Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/439—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom the ring forming part of a bridged ring system, e.g. quinuclidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/444—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. amrinone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
  • A61K31/501—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia

Definitions

• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical uses of certain azabicycloalkyl derivatives or pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives.
• Ataxia is a disorder of the central nervous system wherein the patient is unable to coordinate muscles for the execution of voluntary movement; for review see T Klockgether, 2007 (T Kiockgether, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 13, S391-S394, 2007).
• Typical symptoms of ataxia are gait dysfunctions, imbalance, impaired limb coordination and altered speech.
• the ataxia is due to degeneration of the cerebellar cortex and its afferent or efferent fibre connections; typical affected brain regions are cerebellum, posterior column, pyramidal tracts and basal ganglia. Ataxia may lead to a decreased motoneuron function. Ataxia is typically classified into hereditary and non-hereditary ataxias.
• Autosomal recessive ataxias are, for example, Friedreichs ataxia (FRDA), Ataxia telangiectasia (AT), Autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1, Autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2, Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy, Abetalipoproteinemia, Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency, Refsums disease and Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.
• FRDA Friedreichs ataxia
• AT Ataxia telangiectasia
• Autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 Autosomal recessive ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2
• Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy Abetalipoproteinemia
• Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency Refsums
• Autosomal dominant ataxias are, for example, Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), which can be further classified into ataxias associated with translated CAG repeat expansions (SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17), ataxias associated with untranslated repeat expansions in non-coding regions (SCA8, 10 and 12), ataxias associated with point-mutations (SCA5, 13, 14 and 27).
• SCA3 is aiso known as Machado-Joseph disease.
• Non-hereditary ataxias can be further classified into degenerative and acquired ataxias.
• Degenerative ataxias are, for example, multiple system atrophy ataxia and sporadic adult- onset ataxia.
• Acquired ataxias can be, for example, associated with alcoholic/toxin-caused cerebellar degeneration or paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
• Ataxia may result from a wide range of underlying causes - either genetic (e.g. FRDA is caused in the vast majority of patients by a homozygous intronic GAA repeat expansion of the frataxin gene, which leads to a lower expression level of frataxin, which ultimately leads to an accumulation of mitochondrial iron) or environmental (e.g. ataxia associated with toxin- caused cerebellar degeneration) - many potential therapies are discussed in the field. An overview relating to potential therapies for ataxias is given in the review from T Klockgether, 2007.
• genetic e.g. FRDA is caused in the vast majority of patients by a homozygous intronic GAA repeat expansion of the frataxin gene, which leads to a lower expression level of frataxin, which ultimately leads to an accumulation of mitochondrial iron
• environmental e.g. ataxia associated with toxin- caused cerebellar degeneration
• FRDA for example, therapies based on idebenone, a short-chain coenzyme Q10 analogue, or deferiprone, a penetrant oral iron chelator, showed effects in clinical trials (T Klockgether, 2007; WO2007095728). Additionally, therapies based on porphyrine compounds comprising a complexed Ca 2+ , ZN 2* or Mg 2+ ion showed beneficial effects in preclinical models (WO2007085036).
• varenicline (7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,10-methano-6H-pyrazino-(2,3- h)(3)-benzazepine), a medicament to treat smoking addiction.
• FRDA TA Zesiewicz et al, J Clinical Neuromuscular Disease, 10(4), 191-193, 2009
• SCA3/SCA14 TA Zesiewicz et al, Clinical Neuropharmacology, 31(6), 363-365, 2008
• varenicline can act as a partial agonist at the alpha-4/beta-2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2-nAChR; K i in oocytes: 0.4nM) and as a full agonist at the ⁇ 7-nAChR ( K i in oocytes: 125nM), its functional behaviour changes with dosing.
• varenicline desensitizes the receptors; only at high doses it leads to (partial) receptor activation.
• varenicline is believed to desensitize both receptors, i.e. to be a functional antagonist (H Rollema et at, Biochemical Pharmacology, 78, 813-824, 2009).
• varenicfine During clincial use of varenicfine, adverse effects have been reported, such as nausea, sleep disturbance, constipation, vivid dreams, flatulence and vomiting. Further, potentially due to said adverse effects, treatment of smoking addiction with varenicline is limited to maximally 24 weeks; whereas for ataxia, a life-long treatment would be indicated.
• L 1 is -CH 2 -;
• L 2 is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 -CH 2 -; and
• L 3 is -CH 2 - or -CH(CH 3 )-; or
• L 1 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -;
• L 2 is -CH 2 -; and
• L 3 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -;
• L 4 is a group selected from
• R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl
• X 1 is -O- or -NH-
• a 2 is selected from
• a 1 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused potycyciic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 2 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
• each R 2 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy, halogen, cyano or a three- to six-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or partially saturated and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and wherein each ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein each ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1- 6 halogenalkoxy, halogen or cyano, and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
• R 2 at adjacent ring atoms form a C 3-4 alkylene group, wherein 1-2 carbon atoms may be replaced by X 2 , and wherein the C 3-4 alkylene group may be substituted once or more than once by R 3 ;
• each X 2 independently is -O- or -N(R 4 )-;
• each R 4 independently is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
• each R 3 independently is halogen or C,. 6 alkyi
• a 3 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused potycyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 5 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
• each R 5 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 haiogenalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy, halogen, cyano, amino or a three- to six-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or partially saturated and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and wherein each ring system may contain not more than
• each ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-
• R 5 at adjacent ring atoms form a C 3-4 alkylene group, wherein 1-2 carbon atoms may be replaced by X 3 , and wherein the C 3-4 alkylene group may be substituted once or more than once by R 6 ;
• each X a independently is -O- or -N(R 7 )-;
• each R 7 independently is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl; and each R 6 independently is halogen or C 1-6 alkyl;
• a first aspect of the invention concerns the use of a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (I! for the treatment (whether therapeutic or prophylactic), prevention or delay of progression of ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (II) are ⁇ 7-nAChR agonists. These compounds and their use as pharmaceuticals are described in WO2001/85727,
• ⁇ 7-nAChR are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and are potential targets for CNS diseases, such as neuropsychiatric diseases, e.g. cognitive dysfunction (SL Cincotta et al, Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 9(1), 47-56, 2008; LM Broad et al, Drugs of the Future, 32(2). 161- 170, 2007). Furthermore, it was found that activation of off-nAChR promotes survival of cultured spinal cord motoneurons (ML Messi, FEBS Letters, 411, 32-38, 1997).
