WO2011063511A1 - Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system - Google Patents

Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2011063511A1
WO2011063511A1 PCT/CA2010/001865 CA2010001865W WO2011063511A1 WO 2011063511 A1 WO2011063511 A1 WO 2011063511A1 CA 2010001865 W CA2010001865 W CA 2010001865W WO 2011063511 A1 WO2011063511 A1 WO 2011063511A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
medical
insertion device
carriage
mounting arm
medical instrument
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2010/001865
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2011063511A8 (en
Inventor
Mehran Anvari
Lianne Stefurak
Tim Reedman
Timothy Scott Fielding
Michael Richard Max Schmidt
Hon Bun Yeung
Kevin John Randall
Julian Dobranowski
Coim Boylan
Lawrence Qi Chao Lee
Kevin Warren Morency
Original Assignee
Mcmaster University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mcmaster University filed Critical Mcmaster University
Priority to AU2010324494A priority Critical patent/AU2010324494B2/en
Priority to US13/512,198 priority patent/US9259271B2/en
Priority to CA2781788A priority patent/CA2781788C/en
Priority to EP10832462.5A priority patent/EP2503951A4/en
Publication of WO2011063511A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011063511A1/en
Publication of WO2011063511A8 publication Critical patent/WO2011063511A8/en
Priority to US13/859,336 priority patent/US20130296883A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30—Surgical robots
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B10/00—Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
    • A61B10/02—Instruments for taking cell samples or for biopsy
    • A61B10/0233—Pointed or sharp biopsy instruments
    • A61B10/0266—Pointed or sharp biopsy instruments means for severing sample
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30—Surgical robots
    • A61B34/32—Surgical robots operating autonomously
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30—Surgical robots
    • A61B34/37—Master-slave robots
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70—Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/76—Manipulators having means for providing feel, e.g. force or tactile feedback
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
    • A61B90/14—Fixators for body parts, e.g. skull clamps; Constructional details of fixators, e.g. pins
    • A61B90/17—Fixators for body parts, e.g. skull clamps; Constructional details of fixators, e.g. pins for soft tissue, e.g. breast-holding devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
    • A61B17/3468—Trocars; Puncturing needles for implanting or removing devices, e.g. prostheses, implants, seeds, wires
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/02—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by cooling, e.g. cryogenic techniques
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1477—Needle-like probes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
    • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
    • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
    • A61B18/24—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor with a catheter
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00831—Material properties
    • A61B2017/00902—Material properties transparent or translucent
    • A61B2017/00911—Material properties transparent or translucent for fields applied by a magnetic resonance imaging system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B2018/1405—Electrodes having a specific shape
    • A61B2018/1425—Needle
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/10—Computer-aided planning, simulation or modelling of surgical operations
    • A61B2034/107—Visualisation of planned trajectories or target regions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/363—Use of fiducial points
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/364—Correlation of different images or relation of image positions in respect to the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B90/37—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation
    • A61B2090/374—NMR or MRI
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
    • A61B2090/3954—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers magnetic, e.g. NMR or MRI
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/20—Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/10—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis
    • A61B90/11—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges for stereotaxic surgery, e.g. frame-based stereotaxis with guides for needles or instruments, e.g. arcuate slides or ball joints

