Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
  • G01J3/0224—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using polarising or depolarising elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
  • G01J3/0229—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using masks, aperture plates, spatial light modulators or spatial filters, e.g. reflective filters
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
  • G01J3/0235—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using means for replacing an element by another, for replacing a filter or a grating
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
  • G02B27/288—Filters employing polarising elements, e.g. Lyot or Solc filters
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/30—Collimators
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B11/00—Filters or other obturators specially adapted for photographic purposes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
  • H04N13/20—Image signal generators
  • H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
  • H04N13/254—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras in combination with electromagnetic radiation sources for illuminating objects
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
  • H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
  • H04N23/11—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths for generating image signals from visible and infrared light wavelengths
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
  • H04N23/20—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from infrared radiation only
  • H04N23/21—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from infrared radiation only from near infrared [NIR] radiation

Definitions

• Cameras can be used to capture still images of a scene.
• Several still images taken in rapid succession can be used to generate a movie including a plurality of frames, each frame corresponding to a different still image. While such images are very useful in a variety of different applications, such images are not well suited for some purposes. In particular, conventional still images and movies do not provide adequate information to accurately assess the relative depths of the various surfaces captured in the scene.
• a dual-mode imager for imaging a scene illuminated by visible light includes a light source configured to project a structured illumination from which visible light can be filtered.
• the dual-mode imager also includes a detector configured to capture both the structured illumination and visible light from the scene.
• a temporal or spatial filter is used to selectively block visible light from one or more portions of the detector while passing the structured illumination to the one or more portions of the detector.
• FIG. 1 shows an example scene that may be processed to construct a color image and a depth image.
• FIG. 2 schematically shows an example dual-mode imager in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 3 schematically shows an example rotating wheel filter in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
• FIG. 4 schematically shows a time sequence in which the rotating wheel filter of FIG. 3 is cooperating with a detector to construct color images and depth images.
• FIG. 5 schematically shows an example spatial filter cooperating with a detector to construct color images and depth images.
• FIG. 6 shows an example method of constructing a color image and a depth image using a shared image sensor.
• FIG. 7 schematically shows an example computing system capable of constructing a color image and a depth image using a shared image sensor.
• a dual-mode imager capable of processing depth information and color information using a shared image sensor.
• the digital dual-mode imager temporally and/or spatially filters light delivered to the image sensor (i.e., detector) so that a subset of pixels at a subset of times are exposed to light characterized by a first parameter (e.g., band of wavelengths), and so that a same or different subset of pixels at a same or different subset of times are exposed to light characterized by a second parameter, different than the first parameter (e.g., different band of wavelengths).
• a first parameter e.g., band of wavelengths
• a second parameter different than the first parameter (e.g., different band of wavelengths).
• Both images are constructed using the same image sensor— for example, by using all pixels to temporally alternate between reading color information and depth information, or by using selected pixels to read color information while other pixels read depth information.
• FIG. 1 shows a simplified, perspective view of an example scene
• the scene includes various objects and surfaces arranged at different depths, i.e., distances from the point of view of an observer located in front of the scene.
• Surface 12 is deepest in the scene (farthest from the point of view of an observer).
• Surface 14 is arranged forward of surface 12 (closer to the point of view of the observer), and surfaces 16, 18, and 20 are arranged forward of surface 14.
• the surfaces considered presently are macro surfaces, having dimensions of the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of the scene.
• FIG. 1 shows a static scene
• the concepts described herein can be used to image dynamic scenes, such as scenes including one or more moving people or objects.
• FIG. 1 In addition to being arranged at different depths within the scene, the various surfaces shown in FIG. 1 are oriented differently with respect to each other and the observer. Surfaces 12 and 14 are oriented normal to the observer's line of sight, while surface 16 is oblique to the observer's line of sight. Moreover, curved surfaces 18 and 20 present a continuous range of orientations relative to the observer's line of sight.
• the surfaces shown in FIG. 1 may also present different textures.
• surface 20 may be relatively smooth compared to underlying surface 18.
• the different textures of the scene may exhibit different light-reflecting properties.
• surface 20 may be largely specularly reflective, while surface 18 may be largely scattering.
• the various objects in the scene may be different colors.
• a black and white line drawing is used to schematically depict scene 10, one skilled in the art will understand that the light absorption and light reflection properties of the various surfaces may differ from one another, and thus the color of the various surfaces may differ from one another.
• only the color information from a scene is processed to form a color image of the scene (e.g., a digital photograph or digital movie).
• only the depth information from a scene is processed to form a depth image.
• both the color information and the depth information are processed so that both a color image and a depth image can be formed.
• the present disclosure is directed to a single dual-mode imager that generates both images.
• FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional plan view of scene 10.
• the figure also shows dual-mode imager 22 in one example embodiment.
