locally changing the structure in the component edge zone in a first region, so that a structure mjt one (ii) locally changing the texture in the component edge zone in at least a second second region adjacent to the first region such that a microstructure having a second yield strength significantly smaller is formed as the first yield strength, wherein (iii) the regions are arranged adjacent to one another in such a way that, as the mechanical stress on the component increases, the second region
  • the invention solves the problem by a method for determining a load history of a component, comprising the steps of: (i) providing a component according to the invention, (ii) measuring the structure of at least one region, in particular of all regions that a characteristic value, in particular an electrical, magnetic or surface topographic characteristic value, of the microstructure is obtained, (iii) determining a possible microstructural change on the basis of the characteristic value and (iv) from the possible microstructural change determining the load history, in particular a maximum local load voltage, of the component ,
  • An advantage of the invention is that stress peaks that claim the component, can be detected by simple means before first damage to the component, such as cracks, have arisen.
  • testing for load peaks in the load history of the component can be performed very easily.
  • the test can be carried out by means of eddy current technology and / or by optical detection of the surface topography, which can be carried out quickly and simply. can be performed.
  • the areas represent an inherent component sensor. In other words, by measuring the properties of the areas, a statement about the load history is possible, whereby the areas acting as sensor are inseparably connected to the component. For a manipulation is largely excluded.
  • Another advantage is the low price.
  • the regions can be introduced into the component via local heat treatments in a simple manner, for example by means of a laser or electron beam.
  • an expansion can be assigned directly by providing the regions of each stress voltage which, due to external stress, is applied to the component in an environment of the regions.
  • a component is understood to mean, in particular, a steel component, but also components made of other metallic materials, in particular light metal, are fundamentally well suited.
  • the component edge zone is understood in particular to be an area of two millimeters below the surface of the component.
  • the component edge zone is regularly defined as the area in which the structure, for example due to machining or heat treatments, differs from the structure located further in the interior. For example, if the component is case hardened, the component edge zone is the area that has been carburized. In the case of machining-related microstructural changes that only reach shallow depths, ends the component edge zone in the depth to which the areas are formed.
  • the basic texture yield strength is understood to mean the yield strength that the metal has in the edge zone outside the regions. This basic structure yield strength is determined in a tensile test according to DIN 50125, whereby the test piece can be thicker than the edge zone is thick.
  • the areas are understood to be parts of the component which are so small compared to the other dimensions of the component that the lower ones
  • the regions have a cross section which, relative to a cross section of the component, has a fraction of less than 5%, in particular less than 1%.
  • the component preferably consists predominantly of metastable, austenitic and martensitic and residual austenitic material.
  • the areas are tempered locally by local heat treatment. It is possible that the metal from which the component is constructed is work hardened and / or cold worked. In this case as well, locally localized heating can lower the yield strength.
  • the component consists predominantly or even completely of the metallic material.
  • the component has a base body made of a first material, in which an insert, for example a sleeve, is made of metal.
  • the metal having the structure is applied to the base body, for example, by order welding or brazing.
  • the second proof stress is significantly smaller than the first proof stress, it is understood in particular that the second proof strength not more than 95%, in particular not more than 90%, of the first yield strength. It is favorable if the first yield strength is at most 0.95 times, in particular 0.9 times, the basic structure yield strength.
  • the yield strengths in the individual areas also differ by smaller amounts, as long as the differences in a corresponding measurement method can be determined. Since, as a rule, only one statement is to be made as to whether a critical load peak has been present in the load history, it is usually sufficient if the yield strengths are graded in 5% to 10% increments. It is favorable if the smallest yield strength lies below 50% of the basic microstructural yield strength, since relatively small stress stresses can thus be detected. Stretching limits can be achieved down to 20% of the basic microstructure yield strength.
  • a distance between the individual regions is smaller than twice an outer diameter of the regions. If the areas can be described by rectangles, the distance is preferably less than twice a side length in the corresponding direction.
  • a magnetic property is understood to mean any measurable variable which is suitable for characterizing a magnet.
  • magnetic properties are the permeability number, the shape of the hysteresis loop, the saturation magnetic field, but also derived quantities such as eddy current magnitudes and their higher harmonics, when measuring the regions by means of eddy current.