Definitions

  • Some example embodiments described herein relate to surgical robotics, and in particular to control of medical instruments which have an insertion action, such as a biopsy needle or ablation tool.
  • Cancer diagnosis and treatment can require the medical practitioner to be able to pin point a suspicious lesion within the patient.
  • the next step in a typical treatment process can include a biopsy procedure to identify the pathology, which can be performed in the operating room, with the patient under general anesthetic.
  • biopsy procedures can include the implementation of core needle biopsy procedures using minimally invasive core needle extraction methods.
  • Example embodiments relate to a medical insertion device which may be used with or installed within an imaging system, such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system to plan the best approach to the target tissue.
  • the medical insertion device can generally be used to retain, position and effect insertion of a medical instrument, for example a biopsy device or an ablation treatment device.
  • the device can generally provide linear, rotational and/or angular degrees of freedom for positioning of the medical instrument prior to an insertion of the medical instrument.
  • Embodiments include performance in real-time imaging environment (i.e. "in-bore” imaging). Additional embodiments include data/software integration into the system, allowing a user to pull images taken and employ a 2D or 3D target planning algorithm to provide co-ordinates for device positioning.
  • a robotic system including an insertion device having an interface for interfacing with a medical instrument, one or more mechanisms for effecting insertion of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, and for effecting pitch and yaw of the insertion device, and a controller in communication with the detector subsystem and configured to automatically control the one or more mechanisms based on the received spatial information .
  • a medical insertion device which includes a mounting arm, an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument, a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm, and a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm .
  • a method for facilitating insertion of a medical instrument which includes: interfacing the medical instrument with an interface, the interface being connected to a mounting arm, pivoting the mounting arm at a pivot connection connected between a carriage and a distal end of the mounting arm to effect pitch or yaw of the mounting arm, and moving the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction.
  • a dispenser system for use with an imaging system, which includes a dispenser frame adjoined to the imaging system, the dispenser frame including or defining at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of a medical instrument.
  • Figure 1A shows an isometric view of a medical insertion device in accordance with an example embodiment
  • Figure IB shows an exploded isometric view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
  • Figure 1C shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
  • Figure ID shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
  • Figure IE shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
  • Figure 2 shows an isometric view of the medical insertion device in a retraction configuration
  • Figure 3A shows a detail isometric view of a rotary drive unit in accordance with an example embodiment
  • Figure 3B shows an exploded isometric view of the rotary drive unit shown in Figure 3A;
  • Figure 4A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a pitch up configuration
  • Figure 4B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 4A in the pitch up configuration
  • Figure 5A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a straight insertion configuration
  • Figure 5B shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 5A in the straight insertion configuration
  • Figure 6A shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a translated configuration
  • Figure 6B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 6A in the translated configuration
  • Figure 7A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a yaw configuration
  • Figure 7B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 7A in the yaw configuration
  • Figure 7C shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 7A in the yaw configuration
  • Figure 8A shows an isometric front view of a dispenser system in accordance with an example embodiment
  • Figure 8B shows an isometric exploded side view of the dispenser system shown in Figure 8A;
  • Figure 8C shows an isometric view of a dispenser assembly in accordance with another example embodiment in a lateral mode of dispensing
  • Figure 8D shows an isometric view of the dispenser assembly shown in Figure 8C in an upper mode of dispensing
  • Figure 9A shows an isometric view of a robotic surgical system including a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in accordance with an example embodiment
  • Figure 9B shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 9A in another mode of operation.
  • Figure 9C shows a detail isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 9A in another mode of operation.
  • Figure 10A shows an isometric view of a robotic surgical system including a mammography system in accordance with an example embodiment
  • Figure 10B shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 10A in a dispensing mode of operation.
  • Figure IOC shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 10A in an insertion mode of operation.
  • Figure 11 shows a block diagram of a robotic surgical system in which example embodiments may be applied.
  • Figure 12 shows an example interface in accordance with an example embodiment.
  • Cancer diagnosis or procedures can include using a biopsy tool to retrieve a tissue sample for further analysis.
  • a difficulty with some existing medical systems is that the health practitioner may not be able to work within a CT or MRI system during scanning for procedures such as biopsy or ablation therapy.
  • Some example embodiments relate to an image guided, automated surgical robotic system having a manipulator, and associated workstations for the purpose of obtaining a biopsy sample and/or treating an identified lesion/pathology.
  • the system can interface with existing clinical diagnostic imaging systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help chose a specific target and then automatically or semi-automatically drive a medical instrument such as a percutaneous coring needle biopsy device or ablation tool, under real-time or near- real-time image guidance.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • a robotic system including an insertion device having an interface for interfacing with a medical instrument, one or more mechanisms for effecting insertion of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, and for effecting pitch and yaw of the insertion device, a detector subsystem for determining spatial information, and a controller in communication with the detector subsystem and configured to automatically control the one or more mechanisms based on the received spatial information.
  • a medical insertion device which includes a mounting arm, an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument, a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm, and a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm .
  • a method for facilitating insertion of a medical instrument which includes: interfacing the medical instrument with an interface, the interface being connected to a mounting arm, pivoting the mounting arm at a pivot connection connected between a carriage and a distal end of the mounting arm to effect pitch or yaw of the mounting arm, and moving the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction.
  • a dispenser system for use with an imaging system, which includes a dispenser frame adjoined to the imaging system, the dispenser frame including or defining at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of a medical instrument.
  • FIGS 1A and IB show a medical insertion device 100 in accordance with an example embodiment.
  • the medical insertion device 100 may be used with or installed within an imaging system (not shown here), such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, during scanning.
  • the medical insertion device 100 can generally be used to retain, position and effect insertion of a medical instrument 102, for example a biopsy device 103 as shown, or for example a treatment device.
  • the device 100 can generally provide linear, angular and/or rotational degrees of freedom for positioning of the medical instrument 102 prior to insertion of the medical instrument 102.
  • the medical insertion device 100 includes a frame 104 which acts to house the medical insertion device 100.
  • the medical insertion device 100 further includes a linear slide assembly 106 mounted or connected to the frame 104.
  • the medical insertion device further includes a rotary drive assembly 108 for generally driving the linear slide assembly 106, and a carriage assembly 110 for moving along the linear slide assembly 106.
  • the carriage assembly 110 also generally supports the medical instrument 102 for positioning and insertion thereof.
  • the frame 104 includes a baseplate 112 and a drive support plate 114 connected thereto to at least partially form a housing of the medical insertion device 100. Other sidewalls or plates (not shown) may also form part of the frame 104.
  • the frame 104 also includes a drive plate strengthening bracket 116 for strengthening of the connection between the baseplate 112 and the drive support plate 114. Other strengthening brackets (not shown) may also be used.
  • the baseplate 112 may also include alignment fiducials 113 or other alignment markers for correlating the physical world with an imaging system (not shown here).
  • An additional alignment fiducial 113a or fiducials may be placed on the elongate mounting arm 120 (e.g. device holder 126), or on the medical instrument 102 itself (not shown), for correlating or registration purposes.
  • the alignment fiducials can include MR molecular tagging.
  • the frame 104 encloses almost an entirety of the medical insertion device 100, save for the frame 104 further including or defining an opening at the front for passage of the medical instrument 102 there through.
  • the frame 104 is integrated into or forms part of a same frame (not shown here) of the particular imaging system (not shown here).
  • the frame 104 can be panel shaped to fit within restricted environments having a limited height.
  • the carriage assembly 110 includes an elongate mounting arm 120, wherein the mounting arm 120 includes an insertion track 122 which runs along a length of the mounting arm 120.
  • An insertion carriage 124 includes a mechanism such as a pneumatic or piezoelectric motor which can move or step the carriage 124 along the insertion track 122. The insertion carriage 124 is therefore slideably mounted to the insertion track 122.
  • a device holder 126 is connected to the carriage 124.
  • the device holder 126 is generally tubular shaped and acts as an interface to receive or interface with the medical instrument 102. As shown in Figure IB, the device holder 126 includes a sheath to receive a corresponding tubular-shaped main body 128 of the medical instrument 102.
  • the mounting arm 120 also defines the insertion direction 127.
  • the mounting arm 120 and/or the device holder 126 includes a force sensor(s) to detect the tissue being penetrated, and for prevention of accidental excursion into the incorrect tissue (e.g. chest wall).
  • the medical instrument 102 typically includes the main body 128 and an elongate member 130 such as a needle which extends from the main body 128.
  • the elongate member 130 is formed from MR compatible materials such as carbon fibre, ceramic, or tritanium .
  • a biopsy tool 103 such as a vacuum assisted biopsy (VAB) device available from ATEC (TM), as would be understood in the art.
  • VAB vacuum assisted biopsy
  • the elongate member 130 can also include an ablative tool such as Radio Frequency (RF) ablation, focused ultrasound, cryotherapy, laser and other ablative technologies that are administered within the cancerous region causing cell destruction with minimal damage to surrounding tissues.
  • RF Radio Frequency
  • the medical instrument 102 may also include a detector such as a probe, ultrasound probe, or fiber optic probe.
  • the detector can also include an MRI coil to provide higher resolution in situ imaging.
  • the medical instrument 102 may be integrated with the device holder 126 to result in a dedicated-purpose insertion device.
  • the medical instrument 102 can include an end effector or end effectors.
  • FIG 2 shows the medical instrument 102 in a retraction configuration or orientation.
  • the insertion carriage 124 is located at a proximal end of the insertion track 122, which therefore has retracted the medical instrument 102 backwards along the insertion direction 127 (with respect to Figure 1A). From this position, the insertion carriage 124 can move along the insertion track 122 to the distal end of the insertion track 122, resulting in the medical instrument 102 moving in the insertion direction 127 to an insertion configuration or orientation as shown in Figure 1A.
  • the carriage assembly 110 generally includes one or more carriages which including pivot connections and/or slideable connections for effecting positioning of the mounting arm 120, and therefore positioning of the medical instrument 102.
  • the next step is typically an insertion step through the skin which includes movement of the insertion carriage 124 along the insertion track 122 in the insertion direction 127.
  • the carriage assembly 110 includes a first carriage coupling 131 and a second carriage coupling 132.
  • the first carriage coupling 131 includes a first carriage 134 and a second carriage 136.
  • the second carriage coupling 132 includes a third carriage 138 and a fourth carriage 140.
  • the first carriage 134 via first sway arm 135 is connected to a distal end of the mounting arm 120 using a ball-and-socket pivot connection, which is defined by a ball 142 of the mounting arm 120 and a corresponding socket 144 of the first sway arm 135.
  • a pivot connection therefore permits pitch or yaw of the mounting arm 120 in operation.
  • the first carriage 134 also itself includes a pivoting (e.g.
  • the first sway arm 135 is also hingedly connected to a first coupling arm 146.
  • the first coupling arm 146 is hingedly connected to the second carriage 136.
  • the third carriage 138 is connected to a proximal end of the mounting arm 120 via a second sway arm 139, using a pivoting connection 150 such as a first hinge coupled with a second hinge, as shown.
  • the second sway arm 139 is hingedly connected to a second coupling arm 152.
  • the second coupling arm 152 is hingedly connected to the fourth carriage 140.
  • the third carriage 138 also includes a pivoting (e.g. hinged) connection 154 to the second sway arm 139 at the linear slide assembly 106.
  • the linear slide assembly 106 provides a support for the carriage assembly 110, and includes a first track system 160 and a second track system 162 having mechanisms for individually or collectively controlling of the positioning of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140.
  • the first track system 160 supports the first carriage coupling 131 and the second track system 162 supports the second carriage coupling 132.
  • the first and second track systems 160, 162 include straightly moveable or slideable connections with the respective carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 for facilitating linear translation of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140.
  • first track system 160 this includes four rails 164a-d, which correspond respectively to channels 166a-d defined by the first carriage 134 and channels 168a-d defined by the second carriage 136, as shown in Figure IB.
  • first and fourth rails 164a and 164d are smooth rails which act as guide rails for sliding of the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136.
  • channels 166a, 166d, 168a, and 168d may also have smooth inner surfaces.
  • Second rail 164b includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding anti-backlash nut (not shown) within channel 166b of the first carriage 134.
  • Channel 168b of second carriage 136 has a smooth inner surface.
  • third rail 164c includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding anti-backlash nut (not shown) within channel 168c of the second carriage 136.
  • Channel 166c of first carriage 134 has a smooth inner surface.
  • second track system 162 which includes four rails 170a-d, which correspond respectively to channels 172a-d defined by the third carriage 138 and channels 174a-d defined by the fourth carriage 176, as shown in Figure IB.
  • first and fourth rails 170a and 170d are smooth rails which act as guide rails for sliding of the third carriage 138 and the second carriage 140.
  • channels 172a, 172d, 174a, and 174d may also have smooth inner surfaces.
  • Second rail 170 includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding screw threads of channel 172b of the third carriage 138.
  • Channel 174b of fourth carriage 140 has a smooth inner surface.
  • third rail 170c includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding screw threads of channel 174c of the fourth carriage 140.
  • Channel 172c of third carriage 138 has a smooth inner surface.
  • the rotary drive assembly 108 acts to drive the various tracks of the linear slide assembly 106, for driving of the various carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 of the carriage assembly 110.
  • the rotary drive assembly 108 includes four rotary drive units 180a-d (each or individually referred to as 180) each corresponding to a respective rotary drive belt 182a-d.
  • rotary drive unit 180a is coupled to rail 164b
  • rotary drive unit 180b is coupled to rail 164c
  • rotary drive unit 180c is coupled to rail 170b
  • rotary drive unit 180d is coupled to rail 170c.
  • the drive unit 180 includes, in sequential adjoining order, a pulley 200 for engaging the drive belt 182a-d, a retaining ring 202, a ceramic bearing 204, a front motor plate 206, a ceramic ring 208, a drive shaft 210, a second ceramic ring 212, a second ceramic bearing 214, one or more spacer plates 216 (two shown), a back motor plate 218, and a controller such as a microcontroller or encoder 220.
  • ultrasonic motors 222 can be used to drive the drive shaft 210, which are controllable by the encoder 220.
  • An example suitable ultrasonic motor 222 is a HR2 motor by Nanomotion Ltd., as would be understood in the art.
  • vacuum-actuated drivers or hydraulic drivers may be used.
  • various modes of operation of the medical insertion device 100 can be effected to position the medical instrument 102 by slideably moving at least one of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140.
  • the individual carriages may be moved so that relative motion (left or right) between two carriages will raise one end of the mounting arm 120 up or down, either linearly or in a slightly curved trajectory.
  • the slightly curved trajectory also results in axial rotation of the medical instrument 102.
  • Translation of the two carriages couplings 131, 132 in unison results in a linear translation left and right.
  • a differential motion left and right between the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 results in a horizontal angular motion (yaw), while a differential vertical motion between the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 results in a vertical angle (pitch). Raising or lowering the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 in unison results in a combined vertical motion.
  • Figures 4A and 4B show the medical insertion device 100 in a pitch up configuration.
  • the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 are slideably moved relatively towards each other.
  • only one of the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 is moved towards the other, resulting in a slightly curved pitch up trajectory.
  • This slightly curved trajectory also results in axial rotation of the medical instrument 102.
  • a pitch down may be effected by having the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 slideably moved relatively away from each other.
  • Figures 5A and 5B show the medical insertion device 100 in a straight insertion configuration.
  • the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 are slideably moved to cause the medical instrument 102 to be horizontally oriented, which would be rectilinear to the insertion target.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B show the medical insertion device 100 in a translated configuration. As shown, all of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 are slideably moved at the same displacement in a direction, for example left (as shown) or right.
  • FIGS 7A, 7B and 7C show the medical insertion device 100 in a yaw configuration.
  • the carriages 138, 140 of the second carriage coupling 132 can be collectively moved leftwardly relative to the first carriage coupling 131 to result in the medical instrument 102 being angled in a yaw right direction.
  • the carriages 138, 140 of the second carriage coupling 132 can be collectively moved rightwardly relative to the first carriage coupling 131 to result in the medical instrument 102 being angled in a yaw left direction (not shown).
  • the medical insertion device 100 can effect various insertion angles of the medical instrument 102 which vary from a straight insertion. It may be appreciated that the various insertion angles may provide flexibility in performing the particular procedure. Further, it may be appreciated that the medical insertion device 100 may provide a stable insertion angle for the subsequent insertion step. In addition, the medical instrument 102 may for example be able to reach additional target regions such as those near the edges of the frame 104 (e.g. at regions beyond the linear slide assembly 106 closer to the baseplate 112).
  • the device holder 126 can be reversed, in that the body 128 of the medical instrument 102 can be inserted into the other opening 184 of the device holder 126.
  • the configuration shown in Figure IB may be used for superior (from the head) insertion at the right breast in a "right side” configuration.
  • the entire medical instrument 102 e.g. the frame 104
  • the body 128 of the medical instrument 102 inserted into the other opening 184 of the device holder 126 for superior insertion at the left breast in a "left side” configuration.
  • the references herein to proximal and distal would be reversed. It may be appreciated that such a reversible configuration could provide operation of the device 100 in a limited space environment such as within an MRI (not shown here).
  • Suitable materials for the various described assemblies and subsystems of the device 100 include magnetic resonance (MR) compatible materials, ceramics, thermo-plastics and thermo-sets. Additional example materials may also include carbon fiber, ceramic, composites, nanoparticle composites, aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel.
  • MR compatible motors include piezoelectric motors, pneumatic, vacuum-actuated drivers or hydraulic drivers.
  • an insertion mechanism may be used to move the entire linear slide assembly 106 in the insertion direction 127 to provide the insertion step (rather than from the insertion track 122).
  • some medical instruments 102 may include their own insertion or injection mechanism, which may be automated or manually controlled.