• the dual-mode imager is an optical system for imaging a scene! it comprises controller 23, light source 24, detector 26, and filter 28.
• Controller 23 may be any control device configured to control light source 24, detector 26, and/or filter 28— e.g., to trigger, coordinate, and/or synchronize the functioning of these components.
• the controller may include a logic-subsystem and/or data-holding subsystem as described below.
• the controller may include a depth analyzer.
• a depth analyzer may operatively communicate with the controller, but may itself be a separate system.
• the controller can coordinate the timing of the filter and the detector so that images captured by the detector while the filter is blocking visible light from the detector are sorted to construct a depth image.
• the controller can also coordinate the timing of the filter and the detector so that images captured by the detector while the filter is passing visible light to the detector are sorted to construct a color image.
• the depth analyzer may then construct a depth image based on one or more images of a structured illumination captured by the detector (i.e., one or more images captured by the detector while the filter is blocking visible light from the detector). This is described in more detail below.
• Light source 24 may be any suitable light source configured to project a filterable illumination onto the various surfaces of scene 10.
• light source 24 is configured to project light having one or more characteristics different than corresponding characteristics of visible light, thus allowing visible light to be filtered relative to the projected light (e.g., filterable via wavelength and/or polarization state).
• the light source comprises laser 30 and disperser 32.
• the laser may provide a beam of intense, collimated, coherent, and substantially monochromatic light of a known polarization state.
• 'polarization state' as used herein encompasses any non-trivial indication of the direction or sense of oscillation of light or the rotation of this direction as the light propagates! the indication may be precise or approximate, complete or incomplete.
• a complete polarization state is a full Stokes-vector representation comprising the components So, Si, S and 3, which are defined as
• Ei are complex amplitude components of the electric field in a basis (1,2)
• (x, y) is the standard Cartesian basis
• (a, b) is the Cartesian basis rotated 45°
• Examples of an incomplete polarization state are the degree of polarization p, defined by
• laser 30 may, in some embodiments, be a continuous-wave (CW) laser! in other embodiments, the laser may be pulsed, mode locked, ⁇ switched, etc.
• the power of the laser included in light source 24 may be chosen based on the scene to be imaged, with a more powerful laser being used for more distant and expansive scenes, and a less powerful laser being used for closer, more compact scenes.
• the lasing wavelength of the laser may be chosen based on the scene to be imaged. In particular, the lasing wavelength may be chosen to overlap minimally with visible light. In one embodiment, the lasing wavelength may be a near- infrared wavelength.
• Disperser 32 may be any device configured to disperse the collimated beam from laser 30 among a range of projection angles and thereby illuminate the scene with a plurality of light features spaced apart from each other.
• the light features form a patterned or otherwise structured illumination 33 of laser 30.
• FIG. 2 shows the laser beam dispersed over a range of deflection angles confined to a horizontal plane.
• the deflection angles assume discrete values separated by a constant increment, e.g., -20°, -15°, +20°. In other embodiments, the discrete values are separated by random increments.
• the laser beam may be dispersed horizontally over a continuous range of deflection angles. It will be understood that the numerical ranges noted herein are examples only, and other ranges fall fully within the scope of this disclosure.
• Disperser 32 may further disperse the laser beam over a range of deflection angles confined to a vertical plane.
• the vertical dispersion may be discrete or continuous. If horizontal and vertical dispersions are both discrete, then the scene will be illuminated by a constellation of dots. If the vertical dispersion is discrete, but the horizontal dispersion is continuous, then the scene will be illuminated by a series of horizontal stripes. And, if the horizontal dispersion is discrete, but the vertical dispersion is continuous, then the scene will be illuminated by a series of vertical stripes, as further referenced below. These or other structured light patterns may be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
• disperser 32 may comprise various optical components— lenses, diffractive optics, diffusers, mirrors, waveguides, masks, and the like.
• the disperser may further comprise various active components— electromechanical actuators, choppers, piezoelectrics, and liquid- crystal light valves, for example.
• detector 26 may be any device configured to capture an image of a scene by detecting light from the scene. Further, as shown in FIG. 2, the detector may be oriented so that the captured image includes at least part of the scene illuminated by light source 24 and/or visible light. In this manner, a portion of the illumination reflected from the various surfaces of the scene may be detected by the detector. Detector 26 is configured to capture both the structured illumination and visible light from the scene.
• Detector 26 may include virtually any combination of optical components for collecting and/or focusing light on an image sensor 40.
• Image sensor 40 may be any sensor configured to detect a relative intensity of visible light and a relative intensity of structured illumination 33.
• the image sensor may include a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) configured to detect light having a wavelength of approximately three-hundred eighty nanometers to approximately one thousand nanometers.
• CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
• the image sensor may be configured to represent the captured image as an array of pixels. As such, each pixel of the captured image may encode an intensity of light reflected from a different region of the scene for one or more color channels.
