Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
  • A01N57/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • A01N57/20—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
  • A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/06—Unsaturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
  • A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
  • A01N57/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals

Definitions

• the present invention is broadly concerned with pesticide compositions and methods wherein the compositions include a broad class of pesticides, especially insecticides and herbicides and mixtures thereof, together with an amount of a copolymer adjuvant or additive serving to significantly increase the effectiveness of the pesticide. More particularly, the invention is concerned with such compositions and methods wherein a copolymer including respective quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties is mixed or used with a selected pesticide.
• adjuvants and additives have been used in the past with pesticidal formulations. These include pH modifiers, surfactants, anti-foam agents, anti-evaporants, buffers, penetrating agents, compatibility agents, defoamers, deposition agents, drift-control agents with sprays, extenders, foaming agents, humectants, spreaders, stickers, wetting agents, and water conditioners. While these expedients are known to marginally increase pesticide performance, in general they do not provide significant, multiple-fold increases in pesticidal effectiveness.
• the present invention overcomes the problems outlined above and provides pesticide compositions comprising respective quantities of a pesticide and a copolymer containing individual quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties.
• the pesticide component can be any agent with pesticidal activity (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and nematocides) and is preferably selected from the group consisting of insecticides, herbicides, and mixtures thereof.
• the well known pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides are suitable for use in the invention, as well as glyphosate herbicides.
• the preferred copolymer adjuvants of the invention are the copolymers containing maleic and itaconic moieties, usually derived from the corresponding acids or anhydrides. While other monomers may also be used in the maleic-itaconic copolymers, it is preferred that these be present only in minor amounts of up to about 7% by weight, more preferably up to about 4% by weight. Stated otherwise, the copolymers should comprise at least about 93% by weight, more preferably about 96% by weight, of itaconic and maleic monomers. Most preferably, the copolymer consists essentially of or is entirely made up of maleic and itaconic moieties.
• the itaconic/maleic copolymers are the preponderant polymer fraction in the compositions.
• the compositions include respective pesticide and polymeric fractions, with the polymeric fraction having at least about 60% by weight (more preferably at least about 80% by weight, and most preferably at least about 90% by weight) of the preferred itaconic/maleic copolymers, where the total weight of the polymer fraction is taken as 100% by weight.
• the polymer fraction consists essentially of the itaconic/maleic copolymers, i.e., it is essentially free of other types of monomers.
• compositions of the invention can be used in essentially any context where pesticidal properties are necessary or desirable, e.g., in agricultural uses for soil or foliar applications, or onto hard surfaces such as in home or building pest control.
• the compositions may be applied by any known means as liquids or solids.
• the compositions are preferably aqueous dispersions or solutions, suitable for broadcast spray application.
• the compositions of the invention provide at least about a two-fold, and more preferably about a three-fold, greater pesticidal effectiveness, as compared with an equal amount of the pesticide in the absence of the copolymer adjuvant or additive hereof.
• the present invention is predicated upon the discovery that the effectiveness of a wide spectrum of pesticides can be significantly improved by a copolymeric adjuvant or additive.
• the copolymer is blended with the pesticide to form a mixture which then can be applied to soil, in foliar applications, onto hard surfaces, as aerosols, as additives to liquid or solid compositions (e.g., manure), or in any other context where pesticidal activity is desired.
• the pesticide and copolymer may be simultaneously or sequentially (typically within 24 hours of each other) applied to soil.
• mixed compositions are employed, they are typically in the form of aqueous dispersions or solutions, generally having water, pesticide, and copolymer fractions.
• Other minor ingredients may also be used in the compositions such as surfactants and pH adjustment agents, or any of the other aforementioned adjuvants or additives known in the art.
• the pesticides used in the compositions of the invention are broadly selected from insecticides and herbicides.
• synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates are particularly preferred.
• permethrin C21H20C1203, (3- phenoxyphenyl) methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane- 1 -carboxylate,
• 3-[(Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-l-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-l -carboxylate, CAS#82657-04-3) are suitable pyrethroids.
• a typical organophosphate pesticide useful in the invention is malathion (C10H1906PS2, 2-(dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio) butanedioic acid diethyl ester, CAS#121-75-5).