  • only a part of the medical instrument 102 such as the elongate member 130 (e.g. a needle) is independently controllable by a mechanism for insertion.
  • FIG. 8A and 8B shows a dispenser system 300 in accordance with an example embodiment.
  • the dispenser system 300 can for example be used with an imaging system (not shown here) to dispense one or more medical instruments 302a-h (each or individually referred to as 302) to the medical insertion device 100 ( Figure 1A).
  • the dispenser system 300 includes a dispenser frame 304 which can be adjoined or attached to the particular imaging system .
  • the dispenser frame 304 includes or defines a plurality of instrument holders 306a-h (each or individually referred to as 306) for respectively holding the medical instruments 302a-h.
  • the instrument holders 306a-h can also releasably secure the medical instruments 302a-h using a retaining mechanism (not shown).
  • the dispenser system 300 can also include a receiver 308 which can receive the desired medical instrument 302 for dispensing, in this example medical instrument 302a.
  • the receiver 308 can include a mechanism or a vacuum or air pump (not shown) for obtaining the medical instrument 302a from the particular instrument holder 306a.
  • the receiver 308 can also include appropriate sterilization mechanisms (not shown) such as an alcohol spray, etc.
  • each instrument holder 306 is arranged on the dispenser frame 304 around a centre of rotation 310 of the dispenser frame 304.
  • the dispenser frame 304 can further include a rotating mechanism (not shown) for rotating of the dispenser frame 304 around the centre of rotation 310.
  • rotation of the dispenser frame 304 can be effected until the desired medical instrument 302 is aligned with the receiver 308 for dispensing.
  • each of the medical instruments 302a-h can have a universal body which can each interchangeably be used with the medical insertion device 100.
  • the medical instruments 302a-h can each have a similar elongate cylindrical body for interfacing with a corresponding shape of the device holder 126 ( Figure 1A). It can be appreciated that the dispenser system 300 therefore generally acts as a holster for the medical instruments 302a-h.
  • Figures 8C and 8D show a dispenser assembly 320 in accordance with another example embodiment.
  • Figure 8C shows a lateral mode of dispensing while Figure 8D shows an upper mode of dispensing.
  • the instrument holders 306 are directed laterally (sideways) for accessing of the medical instruments 302.
  • the upper mode Figure 8D
  • the instrument holders 306 are directed upwardly for accessing of the medical instruments 302.
  • the dispenser system 300 is mounted onto a stand 322.
  • the stand 322 includes a plurality of wheels 324 (e.g. five), which are lockable once wheeled to the desired position.
  • the stand 322 also includes a swivel mechanism 324, which can swivel and lock the dispenser system 300 between the lateral mode (Figure 8C) and the upper mode ( Figure 8D).
  • FIGS 9A to 9C show a robotic surgical system 400 including a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system 402 in accordance with an example embodiment.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • a breast imaging assembly 404 can be used with a patient support table 406.
  • the patient lies prone on top of the assembly 404 with the sternum resting on a central support beam (not shown).
  • the patient's head is supported by head support 408.
  • the patient's shoulders are supported by shoulder supports 410.
  • the patient's breasts extend down into the breast imaging assembly 404.
  • the patient may be put into the magnet bore hole of the MRI system 402 head first.
  • the patient may be inserted feet first into the MRI system 402.
  • the breasts are compressed by compression plates 412, wherein the compression plates 412 may compress the breast either in a head/feet direction or a lateral direction.
  • the compression plates 412 act as a breast stabilization mechanism .
  • the compression plates 412 can include a plastic plate with a grid of finely-spaced needle guide holes.
  • the compression plates 412 are oriented along the head/feet direction.
  • the compression plates 412 can further include a plastic plate with large rectangular access windows, which is advantageous when used for positioning of the medical instruments 302.
  • a non-compressive stabilization device may be used.
  • the medical insertion device 100 can be dimensioned to be positioned in the limited space located between the head support 408 and the patient support table 406, typically having a restricted height as shown .
  • the compression plates 412 are oriented along the lateral direction and the medical insertion device 100 is positioned laterally for procedures to be performed outside of the magnet bore hole of the MRI system 402.
  • the position of the alignment fiducials 113 ( Figure IB) relative to the tumor is measured or located on the MR images.
  • the appropriate position and/or angle of the medical instrument 102 can then be determined, and the medical instrument 102 is moved to that position and/or angle using the medical insertion device 100.
  • a proper needle entry hole can be determined by determining which hole in the compression plate 412 is closest to the desired entry point, as would be understood in the art.
  • closed geometry RF coils may be used with a plurality of windings, which can interfere with a lateral or medial biopsy approach direction in some existing conventional systems.
  • the tip of the biopsy device (or ablative device) may be seen in the image and can be accurately steered towards a suspected lesion location as imaging continues. This will allow adjustments to the trajectory of the biopsy device which are necessary if the lesion location moves for any reason.
  • the robotic manipulation system allows the tool to be repositioned as necessary, in-situ, in order to achieve the goals of the intervention.
  • alignment fiducials (not shown) may also be placed onto the medical instrument 102 to assist in registration.
  • the dispenser system 300 can be mounted onto a front of the frame of the MRI system 402.
  • the medical insertion device 100 can be swung out or otherwise controlled to access the dispenser system 300.
  • the dispenser assembly 320 can be rolled and locked into position adjacent to the front of the MRI system 402.
  • the dispenser system 300 can be integrated within or attached to the patient support table 406 for dispensing of the various medical instruments 302.
  • the medical insertion device 100 may, for example, pitch down into the table 406 to obtain or replace the medical instrument 102.
  • the dispenser system 300 can be mounted onto a rear side of the frame of the MRI system 402, for example in the upper mode of dispensing.
  • the dispenser assembly 320 can be rolled and locked into position adjacent to the rear side of the MRI system 402.
  • FIGS 10A to IOC show a robotic surgical system 500 including a mammography system 502 in accordance with an example embodiment.
  • the mammography system 502 can, for example, include an X-Ray based system, an MBI system, or a positron emission mammography (PEM) based system .
  • PEM/MBI prior to imaging, an agent is injected into the patient which assists in detection of the lesion.
  • Compression plates 504a, 504b are used to provide stability and immobilization of the breasts.
  • the compression plates 504a, 504b can also include PEM detectors mounted thereon.
  • the medical insertion device 100 is dimensioned to fit in this transverse region between the compression plates 504a, 504b.
  • a height of the drive support plate 114 of the frame 104 can be dimensioned to fit within the transverse space between the compression plates 504a, 504b.
  • the medical insertion device 100 is mounted onto the lower compression plate 504b within this transverse region.
  • a robotic arm 506 has one end mounted to the mammography system 502 and the other end has the medical insertion device 100 mounted thereon.
  • the robotic arm 506 can, for example, place the medical insertion device 100 between the compression plates 504a, 504b at the appropriate time of the procedure.
  • the robotic arm 506 can place the medical insertion device 100 for superior insertion (e.g., from the head) with the compression plates 504a, 504b mounted transversely (for transverse compression) or otherwise suitably modified.
  • the dispenser system 300 can be mounted within the frame of the mammography system 502.
  • the medical insertion device 100 can controlled or maneuvered to access the dispenser system 300 using the robotic arm 506.
  • the dispenser system 300 does not rotate but rather the robotic arm 506 is used to retrieve the medical instrument 302 from the appropriate instrument holder 306.
  • grid marks 510 may be shown in the virtual image to guide the medical insertion device 100 to the target site.
  • the medical insertion device 100 provides an opportunity for other minimally invasive diagnostic procedures and treatments. Examples include : (1) gamma detectors; (2) energized tunneling tips to reduce tunneling forces; (3) inserts to aid in reconstruction of removed tissue (e.g., one or two sided shaver inserts); (4) spectroscopy imaging devices; (5) general tissue characterization sensors ⁇ e.g., (a) mammography; (b) ultrasound, sonography, contrast agents, power Doppler; (c) PET and FDG ([Flourine-18]-2- deoxy-2-fluoro-glucose); (d) MRI or NMR, breast coil; (e) mechanical impedance or elastic modulus; (f) electrical impedance; (g) optical spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, phase, polarization, wavelength/frequency, reflectance; (h) laser- induced fluorescence or auto-fluorescence; (i) radiation emission/detection, radioactive seed implantation;
  • FIG 11 shows a block diagram of a robotic surgical system 10 to which example embodiments may be applied.
  • the system 10 includes a surgical robot 12 for use in a surgical environment.
  • the surgical robot 12 is in communication with a control station 16 either over a communications network 18 (as shown), or via a direct connection.
  • the surgical robot 12 includes one or more robotic instrument(s) 24 which can be operational in a limited size operating environment defined by an imaging system such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • At least one of the robotic surgical instruments 24 may include the medical insertion device 100 as shown in Figure 1A.
  • the surgical robot 12 includes a controller 20 for controlling operation of the surgical robot 12, a communications module or subsystem 22 for communicating with the control station 16 over the network 18, and robotic surgical instruments 24 which are controllable by the control station 16 over the network 18.
  • the robotic surgical instruments may be haptically controllable which can include force-feedback or touch-feedback control.
  • the controller 20 can include one or more microprocessors or processors that are coupled to a storage 21 (e.g. computer readable storage medium) that includes persistent and/or transient memory.
  • the storage 21 stores information and software enabling the microprocessor(s) of controller 20 to control the subsystems and implement the functionality described herein.
  • the surgical robot 12 includes a detector subsystem 28 for determining spatial information relating to a surgical environment of the surgical robot 12 (including a subject patient) and sending/relaying said information to the control station 16 over the network 18.
  • the detector 28 may include a camera 30 (for capturing video and/or audio information), an x-ray system 32, an ultrasound system 34, an MRI 36, or others such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Positron Emission Mammography (PEM), CT laser mammography, or a GE (TM) molecular biological imager.
  • the controller 20 is configured to operate or provide a local control loop between at least one of the subsystems and the robotic surgical instruments 24.
  • the control station 16 includes a controller 40 for controlling operation of the control station 16 and a communications subsystem 42 for communicating with the surgical robot 12 over the network 18.
  • the controller 40 is coupled to a storage 41.
  • a control console 44 provides an interface for interaction with a user, for example a surgeon.
  • the control console 44 includes a display 46 (or multiple displays), and a user input 48.
  • the user input 48 may further include haptic controllers (not shown) for allowing the user to haptically control the robotic surgical instruments 24 of the surgical robot 12, for example with force-feedback or touch control.
  • haptic controllers not shown
  • FIG. 12 An example interface is shown in Figure 12, which in example embodiments includes a graphical user interface (GUI) for interfacing with the user.
  • GUI graphical user interface
  • the system 10 can be used to perform a procedure by breaking down a procedure into a series of interconnected sub-tasks. Some of the sub-tasks are performed automatically by the surgical robot 12 to control the robotic instruments 24 and the subsystems to perform the particular sub-task. Some of the other sub-tasks are "semi-automated", meaning having some control from the control station 16 as well as some local control from the controller 20.
  • Each defined sub-task may for example be stored in a storage 21 accessible by the controller 20, the storage 21 including a library.
  • the library includes a sequence of sub-tasks (both automated and "semi-automated") .
  • some of the sub-tasks have instructions to automatically control the robotic instruments 24 and the subsystems to perform the sub-task.
  • the controller 20 may automatically perform the surgical functions by providing the local control loop with the subsystems.
  • Some of the other sub-tasks may be "semi-automated", meaning having some control from the control station 16 as well as some local automation (with the controller 20 providing local control loops as described herein) .
  • control station 16 and the subsystems may be in a master-slave relationship.
  • such semi-automated control may be configured in an external control loop as between the subsystems and the robotic instruments 24, which are facilitated by the control station 16.
  • the sub-task may be selectively retrieved from the library and combined into a defined sequence or sequences to perform the surgical procedure.
  • the flow from one sub-task to another is stored in the library.
  • Each sub-task may use imagery and other parameters to verify sub-task completion .
  • each of the sub-tasks in a particular entire procedure may be automatically performed by the surgical robot 12.
  • a first sub-task may be the semi- automated positioning of the medical insertion tool 100 by the surgeon in front of the desired insertion region, while the second sub-task may be the automated insertion of the biopsy needle subcutaneously into the target site.
  • the robotic surgical instruments 24 may include any number or combination of controllable mechanisms.
  • the robotic surgical instruments 24 include end effectors such as grippers, cutters, manipulators, forceps, bi-polar cutters, ultrasonic grippers & probes, cauterizing tools, suturing devices, etc.
  • the robotic surgical instruments 24 generally include small lightweight actuators and components.
  • the robotic surgical instruments 24 include pneumatic and/or hydraulic actuators. Such actuators may further assist in providing motion stability, as further described below.
  • various lightweight radiolucent materials for robotic arms as well as the range joint torques, forces, frequency response, ROM, weight and size of different actuators to achieve the maximum function in the surgical robot 12.
  • the robotic surgical instrument 24 may be configured to include a therapeutic tool utilizing the administration of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to control haemorrhage and treat solid tumours.
  • HIFU high intensity focused ultrasound
  • Both the HIFU and the ultrasound 34 (for detecting the surgical environment) may be implemented within the same robotic surgical instrument 24.
  • intra-operative image guidance provides an additional capability to refine the precision of a surgical procedure.
  • Pre-operative diagnostic imagery may be utilized to plan surgical procedures with the assumption that these diagnostic images will represent tissue morphology at the time of surgery.
  • intra-operative imagery may also be used to modify or refine a present surgical procedure or administer minimally invasive treatment such as HIFU ultrasound therapy used to control bleeding.
  • One aspect of such image-guided surgery in accordance with example embodiments is registering multiple images to each other and to the patient, tracking instruments intra-operatively and subsequently translating this imagery for real time use in the robot space.
  • the incorporation of medical imagery into surgical planning for the system 10 facilitates the identification of a defined work envelope for single or multiple robotic arms.
  • Intra-operative tracking of the position of the robotic surgical instruments 24 within the defined work envelope can be utilized to develop local control loop systems between the detector 28 and the robotic surgical instruments 24 to define keep-out and work within zones for surgical tasks. This data is incorporated into known algorithms developed for collision avoidance of the multiple robotic arms and optimization of the position of instrumentation for completion of the surgical task.
  • a physical marker such as M R, X-Ray, IR (Infrared) markers or RF (Radiofrequency) devices, or chemical markers, may be used for image registration of specific anatomical landmarks for both the intra-operative tracking of the surgical robot 12 in relation to the patient as well as tracking the surgical instrumentation .
  • Image-based registration is less sensitive to calibration and tracking errors as it provides a direct transformation between the image space and the instrument space.
  • the information from anatomical landmarks can be registered with the diagnostic imagery used to plan the surgical procedure and subsequently translated into the robotic space for completion of an image guided surgical procedure. This translation is performed using a registration procedure between the robot and the imaging device.
  • the incorporation of realtime intra-operative tracking of anatomical landmarks provides a mechanism of incorporating compensatory motion of the robotic arm to accommodate patient movement thereby enhancing the precision of the robotic task.
  • the detector subsystem 28 includes the incorporation of image guidance into the robotic surgery, including predetermined marker shapes and positions that provide optimal accuracy for fiducial marker monitoring and tracking of anatomical landmarks, instrument position and the position of the robotic arms under the constraints imposed by the imaging device and the limited volume available in the surgical work envelope.
  • Imagery can also be incorporated as one of many parameters used to provide local control loop feedback in performing autonomous robotic tasks.
  • the control station 16 and the surgical robot 12 operate in a master slave relationship.
  • Such embodiments may incorporate semi- autonomous surgical robotics wherein the surgical robot 12 may autonomously perform some specified surgical tasks that are part of a sequence of a larger task comprising the surgical procedure, for example using a locally controlled loop implemented by the controller 20. This may for example enables the surgeon to selectively perform techniques best undertaken with a master slave relationship while using automated robotics to perform specific tasks that require the enhanced precision of a surgical robot.
  • such tasks may include the precision placement of brachytherapy for cancer treatment or the precision drilling and intraoperative positioning of hardware in orthopaedic surgery.
  • control station 16 displays diagnostic images, uploaded from a diagnostic workstation (such as CT, M RI, or the like), such that a clinician may select start (insertion point) and end (lesion) location points.
  • diagnostic images uploaded from a diagnostic workstation (such as CT, M RI, or the like), such that a clinician may select start (insertion point) and end (lesion) location points.
  • a 3D representation of the 2D image slice data with controllable view angle enables the clinician to plan an optimal path avoiding blood vessels and other tissue structures.
  • the avoidance of hematoma can be important with regard to post biopsy image quality for target confirmation .
  • the control station 16 calculates the linear and angular motions necessary to move the surgical robotic manipulator over the planned trajectory and send appropriate commands to plurality of motors to move the medical instrument.
  • the communications network 18 may further include a direct wireless connection, a satellite connection, a wide area network such as the Internet, a wireless wide area packet data network, a voice and data network, a public switched telephone network, a wireless local area network (WLAN), or other networks or combinations of the forgoing.
  • a direct wireless connection such as the Internet
  • a satellite connection such as the Internet
  • a wireless wide area packet data network such as the Internet
  • a voice and data network such as a PSTN network
  • public switched telephone network such as PSTN
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the surgical robot 12 can move the medical instrument 100 while diagnostic images are being acquired . This can reduce the targeting confirmation time can be critical in light of contrast enhancement degradation issues. In addition, targeting errors as a result of lesion motion due to the force of the advancing needle, for example, can also be adjusted with the patient remaining within the magnet bore hole.
  • the automated steering uses targeting software as well as force sensors to prevent accidental excursion into the wrong tissue. The software allows the medical practitioner to plan the full trajectory of the needle or ablation instrument from the skin surface down to the lesion and to steer the medical instrument 100 using real time M R. Again, M R fiducials as well as of M R molecular tagging may also be used to improve targeting accuracy.
  • a remote control station 16 can enable control of the robotic instruments 24 from a distance such that an expert in the breast biopsy and ablation procedures will direct the procedure from a distance.
  • the remote control station 16 can connect to one or more local workstations such that one physician may perform procedures at a plurality of remote sites (the master controller is at the remote site) .
  • the local workstation may control the procedure and a remote station will monitor the procedure for teaching purposes, for example. Examples of various systems which can use local and remote workstations collaboratively are described in the PCT Patent Application No. WO 2007/121,572, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • additional procedures can be performed using several imaging modalities such as M RI, CT, PET, PEM, BSGI, X-ray, or sonography, or other modalities where there is an advantage to accurately target a pathology for biopsy or ablation .
  • imaging modalities such as M RI, CT, PET, PEM, BSGI, X-ray, or sonography, or other modalities where there is an advantage to accurately target a pathology for biopsy or ablation .
  • other areas of the body can be targeted other than the breast.
  • Such applications include liver, axilla (sentinel node biopsy), lung, kidney, prostate, uterus, and neurological .