  • An electrical property is understood to mean in particular the electrical conductivity.
  • a surface topographic characteristic is any number or vector that characterizes the surface topography. Examples are roughness parameters such as surface roughness or center roughness. The yield strength is understood to be the stress which leads to a plastic deformation of 0.2%.
  • the introduction of information is understood in particular to be a local change of the component in its edge zone.
  • the introduction of information preferably includes an introduction of sensor-acting areas. These areas contain in their structure the information as to whether the component has been subjected to a predetermined voltage at the location of the area.
  • the invention is based on the finding that when a component according to the invention is subjected to a load, first the yield strength in one of the regions is exceeded. If, for example, an at least partially austenitic structure is present in this region, a part of the austenite transforms into martensite due to the exceeding of the yield strength. Martensite is ferromagnetic, whereas austenite is not.
  • the mechanism also works with work-hardened material which, when heated, lowers the strength and, on deformation, strength increases again, changing the electrical conductivity. When deforming also changes the surface topography, which is also detectable.
  • the region with the highest yield strength can be determined at which, for example, the magnetization, the electrical conductivity or the surface topography has changed due to the strain-induced microstructure change, and from this, a maximum load of the microstructure can be determined Component be closed.
  • the component comprises at least a third region in the component edge zone with a third-region structure, which has a third yield strength significantly less than the second yield strength.
  • the Cleareries-structure and the second-region structure, and optionally the structure of the other regions are formed so that when exceeding the respective yield strength at least one magnetic property of the microstructure changes.
  • the magnetic properties of a metal are particularly fast and easy to detect. If the component is a steel component, it is possible to use a structure in the areas that has a higher austenite content than the basic structure. As described above, the permeability number then changes when the yield strength is exceeded.
  • first-region microstructure and the second-region microstructure, and if appropriate the microstructure of the further regions are preferably designed so that at least one electrical property of the microstructure or the surface topography changes when the respective yield strength is exceeded.
  • a martensite content is therefore lower in the areas than in the basic structure.
  • the martensite contents differ in the individual areas, with the yield strength increasing with the martensite content.
  • the areas are arranged regularly, for example, at equal intervals. This facilitates read-out of at least one structural property such as the permeability number.
  • the areas are arranged like a checkerboard or along a line.
  • the smallest of the yield strengths is at most four fifths of the matrix yield strength.
  • the smallest yield strength of the microstructures in the regions is at most four-fifths of the largest of the yield strengths. This has the advantage that even smaller load peaks that can not directly damage the component, but can jeopardize its long-term stability, are detectable.
  • At least the first region is at least partially elongated with respect to the surrounding basic structure. Because of this elongated formation, there are two distinct directions, one along a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction perpendicular thereto. If the component is subjected to a voltage which is parallel to the longitudinal direction, the structure in the vicinity of the respective area absorbs the stress so that no structure change occurs. However, if the tension is in the transverse direction, then the tension acts completely on the structure in the respective area, so that when the corresponding yield strength is exceeded a structural change occurs. Due to the fact that the region is elongated in sections, the direction of the stress can thus be determined. It is favorable if an aspect ratio, ie the ratio between the length and the width of the section, is at least two.
  • the first region has a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending in a second direction, the first direction forming an angle of at least 10 ° with the second direction.
  • the first region has the shape of a line describing a closed or open polygon, in particular an open or closed regular polygon, or an ellipse, in particular a circle.
  • a length of the line is then preferably at least twice a width of the line. It should be noted that it is not necessary for the first region and the second region to adjoin one another, as the example of the circle shows.
  • changing the microstructure preferably comprises a heat treatment. It can be used for different areas different temperatures and / or Temperaturinwirk 1952.
  • the different temperatures and / or Temperaturinwirk 1952 be chosen so that arise in the areas gradual microstructural changes. For example, different starting stages are set in the different areas. If, for example, a higher temperature and / or a greater temperature exposure time are selected in the second range, more martensite is converted to austenite in the case of a cold-hardenable metastable austenite, and the yield strength is correspondingly reduced.
  • an in-process temperature control takes place, which can take place, for example, pyrometrically or thermographically. This ensures that a preselected temperature is maintained.