• insecticides More generally, the following insecticides are useful in the invention:
• antibiotic insecticides allosamidin, thuringiensin
• avermectin insecticides abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin
• milbemycin insecticides lepimectin, ilbemectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin spinosyn insecticides: spinetoram, spinosad
• arsenical insecticides calcium arsenate, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, lead arsenate, potassium arsenite, sodium arsenite
• botanical insecticides anabasine, azadirachtin, d-limonene, nicotine, pyrethrins (cinerins (cinerin I, cinerin II), jasmolin I, jasmolin II, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II), quassia, rotenone, ryania, sabadilla
• carbamate insecticides bendiocarb, carbaryl
• benzofuranyl methylcarbamate insecticides benfuracarb, carbofuran, carbosulfan, decarbofuran, furathiocarb dimethylcarbamate insecticides: dimetan, dimetilan, hyquincarb, pirimicarb oxime carbamate insecticides: alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, methomyl, nitrilacarb, oxamyl, tazimcarb, thiocarboxime, thiodicarb, thiofanox
• phenyl methylcarbamate insecticides allyxycarb, aminocarb, bufencarb, butacarb, carbanolate, cloethocarb, dicresyl, dioxacarb, EMPC, ethiofencarb, fenethacarb, fenobucarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, metolcarb, mexacarbate, promacyl, promecarb, propoxur, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb
• desiccant insecticides boric acid, diatomaceous earth, silica gel
• diamide insecticides chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide
• dinitrophenol insecticides dinex, dinoprop, dinosam, DNOC
• fluorine insecticides barium hexafluorosilicate, cryolite, sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sulfluramid
• formamidine insecticides amitraz, chlordimeform, formetanate, formparanate
• fumigant insecticides acrylonitrile, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, chloropicrin, para-dichlorobenzene, 1 ,2-dichloropropane, ethyl formate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, hydrogen cyanide, iodomethane, methyl bromide, methylchloroform, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phosphine, sulfuryl fluoride, tetrachloroethane
• inorganic insecticides borax, boric acid, calcium polysulfide, copper oleate, diatomaceous earth, mercurous chloride, potassium thiocyanate, silica gel, sodium thiocyanate, see also arsenical insecticides, see also fluorine insecticides
• chitin synthesis inhibitors bistrifluron, buprofezin, chlorfluazuron, cyromazine, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, penfluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron
• juvenile hormone mimics epofenonane, fenoxycarb, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, triprene
• juvenile hormones include juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III moulting hormone agonists :, chromafmozidQ, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide moulting hormones :, a-ecdysone, ecdysterone
• moulting inhibitors diofenolan precocenes:, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III
• nereistoxin analogue insecticides bensultap, cartap, thiocyclam, thiosultap
• nitroguanidine insecticides clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam nitromethylene insecticides:, nitenpyram, nithiazine
• pyridylmethylamine insecticides acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid organochlorine insecticides: bromo-DDT, camphechlor, DDT (pp'-DDT), ethyl-DDD, HCH
• cyclodiene insecticides aldrin, bromocyclen, chlorbicyclen, chlordane, chlordecone, dieldrin, dilor, endosulfan (alpha-endosulfan), endrin, HEOD, heptachlor, HHDN, isobenzan, isodrin, kelevan, mirex
• organophosphate insecticides bromfenvinfos, chlorfenvinphos, crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethylvinphos, fospirate, heptenophos, methocrotophos, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, naftalofos, phosphamidon, propaphos, TEPP, tetrachlorvinphos organothiophosphate insecticides: dioxabenzofos, fosmethilan, phenthoate
• aliphatic organothiophosphate insecticides acethion, amiton, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlormephos, demephion (demephion-O, demephion-S), demeton (demeton-O, demeton-S), demeton-methyl (demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S-methyl), demeton-S-methylsulphon, disulfoton, ethion, ethoprophos, IPSP, isothioate, malathion, methacrifos, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, phorate, sulfotep, terbufos, thiometon
• aliphatic amide organothiophosphate insecticides amidithion, cyanthoate, dimethoate, ethoate-methyl, formothion, mecarbam, omethoate, prothoate, sophamide, vamidothion
• organothiophosphate insecticides chlorphoxim, phoxim, phoxim-methyl heterocyclic organothiophosphate insecticides: azamethiphos, coumaphos, coumithoate, dioxathion, endothion, menazon, morphothion, phosalone, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinothion
• benzothiopyran organothiophosphate insecticides dithicrofos, thicrofos
• benzotriazine organothiophosphate insecticides azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl ⁇ isoindole organothiophosphate insecticides: dialifos, phosmet
• isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticides isoxathion, zolaprofos
• pyrazolopyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides chlorprazophos, pyrazophos
• pyrimidine organothiophosphate insecticides butathiofos, diazinon, etrimfos, lirimfos, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, primidophos, pyrimitate, tebupirimfos
• quinoxaline organothiophosphate insecticides quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl — thiadiazole organothiophosphate insecticides: athidathion, lythidathion, methidathion, prothidathion
• triazole organothiophosphate insecticides isazofos, triazophos
• phenyl organothiophosphate insecticides azothoate, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, carbophenothion, chlorthiophos, cyanophos, cythioate, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, etaphos, famphur, fenchlorphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, heterophos, jodfenphos, mesulfenfos, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenkapton, phosnichlor, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprofos, temephos, trichlormetaphos-3, trifenofos
• phosphonate insecticides butonate, trichlorfon
• phenyl ethylphosphonothioate insecticides fonofos, trichloronat
• phenyl phenylphosphonothioate insecticides cyanofenphos, EPN, leptophos phosphoramidate insecticides: crufomate, fenamiphos, fosthietan, mephosfolan, phosfolan, pirimetaphos
• phosphoramidothioate insecticides , acephate, isocarbophos, isofenphos, isofenphos-methyl, methamidophos, propetamphos
• phosphorodiamide insecticides dimefox, mazidox, mipafox, schradan
• oxadiazine insecticides indoxacarb
• oxadiazolone insecticides metoxadiazone
• phthalimide insecticides dialifos, phosmet, tetramethrin
• pyrazole insecticides chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, dimetilan, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad phenylpyrazole insecticides: acetoprole, ethiprole, fipronil, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, vaniliprole
• pyrethroid ester insecticides acrinathrin, allethrin (bioallethrin), barthrin, bifenthrin, bioethanomethrin, cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin (beta-cyfluthrin), cyhalothrin,
• cypermethrin alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin
• cyphenothrin deltamethrin, dimefluthrin, dimethrin, empenthrin, fenfluthrin, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate
• pyrethroid ether insecticides etofenprox, flufenprox, halfenprox, protrifenbute, silafluofen pyrimidinamine insecticides: flufenerim, pyrimidifen
• tetramic acid insecticides spirotetramat
• tetronic acid insecticides spiromesifen
• thiazole insecticides clothianidin, thiamethoxam
• thiazolidine insecticides tazimcarb, thiacloprid
• thiourea insecticides diafenthiuron
• urea insecticides flucofuron, sulcofuron, see also chitin synthesis inhibitors
• unclassified insecticides closantel, copper naphthenate, crotamiton, EXD, fenazaflor, fenoxacrim, hydramethylnon, isoprothiolane, malonoben, metaflumizone, nifluridide, plifenate, pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, rafoxanide, sulfoxaflor, triarathene, triazamate.
• a particularly preferred herbicide is glyphosate (C3H8NO5P, [(phosphonomethyl) amino] acetic acid, CAS#1071-83-6).
• Other herbicides which can be used in the invention include: amide herbicides: allidochlor, amicarbazone, beflubutamid, benzadox, benzipram, bromobutide, cafenstrole, CDEA, cyprazole, dimethenamid (dimethenamid-P), diphenamid, epronaz, etnipromid, fentrazamide, flucarbazone, flupoxam, fomesafen, halosafen, isocarbamid, isoxaben, napropamide, naptalam, pethoxamid, propyzamide, quinonamid, saflufenacil, tebutam
• anilide herbicides chloranocryl, cisanilide, clomeprop, cypromid, diflufenican, etobenzanid, fenasulam, flufenacet, flufenican, ipfencarbazone, mefenacet, mefluidide, metamifop, monalide, naproanilide, pentanochlor, picolinafen, propanil, sulfentrazone
• arylalanine herbicides benzoylprop, flamprop (flamprop-M),
• chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, butenachlor, delachlor, diethatyl, dimethachlor, metazachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor), pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, prynachlor, terbuchlor, thenylchlor, xylachlor sulfonanilide herbicides: benzofluor, cloransulam, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, perfluidone, pyrimisulfan, profluazol
• sulfonamide herbicides asulam, carbasulam, fenasulam, oryzalin, penoxsulam, pyroxsulam, see also sulfonylurea herbicides
• benzoic acid herbicides chloramben, dicamba, 2, 3,6-TB A, tricamba
• pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides bispyribac, pyriminobac
• pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides pyrithiobac
• quinolinecarboxylic acid herbicides quinclorac, quinmerac
• arsenical herbicides cacodylic acid, CMA, DSMA, hexaflurate, MAA, MAMA, MSMA, potassium arsenite, sodium arsenite
• benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides: benfuresate, ethofumesate
• benzothiazole herbicides benazolin, benzthiazuron, fenthiaprop, mefenacet, methabenzthiazuron carbamate herbicides: asulam, carboxazole, chlorprocarb, dichlormate, fenasulam, karbutilate, terbucarb
• carbanilate herbicides barban, BCPC, carbasulam, carbetamide, CEPC, chlorbufam, chlorpropham, CPPC, desmedipham, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, propham, swep
• cyclohexene oxime herbicides alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, cloproxydim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim
• cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole
• dicarboximide herbicides cinidon-ethyl, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, see also uracil herbicides
• dinitroaniline herbicides benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isopropalin, methalpropalin, nitralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin, trifluralin
• dinitrophenol herbicides dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC, etinofen, medinoterb
• nitrophenyl ether herbicides acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, chlomethoxyfen, chlornitrofen, etnipromid, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, furyloxyfen, halosafen, lactofen, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, oxyfluorfen
• dithiocarbamate herbicides dazomet, metam
• halogenated aliphatic herbicides alorac, chloropon, dalapon, flupropanate, hexachloroacetone, iodomethane, methyl bromide, monochloroacetic acid, SMA, TCA
• imidazolinone herbicides imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr
• inorganic herbicides ammonium sulfamate, borax, calcium chlorate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulfuric acid nitrile herbicides: bromobonil, bromoxynil, chloroxynil, dichlobenil, iodobonil, ioxynil, pyraclonil
• organophosphorus herbicides amiprofos-methyl, anilofos, bensulide, bilanafos, butamifos, 2,4-DEP, DMPA, EBEP, fosamine, glufosinate (glufosinate-P), glyphosate, piperophos oxadiazolone herbicides: dimefuron, methazole, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon oxazole herbicides: carboxazole, fenoxasulfone, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, monisouron, pyroxasulfone, topramezone
• phenoxy herbicides bromofenoxim, clomeprop, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, difenopenten, disul, erbon, etnipromid, fenteracol, trifopsime
• phenoxyacetic herbicides 4-CPA, 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, 2,4,5-T phenoxybutyric herbicides: 4-CPB, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, MCPB, 2,4,5-TB
• phenoxypropionic herbicides cloprop, 4-CPP, dichlorprop (dichlorprop-P), 3,4-DP, fenoprop, mecoprop, (mecoprop-P)
• aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides chlorazifop, clodinafop, clofop, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, (fenoxaprop-P), fenthiaprop, fluazifop, (fluazifop-P), haloxyfop, (haloxyfop-P), isoxapyrifop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop, (quizalofop-P), trifop
• phenylenediamine herbicides dinitramine, prodiamine
• pyrazole herbicides azimsulfuron, difenzoquat, halosulfuron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyroxasulfone
• benzoylpyrazole herbicides benzofenap, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, topramezone
• phenylpyrazole herbicides fluazolate, nipyraclofen, pinoxaden, pyraflufen
• pyridazine herbicides credazine, pyridafol, pyridate
• pyridazinone herbicides brompyrazon, chloridazon, dimidazon, flufenpyr, metflurazon, norfiurazon, oxapyrazon, pydanon
• pyridine herbicides aminopyralid, cliodinate, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, flufenican, fluroxypyr, haloxydine, picloram, picolinafen, pyriclor, pyroxsulam, thiazopyr, triclopyr pyrimidinediamine herbicides: iprymidam, tioclorim
• quaternary ammonium herbicides cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat, diquat, morfamquat, paraquat
• thiocarbamate herbicides butylate, cycloate, di-allate, EPTC, esprocarb, ethiolate, isopolinate, methiobencarb, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, sulfallate, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tri-allate, vernolate
• thiocarbonate herbicides dimexano, EXD, proxan
• thiourea herbicides methiuron
• triazine herbicides dipropetryn, indaziflam, triazifiam, trihydroxytriazine chlorotriazine herbicides: atrazine, chlorazine, cyanazine, cyprazine, eglinazine, ipazine, mesoprazine, procyazine, proglinazine, propazine, sebuthylazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, trietazine