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Robotics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

A medical insertion device which may be used with or installed within an imaging system, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The medical insertion device can generally be used to retain, position and effect insertion of a medical instrument, for example a biopsy device or an ablation treatment device. The device can generally provide linear and/or angular degrees of freedom for positioning of the medical instrument prior to an insertion of the medical instrument. The medical insertion device includes a mounting arm, an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument, a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm, and a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm.

Description

AUTOMATED IN-BORE MR GUIDED ROBOTIC DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC SYSTEM
CROSS-REFERENCE
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/264,761 filed November 27, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/334,851 filed May 14, 2010, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD
[0002] Some example embodiments described herein relate to surgical robotics, and in particular to control of medical instruments which have an insertion action, such as a biopsy needle or ablation tool.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Cancer diagnosis and treatment can require the medical practitioner to be able to pin point a suspicious lesion within the patient. After the area is located, the next step in a typical treatment process can include a biopsy procedure to identify the pathology, which can be performed in the operating room, with the patient under general anesthetic. In other instances, biopsy procedures can include the implementation of core needle biopsy procedures using minimally invasive core needle extraction methods.
[0004] Difficulties can arise in performing of a conventional procedure. As an example, for breast biopsy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, the patient may have to be shuttled in and out of the magnet several times before a biopsy is actually performed. During this time, the contrast agent could have already lost some of its effect and image quality could suffer. This process itself may be time consuming and cumbersome, especially in a time-sensitive environment. [0005] In addition, contrast laden blood from a hematoma as well as an air pocket at the biopsy site can make it difficult to subsequently verify that the correct site identified from the imaging system was biopsied, or to rapidly confirm that the sample obtained has a suspect morphology. This practice could also require removal of a relatively large volume of tissue, with a fraction of that assumed to be from the lesion.
SUMMARY
[0006] It would be advantageous to provide a medical insertion device which may be used within an imaging system in real-time or near real-time.
[0007] Example embodiments relate to a medical insertion device which may be used with or installed within an imaging system, such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system to plan the best approach to the target tissue. The medical insertion device can generally be used to retain, position and effect insertion of a medical instrument, for example a biopsy device or an ablation treatment device. The device can generally provide linear, rotational and/or angular degrees of freedom for positioning of the medical instrument prior to an insertion of the medical instrument. Embodiments include performance in real-time imaging environment (i.e. "in-bore" imaging). Additional embodiments include data/software integration into the system, allowing a user to pull images taken and employ a 2D or 3D target planning algorithm to provide co-ordinates for device positioning.
[0008] In an example embodiment, there is provided a robotic system, including an insertion device having an interface for interfacing with a medical instrument, one or more mechanisms for effecting insertion of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, and for effecting pitch and yaw of the insertion device, and a controller in communication with the detector subsystem and configured to automatically control the one or more mechanisms based on the received spatial information . [0009] In another example embodiment, there is provided a medical insertion device which includes a mounting arm, an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument, a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm, and a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm .
[0010] In another example embodiment, there is provided a method for facilitating insertion of a medical instrument, which includes: interfacing the medical instrument with an interface, the interface being connected to a mounting arm, pivoting the mounting arm at a pivot connection connected between a carriage and a distal end of the mounting arm to effect pitch or yaw of the mounting arm, and moving the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction.
[0011] In another example embodiment, there is provided a dispenser system for use with an imaging system, which includes a dispenser frame adjoined to the imaging system, the dispenser frame including or defining at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of a medical instrument.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show example embodiments, and in which :
[0013] Figure 1A shows an isometric view of a medical insertion device in accordance with an example embodiment;
[0014] Figure IB shows an exploded isometric view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
[0015] Figure 1C shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
[0016] Figure ID shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
[0017] Figure IE shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A;
[0018] Figure 2 shows an isometric view of the medical insertion device in a retraction configuration;
[0019] Figure 3A shows a detail isometric view of a rotary drive unit in accordance with an example embodiment;
[0020] Figure 3B shows an exploded isometric view of the rotary drive unit shown in Figure 3A;
[0021] Figure 4A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a pitch up configuration;
[0022] Figure 4B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 4A in the pitch up configuration;
[0023] Figure 5A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a straight insertion configuration;
[0024] Figure 5B shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 5A in the straight insertion configuration;
[0025] Figure 6A shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a translated configuration;
[0026] Figure 6B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 6A in the translated configuration;
[0027] Figure 7A shows a left side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 1A in a yaw configuration;
[0028] Figure 7B shows a rear side view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 7A in the yaw configuration;
[0029] Figure 7C shows a plan view of the medical insertion device shown in Figure 7A in the yaw configuration; [0030] Figure 8A shows an isometric front view of a dispenser system in accordance with an example embodiment;
[0031] Figure 8B shows an isometric exploded side view of the dispenser system shown in Figure 8A;
[0032] Figure 8C shows an isometric view of a dispenser assembly in accordance with another example embodiment in a lateral mode of dispensing;
[0033] Figure 8D shows an isometric view of the dispenser assembly shown in Figure 8C in an upper mode of dispensing;
[0034] Figure 9A shows an isometric view of a robotic surgical system including a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in accordance with an example embodiment;
[0035] Figure 9B shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 9A in another mode of operation.
[0036] Figure 9C shows a detail isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 9A in another mode of operation.
[0037] Figure 10A shows an isometric view of a robotic surgical system including a mammography system in accordance with an example embodiment;
[0038] Figure 10B shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 10A in a dispensing mode of operation.
[0039] Figure IOC shows an isometric view of the robotic surgical system shown in Figure 10A in an insertion mode of operation.
[0040] Figure 11 shows a block diagram of a robotic surgical system in which example embodiments may be applied.
[0041] Figure 12 shows an example interface in accordance with an example embodiment.
[0042] Similar reference numerals may be used in different figures to denote similar components. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
[0043] Cancer diagnosis or procedures can include using a biopsy tool to retrieve a tissue sample for further analysis. A difficulty with some existing medical systems is that the health practitioner may not be able to work within a CT or MRI system during scanning for procedures such as biopsy or ablation therapy.
[0044] Many imaging systems may also have limited space constraints for placement of robotic systems.
[0045] Some example embodiments relate to an image guided, automated surgical robotic system having a manipulator, and associated workstations for the purpose of obtaining a biopsy sample and/or treating an identified lesion/pathology. The system can interface with existing clinical diagnostic imaging systems such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help chose a specific target and then automatically or semi-automatically drive a medical instrument such as a percutaneous coring needle biopsy device or ablation tool, under real-time or near- real-time image guidance.
[0046] In an example embodiment, there is provided a robotic system, including an insertion device having an interface for interfacing with a medical instrument, one or more mechanisms for effecting insertion of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, and for effecting pitch and yaw of the insertion device, a detector subsystem for determining spatial information, and a controller in communication with the detector subsystem and configured to automatically control the one or more mechanisms based on the received spatial information.
[0047] In another example embodiment, there is provided a medical insertion device which includes a mounting arm, an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument, a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm, and a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm .
[0048] In another example embodiment, there is provided a method for facilitating insertion of a medical instrument, or the use of the medical instrument, which includes: interfacing the medical instrument with an interface, the interface being connected to a mounting arm, pivoting the mounting arm at a pivot connection connected between a carriage and a distal end of the mounting arm to effect pitch or yaw of the mounting arm, and moving the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction.
[0049] In another example embodiment, there is provided a dispenser system for use with an imaging system, which includes a dispenser frame adjoined to the imaging system, the dispenser frame including or defining at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of a medical instrument.
[0050] Reference is first made to Figures 1A and IB, which show a medical insertion device 100 in accordance with an example embodiment. Generally, the medical insertion device 100 may be used with or installed within an imaging system (not shown here), such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system, during scanning. The medical insertion device 100 can generally be used to retain, position and effect insertion of a medical instrument 102, for example a biopsy device 103 as shown, or for example a treatment device. The device 100 can generally provide linear, angular and/or rotational degrees of freedom for positioning of the medical instrument 102 prior to insertion of the medical instrument 102.
[0051] As shown in Figure IB, the medical insertion device 100 includes a frame 104 which acts to house the medical insertion device 100. The medical insertion device 100 further includes a linear slide assembly 106 mounted or connected to the frame 104. The medical insertion device further includes a rotary drive assembly 108 for generally driving the linear slide assembly 106, and a carriage assembly 110 for moving along the linear slide assembly 106. The carriage assembly 110 also generally supports the medical instrument 102 for positioning and insertion thereof.
[0052] Referring still to Figure IB, the frame 104 will now be described in greater detail. The frame 104 includes a baseplate 112 and a drive support plate 114 connected thereto to at least partially form a housing of the medical insertion device 100. Other sidewalls or plates (not shown) may also form part of the frame 104. The frame 104 also includes a drive plate strengthening bracket 116 for strengthening of the connection between the baseplate 112 and the drive support plate 114. Other strengthening brackets (not shown) may also be used. The baseplate 112 may also include alignment fiducials 113 or other alignment markers for correlating the physical world with an imaging system (not shown here). An additional alignment fiducial 113a or fiducials may be placed on the elongate mounting arm 120 (e.g. device holder 126), or on the medical instrument 102 itself (not shown), for correlating or registration purposes. In some example embodiments, the alignment fiducials can include MR molecular tagging. In some example embodiments, the frame 104 encloses almost an entirety of the medical insertion device 100, save for the frame 104 further including or defining an opening at the front for passage of the medical instrument 102 there through. In yet further embodiments, the frame 104 is integrated into or forms part of a same frame (not shown here) of the particular imaging system (not shown here). The frame 104 can be panel shaped to fit within restricted environments having a limited height.
[0053] Referring still to Figure IB, the carriage assembly 110 includes an elongate mounting arm 120, wherein the mounting arm 120 includes an insertion track 122 which runs along a length of the mounting arm 120. An insertion carriage 124 includes a mechanism such as a pneumatic or piezoelectric motor which can move or step the carriage 124 along the insertion track 122. The insertion carriage 124 is therefore slideably mounted to the insertion track 122. A device holder 126 is connected to the carriage 124. The device holder 126 is generally tubular shaped and acts as an interface to receive or interface with the medical instrument 102. As shown in Figure IB, the device holder 126 includes a sheath to receive a corresponding tubular-shaped main body 128 of the medical instrument 102. Thus, movement of the insertion carriage 124 along the insertion track 122 causes the medical instrument 102 to move in an insertion direction 127. In the example shown, the mounting arm 120 also defines the insertion direction 127. In some example embodiments, the mounting arm 120 and/or the device holder 126 includes a force sensor(s) to detect the tissue being penetrated, and for prevention of accidental excursion into the incorrect tissue (e.g. chest wall).
[0054] Referring still to Figure IB, the medical instrument 102 typically includes the main body 128 and an elongate member 130 such as a needle which extends from the main body 128. In example embodiments, the elongate member 130 is formed from MR compatible materials such as carbon fibre, ceramic, or tritanium . One example of the medical instrument 102 is a biopsy tool 103, such as a vacuum assisted biopsy (VAB) device available from ATEC (TM), as would be understood in the art. The elongate member 130 can also include an ablative tool such as Radio Frequency (RF) ablation, focused ultrasound, cryotherapy, laser and other ablative technologies that are administered within the cancerous region causing cell destruction with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. In some example embodiments, the medical instrument 102 may also include a detector such as a probe, ultrasound probe, or fiber optic probe. The detector can also include an MRI coil to provide higher resolution in situ imaging. In yet further example embodiments, the medical instrument 102 may be integrated with the device holder 126 to result in a dedicated-purpose insertion device. In yet further example embodiments, the medical instrument 102 can include an end effector or end effectors.
[0055] Reference is now made to Figure 2, which shows the medical instrument 102 in a retraction configuration or orientation. As shown, the insertion carriage 124 is located at a proximal end of the insertion track 122, which therefore has retracted the medical instrument 102 backwards along the insertion direction 127 (with respect to Figure 1A). From this position, the insertion carriage 124 can move along the insertion track 122 to the distal end of the insertion track 122, resulting in the medical instrument 102 moving in the insertion direction 127 to an insertion configuration or orientation as shown in Figure 1A.
[0056] In example embodiments, referring again to Figure IB, the carriage assembly 110 generally includes one or more carriages which including pivot connections and/or slideable connections for effecting positioning of the mounting arm 120, and therefore positioning of the medical instrument 102. Once at the desired position, the next step is typically an insertion step through the skin which includes movement of the insertion carriage 124 along the insertion track 122 in the insertion direction 127.
[0057] In the example shown in Figure IB, the carriage assembly 110 includes a first carriage coupling 131 and a second carriage coupling 132. The first carriage coupling 131 includes a first carriage 134 and a second carriage 136. The second carriage coupling 132 includes a third carriage 138 and a fourth carriage 140. As shown, the first carriage 134 via first sway arm 135 is connected to a distal end of the mounting arm 120 using a ball-and-socket pivot connection, which is defined by a ball 142 of the mounting arm 120 and a corresponding socket 144 of the first sway arm 135. Such a pivot connection therefore permits pitch or yaw of the mounting arm 120 in operation. The first carriage 134 also itself includes a pivoting (e.g. hinged) connection 148 with the first sway arm 135 at the linear slide assembly 106. The first sway arm 135 is also hingedly connected to a first coupling arm 146. The first coupling arm 146 is hingedly connected to the second carriage 136.
[0058] The third carriage 138 is connected to a proximal end of the mounting arm 120 via a second sway arm 139, using a pivoting connection 150 such as a first hinge coupled with a second hinge, as shown. The second sway arm 139 is hingedly connected to a second coupling arm 152. The second coupling arm 152 is hingedly connected to the fourth carriage 140. The third carriage 138 also includes a pivoting (e.g. hinged) connection 154 to the second sway arm 139 at the linear slide assembly 106. [0059] Referring still to Figure IB, the linear slide assembly 106 provides a support for the carriage assembly 110, and includes a first track system 160 and a second track system 162 having mechanisms for individually or collectively controlling of the positioning of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140. As shown, the first track system 160 supports the first carriage coupling 131 and the second track system 162 supports the second carriage coupling 132. The first and second track systems 160, 162 include straightly moveable or slideable connections with the respective carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 for facilitating linear translation of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140.
[0060] Referring to the first track system 160, this includes four rails 164a-d, which correspond respectively to channels 166a-d defined by the first carriage 134 and channels 168a-d defined by the second carriage 136, as shown in Figure IB. In the example embodiment shown, first and fourth rails 164a and 164d are smooth rails which act as guide rails for sliding of the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136. Thus, channels 166a, 166d, 168a, and 168d may also have smooth inner surfaces. Second rail 164b includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding anti-backlash nut (not shown) within channel 166b of the first carriage 134. Channel 168b of second carriage 136 has a smooth inner surface. Thus, rotation of second rail 164b results in horizontal translation of first carriage 134 while not affecting the second carriage 136. Similarly, third rail 164c includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding anti-backlash nut (not shown) within channel 168c of the second carriage 136. Channel 166c of first carriage 134 has a smooth inner surface. Thus, rotation of the third rail 164c results in horizontal translation of the second carriage 136 along the first rail system 160 while not affecting the first carriage 134.
