WO2011051938A1 - Composition for treatment of thyroid cancer with fts and analogs thereof - Google Patents

Composition for treatment of thyroid cancer with fts and analogs thereof Download PDF

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WO2011051938A1
WO2011051938A1 PCT/IL2010/000883 IL2010000883W WO2011051938A1 WO 2011051938 A1 WO2011051938 A1 WO 2011051938A1 IL 2010000883 W IL2010000883 W IL 2010000883W WO 2011051938 A1 WO2011051938 A1 WO 2011051938A1
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fts
ras
thyroid cancer
cells
alkyl
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PCT/IL2010/000883
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Yoel Kloog
Ran Levi
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Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd.
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Priority to JP2012536011A priority Critical patent/JP2013508450A/ja
Publication of WO2011051938A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011051938A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/166—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the carbon of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. procainamide, procarbazine, metoclopramide, labetalol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/235—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids having an aromatic ring attached to a carboxyl group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy [Hundahl, et al . , Cancer 83 (12) : 2638-48
  • thyroid carcinomas are derived from follicular cells. Most carcinomas that are derived from follicular epithelial cells are indolent tumors that can be effectively managed by surgery with or without radioactive- iodine ablation. However, certain subsets of these tumors can behave aggressively, and there is currently no effective form of treatment [Sherman, S.I., Lancet 361 (9356) : 501-11 (2003); Schlumberger, M.J., New England Journal of Medicine 338 (5) :297-306 (1998)].
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma compromises a broad spectrum of tumors ranging from well-differentiated to undifferentiated types, on the basis of histological and clinical parameters [Ros, et al. , Biochimie 81 (4) : 389-96
  • Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma includes papillary (PTC) and follicular (FTC) types. They have a generally good prognosis.
  • PTC papillary
  • FTC follicular
  • undifferentiated or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is highly aggressive and has a very poor prognosis [Chiacchio, et al., Minerva J. Endocrinol. 33 (4) : 341-57 (2008); Sipos, et al., Expert Opin. Pharmacother 9 (15) : 2627-37 (2008)].
  • ATC results in a rapidly enlarging neck mass that invades adjacent tissues and metastasizes to different parts of the body, particularly into the bones.
  • Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the conventional therapeutic strategies performed in the attempt to improve survival.
  • Surgery is not feasible in many patients, with operability varying from 17-65% across reported series [Ahuja, et al., J. e ndocrinol. Invest. 10 (3) : 303-10 (1987)].
  • chemotherapy regimens including doxorubicin, which has shown at best a 22% partial response rate. Survival is usually within 1 year of diagnosis [Kebebew, et al., Cancer 103 (7) : 1330-5 (2005).
  • a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for treating a patient with a thyroid cancer characterized by elevated levels of K-Ras relative to a normal thyroid cell.
  • the method entails administering to the patient a composition that includes a therapeutically effective amount of farnesylthiosalicylic acid (also referred to herein as FTS or Salirasib) or an FTS analog, which together are defined by the formula described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • FTS or Salirasib farnesylthiosalicylic acid
  • Compositions for use in practicing these methods, as well as methods of making them, are also provided.
  • thyroid cancers characterized by elevated K-Ras levels such as papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
  • Ras antagonists such as S-trans , trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid and its analogs.
  • Fig. 1A and B are bar graphs showing that the Ras inhibitor FTS inhibits growth of thyroid follicular cells with high levels of Gal-3 protein, wherein Fig. 1A shows reduction in cell proliferation by FTS on thyroid carcinomas ARO, MRO, and NPA (and lack of any such effect on TT cells) (15000 cells/96-wells plate) grown in the presence of a relatively low serum concentration (5%) and treated with 50, 75 and ⁇ FTS or 0.1% DMSO (control) for 24 hours, wherein cell proliferation was then determined by incorporation of BrdU into the DNA, and wherein data are presented as the percent of BrdU in the FTS-treated cells relative to the control; and Fig.
  • Fig. 2 is an immunoblot that shows levels of active Ras, ERK and Gal-3 in the thyroid carcinoma cell lines ARO, MRO, NPA and TT cells, that were homogenized, followed by subjecting aliquots of the homogenates to the determination of levels of Gal-3, Ras, Ras-GTP, Ras-GTP isoforms (N-Ras and K-Ras) and the Ras downstream effector phospho-ERK using SDS- PAGE and immunoblotting with specific antibodies, wherein ⁇ - tubulin served as a loading control, and wherein immunoblots were visualized by ECL.