• methoxytriazine herbicides atraton, methometon, prometon, secbumeton, simeton, terbumeton
• methylthiotriazine herbicides ametryn, aziprotryne, cyanatryn, desmetryn, dimethametryn, methoprotryne, prometryn, simetryn, terbutryn
• triazinone herbicides ametridione, amibuzin, hexazinone, isomethiozin, metamitron, metribuzin
• triazole herbicides amitrole, cafenstrole, epronaz, flupoxam
• triazolone herbicides amicarbazone, bencarbazone, carfentrazone, flucarbazone, ipfencarbazone, propoxycarbazone, sulfentrazone, thiencarbazone
• triazolopyrimidine herbicides cloransulam, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetsulam, metosulam, penoxsulam, pyroxsulam
• uracil herbicides benzfendizone, bromacil, butafenacil, flupropacil, isocil, lenacil, saflufenacil, terbacil
• urea herbicides benzthiazuron, cumyluron, cycluron, dichloralurea, diflufenzopyr, isonoruron, isouron, methabenzthiazuron, monisouron, noruron
• phenylurea herbicides anisuron, buturon, chlorbromuron, chloreturon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, daimuron, difenoxuron, dimefuron, diuron, fenuron, fluometuron, fluothiuron, isoproturon, linuron, methiuron, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, monuron, neburon, parafluron, phenobenzuron, siduron, tetrafluron, thidiazuron
• pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, propyrisulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, trifloxysulfuron triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides: chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, ethametsulfuron, iodosulfuron, metsulfuron, pros
• thiadiazolylurea herbicides buthiuron, ethidimuron, tebuthiuron, thiazafluron, thidiazuron unclassified herbicides: acrolein, allyl alcohol, aminocyclopyrachlor, azafenidin, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicyclopyrone, buthidazole, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, cinmethylin, clomazone, CPMF, cresol, cyanamide, ortho-dichlorobenzene, dimepiperate, endothal, fluoromidine, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, fluthiacet, indanofan, methyl isothiocyanate, OCH, oxaziclomefone, pentachlorophenol, pentoxazone, phenylmercury acetate, prosulf
• pesticides having an amphoteric or positive surface charge are preferred.
• Such surface charge characteristics may be inherent in the pesticide employed, or may arise by applying an appropriate cationic or amphoteric surfactant onto the surfaces of pesticide particles.
• the surfactants are used at a level of from about 0.01-10% by weight (more preferably from about 0.1-3% by weight) based upon the total weight of the pesticide fraction in the overall composition taken as 100% by weight.
• Suitable cationic surfactants include: dieicosyldimethyl ammonium chloride; didocosyldimethyl ammonium chloride; dioctadecyidimethyl ammonium chloride; dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium methosulphate; ditetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride and naturally occurring mixtures of above fatty groups, e.g. di(hydrogenated tallow)dimethyl ammonium chloride; di(hydrogenated tallow)dimethyl ammonium metho-sulphate; ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride; and dioleyidimethyl ammonium chloride.
• cationic surfactants also include imidazolinium compounds, for example, l-methyl-l-(tallowylamido-)ethyl-2-tallowyl4,5-dihydroimidaz- olinium methosulphate and 1 -methyl- l-(palmitoylamido)ethyl-2-octadecyl 4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium methosulphate.
• imidazolinium compounds for example, l-methyl-l-(tallowylamido-)ethyl-2-tallowyl4,5-dihydroimidaz- olinium methosulphate and 1 -methyl- l-(palmitoylamido)ethyl-2-octadecyl 4,5-dihydro-imidazolinium methosulphate.
• Suitable cationic surfactants include: dialkyl(C 12-C22)dimethylammonium chloride; alkyl(coconut)dimethylbenzylammonium chloride; octadecylamine acetate salt; tetradecylamine acetate salt; tallow alkylpropylenediamine acetate salt; octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride; alkyl(tallow)trimethylammonium chloride; dodecyltrimethylammonium chlorid; alkyl(coconut)trimethylammonium chloride; hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride; biphenyltrimethylammonium chloride, alkyl(tallow)imidazoline quaternary salt; tetradecylmethylbenzylammonium chloride; octadecyidimethylbenzylammonium chloride; dioleyidimethylammonium chloride; polyoxy
• Amphoteric (Zwitterionic) surfactants have a positive, negative, or both charges on the hydrophilic part of the molecule in acidic or alkaline media. Any suitable amphoteric surfactant may be used.
• aminoproprionates may be employed where the alkyl chain of the aminoproprionate is preferably between about C.4 and about C.12 and may be branched or linear.
• the aminoproprionate may also be a sodium alkyl aminoproprionate.
• MIRATAINE JC-HA One representative commercially available product is sold under the trade name MIRATAINE JC-HA.