[0061] In example embodiments, a similar configuration may be used for the second track system 162, which includes four rails 170a-d, which correspond respectively to channels 172a-d defined by the third carriage 138 and channels 174a-d defined by the fourth carriage 176, as shown in Figure IB. In the example embodiment shown, first and fourth rails 170a and 170d are smooth rails which act as guide rails for sliding of the third carriage 138 and the second carriage 140. Thus, channels 172a, 172d, 174a, and 174d may also have smooth inner surfaces. Second rail 170 includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding screw threads of channel 172b of the third carriage 138. Channel 174b of fourth carriage 140 has a smooth inner surface. Thus, rotation of second rail 170b results in horizontal translation of third carriage 138 while not affecting the fourth carriage 140. Similarly, third rail 170c includes a lengthwise screw thread definition which engages corresponding screw threads of channel 174c of the fourth carriage 140. Channel 172c of third carriage 138 has a smooth inner surface. Thus, rotation of the third rail 170c results in horizontal translation of the fourth carriage 140 along the second rail system 162 while not affecting the third carriage 138.
[0062] Referring still to Figure IB, reference is now made to the rotary drive assembly 108, which acts to drive the various tracks of the linear slide assembly 106, for driving of the various carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 of the carriage assembly 110. In the example embodiment shown, the rotary drive assembly 108 includes four rotary drive units 180a-d (each or individually referred to as 180) each corresponding to a respective rotary drive belt 182a-d. As shown, rotary drive unit 180a is coupled to rail 164b, rotary drive unit 180b is coupled to rail 164c, rotary drive unit 180c is coupled to rail 170b, and rotary drive unit 180d is coupled to rail 170c.
[0063] Reference is now made to Figures 3A and 3B, which show a rotary drive unit 180 in greater detail, in accordance with an example embodiment. As shown in Figure 3B, the drive unit 180 includes, in sequential adjoining order, a pulley 200 for engaging the drive belt 182a-d, a retaining ring 202, a ceramic bearing 204, a front motor plate 206, a ceramic ring 208, a drive shaft 210, a second ceramic ring 212, a second ceramic bearing 214, one or more spacer plates 216 (two shown), a back motor plate 218, and a controller such as a microcontroller or encoder 220. Four motors such as ultrasonic motors 222 can be used to drive the drive shaft 210, which are controllable by the encoder 220. An example suitable ultrasonic motor 222 is a HR2 motor by Nanomotion Ltd., as would be understood in the art. In other example embodiments, vacuum-actuated drivers or hydraulic drivers may be used.
[0064] Referring still to Figure IB, various modes of operation of the medical insertion device 100 can be effected to position the medical instrument 102 by slideably moving at least one of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140. For example, for each carriage coupling 131, 132 the individual carriages may be moved so that relative motion (left or right) between two carriages will raise one end of the mounting arm 120 up or down, either linearly or in a slightly curved trajectory. The slightly curved trajectory also results in axial rotation of the medical instrument 102. Translation of the two carriages couplings 131, 132 in unison results in a linear translation left and right. A differential motion left and right between the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 results in a horizontal angular motion (yaw), while a differential vertical motion between the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 results in a vertical angle (pitch). Raising or lowering the first carriage coupling 131 and the second carriage coupling 132 in unison results in a combined vertical motion.
[0065] Reference is thus made to Figures 4A and 4B, which show the medical insertion device 100 in a pitch up configuration. As shown, to effect the pitch up configuration, the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 are slideably moved relatively towards each other. In some embodiments, only one of the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 is moved towards the other, resulting in a slightly curved pitch up trajectory. This slightly curved trajectory also results in axial rotation of the medical instrument 102. In another example embodiment (not shown), a pitch down may be effected by having the first carriage 134 and the second carriage 136 slideably moved relatively away from each other.
[0066] Reference is also made to Figures 5A and 5B, which show the medical insertion device 100 in a straight insertion configuration. As shown, to effect the straight insertion configuration, at least one of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 are slideably moved to cause the medical instrument 102 to be horizontally oriented, which would be rectilinear to the insertion target.
[0067] Reference is now made to Figures 6A and 6B, which show the medical insertion device 100 in a translated configuration. As shown, all of the carriages 134, 136, 138, 140 are slideably moved at the same displacement in a direction, for example left (as shown) or right.
[0068] Reference is now made to Figures 7A, 7B and 7C, which show the medical insertion device 100 in a yaw configuration. As best shown in Figure 7C, the carriages 138, 140 of the second carriage coupling 132 can be collectively moved leftwardly relative to the first carriage coupling 131 to result in the medical instrument 102 being angled in a yaw right direction. Similarly, the carriages 138, 140 of the second carriage coupling 132 can be collectively moved rightwardly relative to the first carriage coupling 131 to result in the medical instrument 102 being angled in a yaw left direction (not shown).
[0069] Referring again to Figure IB, it can be appreciated that the medical insertion device 100 can effect various insertion angles of the medical instrument 102 which vary from a straight insertion. It may be appreciated that the various insertion angles may provide flexibility in performing the particular procedure. Further, it may be appreciated that the medical insertion device 100 may provide a stable insertion angle for the subsequent insertion step. In addition, the medical instrument 102 may for example be able to reach additional target regions such as those near the edges of the frame 104 (e.g. at regions beyond the linear slide assembly 106 closer to the baseplate 112).
[0070] It may also be appreciated that a difficulty with some existing conventional systems is that conventional articulated or snake-like robotic arms may not be able to provide the required stability or control for performing such a procedure within an imaging system, and especially for the final subcutaneous insertion step of the needle through the skin and tissue.
[0071] Referring again to Figure IB, in another mode of operation, it can be appreciated that the device holder 126 can be reversed, in that the body 128 of the medical instrument 102 can be inserted into the other opening 184 of the device holder 126. For example, the configuration shown in Figure IB may be used for superior (from the head) insertion at the right breast in a "right side" configuration. The entire medical instrument 102 (e.g. the frame 104) can then be reversed with the body 128 of the medical instrument 102 inserted into the other opening 184 of the device holder 126 for superior insertion at the left breast in a "left side" configuration. Of course, in the "left side" configuration the references herein to proximal and distal would be reversed. It may be appreciated that such a reversible configuration could provide operation of the device 100 in a limited space environment such as within an MRI (not shown here).
[0072] Suitable materials for the various described assemblies and subsystems of the device 100 include magnetic resonance (MR) compatible materials, ceramics, thermo-plastics and thermo-sets. Additional example materials may also include carbon fiber, ceramic, composites, nanoparticle composites, aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel. Examples of MR compatible motors include piezoelectric motors, pneumatic, vacuum-actuated drivers or hydraulic drivers.
[0073] Variations may be made to the device 100 in example embodiments. For example, in some example embodiment, an insertion mechanism may be used to move the entire linear slide assembly 106 in the insertion direction 127 to provide the insertion step (rather than from the insertion track 122). In some additional embodiments, some medical instruments 102 may include their own insertion or injection mechanism, which may be automated or manually controlled. For example, in some example embodiments, only a part of the medical instrument 102 such as the elongate member 130 (e.g. a needle) is independently controllable by a mechanism for insertion.
[0074] Reference is now made to Figures 8A and 8B, which shows a dispenser system 300 in accordance with an example embodiment. The dispenser system 300 can for example be used with an imaging system (not shown here) to dispense one or more medical instruments 302a-h (each or individually referred to as 302) to the medical insertion device 100 (Figure 1A). As shown, the dispenser system 300 includes a dispenser frame 304 which can be adjoined or attached to the particular imaging system . The dispenser frame 304 includes or defines a plurality of instrument holders 306a-h (each or individually referred to as 306) for respectively holding the medical instruments 302a-h. The instrument holders 306a-h can also releasably secure the medical instruments 302a-h using a retaining mechanism (not shown).
[0075] As shown in Figure 8A, the dispenser system 300 can also include a receiver 308 which can receive the desired medical instrument 302 for dispensing, in this example medical instrument 302a. The receiver 308 can include a mechanism or a vacuum or air pump (not shown) for obtaining the medical instrument 302a from the particular instrument holder 306a. The receiver 308 can also include appropriate sterilization mechanisms (not shown) such as an alcohol spray, etc.
[0076] As shown in Figure 8A, each instrument holder 306 is arranged on the dispenser frame 304 around a centre of rotation 310 of the dispenser frame 304. The dispenser frame 304 can further include a rotating mechanism (not shown) for rotating of the dispenser frame 304 around the centre of rotation 310. Thus, for example, rotation of the dispenser frame 304 can be effected until the desired medical instrument 302 is aligned with the receiver 308 for dispensing.
[0077] In some example embodiments, each of the medical instruments 302a-h can have a universal body which can each interchangeably be used with the medical insertion device 100. In the example embodiments shown, the medical instruments 302a-h can each have a similar elongate cylindrical body for interfacing with a corresponding shape of the device holder 126 (Figure 1A). It can be appreciated that the dispenser system 300 therefore generally acts as a holster for the medical instruments 302a-h.
[0078] Reference is now made to Figures 8C and 8D, which show a dispenser assembly 320 in accordance with another example embodiment. Figure 8C shows a lateral mode of dispensing while Figure 8D shows an upper mode of dispensing. In the lateral mode (Figure 8C) the instrument holders 306 are directed laterally (sideways) for accessing of the medical instruments 302. In the upper mode (Figure 8D) the instrument holders 306 are directed upwardly for accessing of the medical instruments 302. As shown, the dispenser system 300 is mounted onto a stand 322. The stand 322 includes a plurality of wheels 324 (e.g. five), which are lockable once wheeled to the desired position. The stand 322 also includes a swivel mechanism 324, which can swivel and lock the dispenser system 300 between the lateral mode (Figure 8C) and the upper mode (Figure 8D).
[0079] Reference is now made to Figures 9A to 9C, which show a robotic surgical system 400 including a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system 402 in accordance with an example embodiment. As shown, a breast imaging assembly 404 can be used with a patient support table 406. The patient lies prone on top of the assembly 404 with the sternum resting on a central support beam (not shown). The patient's head is supported by head support 408. The patient's shoulders are supported by shoulder supports 410. The patient's breasts extend down into the breast imaging assembly 404. As shown, the patient may be put into the magnet bore hole of the MRI system 402 head first. Alternatively, the patient may be inserted feet first into the MRI system 402.
[0080] The breasts are compressed by compression plates 412, wherein the compression plates 412 may compress the breast either in a head/feet direction or a lateral direction. When compressing, the compression plates 412 act as a breast stabilization mechanism . In other example embodiments, the compression plates 412 can include a plastic plate with a grid of finely-spaced needle guide holes. In the example embodiment shown in Figure 9A, the compression plates 412 are oriented along the head/feet direction. The compression plates 412 can further include a plastic plate with large rectangular access windows, which is advantageous when used for positioning of the medical instruments 302. In yet further embodiments, a non-compressive stabilization device may be used.
[0081] As best shown in Figure 9C, the medical insertion device 100 can be dimensioned to be positioned in the limited space located between the head support 408 and the patient support table 406, typically having a restricted height as shown .
[0082] In an alternate embodiment, the compression plates 412 are oriented along the lateral direction and the medical insertion device 100 is positioned laterally for procedures to be performed outside of the magnet bore hole of the MRI system 402.
[0083] The position of the alignment fiducials 113 (Figure IB) relative to the tumor is measured or located on the MR images. The appropriate position and/or angle of the medical instrument 102 can then be determined, and the medical instrument 102 is moved to that position and/or angle using the medical insertion device 100. In another example embodiment, a proper needle entry hole can be determined by determining which hole in the compression plate 412 is closest to the desired entry point, as would be understood in the art.
[0084] It can be appreciated that the closed geometry RF coils may be used with a plurality of windings, which can interfere with a lateral or medial biopsy approach direction in some existing conventional systems.
[0085] Generally, the tip of the biopsy device (or ablative device) may be seen in the image and can be accurately steered towards a suspected lesion location as imaging continues. This will allow adjustments to the trajectory of the biopsy device which are necessary if the lesion location moves for any reason. In the case of ablative therapy, the robotic manipulation system allows the tool to be repositioned as necessary, in-situ, in order to achieve the goals of the intervention. As mentioned, alignment fiducials (not shown) may also be placed onto the medical instrument 102 to assist in registration.
[0086] Referring to Figure 9A, in some example embodiments, the dispenser system 300 can be mounted onto a front of the frame of the MRI system 402. In such embodiments, the medical insertion device 100 can be swung out or otherwise controlled to access the dispenser system 300. In another example embodiment, also shown in Figure 9A, the dispenser assembly 320 can be rolled and locked into position adjacent to the front of the MRI system 402. In other example embodiments, the dispenser system 300 can be integrated within or attached to the patient support table 406 for dispensing of the various medical instruments 302. In such embodiments, the medical insertion device 100 may, for example, pitch down into the table 406 to obtain or replace the medical instrument 102.
[0087] As shown in Figure 9B, in some example embodiments, the dispenser system 300 can be mounted onto a rear side of the frame of the MRI system 402, for example in the upper mode of dispensing. In another example embodiment, also shown in Figure 9B, the dispenser assembly 320 can be rolled and locked into position adjacent to the rear side of the MRI system 402.
[0088] Reference is now made to Figures 10A to IOC, which show a robotic surgical system 500 including a mammography system 502 in accordance with an example embodiment. The mammography system 502 can, for example, include an X-Ray based system, an MBI system, or a positron emission mammography (PEM) based system . In PEM/MBI, prior to imaging, an agent is injected into the patient which assists in detection of the lesion. Compression plates 504a, 504b are used to provide stability and immobilization of the breasts. The compression plates 504a, 504b can also include PEM detectors mounted thereon.
[0089] As shown in Figure IOC, there is a limited space in the region transverse to the patient between the compression plates 504a, 504b. In example embodiments, the medical insertion device 100 is dimensioned to fit in this transverse region between the compression plates 504a, 504b. Referring briefly again to Figure 1A, a height of the drive support plate 114 of the frame 104 can be dimensioned to fit within the transverse space between the compression plates 504a, 504b. In another embodiment (not shown), the medical insertion device 100 is mounted onto the lower compression plate 504b within this transverse region.
[0090] As shown, a robotic arm 506 has one end mounted to the mammography system 502 and the other end has the medical insertion device 100 mounted thereon. The robotic arm 506 can, for example, place the medical insertion device 100 between the compression plates 504a, 504b at the appropriate time of the procedure. In other embodiments (not shown), the robotic arm 506 can place the medical insertion device 100 for superior insertion (e.g., from the head) with the compression plates 504a, 504b mounted transversely (for transverse compression) or otherwise suitably modified.
[0091] In some example embodiments, as shown in Figure 10B, the dispenser system 300 can be mounted within the frame of the mammography system 502. In such embodiments, the medical insertion device 100 can controlled or maneuvered to access the dispenser system 300 using the robotic arm 506. In some example embodiments, the dispenser system 300 does not rotate but rather the robotic arm 506 is used to retrieve the medical instrument 302 from the appropriate instrument holder 306.
[0092] As shown in Figure IOC, grid marks 510 may be shown in the virtual image to guide the medical insertion device 100 to the target site.
[0093] After the core biopsy is performed, the medical insertion device 100 provides an opportunity for other minimally invasive diagnostic procedures and treatments. Examples include : (1) gamma detectors; (2) energized tunneling tips to reduce tunneling forces; (3) inserts to aid in reconstruction of removed tissue (e.g., one or two sided shaver inserts); (4) spectroscopy imaging devices; (5) general tissue characterization sensors {e.g., (a) mammography; (b) ultrasound, sonography, contrast agents, power Doppler; (c) PET and FDG ([Flourine-18]-2- deoxy-2-fluoro-glucose); (d) MRI or NMR, breast coil; (e) mechanical impedance or elastic modulus; (f) electrical impedance; (g) optical spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, phase, polarization, wavelength/frequency, reflectance; (h) laser- induced fluorescence or auto-fluorescence; (i) radiation emission/detection, radioactive seed implantation; (j) flow cytometry; (k) genomics, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-brcal, brca2; (I) proteomics, protein pathway}; (6) tissue marker sensing device; (7) inserts or devices for MRI enhancement; (8) bishops on-a-stick; (9) endoscope; (10) diagnostic pharmaceutical agents delivery devices; (11) therapeutic anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents delivery devices; (12) radiation therapy delivery devices, radiation seeds; (13) anti-seeding agents for therapeutic biopsies to block the release of growth factors and/or cytokines (e.g., chlorpheniramine (CPA) is a protein that has been found to reduce proliferation of seeded cancer sells by 75% in cell cultures.); (14) fluorescent tagged antibodies, and a couple fiber optics to stimulate fluorescence from a laser source and to detect fluorescence signals for detecting remaining cancer cells; (15) positive pressure source to supply fluid to the cavity to aid with ultrasound visualization or to inflate the cavity to under the shape or to reduce bleeding; (16) biological tagging delivery devices (e.g., (a) functional imaging of cellular proliferation, neovacularity, mitochondrial density, glucose metabolism; (b) immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor, her2neu; (c) genomics, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-brcal, brca2; (d) proteomics, protein pathway); (17) marking clips; (18) mammotome; and (19) obturator trocar; (20) ablative therapies (cryo, RF, laser, etc.).