  • Figs. 3A, B and C are bar graphs showing that FTS inhibits Ras and its signals in various thyroid cancer cell lines, wherein Fig. 3A shows that FTS reduces the level of total Ras.GTP in ARO, MRO and NPA cells, wherein the cells were plated as described in Fig. 1A then treated with 75 ⁇ FTS or with the vehicle control for 48 hours, lysed and subjected to quantification of active Ras.GTP and total Ras followed by immunoblotting with pan Ras Ab; Fig. 3B shows that FTS reduces the level of K-Ras.GTP in ARO, MRO and NPA cells grown as described for Fig.
  • Fig. 3C shows that FTS reduces the levels of phospho-ERK in ARO and MRO cells treated with 75 ⁇ FTS for 48 hours then lysed and subjected to immunobloting with anti ERK and anti phosphor-ERK Ab.
  • Figs 4A and A' , B, C, and D and D' are bar graphs showing that FTS treatment increases the levels of P21 and Ttf-1 in thyroid carcinoma cells; wherein Figs. 4A and 4A' show that FTS induces upregulation of p21 and Ttfl respectively in thyroid carcinoma cells ARO, MRO and NPA cells that were plated and treated with 75 ⁇ FTS as described in Fig 3A, followed by lysis and SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-p21and anti Ttf-1 or anti tubulin (control) antibodies, wherein the levels of p21 in the FTS-treated ARO and MRO and NPA cell were higher than in the corresponding controls (*P ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01), and the levels of Ttf-1 in the FTS-treated ARO and MRO cells were also higher than in the corresponding controls (*P ⁇ 0.05), but wherein not much difference was recorded in NPA and TT cells; Fig.
  • Fig. 4B shows that dominant negative Ras increases the levels of Ttfl in thyroid carcinoma cells ARO and MRO transfected with vectors expressing the dominant negative GFP-Ras 17N or GFP (control) followed by lysis 48h after transfection and immunblotting with anti-Ttf-1 and anti ⁇ -tubulin Ab;
  • Fig. 4C shows statistical analysis of confocal fluorescence images of control ARO cells and of cell treated with FTS, wherein the cells (2xl0 5 cells) were plated onto glass cover slips then treated 48 h with 75 ⁇ FTS or with the vehicle control and labeled with Hoechst and with rabbit anti-Ttfl Ab followed by fluoresceine-labeled goat anti-rabbit Ab and imaged; and Figs.
  • 4D and 4D' show that the MEK inhibitor U0126 induces increase in p21 and Ttfl respectively in ARO and MRO cells plated at a density of 2xl0 5 cells/ 6-cm plate and grown 24 h in the RPMI/5% FCS with and without ⁇ U0126, followed by lysis, SDS-PAGE and then immunobloting with anti-Ttf-1 anti-p21 and anti- -tubulin Ab.
  • Fig. 5 is a bar graph showing that FTS disrupts K-Ras-Gal-3 colocalization in the cell membrane of ARO cells
  • Ras proteins e.g., H-, N- and K-Ras, act as on-off switches that regulate signal-transduction pathways controlling cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
  • GDP guanosine triphosphate
  • Ras protein promotes oncogenesis through activation of multiple Ras effectors that contribute to deregulated cell growth, differentiation, and increased survival, migration and invasion.
  • FTS is known as a Ras inhibitor that acts in a rather specific manner on the active, GTP-bound forms of H-, N-, and K- Ras proteins.
  • Ras inhibitor that acts in a rather specific manner on the active, GTP-bound forms of H-, N-, and K- Ras proteins.
  • FTS competes with Ras-GTP for binding to specific saturable binding sites in the plasma membrane, resulting in mislocalization of active Ras and facilitating Ras degradation.
  • Ras antagonists useful in the present invention include FTS and its structural analogs, are described below.
  • Ras antagonists are represented by the formula:
  • R 1 represents farnesyl, or geranyl- geranyl
  • R 2 is COOR 7 , CONR 7 R 8 , or COOCHR 9 OR 10
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, or alkenyl, including linear and branched alkyl or alkenyl, which in some embodiments includes C1-C4 alkyl or alkenyl
  • R 9 represents H or alkyl
  • R 10 represents alkyl, including linear and branched alkyl and which in some embodiments represents C1-C4 alkyl
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy (including linear and branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy and which in some embodiments represents C1-C4 alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy) , halo, trifluoromethyl , trifluoromethoxy, or alkylmercapto
  • the Ras antagonist is S- trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid or FTS (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 2 is COOR 7 , and R 7 is hydrogen) .