  • the measurement of the structure is preferably carried out by means of magnetic alternating fields.
  • an eddy current method can be used, whereby the analysis of the harmonic oscillations in eddy current method has been found to be particularly suitable for assessing the magnetic properties of the metal.
  • the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments. It shows
  • FIG. 1 a shows a component according to the invention which is currently produced by means of a method according to the invention
  • FIG. 1b shows a detailed view of a region on the component according to FIG. 1b
  • FIG. 2 is a stress-strain diagram of the microstructures in the regions produced as shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 a shows a schematic detail view of the component according to FIG. 1 a
  • FIG. 3 b measurement results which are obtained by means of eddy current technology at the in FIG.
  • FIG. 3c shows the measurement results after applying a mechanical stress to the component
  • Figure 4a is a schematic detail view of the second invention
  • FIG. 4b shows the measurement results at regions with a second geometry after production of the component
  • FIG. 1 a shows a component 10 according to the invention, which in the present case is shown as a tensile test for the sake of simplicity, comprising a first region 12. NEN second area 12.2, a third area 12.3 and a fourth area 12.4 has.
  • the regions 12 are introduced into an edge zone 14 of the component 10.
  • the component 10 is a steel component made of the metastable austenitic material 1 .4310, which has been work-hardened and therefore has a high content of martensite.
  • the basic texture yield strength is R p o.
  • FIG. 1a shows how the first region 12.1 is produced by means of a laser 16 in the form of an ytterbium fiber laser with a downstream focusing optics with high beam quality (M 2 ⁇ 1, 1) and a small focal spot size (> 15 pm).
  • the temperature T is measured at an impact point 18 by means of a non-contact temperature measuring device, in which a laser beam 20 impinges on the component 10.
  • the laser 16 is moved by a not shown drive unit with a predetermined speed so that the point of impact 18 describes a circle and the temperature T is applied for a predetermined exposure time t.
  • the laser 16 is switched on only when it is already in motion, so that burn-in at one point is avoided.
  • the laser is first turned off, then only the movement of the laser is stopped. Subsequently, the laser is moved to a second location, where then another, second area 12.2 is generated.
  • the first region 12. 1 is produced in that with the laser beam 20 on the surface of the component 10 a temperature of
  • Ti 600 ° C is generated.
  • the laser is running at a speed of
  • FIG. 1b schematically shows a region 12 using the example of region 12.1.
  • the first region 12.1 has a first section 22a.1 that extends in a first direction D1.
  • the first region 12.1 also has a second section 22b, which extends in a second direction D2, which forms an angle ⁇ with the first direction D1.
  • the angle ⁇ is 90 ° in the present case.
  • the first section 22a.1 and the second section 22b are parts of the first area 12.1, but which are surrounded on two sides by the basic structure.
  • FIG. 2 shows a stress-strain diagram of the basic structure as well as of the first-region microstructure, of the second-region microstructure, of the third-region microstructure and of the fourth-region microstructure.
  • the stress-strain curve of the basic structure can be seen at the top. It can be seen that the yield strength R p0 of the basic structure is greatest and is 1121 MPa.
  • the first yield strength R p i of the first-region microstructure in the first region 12. 1 see FIG 1019 MPa, the second yield strength R p2 924 MPa, the third yield strength R p3 824 MPa and the fourth yield strength R p4 717 MPa.
  • the minimum yield strength R p is in the example R p4.
  • Figure 1a shows schematically the application of a tensile force Fz ug on the component 10, which leads to a tensile stress Oz ug on the cross-section Q at the areas 12. Since in the fourth area 12.4 the fourth yield strength R p4 is exceeded first, the structure there plastically expands first and experiences a structural change. If the tensile force F Glas continues to increase, the third yield strength R P 3 is then exceeded and the microstructures expand in the third region 12.3 and in the fourth region 12.4. If the tensile force increases to a value above the second yield strength R p2 , then the microstructure also expands in the second region 12. 2 and when the first yield strength R p i is also exceeded in the first region 12. 1.
  • FIG. 3a shows a schematic view of the component 10 with the regions 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4. It can be seen that a laser power of 60 W was selected for the production of the first area 12.1, a laser power of 80 W for the second area 12.2, a laser power of 100 W for the third area 12.3 and a laser power of .4.4 for the fourth area 12.4 120 W. This leads to the stretching limits shown in FIG. 3 a on the left. On the component 10, the measurements described below are performed.