[0094] Reference is now made to Figure 11, which shows a block diagram of a robotic surgical system 10 to which example embodiments may be applied. The system 10 includes a surgical robot 12 for use in a surgical environment. The surgical robot 12 is in communication with a control station 16 either over a communications network 18 (as shown), or via a direct connection. Generally, the surgical robot 12 includes one or more robotic instrument(s) 24 which can be operational in a limited size operating environment defined by an imaging system such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). At least one of the robotic surgical instruments 24 may include the medical insertion device 100 as shown in Figure 1A.
[0095] Referring still to Figure 11, the surgical robot 12 includes a controller 20 for controlling operation of the surgical robot 12, a communications module or subsystem 22 for communicating with the control station 16 over the network 18, and robotic surgical instruments 24 which are controllable by the control station 16 over the network 18. In an example embodiment, the robotic surgical instruments may be haptically controllable which can include force-feedback or touch-feedback control. The controller 20 can include one or more microprocessors or processors that are coupled to a storage 21 (e.g. computer readable storage medium) that includes persistent and/or transient memory. The storage 21 stores information and software enabling the microprocessor(s) of controller 20 to control the subsystems and implement the functionality described herein. The surgical robot 12 includes a detector subsystem 28 for determining spatial information relating to a surgical environment of the surgical robot 12 (including a subject patient) and sending/relaying said information to the control station 16 over the network 18. As shown, in some example embodiments the detector 28 may include a camera 30 (for capturing video and/or audio information), an x-ray system 32, an ultrasound system 34, an MRI 36, or others such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Positron Emission Mammography (PEM), CT laser mammography, or a GE (TM) molecular biological imager. In some example embodiments, the controller 20 is configured to operate or provide a local control loop between at least one of the subsystems and the robotic surgical instruments 24.
[0096] The control station 16 includes a controller 40 for controlling operation of the control station 16 and a communications subsystem 42 for communicating with the surgical robot 12 over the network 18. The controller 40 is coupled to a storage 41. A control console 44 provides an interface for interaction with a user, for example a surgeon. The control console 44 includes a display 46 (or multiple displays), and a user input 48. In some embodiments, the user input 48 may further include haptic controllers (not shown) for allowing the user to haptically control the robotic surgical instruments 24 of the surgical robot 12, for example with force-feedback or touch control. Although only one control station 16 is shown, in other embodiments two or more control stations may be used, each configured for controlling at least part of the surgical robot 12. An example interface is shown in Figure 12, which in example embodiments includes a graphical user interface (GUI) for interfacing with the user.
[0097] Generally, the system 10 can be used to perform a procedure by breaking down a procedure into a series of interconnected sub-tasks. Some of the sub-tasks are performed automatically by the surgical robot 12 to control the robotic instruments 24 and the subsystems to perform the particular sub-task. Some of the other sub-tasks are "semi-automated", meaning having some control from the control station 16 as well as some local control from the controller 20.
[0098] Each defined sub-task may for example be stored in a storage 21 accessible by the controller 20, the storage 21 including a library. The library includes a sequence of sub-tasks (both automated and "semi-automated") . Specifically, some of the sub-tasks have instructions to automatically control the robotic instruments 24 and the subsystems to perform the sub-task. During automated control, the controller 20 may automatically perform the surgical functions by providing the local control loop with the subsystems. Some of the other sub-tasks may be "semi-automated", meaning having some control from the control station 16 as well as some local automation (with the controller 20 providing local control loops as described herein) . During semi-automated control, the control station 16 and the subsystems may be in a master-slave relationship. In example embodiments, such semi-automated control may be configured in an external control loop as between the subsystems and the robotic instruments 24, which are facilitated by the control station 16.
[0099] The sub-task may be selectively retrieved from the library and combined into a defined sequence or sequences to perform the surgical procedure. The flow from one sub-task to another is stored in the library. Each sub-task may use imagery and other parameters to verify sub-task completion . In some example embodiments, each of the sub-tasks in a particular entire procedure may be automatically performed by the surgical robot 12.
[00100] For example, for a breast biopsy a first sub-task may be the semi- automated positioning of the medical insertion tool 100 by the surgeon in front of the desired insertion region, while the second sub-task may be the automated insertion of the biopsy needle subcutaneously into the target site.
[00101] Referring again to Figure 11, the robotic surgical instruments 24 may include any number or combination of controllable mechanisms. The robotic surgical instruments 24 include end effectors such as grippers, cutters, manipulators, forceps, bi-polar cutters, ultrasonic grippers & probes, cauterizing tools, suturing devices, etc. The robotic surgical instruments 24 generally include small lightweight actuators and components. In some example embodiments, the robotic surgical instruments 24 include pneumatic and/or hydraulic actuators. Such actuators may further assist in providing motion stability, as further described below. In some example embodiments, various lightweight radiolucent materials for robotic arms as well as the range joint torques, forces, frequency response, ROM, weight and size of different actuators to achieve the maximum function in the surgical robot 12. In another example embodiment, the robotic surgical instrument 24 may be configured to include a therapeutic tool utilizing the administration of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to control haemorrhage and treat solid tumours. Both the HIFU and the ultrasound 34 (for detecting the surgical environment) may be implemented within the same robotic surgical instrument 24.
[00102] Referring still to Figure 11, the detector subsystem 28 will now be described in greater detail . The incorporation of intra-operative image guidance into surgical robotics provides an additional capability to refine the precision of a surgical procedure. Pre-operative diagnostic imagery may be utilized to plan surgical procedures with the assumption that these diagnostic images will represent tissue morphology at the time of surgery. Along with this pre-operative planning, intra-operative imagery may also be used to modify or refine a present surgical procedure or administer minimally invasive treatment such as HIFU ultrasound therapy used to control bleeding.
[00103] One aspect of such image-guided surgery in accordance with example embodiments is registering multiple images to each other and to the patient, tracking instruments intra-operatively and subsequently translating this imagery for real time use in the robot space. The incorporation of medical imagery into surgical planning for the system 10 facilitates the identification of a defined work envelope for single or multiple robotic arms. Intra-operative tracking of the position of the robotic surgical instruments 24 within the defined work envelope can be utilized to develop local control loop systems between the detector 28 and the robotic surgical instruments 24 to define keep-out and work within zones for surgical tasks. This data is incorporated into known algorithms developed for collision avoidance of the multiple robotic arms and optimization of the position of instrumentation for completion of the surgical task.
[00104] Different technologies that incorporate a physical marker, such as M R, X-Ray, IR (Infrared) markers or RF (Radiofrequency) devices, or chemical markers, may be used for image registration of specific anatomical landmarks for both the intra-operative tracking of the surgical robot 12 in relation to the patient as well as tracking the surgical instrumentation . Image-based registration is less sensitive to calibration and tracking errors as it provides a direct transformation between the image space and the instrument space. The information from anatomical landmarks can be registered with the diagnostic imagery used to plan the surgical procedure and subsequently translated into the robotic space for completion of an image guided surgical procedure. This translation is performed using a registration procedure between the robot and the imaging device. The incorporation of realtime intra-operative tracking of anatomical landmarks provides a mechanism of incorporating compensatory motion of the robotic arm to accommodate patient movement thereby enhancing the precision of the robotic task.
[00105] In another example embodiment, the detector subsystem 28 includes the incorporation of image guidance into the robotic surgery, including predetermined marker shapes and positions that provide optimal accuracy for fiducial marker monitoring and tracking of anatomical landmarks, instrument position and the position of the robotic arms under the constraints imposed by the imaging device and the limited volume available in the surgical work envelope.
[00106] Imagery can also be incorporated as one of many parameters used to provide local control loop feedback in performing autonomous robotic tasks. In some example embodiments, the control station 16 and the surgical robot 12 operate in a master slave relationship. Such embodiments may incorporate semi- autonomous surgical robotics wherein the surgical robot 12 may autonomously perform some specified surgical tasks that are part of a sequence of a larger task comprising the surgical procedure, for example using a locally controlled loop implemented by the controller 20. This may for example enables the surgeon to selectively perform techniques best undertaken with a master slave relationship while using automated robotics to perform specific tasks that require the enhanced precision of a surgical robot. For example, such tasks may include the precision placement of brachytherapy for cancer treatment or the precision drilling and intraoperative positioning of hardware in orthopaedic surgery.
[00107] In another aspect the control station 16 displays diagnostic images, uploaded from a diagnostic workstation (such as CT, M RI, or the like), such that a clinician may select start (insertion point) and end (lesion) location points. A 3D representation of the 2D image slice data with controllable view angle enables the clinician to plan an optimal path avoiding blood vessels and other tissue structures. The avoidance of hematoma can be important with regard to post biopsy image quality for target confirmation .
[00108] The control station 16 calculates the linear and angular motions necessary to move the surgical robotic manipulator over the planned trajectory and send appropriate commands to plurality of motors to move the medical instrument.
[00109] Referring still to Figure 11, the communications network 18 may further include a direct wireless connection, a satellite connection, a wide area network such as the Internet, a wireless wide area packet data network, a voice and data network, a public switched telephone network, a wireless local area network (WLAN), or other networks or combinations of the forgoing.
[00110] In one aspect the surgical robot 12 can move the medical instrument 100 while diagnostic images are being acquired . This can reduce the targeting confirmation time can be critical in light of contrast enhancement degradation issues. In addition, targeting errors as a result of lesion motion due to the force of the advancing needle, for example, can also be adjusted with the patient remaining within the magnet bore hole. The automated steering uses targeting software as well as force sensors to prevent accidental excursion into the wrong tissue. The software allows the medical practitioner to plan the full trajectory of the needle or ablation instrument from the skin surface down to the lesion and to steer the medical instrument 100 using real time M R. Again, M R fiducials as well as of M R molecular tagging may also be used to improve targeting accuracy.
[00111] In yet another aspect a remote control station 16 can enable control of the robotic instruments 24 from a distance such that an expert in the breast biopsy and ablation procedures will direct the procedure from a distance. The remote control station 16 can connect to one or more local workstations such that one physician may perform procedures at a plurality of remote sites (the master controller is at the remote site) . Alternatively, the local workstation may control the procedure and a remote station will monitor the procedure for teaching purposes, for example. Examples of various systems which can use local and remote workstations collaboratively are described in the PCT Patent Application No. WO 2007/121,572, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[00112] In some example embodiments, rather than the breast biopsy or ablative procedures described herein, additional procedures can be performed using several imaging modalities such as M RI, CT, PET, PEM, BSGI, X-ray, or sonography, or other modalities where there is an advantage to accurately target a pathology for biopsy or ablation . It would also be appreciated that in some example embodiments other areas of the body can be targeted other than the breast. Such applications include liver, axilla (sentinel node biopsy), lung, kidney, prostate, uterus, and neurological .
[00113] The various example embodiments described as systems would similarly apply to methods, and vice-versa.
[00114] Variations may be made to some example embodiments, which may include combinations and sub-combinations of any of the above. The various embodiments presented above are merely examples and are in no way meant to limit the scope of this disclosure. Variations of the innovations described herein will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art, such variations being within the intended scope of the present disclosure. In particular, features from one or more of the above-described embodiments may be selected to create alternative embodiments comprised of a sub-combination of features which may not be explicitly described above. In addition, features from one or more of the above- described embodiments may be selected and combined to create alternative embodiments comprised of a combination of features which may not be explicitly described above. Features suitable for such combinations and sub-combinations would be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art upon review of the described embodiments. The subject matter described herein intends to cover and embrace all suitable changes in technology.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A robotic system, comprising :
an insertion device having an interface for interfacing with a medical instrument;
one or more mechanisms for effecting insertion of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction, and for effecting pitch and yaw of the insertion device;
a detector subsystem for determining spatial information; and
a controller in communication with the detector subsystem and configured to automatically control the one or more mechanisms based on the received spatial information.
2. A medical insertion device, comprising :
a mounting arm;
an interface connected to the mounting arm for interfacing with a medical instrument;
a mechanism for movement of the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction;
a carriage connected to a distal end of the mounting arm; and
a pivot connection between the carriage and the distal end of the mounting arm to permit pitch or yaw of the mounting arm.
3. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising :
a frame; and
a first slideable connection between the first carriage and the frame to translate the distal end of the mounting arm.
4. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 3, further comprising :
a second carriage having a second pivot connection to the mounting arm; and
a second slideable connection between the second carriage and the frame.
5. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first and second slideable connections are independently controllable.
6. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second carriage is connected to a proximal end of the mounting arm .
7. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the second carriage is connected to the distal end of the mounting arm .
8. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the second carriage is pivotally connected to said carriage.
9. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 4, wherein the first slideable connection and the second slideable connection include connection to a same track.
10. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 3, further comprising another pivot connection between the carriage and the frame at the first slideable connection.
11. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first slideable connection is slideable transversely to the insertion direction.
12. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the mechanism moves the interface along a length of the mounting arm .
13. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 3, wherein the medical device is for use with an imaging system.
14. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 13, wherein a size of the frame is restricted to a dimension defined by the imaging system .
15. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the interface is compatible with at least one of a plurality of medical instruments.
16. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a dispenser, the dispenser including a dispenser frame defining or including at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of the medical instrument to the interface.
17. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 16, wherein the at least one instrument holder is arranged on the dispenser frame around a centre of rotation of the dispenser frame, the dispenser further including a rotating mechanism for rotating the dispenser frame around the centre of rotation.
18. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the interface is configured to receive the medical instrument both in the insertion direction or in an opposite direction to the insertion direction.
19. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the medical instrument includes a biopsy tool or an ablation tool.
20. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising an alignment fiducial or marker at the mounting arm or the interface.
21. The medical insertion device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising a force sensor mounted at the mounting arm or the interface.
22. A method for facilitating insertion of a medical instrument, comprising :
interfacing the medical instrument with an interface, the interface being connected to a mounting arm;
pivoting the mounting arm at a pivot connection connected between a carriage and a distal end of the mounting arm to effect pitch or yaw of the mounting arm; and
moving the medical instrument or a part of the medical instrument in an insertion direction.
23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein said part of the medical instrument includes a needle.
24. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein said moving includes moving the interface in the insertion direction.
25. The method as claimed in claim 22, further comprising sliding the carriage using a first slideable connection between the first carriage and a frame to translate the distal end of the mounting arm .
26. A dispenser system for use with an imaging system, comprising : a dispenser frame adjoined to the imaging system; and
the dispenser frame including or defining at least one instrument holder for holding and releasably providing of a medical instrument.
27. The dispenser system as claimed in claim 26, wherein the at least one instrument holder is arranged on the dispenser frame around a centre of rotation of the dispenser frame.
28. The dispenser system as claimed in claim 27, further comprising a rotating mechanism for rotating the dispenser frame around the centre of rotation.
PCT/CA2010/001865 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system WO2011063511A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2010324494A AU2010324494B2 (en) 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore MR guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system
US13/512,198 US9259271B2 (en) 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore MR guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system
CA2781788A CA2781788C (en) 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system
EP10832462.5A EP2503951A4 (en) 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system
US13/859,336 US20130296883A1 (en) 2009-11-27 2013-04-09 Automated detection, diagnostic and therapeutic method and system