  • the FTS analog is halogenated, e.g., 5-chloro-FTS (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 2 is COOR 7 , R 4 is chloro, and R 7 is hydrogen) , and 5-fluoro-FTS (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 2 is COOR 7 , R 4 is fluoro, and R 7 is hydrogen) .
  • 5-chloro-FTS wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 2 is COOR 7 , R 4 is chloro, and R 7 is hydrogen
  • 5-fluoro-FTS wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 2 is COOR 7 , R 4 is fluoro, and R 7 is hydrogen
  • the FTS analog is FTS-methyl ester (wherein R 1 represents farnesyl, R 2 represents COOR 7 , and R 7 represents methyl), FTS-amide (wherein R 1 represents farnesyl, R 2 represents CONR 7 R 8 , and R 7 and R 8 both represent hydrogen) ; FTS-methylamide (wherein R 1 represents farnesyl, R 2 represents CONR 7 R 8 , R 7 represents hydrogen and R 8 represents methyl) ; and FTS-dimethylamide (wherein R 1 represents farnesyl, R 2 represents CONR 7 R 8 , and R 7 and R 8 each represents methyl) .
  • the Ras antagonist is an alkoxyalkyl S-prenylthiosalicylate or an FTS-alkoxyalkyl ester (wherein R 2 represents COOCHR 9 OR 10 ) .
  • Representative examples include methoxymethyl S-farnesylthiosalicylate (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 9 is H, and R 10 is methyl) ; methoxymethyl S- geranylgeranylthiosalicylate (wherein R 1 is geranylgeranyl, R 9 is H, and R 10 is methyl) ; methoxymethyl 5-fluoro-S- farnesylthiosalicylate (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 5 is fluoro, R 9 is H, and R 10 is methyl) ; and ethoxymethyl S- farnesylthiosalicyate (wherein R 1 is farnesyl, R 9 is methyl and R 10 is ethyl) .
  • R 1 is farnesyl,
  • an effective amount refers to a sufficient amount of the Ras antagonist that will ameliorate at least one symptom of the thyroid cancer and its associated manifestations, diminish extent or severity of the disease, delay or retard disease progression, achieve partial or complete remission, prolong survival and combinations thereof.
  • Appropriate "effective" amounts for any cancer patient can be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study. Specific dose levels for any particular patient will depend on several factors such as the potency of the Ras antagonist, the age, weight, and general health of the patient, and the severity of the cancer.
  • the average daily dose of the Ras antagonists of the present invention generally ranges from about 200 mg to about 2000 mg, in some embodiments from about 400 to about 1600 mg, and some other embodiments from about 600 to about 1200 mg, and in yet other embodiments, from about 800 mg to about 1200 mg.
  • administering refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of the Ras antagonist to the desired site of biological action.
  • Medically acceptable administration techniques suitable for use in the present invention are known in the art. See, e.g., Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, current ed. ; Pergamon; and Remington's, Pharmaceutical Sciences (current edition), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
  • the Ras antagonist is administered orally.
  • the Ras antagonist is administered parenterally (which for purposes of the present invention, includes intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular and infusion) . Other administration routes such as topical and rectal administration may also be suitable.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively non-toxic.
  • composition refers to the Ras antagonist, optionally combined
  • compositions of the present invention may further contain one of more excipients.
  • Oral compositions for the Ras antagonist can be prepared by bringing the agent (s) into association with (e.g., mixing with) the carrier, the selection of which is based on the mode of administration. Carriers are generally solid or liquid. In some cases, compositions may contain solid and liquid carriers.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration that contain the active are preferably in solid dosage forms such as tablets (e.g., including film-coated, sugar-coated, controlled or sustained release) , capsules, e.g., hard gelatin capsules (including controlled or sustained release) and soft gelatin capsules, powders and granules.
  • the compositions may be contained in other carriers that enable administration to a patient in other oral forms, e.g., a liquid or gel. Regardless of the form, the composition is divided into individual or combined doses containing predetermined quantities of the Ras antagonist.
  • Oral dosage forms may be prepared by mixing the Ras antagonist, typically in the form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient with one or more appropriate carriers (optionally with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) , and then formulating the composition into the desired dosage form e.g., compressing the composition into a tablet or filling the composition into a capsule or a pouch.
  • Typical carriers and excipients include bulking agents or diluents, binders, buffers or pH adjusting agents, disintegrants (including crosslinked and super disintegrants such as croscarmellose) , glidants, and/or lubricants, including lactose, starch, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate, acacia, gelatin, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, corn oil, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
  • Coating agents such as sugar, shellac, and synthetic polymers may be employed, as well as colorants and preservatives. See, Remington 's
  • Liquid form compositions include, for example, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and pressurized compositions.