• amphoteric surfactants include, diproprionates such as Mirataine H2C-HA, sultaines such as Mirataine ASC, betaines such as Mirataine BET-O-30, amine oxides such as Barlox 12i and amphoteric imidazoline derivatives in the acetate form, Miranol JEM Cone, diproprionate form, Miranol C2M-SF Cone), and sulfonates such as Miranol JS Cone.
• diproprionates such as Mirataine H2C-HA
• sultaines such as Mirataine ASC
• betaines such as Mirataine BET-O-30
• amine oxides such as Barlox 12i and amphoteric imidazoline derivatives in the acetate form
• Miranol JEM Cone diproprionate form
• Miranol C2M-SF Cone diproprionate form
• sulfonates such as Miranol JS Cone.
• amphoteric surfactants include amino acid, betaine, sultaine, sulfobetaines, carboxylates and sulfonates of fatty acids, phosphobetaines, imidazolinium derivatives, soybean phospholipids, yolk lecithin, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium salts of alkyl amphocarboxy glycinates and alkyl amphocarboxypropionates, alkyl amphodipropionates, alkyl amphodiacetates, alkyl amphoglycinates and alkyl amphopropionates wherein alkyl represents an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyliminopropionates, alkyl iminodipropionates and alkyl amphopropylsulfonates having between 12 and 18 carbon atoms, alkylbetaines and amidopropylbetaines and alkylsultaines and alkyl
• the copolymers of the invention contain respective quantities of maleic and itaconic moieties. These copolymers may exist in the acid form, as partial salts, or as saturated salts. When salts are employed, such can be formed using virtually any desired cationic species, particularly the akali metals and alkaline earth metals, e.g., the sodium, potassium, or calcium salts.
• copolymers of the invention are described in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,515,090 and 6,706,837, both fully and completely incorporated by reference herein, with special reference to the operative examples of the '837 patent.
• the copolymers should desirably contain from about 10-90% by weight maleic moieties (more preferably from about 25-75% by weight), and correspondingly from about 90-10% by weight itaconic moieties (more preferably from about 75-25% by weight).
• One particularly preferred copolymer of this class is commercialized by Specialty Fertilizer Products, LLC of Belton, MO under the trademark AVAIL®, which is a 40% by weight solids aqueous copolymer dispersion of substantially equimolar amounts of itaconic and maleic anhydride moieties partially neutralized with sodium ion (CAS# 556055-76- 6) and having a pH of 6-8.
• AVAIL® is a 40% by weight solids aqueous copolymer dispersion of substantially equimolar amounts of itaconic and maleic anhydride moieties partially neutralized with sodium ion (CAS# 556055-76- 6) and having a pH of 6-8.
• the amount of copolymer in the pesticide compositions of the invention can vary over wide limits, and the principal consideration is one of copolymer cost. Generally, the copolymer should be present at a level of from about 0.05-10% by weight (more preferably from about 0.1- 4% by weight, and most preferably from about 0.2-2% by weight) based upon the total weight of the pesticide composition taken as 100% by weight.
• the copolymer is preferably used in the form of a partial salt or a saturated salt. This is formed by the addition of a basic material such as sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to achieve a pH in the range of from about 5-9, and more preferably from about 6-8. Lower pH acidic or partial salt copolymers can also be used, particularly with selected monomer ratios and pesticides. Generally, the pH should range from about 2-8.
• the pesticide compositions of the invention containing only a very minor amount of copolymer adjuvant, can be used at the same levels of use as the standard pesticide products without adjuvant. These levels vary between different pesticides, and the levels of use are well known in the art. However, owing to the synergistic effects of the copolymers, lesser usage levels may be appropriate.
• compositions and methods of the invention provide a greater pesticidal effectiveness as compared with the use of equal amount of the selected pesticide alone.
• this increase should be at least about a three-fold greater effectiveness, and more preferably a fourfold increase in effectiveness.
• the recommended concentration of insecticide was prepared (recorded as "IX"), followed by dilutions with water to create the diluted compositions.
• the copolymer was added to the insecticide with gentle mixing, at a level of 30 ml per gallon. If desired, lesser amounts of copolymer could be used, e.g., 20 ml per gallon.
• pH-modified test copolymers were then mixed with a 1/10OX dilution of malathion at a level of 30 ml of copolymer per gallon of insecticide.
• pH-adjusted copolymers were mixed with 1/20X water dilutions of permethrin, again at a level of 30 ml of copolymer per gallon of insecticide.
• test products were then used in the same fire ant kill experiment of Example 1 , giving the data of Tables 2 and 3.
• the copolymer of the invention allowed planting at an earlier time with reduced glyphosate consumption.

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