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US26476109P 2009-11-27 2009-11-27
US61/264,761 2009-11-27
US33485110P 2010-05-14 2010-05-14
US61/334,851 2010-05-14

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/859,336 Continuation US20130296883A1 (en) 2009-11-27 2013-04-09 Automated detection, diagnostic and therapeutic method and system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011063511A1 true WO2011063511A1 (en) 2011-06-03
WO2011063511A8 WO2011063511A8 (en) 2011-12-01

Family

ID=44065779

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CA2010/001865 WO2011063511A1 (en) 2009-11-27 2010-11-26 Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US9259271B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2503951A4 (en)
AU (1) AU2010324494B2 (en)
CA (2) CA2781788C (en)
WO (1) WO2011063511A1 (en)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013074970A1 (en) * 2011-11-16 2013-05-23 Vanderbilt University Motive device for use in magnetically-sensitive environments
FR2982761A1 (en) * 2011-11-21 2013-05-24 Gen Electric METHODS OF ASSISTING HANDLING OF AN INSTRUMENT, AND ASSOCIATED ASSISTANCE ASSEMBLY
US20140296704A1 (en) * 2011-06-07 2014-10-02 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Rotational position determination apparatus
WO2015010189A1 (en) * 2013-07-24 2015-01-29 Centre For Surgical Invention & Innovation Multi-function mounting interface for an image-guided robotic system and quick release interventional toolset
WO2015044071A1 (en) * 2013-09-24 2015-04-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Biopsy device
WO2016044939A1 (en) * 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 Polymer Robotics Inc. Tool manipulator and system for positioning a tool for surgical and like uses
US9333650B2 (en) 2012-05-11 2016-05-10 Vanderbilt University Method and system for contact detection and contact localization along continuum robots
US9539726B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-01-10 Vanderbilt University Systems and methods for safe compliant insertion and hybrid force/motion telemanipulation of continuum robots
US9549720B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-01-24 Vanderbilt University Robotic device for establishing access channel
US9687303B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-06-27 Vanderbilt University Dexterous wrists for surgical intervention
US9956042B2 (en) 2012-01-13 2018-05-01 Vanderbilt University Systems and methods for robot-assisted transurethral exploration and intervention
US10967504B2 (en) 2017-09-13 2021-04-06 Vanderbilt University Continuum robots with multi-scale motion through equilibrium modulation
US11793394B2 (en) 2016-12-02 2023-10-24 Vanderbilt University Steerable endoscope with continuum manipulator