  • the active agent (s) for example, can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent (and mixtures thereof), and/or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fats.
  • liquid carriers for oral administration include water (particularly containing additives as above, e.g., cellulose derivatives, preferably in suspension in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution) , alcohols (including monohydric alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycerin and non-toxic glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil) .
  • the liquid composition can contain other suitable pharmaceutical excipients such as solubilizers , emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colorants, viscosity regulators, stabilizers and osmoregulators.
  • Carriers suitable for preparation of compositions for parenteral administration include Sterile Water for Injection, Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, Sodium Chloride Injection (0.45%, 0.9%), Dextrose Injection (2.5%, 5%, 10%), Lactated Ringer's Injection, and the like. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof, and in oils.
  • Compositions may also contain tonicity agents (e.g., sodium chloride and mannitol) , antioxidants (e.g., sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and ascorbic acid) and preservatives (e.g., benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and combinations of methyl and propyl parabens) .
  • tonicity agents e.g., sodium chloride and mannitol
  • antioxidants e.g., sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and ascorbic acid
  • preservatives e.g., benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and combinations of methyl and propyl parabens
  • preservatives e.g., benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and combinations of methyl and propyl parabens
  • preservatives e.g., benzyl alcohol, methyl para
  • the pharmaceutical composition containing the Ras antagonist may be packaged and sold in the form of a kit.
  • the composition might be in the form of one or more oral dosage forms such as tablets or capsules.
  • the kit may also contain written instructions for carrying out the inventive methods as described herein.
  • the Ras antagonist is administered by dosing orally on a daily basis (in single or divided doses) for three weeks, followed by a one-week "off period", and repeating until remission is achieved.
  • the Ras antagonist may be used alone or in conjunction with other treatment agents such as biological anti-cancer agents (e.g., antibodies), chemotherapeutic agents and radiation, as a front-line treatment strategy (e.g., as a first course of treatment in a newly diagnosed cancer patient, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized) or as a second-line treatment strategy (e.g., treatment of a cancer patient who has been previously treated using at least one other agent but has not responded to the previous agent (s) or has developed a resistance thereto, which may have resulted in termination of the therapy even before it could achieve an appreciable therapeutic efficacy) .
  • biological anti-cancer agents e.g., antibodies
  • chemotherapeutic agents and radiation e.g., as a front-line treatment strategy (e.g., as a first course of treatment in a newly diagnosed cancer patient, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized) or as a second-line treatment strategy (e.g., treatment of a cancer patient who has been previously
  • the human follicular thyroid cancerous cell lines ARO and MRO, and the human anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line NPA were a gift from Zaki Kraiem from the Endocrinology Institute, Soarsky Medical Center Tel Aviv.
  • the Medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line TT was purchased from ATCC
  • FTS was a gift from Concordia Pharmaceuticals (Ft. Lauderdale, FL) .
  • the ECL kit was purchased from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL) ; Hoechst 33258 from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) .
  • U0126 was from AG Scientific (San Diego, CA) .
  • Mouse anti-pan-Ras (Ab-3) , mouse anti-N-Ras and mouse anti-K-Ras antibodies were obtained from Calbiochem; rabbit anti-p21, rabbit anti-Ttfl and rabbit anti ⁇ -Tubulin antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) ; mouse anti-phospho-ERK were from Sigma-Aldrich; rabbit anti-phospho-Akt (ser473) and rabbit anti-GAPDH (14C10) antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA) .
  • Peroxidase-goat anti-mouse IgG, peroxidase-goat anti-rat IgG, and peroxidase-goat anti-rabbit IgG were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories (West Grove, PA) .
  • Protein bands were quantified by densitometry with Image EZQuant-Gel software (Copyright ⁇ 2005, EZQuant Ltd) .
  • ARO, MRO, NPA and TT cells (1.5 x 10 4 cells/well in 96-well plates) were treated with 50, 75 and 100 ⁇ FTS or the vehicle (0.1% DMSO) for 24 h. Cell viability was estimated by using AlamarBlue assay according to manufacturer's instructions (Serotec, Oxford, UK) .
  • ARO, MRO, NPA and TT cells were plated in 5% FCS media at a density of 1.5 x 10 4 cells/well in 96-well plates. The next day, cells were treated with 50, 75, or 100 ⁇ FTS or the vehicle (0.1% DMSO). Proliferation was assessed by incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) , using the BrdU cell-proliferation assay kit (Calbiochem) .