  • FIG. 1a schematically shows an eddy-current sensor 26 which has a magnetic Alternating field generated at its top 28.
  • the magnetic field at the tip 28 interacts with the metal in the surroundings and a sensor element (also not shown) arranged in the tip 28 detects an amplitude and a phase shift of a magnetic field resulting from eddy currents caused by the applied alternating magnetic field in the Component 10 are induced. From this signal can be concluded that the magnetic properties of the structure in the region of the tip 28.
  • FIG. 3b shows the eddy current signal (WS signal) obtained by the eddy current sensor 26 in arbitrary units (scale parts, SKT).
  • the absolute magnitude of the signal is irrelevant because it depends in particular on the strength of the magnetic field introduced into the metal by the eddy current sensor.
  • the eddy current sensor 26 is guided with its tip 28 along a straight path 30, which is shown in dashed white.
  • the path 30 extends in the direction D1 in which the regions 12.1, 12.4 are arranged and runs through the respective sections 22a.1, 22a.2, 22a.3 and 22a.4 (see FIG. FIG. 3b shows that the eddy current signal in the basic structure, ie between the individual regions, is close to zero, as a curve 32 shows.
  • the curve 32 passes through a local minimum when the tip 28 of the eddy current sensor 26 passes through the first portion 22a.3 of the third portion 12.3.
  • Another local minimum passes through the curve 32 when the tip 28 is passed over the first portion 22a.2 of the second region 12.2.
  • the path 30 passes over the basic structure and the curve 32 runs close to zero.
  • the local minimums of curve 32 are the lower, the higher the temperature at which the corresponding area was processed. Thus, in the fourth area 12.4 the structure has changed more than in the first area 12.1. decision speaking, the minimum associated with the area 12.1 is less pronounced than the minimum belonging to the fourth area. From the curves 31, 31 ', 34, 34' magnetic characteristic values of the regions 12, such as the permeability ⁇ , can be calculated.
  • FIG. 3b additionally shows a curve 34 which is recorded when the tip is guided along a path 36 through the second regions 22b.1, 22b.2, 22b.3, 22b.4.
  • FIG. 3c shows the curves 32 and 34, as curves 32 'and 34', after the component 10 has been subjected to a tensile force F Glas , which corresponds to the tensile yield strength R P 2 of the second region 12.2 in a tensile stress.
  • F Switzerland tensile force
  • FIG. 4a shows an alternative component 10 with the four regions 12.1, 12.4. Each region includes a first portion 22a and a second portion 22b.
  • the first region 12.1 comprises the first section 22a.1 and the second section 22b.1.
  • FIG. 4b shows the curve 32 taken when guiding the tip 28 on the path 30 and the curve 34 obtained when moving the tip 28 along the path 36.
  • FIG. 4b shows the state immediately after the regions 12 have been produced.
  • the curves are again taken on the samples by means of eddy current technology as described above and it is examined how the respective curves have changed due to the load.
  • a data record is obtained by means of which the load history can be determined on components which are used in machines, in particular in vehicles.
  • the curves described above are recorded by means of eddy current.
  • the curves obtained are compared with those obtained in the test components.
  • the curve which best suits the measured curve is then selected, for example by forming the sum of the quadratic deviations.
  • the load corresponding to the curve with the least deviation is the maximum load of the component in the load history.
  • the microstructural changes are detected by alternating magnetic fields, but for example optically.
  • the topography of the component surface can be measured over the areas. After a tensile load, the topography is recorded again.
  • the texture change has a preferential direction
  • the roughness that can be calculated from the surface topography preferably changes in one direction and in a characteristic manner.
  • According to the invention is also a method for coding workpieces by locally changing the microstructural properties.
  • a two-dimensional dot pattern which is introduced into the component edge zone by focused or defocused laser processing, can be used.
  • the local temporal energy input and thus the degree of structural transformation is individually adjustable for each individual marking of the dot pattern. In this way, different processing states are set for each point.