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130066332A1 (en) * 2011-09-09 2013-03-14 Garnette Sutherland Surgical Tool for Use in MR Imaging
US11284869B2 (en) * 2011-09-16 2022-03-29 Hologic, Inc. Breast biopsy lateral arm system
EP2755559B1 (en) 2011-09-16 2020-03-25 Hologic, Inc. Breast biopsy lateral arm system
US12042134B2 (en) 2011-09-16 2024-07-23 Hologic, Inc. Breast biopsy lateral arm system
US20130211422A1 (en) * 2012-02-15 2013-08-15 Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. Compact rotary actuator with internal planetary
CN104519817B (en) 2012-04-24 2017-11-10 西比姆公司 The catheter in blood vessel and method extractd for carotid body
WO2013181660A1 (en) 2012-06-01 2013-12-05 Cibiem, Inc. Methods and devices for cryogenic carotid body ablation
US9955946B2 (en) * 2014-03-12 2018-05-01 Cibiem, Inc. Carotid body ablation with a transvenous ultrasound imaging and ablation catheter
CA2896381C (en) * 2013-03-15 2017-01-10 Synaptive Medical (Barbados) Inc. Intelligent positioning system and methods therefore
US9592095B2 (en) * 2013-05-16 2017-03-14 Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. Systems and methods for robotic medical system integration with external imaging
JP2015093141A (en) * 2013-11-14 2015-05-18 セイコーエプソン株式会社 Robotic surgery device, and fluid injector for robotic surgery device
WO2015085257A1 (en) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Sonitrack Systems, Inc. Mechanically driven ultrasound scanning system and method
CN103876786B (en) * 2014-04-13 2015-11-04 哈尔滨理工大学 Robot is got involved with the mammary gland of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR compatibility
WO2016126914A1 (en) * 2015-02-05 2016-08-11 Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. System and method for anatomical markers
CN107645924B (en) * 2015-04-15 2021-04-20 莫比乌斯成像公司 Integrated medical imaging and surgical robotic system
WO2017120661A1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2017-07-20 Modus Medical Devices Inc. Piezoelectric motor assembly
GB2563234B (en) 2017-06-06 2021-12-08 Cmr Surgical Ltd Securing an interface element rail of a robotic surgical instrument interface
CN115209829A (en) * 2020-01-23 2022-10-18 普罗马克索公司 Robotic system and method for MRI guidance of biopsies
EP4167892A1 (en) 2020-06-19 2023-04-26 Remedy Robotics, Inc. Systems and methods for guidance of intraluminal devices within the vasculature
US11813033B2 (en) * 2020-06-22 2023-11-14 Michael Campagna Medical imaging compatible radiolucent actuation of translation rotation articulation circumduction joint
US11707332B2 (en) 2021-07-01 2023-07-25 Remedy Robotics, Inc. Image space control for endovascular tools
WO2023278789A1 (en) 2021-07-01 2023-01-05 Remedy Robotics, Inc. Vision-based position and orientation determination for endovascular tools

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5749362A (en) * 1992-05-27 1998-05-12 International Business Machines Corporation Method of creating an image of an anatomical feature where the feature is within a patient's body
US6064904A (en) * 1997-11-28 2000-05-16 Picker International, Inc. Frameless stereotactic CT scanner with virtual needle display for planning image guided interventional procedures
US6351662B1 (en) * 1998-08-12 2002-02-26 Neutar L.L.C. Movable arm locator for stereotactic surgery
US20020082612A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2002-06-27 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Arm cart for telerobotic surgical system
US6451027B1 (en) * 1998-12-16 2002-09-17 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Devices and methods for moving an image capture device in telesurgical systems
US20020143319A1 (en) * 1998-02-24 2002-10-03 Brock David L. Interchangeable surgical instrument
WO2007064937A1 (en) * 2005-12-02 2007-06-07 University Of Rochester Image-guided therapy delivery and diagnostic needle system
US20080004632A1 (en) * 2002-08-13 2008-01-03 Sutherland Garnette R Microsurgical robot system

Family Cites Families (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5460182A (en) 1992-09-14 1995-10-24 Sextant Medical Corporation Tissue penetrating apparatus and methods
US5647361A (en) * 1992-09-28 1997-07-15 Fonar Corporation Magnetic resonance imaging method and apparatus for guiding invasive therapy
US5571083A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-11-05 Lemelson; Jerome H. Method and system for cell transplantation
DE59603026D1 (en) * 1995-12-20 1999-10-14 Wiegand Alexander Konrad DEVICE FOR THE SPACIOUS CONTROLLED MOVEMENT OF A BODY IN THREE TO SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM
AU3813897A (en) * 1996-07-25 1998-02-20 Light Medicine, Inc. Photodynamic therapy apparatus and methods
US5828197A (en) * 1996-10-25 1998-10-27 Immersion Human Interface Corporation Mechanical interface having multiple grounded actuators
WO1998033451A1 (en) 1997-02-04 1998-08-06 National Aeronautics And Space Administration Multimodality instrument for tissue characterization
US7789875B2 (en) * 1998-02-24 2010-09-07 Hansen Medical, Inc. Surgical instruments
US6468265B1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2002-10-22 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Performing cardiac surgery without cardioplegia
AU1825400A (en) * 1998-11-23 2000-06-13 Microdexterity Systems, Inc. Surgical manipulator
US6602185B1 (en) 1999-02-18 2003-08-05 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Remote surgery support system
US6889073B2 (en) * 2000-05-08 2005-05-03 David A. Lampman Breast biopsy and therapy system for magnetic resonance imagers
US6782287B2 (en) * 2000-06-27 2004-08-24 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method and apparatus for tracking a medical instrument based on image registration
SE0003912D0 (en) * 2000-10-24 2000-10-24 Abb Ab Industrial robot
EP1234632A1 (en) * 2001-02-23 2002-08-28 Willemin Machines S.A. Kinematic device for programmably supporting and positioning an end element in a machine or an instrument
US20020193685A1 (en) * 2001-06-08 2002-12-19 Calypso Medical, Inc. Guided Radiation Therapy System
EP1308239A3 (en) * 2001-10-31 2005-08-10 GROB-Werke Burkhart Grob e.K. Machine tool and method for adjusting the position of the spindle of the machine
US7769426B2 (en) 2002-04-23 2010-08-03 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Method for using an MRI compatible biopsy device with detachable probe
TW546595B (en) * 2002-07-23 2003-08-11 Internet Motion Navigator Corp Six-axis translation-type dynamic simulation device
DE10304221A1 (en) * 2003-01-30 2004-08-12 Carl Zeiss Surgical assistance device for assisting a surgeon in the removal of tissue, e.g. for cancer treatment, whereby movement of an operating instrument is at least partially automated based on tissue measurements
US10863945B2 (en) 2004-05-28 2020-12-15 St. Jude Medical, Atrial Fibrillation Division, Inc. Robotic surgical system with contact sensing feature
DE102004030659B8 (en) * 2004-06-24 2007-01-18 Ruprecht Altenburger mover
US7850682B2 (en) * 2005-01-10 2010-12-14 Galil Medical Ltd. Systems for MRI-guided cryosurgery
KR101258912B1 (en) 2005-06-06 2013-04-30 인튜어티브 서지컬 인코포레이티드 Laparoscopic ultrasound robotic surgical system
US20070129626A1 (en) 2005-11-23 2007-06-07 Prakash Mahesh Methods and systems for facilitating surgical procedures
EP1962684B1 (en) * 2005-12-02 2017-03-01 The Johns Hopkins University Multi imager compatible robot for image-guided interventions, automated brachytherapy seed delivery apparatus and systems related thereto
DE102006023108A1 (en) 2006-05-16 2007-11-22 Ottow, Manfred, Dr.-Ing. Device for guiding and guiding an instrument in a body
US20080221443A1 (en) 2007-03-07 2008-09-11 Ritchie Paul G Integrated Imaging and Biopsy System with Ancillary Device Authentication
JP5154961B2 (en) * 2008-01-29 2013-02-27 テルモ株式会社 Surgery system
US8808164B2 (en) * 2008-03-28 2014-08-19 Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. Controlling a robotic surgical tool with a display monitor

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5749362A (en) * 1992-05-27 1998-05-12 International Business Machines Corporation Method of creating an image of an anatomical feature where the feature is within a patient's body
US6064904A (en) * 1997-11-28 2000-05-16 Picker International, Inc. Frameless stereotactic CT scanner with virtual needle display for planning image guided interventional procedures
US20020143319A1 (en) * 1998-02-24 2002-10-03 Brock David L. Interchangeable surgical instrument
US6351662B1 (en) * 1998-08-12 2002-02-26 Neutar L.L.C. Movable arm locator for stereotactic surgery
US20020082612A1 (en) * 1998-11-20 2002-06-27 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Arm cart for telerobotic surgical system
US6451027B1 (en) * 1998-12-16 2002-09-17 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Devices and methods for moving an image capture device in telesurgical systems
US20080004632A1 (en) * 2002-08-13 2008-01-03 Sutherland Garnette R Microsurgical robot system
WO2007064937A1 (en) * 2005-12-02 2007-06-07 University Of Rochester Image-guided therapy delivery and diagnostic needle system

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP2503951A4 *

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140296704A1 (en) * 2011-06-07 2014-10-02 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Rotational position determination apparatus
US11399893B2 (en) 2011-06-07 2022-08-02 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Rotational position determination apparatus
US10736696B2 (en) * 2011-06-07 2020-08-11 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Rotational position determination apparatus
US9492234B2 (en) 2011-11-16 2016-11-15 Vanderbilt University Motive device for use in magnetically-sensitive environments
WO2013074970A1 (en) * 2011-11-16 2013-05-23 Vanderbilt University Motive device for use in magnetically-sensitive environments
FR2982761A1 (en) * 2011-11-21 2013-05-24 Gen Electric METHODS OF ASSISTING HANDLING OF AN INSTRUMENT, AND ASSOCIATED ASSISTANCE ASSEMBLY
WO2013078366A1 (en) * 2011-11-21 2013-05-30 General Electric Company Methods for the assisted manipulation of an instrument, and associated assistive assembly
US9956042B2 (en) 2012-01-13 2018-05-01 Vanderbilt University Systems and methods for robot-assisted transurethral exploration and intervention
US9549720B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-01-24 Vanderbilt University Robotic device for establishing access channel
US9539726B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-01-10 Vanderbilt University Systems and methods for safe compliant insertion and hybrid force/motion telemanipulation of continuum robots
US9687303B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2017-06-27 Vanderbilt University Dexterous wrists for surgical intervention
US10500002B2 (en) 2012-04-20 2019-12-10 Vanderbilt University Dexterous wrists
US9333650B2 (en) 2012-05-11 2016-05-10 Vanderbilt University Method and system for contact detection and contact localization along continuum robots
US10512511B2 (en) 2013-07-24 2019-12-24 Centre For Surgical Invention And Innovation Multi-function mounting interface for an image-guided robotic system and quick release interventional toolset
WO2015010189A1 (en) * 2013-07-24 2015-01-29 Centre For Surgical Invention & Innovation Multi-function mounting interface for an image-guided robotic system and quick release interventional toolset
WO2015044071A1 (en) * 2013-09-24 2015-04-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Biopsy device
WO2016044939A1 (en) * 2014-09-24 2016-03-31 Polymer Robotics Inc. Tool manipulator and system for positioning a tool for surgical and like uses
US11793394B2 (en) 2016-12-02 2023-10-24 Vanderbilt University Steerable endoscope with continuum manipulator
US10967504B2 (en) 2017-09-13 2021-04-06 Vanderbilt University Continuum robots with multi-scale motion through equilibrium modulation
US11897129B2 (en) 2017-09-13 2024-02-13 Vanderbilt University Continuum robots with multi-scale motion through equilibrium modulation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2010324494A1 (en) 2012-06-14
CA2781788A1 (en) 2011-06-03
CA2901359A1 (en) 2011-06-03
EP2503951A4 (en) 2017-07-26
EP2503951A1 (en) 2012-10-03
AU2010324494B2 (en) 2014-11-06
WO2011063511A8 (en) 2011-12-01
CA2781788C (en) 2015-11-03
US20130158565A1 (en) 2013-06-20
CA2901359C (en) 2020-02-11
US20130296883A1 (en) 2013-11-07
US9259271B2 (en) 2016-02-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2781788C (en) Automated in-bore mr guided robotic diagnostic and therapeutic system
CN113784682B (en) Robotic arm and method for tissue ablation and imaging
Masamune et al. System for robotically assisted percutaneous procedures with computed tomography guidance
Boctor et al. Three‐dimensional ultrasound‐guided robotic needle placement: an experimental evaluation
EP1827243B1 (en) Access system
Kettenbach et al. Robotic systems for percutaneous needle-guided interventions
US10188470B2 (en) Minimally invasive surgical instrument to provide needle-based therapy
JP4401676B2 (en) Positioning mechanism for MRI compatible biopsy device
US7822466B2 (en) Robot for computed tomography interventions
US20220378526A1 (en) Robotic positioning of a device
WO2017050201A1 (en) Minimally invasive medical robot system
JP2004033753A (en) Method for using magnetic resonance imaging compatible biopsy device with detachable probe
JP2004033752A (en) Magnetic resonance imaging compatible biopsy device having detachable probe
JP2004517659A (en) Diagnostic imaging intervention device
Patriciu et al. Robotic kidney and spine percutaneous procedures using a new laser-based CT registration method
Fischer et al. Pneumatically operated MRI-compatible needle placement robot for prostate interventions
Boctor et al. Robotically assisted ablative treatment guided by freehand 3D ultrasound
WO2017117382A1 (en) Robotic assisted prostate surgery device
Arnolli Development of a precision system for image-guided needle placement: from scratch to clinic
Masamune et al. Procedures zyxwvutsrqp
Xu et al. Registration and motion compensation of a needle placement robot for CT-guided spinal procedures
Patriciu et al. Image-guided robotic assisted interventions
Baur EasyGuide Neuro: A New Approach to Image-Guided Surgery
Frame et al. Stereotactic Surgery with the

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 10832462

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2781788

Country of ref document: CA

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2010324494

Country of ref document: AU

Ref document number: 2010832462

Country of ref document: EP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2010324494

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20101126

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 13512198

Country of ref document: US