  • PrdU 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine
  • ARO, MRO, NPA (0.4 x 10 6 cells/10-cm) and TT cells (0.5 x 10 6 cells/iriL) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% FCS. Cells were treated with 75 ⁇ FTS or with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO) for 48 h then lysed and subjected to SDS PAGE and immunoblot analysis as detailed earlier [Elad-Sfadia, et al. r J. Bol. Chem. 277 (40) : 37169-75 (2002)].
  • Lysates were then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , followed by immunoblotting with one of the following antibodies (Abs) : 1:2,500 pan-Ras Ab; 1:50 anti-K-Ras Ab; 1:1000 anti- -tubulin Ab; 1:1000 anti-Gal-3 Ab; 1 1:10,000 anti-phospho-ERK Ab; 1:2,000 anti-ERK Ab; 1:750 anti-p21 Ab; 1:500 anti-Ttfl Ab.
  • PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • Immunoblots were then exposed to 1:5,000 peroxidase-goat anti-mouse IgG, 1:5,000 peroxidase- goat anti-rabbit IgG, or 1:5,000 peroxidase-goat anti-rat IgG, and protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Arlington Heights, IL) .
  • ECL enhanced chemiluminescence
  • Lysates containing 1 mg protein were used for determination of Ras-GTP by the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-RBD pull-down assay as previously described [Elad-Sfadia, et al. (2002), supra.], followed by Western immunoblotting with Ras isoform-specific Abs as described above .
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • Viruses were produced by transient triple- transfections of HEK 293 cells using 6 ⁇ g retroviral vectors encoding for specific shRNA against Ttf-1 (clone ID V2HS_61850 Open-Biosystems ) with 3 ⁇ g pMD2G and 3 ⁇ g pCGP encoding the retroviral envelope and the Gag and Pol proteins, respectively.
  • 6 ⁇ g of no-silencing shRNA Open-Biosystems
  • Galectin-3 expression in thyroid carcinoma correlates with high levels of K-Ras.GTP and with growth inhibition by FTS.
  • Ras.GTP Ras exchange factors
  • growth factor receptors [Kolibaba, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1333 (3) : F217-48 (1997); Huang, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272(5) :2927-35 (1997); Smith, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A 84 (21) : 7567-70 (1987)] and possibly due to Ras chaperons that stabilize the active Ras.GTP. [Elad-Sfadia, et al.,. J. Bol. Chem.
  • NPA cells exhibited the highest levels of p-ERK (Fig. 2) possibly due to two, factors, namely: i) the chronically active Ras that they possess; and ii) the activating B-Raf mutations they carry in two alleles [Liu, et al., Thyroid 18 (8) : 853-64 (2008); Carta, et al. , Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 64 (1): 105-9 (2006).]
  • ARO B- Raf mutation in one allele only
  • MRO no B-Raf mutation [Liu, et al., Thyroid 18(8): 853-64 (2008); Carta, et al., Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 64 (1) : 105-9 (2006).].
  • FTS downregulates K-Ras.GTP and affects K-Ras signaling to ERK in ARO and MRO cells that exhibit high Gal-3.
  • FTS effected no reduction of phospho-ERK in NPA and TT cells (Fig. 3C) .
  • the relatively small effect of FTS on phospho-ERK in NPA cells whose high K-Ras.GTP was downregulated by FTS is most likely attributed to the belief that these cells carry activating B-Raf mutations (V600E) in both alleles [Carta, et al., Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 64(1): 105-9 (2006)]. Therefore in NPA cells there is a relatively strong Raf signal to ERK which is independent of active Ras.
  • FTS upregulates the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and the thyroid transcription factor l(Ttf-l).
  • FTS disrupts K-Ras-Gal-3 co-localization in the cell membrane of ARO cells.
  • Gal-3 in ARO cells was found to be localized both to the cytoplasm and to the cell membrane (not shown) and after FTS treatment most of the Gal-3 was cytoplasmic (not shown) .
  • the strong impact of FTS on endogenous Ras and Gal-3 interactions is clearly demonstrated by the observed disruption of Gal-3 and Ras colocalization in the plasma membrane of the drug treated cells (not shown) .
  • Statisitical analysis of the results is shown in Fig. 5. Importantly, these results demonstrate disruption of the interaction between Ras and Gal-3 in cancer cells without exogenous expression of the two binding partners.
  • FIG. 6A-C shows the results of the pharmacodynamics.
  • the oral FTS treatment caused a significant reduction in the levels of Ras.GTP, Gal-3 and p-ERK. All together, these experiments showed that FTS hits its target in vivo in the tumors and inhibited growth of the anaplastic thyroid tumor.

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