  • the degree of structural change can be detected, for example by means of eddy current technology, as described above. For example, the fact that bit value 1 can be assigned to the fact that the structure has been changed in a given area. The bit value 0 thus corresponds to an unchanged microstructure.
  • This coding of the workpieces can be used, for example, to give it an identifier.
  • the encoding may be performed to encode the yield strengths of the various regions.
  • a bit sequence can be generated which corresponds to a code. It is also possible to adjust the degree of structural change by the duration and / or the intensity, for example, the temperature input into the respective memory cell. It is thus possible for each memory cell not only two values, namely processed and not processed, but to set several values, for example, unprocessed, small structural changes and strong structural change. It is also possible to vary the influencing depth of the component edge zone by temporal modulation of the heat treatment, so that a three-dimensional information pattern results.
  • temper and carbon steels in the normally annealed and / or cured state.
  • Metastable, austenitic chromium-nickel steels or martensitic steels can also be used.
  • Particularly suitable are the carbon steel C60 and the tempered steel 42CrMo4, in which information can be introduced by local remelting and hardening processes. It is also possible to provide information through local events.
  • cold-formed metallic materials for example rolled sheets, which are in the cold-rolled state. By targeted heat treatment locally tempered zones can be produced in which the degree of solidification or deformation ungsmartensite is degraded.
  • microstructural changes produced in the region of the markings are accompanied by a change in the local material properties, such as, for example, the electrical conductivity and the magnetic material property, which, with the aid of eddy current technology, make use of high-resolution sensors can be detected sensitively and differentiated evaluated.
  • the component surface is scanned linearly, the degree of microstructural changes or the volume of the changed microstructure is determined and compared with previously determined values, so that the individual markings can be assigned to the corresponding microstructural properties.
  • the resolution is dependent on both the design and the size of the eddy current probe used, as well as the test frequency, which is why several types of probes can be compared and evaluated with regard to their signal behavior and resolution. It was found that when using small eddy current absolute probes with ferristic shielding achieved very good results and marking distances of less than 0.8 millimeters can be realized and resolved.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un composant au moins partiellement composé, dans une zone marginale de composant (14), d'un métal, notamment d'acier, présentant une structure, le métal ayant une limite d'allongement de structure de base (Rp0). Le composant comporte: une première partie dans la zone marginale de composant (14) présentant une structure de première partie (12.1) ayant une première limite d'allongement (Rp1) inférieure à la limite d'allongement de structure de base (Rp0); et au moins une deuxième partie (12.2) dans la zone marginale de composant (14) présentant une structure de deuxième partie (12.2) ayant une deuxième limite d'allongement (Rp2) nettement inférieure à la première limite d'allongement (Rp1). Les parties (12) sont disposées adjacentes l'une à l'autre de telle manière que lorsque la contrainte mécanique du composant (14) augmente, la structure de deuxième partie et/ou la structure de première partie se déforme plastiquement avant que la limite d'allongement de structure de base (Rp0) ne soit dépassée.
PCT/DE2010/001336 2009-12-01 2010-11-15 Composant, procédé d'introduction d'informations dans un composant et procédé de détermination d'un historique de sollicitation d'un composant WO2011066816A1 (fr)

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US11370063B2 (en) 2017-02-17 2022-06-28 Trumpf Werkzeugmaschinen Gmbh + Co. Kg Encoding and identifying a plate-like workpiece

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FR2994262B1 (fr) * 2012-08-02 2014-08-29 Turbomeca Mesure du fluage d'une pale de turbine
DE102017218693A1 (de) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Trumpf Werkzeugmaschinen Gmbh + Co. Kg Verfahren zur Erzeugung einer Kodierung, Verfahren zum Identifizieren eines Werkstücks, Verwendung einer Metallbearbeitungsmaschine zur Einbringung einer Kodierung in ein Werkstück, Metallbearbeitungsmaschine
DE102018128433A1 (de) * 2018-11-08 2020-05-14 Technische Universität Wien Verfahren zur Bearbeitung eines einen Informationsbereich aufweisenden Bauteils, Bauteil mit einem Informationsbereich und Messsystem
DE102020214084A1 (de) 2020-11-10 2022-05-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Bauteil und Verfahren zur elektromagnetischen Überwachung eines Bauteilzustands

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