• Filter 28 may be a temporal filter or a spatial filter.
• a nonlimiting example of a temporal filter includes a rotating wheel filter.
• An example rotating wheel filter 50 is schematically shown in FIG. 3.
• Rotating wheel filter 50 includes a first portion 52 configured to block visible light and pass near-infrared light. The first portion is schematically identified with vertical lines.
• the rotating filter also includes a second portion 54 configured to pass visible light and optionally block near-infrared light.
• the second portion is schematically identified with horizontal lines.
• FIG. 4 schematically shows rotating wheel filter 50 at four different times: to, ti, t2, and t3, which correspond to four successive exposures of detector 26a (i.e., four successive times that the detector captures an image).
• this drawing shows light traveling from left to right. Light from the scene travels through the bottom portion of the filter to the detector.
• the first portion of the rotating wheel filter 50 is optically intermediate the scene and the detector 26a every other time the detector captures an image (e.g., times to and t2).
• the second portion of the rotating wheel filter 50 is optically intermediate the scene and the detector 26a every other time the detector captures an image (e.g., times ti and ts).
• a controller may set a period of the temporal filter at twice a period of the detector.
• the detector 26a captures two images during each rotation of the rotating wheel filter - a visible light image and a near-infrared image. That is, each rotation the rotating wheel filter 50 is configured to block visible light for approximately half of the rotation and pass visible light for approximately half of the rotation.
• the infrared light passing to the detector can be used to generate a depth image (i.e., at times to and t2).
• a depth image includes any image in which a positional depth value is recorded for each pixel (e.g., a z coordinate).
• the visible light passing to the detector can be used to generate a color image (i.e., at times ti and ts).
• a color image includes any image in which one or more intensity values are recorded for each pixel (e.g., a single intensity value for a black and white or grayscale image or two or more intensity values corresponding to different color or luminance channels for a multi-color image).
• a temporal filter is a nonlimiting example of a temporal filter.
• Other rotating wheel filters having a different number of visible-light-blocking and visible-light-passing portions may be used.
• a rotating wheel filter may include two quarters that are configured to block visible light alternating with two quarters configured to pass visible light.
• the visible-light-blocking and visible-light-passing portions can be sized and shaped in any suitable way.
• temporal filters other than rotating wheel filters may be used. In general, any filter configured to temporally alternate between blocking visible light from the detector and passing visible light to the detector may be used.
• FIG. 5 schematically shows an example of a spatial filter 60
• Spatial filter 60 is configured to block visible light from some portions of a detector 62 (partially shown) while allowing visible light to pass to other portions of the detector.
• a spatial filter may be configured to block visible light from every other pixel group of a plurality of spatially alternating pixel groups of the detector (e.g., spatially alternating rows of pixels, spatially alternating columns of pixels, a checkerboard pattern of pixels, etc.).
• spatial filter 60 and detector 62 are cooperatively configured and aligned such that even pixel rows are exposed to near-infrared light and odd pixel rows are exposed to visible light.
• the infrared light passing to the detector can be used to generate a depth image (i.e., with the even pixel rows).
• the visible light passing to the detector can be used to generate a color image (i.e., with the odd pixel rows).
• Another method of separating visible and IR light is to use a color rotator.
• light from the scene passes through a linear polarizer and then through a filter that rotates the state of polarization for certain wavelengths but keeps the polarization state the same for other wavelengths.
• Light emerging has IR light in one state of polarization and visible light in a different state.
• Such light can be spatially separated by using a patterned polarizer where the polarization orientation is space variant.
• FIG. 6 shows an example method 70 of constructing a color image and a depth image using a shared image sensor.
• method 70 includes projecting a structured illumination onto a scene.
• the structured illumination may be characterized by a near-infrared wavelength or any other characteristic that permits visible light to be filtered while leaving the structured illumination substantially unfiltered.
• the structured illumination may be projected from any suitable light source, such as light sources including near-infrared lasers.
• method 70 includes temporally alternating between blocking visible light from the scene to a detector and passing visible light from the scene to the detector. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished using a temporal filter, such as a rotating wheel filter.
• method 70 includes a logic branch. If visible light is blocked, the method moves to 78. If visible light is not blocked, the method moves to 80. At 78, method 70 includes capturing the structured illumination with the detector.
• the detector may be any suitable detector capable of capturing the structured illumination and visible light.
• method 70 includes generating a depth image based on the structured illumination captured with the detector.
• the depth image may be constructed at least in part by a depth analyzer configured to assess positional depth values for the pixels based on the relative locations of spaced-apart light features making up the structured illumination.
• an image sensor may include a pixel array structure such that both monochrome light and RGB light can be detected.
• method 70 includes a logic branch. If visible light is passed, the method moves to 84. If visible light is not passed (e.g., light from the scene is not passing through either a visible light or a near-infrared filtering portion of the filter), the method loops back to 76.
• method 70 includes capturing visible light with the detector.
• the same detector that is used to capture the structured illumination at 78 is used to capture the visible light at 84.
• method 70 includes generating a color image based on visible light captured with the detector.
• the color image may be a multi-color image, a black and white image, or a grayscale image.
• the filtering mechanisms described herein may be used to filter other types of depth-imaging illuminations from light having one or more different characteristics (e.g., wavelength, polarization, etc.), or vice versa.
• one or more types of light having a first characteristic may be filtered from a different type of light having a different characteristic as described herein.
• Nonlimiting examples of light types that may be filterable relative to one another include visible light, infrared light, near- infrared light, ultraviolet light, structured light, and/or modulated light.
• FIG. 2 As described below with reference to FIG. 7, a variety of different computing systems may be used without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.
• the operating environment described with reference to FIG. 2 is provided as an example, but is not meant to be limiting in any way. To the contrary, the illustrated operating environment is intended to demonstrate a general concept, which may be applied to a variety of different operating environments without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
• FIG. 7 schematically shows a computing system 90 that may perform one or more of the color image construction and depth image construction methods described herein.
• Computing system 90 may take a variety of different forms, including, but not limited to, gaming consoles, personal computing systems, military tracking and/or targeting systems, and character acquisition systems offering green- screen or motion- capture functionality, among others.
• Computing system 90 may include a logic subsystem 92, a data- holding subsystem 94 operatively connected to the logic subsystem, a display subsystem 96, and/or a dual-mode imager 98.
• the computing system may optionally include components not shown in FIG. 7, and/or some components shown in FIG. 7 may be peripheral components that are not integrated into the computing system.
• Logic subsystem 92 may include one or more physical devices configured to execute one or more instructions.
• the logic subsystem may be configured to execute one or more instructions that are part of one or more programs, routines, objects, components, data structures, or other logical constructs. Such instructions may be implemented to perform a task, implement a data type, transform the state of one or more devices, or otherwise arrive at a desired result.
• the logic subsystem may include one or more processors that are configured to execute software instructions. Additionally or alterly, the logic subsystem may include one or more hardware or firmware logic machines configured to execute hardware or firmware instructions.
• the logic subsystem may optionally include individual components that are distributed throughout two or more devices, which may be remotely located in some embodiments.
• Data-holding subsystem 94 may include one or more physical devices configured to hold data and/or instructions executable by the logic subsystem to implement the herein described methods and processes. When such methods and processes are implemented, the state of data-holding subsystem 94 may be transformed (e.g., to hold different data). Data-holding subsystem 94 may include removable media and/or built-in devices. Data- holding subsystem 94 may include optical memory devices, semiconductor memory devices (e.g., RAM, EEPROM, flash, etc.), and/or magnetic memory devices, among others.
• Data-holding subsystem 94 may include devices with one or more of the following characteristics: volatile, nonvolatile, dynamic, static, read/write, read-only, random access, sequential access, location addressable, file addressable, and content addressable.
• logic subsystem 92 and data-holding subsystem 94 may be integrated into one or more common devices, such as an application specific integrated circuit or a system on a chip.
• FIG. 7 also shows an aspect of the data-holding subsystem in the form of computer-readable removable media 100, which may be used to store and/or transfer data and/or instructions executable to implement the herein described methods and processes.
• Display subsystem 96 may be used to present a visual representation of data held by data-holding subsystem 94. As the herein described methods and processes change the data held by the data-holding subsystem, and thus transform the state of the data-holding subsystem, the state of display subsystem 96 may likewise be transformed to visually represent changes in the underlying data (e.g., display subsystem may display a constructed color image, a visual representation of a constructed depth image, and/or a virtual model based off of a constructed depth image). Display subsystem 96 may include one or more display devices utilizing virtually any type of technology. Such display devices may be combined with logic subsystem 92 and/or data-holding subsystem 94 in a shared enclosure, or such display devices may be peripheral display devices.
• Computing system 90 further includes a dual-mode imager 98 configured to obtain both depth images and color images of one or more targets and/or scenes.
• a depth image may be constructed using structured light analysis. In such an analysis, patterned light (i.e., light displayed as a known pattern such as a grid pattern or a stripe pattern) may be projected onto the scene. On the surfaces of the scene, the pattern may become deformed, and this deformation of the pattern may be studied to determine a physical distance from the dual-mode imager to a particular location in the scene.
• the dual-mode imager may include a temporal or spatial filter to selectively block visible light, thus facilitating the capturing of both depth images and color images with the same dual-mode imager.
• a dual-mode imager may include one or more onboard processing units configured to perform one or more depth analysis functions.
• a dual-mode imager may include firmware to facilitate updating such onboard processing logic.

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