• a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for the treatment, prevention or delay of progression of ataxia in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (II).
• a further aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (II) for the treatment, prevention or delay of progression of ataxia.
• a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (Ii) for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention or deiay of progression of ataxia.
• a further aspect of the invention relates to a compound of formuia (i) or a compound of formula (If) for the treatment, prevention or delay of progression of ataxia.
• preferred compounds of the invention should be well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, should be sufficiently metabolicafty stable and possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
• Preferred compounds of the invention should be non-toxic and demonstrate few side-effects.
• a preferred compound of the invention will be able to exist in a physical form that is stable, non-hygroscopic and easily formulated.
• Alkyl represents a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl;
• C 1-6 alkyl preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain C 1-4 alkyl with particular preference given to methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl and tert-butyl.
• a substituent being substituted "once or more than once", for example as defined for A 1 is preferably substituted by one to three substituents.
• Halogen is generally fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
• Halogenalkyl groups preferably have a chain length of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and are, for example, fiuoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifl ⁇ oromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-triffuoroethyl, 2-fiuoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difiuoro- 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyi 1,1,2.2-tetrafluoroethyl, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl or 2,2,3.4.4,4-hexafluorobutyl; preferably -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2
• a 1 or A 3 as a "five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic aromatic ring system" encompasses a C 6 - or C 10 -aromatic hydrocarbon group or a five- to ten-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring system.
• Polycyclic means preferably bicyclic. in the context of the invention, the definition of R 2 as a "three- to six ⁇ membered monocyclic ring system" encompasses a C 6 -aromatic hydrocarbon group, a five- to six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring system and a three- to six-membered monocyclic aliphatic or heterocyclic ring system.
• a Cs- or C 10 -aromatic hydrocarbon group is typically phenyl or naphthyl, especially phenyl.
• heterocyclic aromatic ring systems consist of 5 to 10 ring atoms of which 1-3 ring atoms are hetero atoms.
• Such heterocyclic aromatic ring systems may be present as a single ring system or as bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems; preferably as single ring systems or as benz-annelated ring systems.
• Bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems may be formed by anneiation of two or more rings, or by a bridging atom. e.g. oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen.
• heterocyclic ring systems are: imidazo(2,1-bjthiazole, pyrrole, pyiroline, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazoiidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, triazole, triazoiine, triazoiidine, tetrazole, furane, dihydrofurane, tetrahydrofurarte, furazane (oxadiazote), dioxolane, thiophene, dihydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, oxazoie, oxazoline, oxazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazoiidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidtne.
• thiadiazote thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, pyridine, piperidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, piperazine, triazine, pyrane, tetrahydropyrane, thiopyrane. tetrahydrothiopyrane, oxazine, thiazine, dioxine, morpholine, purine, pteridine, and the corresponding benz- annelated heterocycles, e.g. indole, isoindole, coumarin, isoquinoline, qutnoline and the like.
• Preferred heterocycles are: imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, oxazote, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, triazote, pyrrole, furane, tetrahydrofurane, pyridine, pyrimidine, imidazole or pyrazoie.
• three- to stx-membered monocyclic aliphatic ring systems are typically cycfopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• the acid addition salts of compounds of formula (t) or of compounds of formula (II) are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Such salts are known in the field (e.g. S.M. Berge, et al, "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sd., 1977, 66:1-19; and "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, Selection, and Use", Stahl, RH., Wermuth, C.G., Eds.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA: Zurich, 2002).
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to mean a salt of a free base of a compound represented by formula (I) or by formula (II) that is not toxic, biologically intolerable, or otherwise biologically undesirable.
• Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those that are pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
• WO2Q06/005608 WO2007/045478, WO2007/068476 and WO2007/068475, or can be prepared analogously to said references.
• WO2005/118535, WO2005/123732, WO2006/005608, WO2007/045478, WO2007/068476 and WO2007/068475 are incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds may exist in optically active form or in form of mixtures of optical isomers, e.g. in form of racemic mixtures or diastereomeric mixtures.
• optical isomers and their mixtures, including racemic mixtures are part of the present invention.
• a compound of formula (I) is used.
• a compound of formula (I) is used
• L 1 is ⁇ CH 2 -;
• La is -CH 2 -CH 2 -; and
• L 3 is ⁇ CH r or -CH(CH 3 )-;
• L 4 is a group selected from
• R 1 is hydrogen or C 1-4 alkyl
• X 1 is -O- Or -NH-;
• a 2 is selected from
• a 1 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused pofycycltc aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 2 , and wherein a substttuent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
• each R 2 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy or halogen.
• L 1 is -CH 2 -;
• L 2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -; and
• L 3 is -CH 2 -;
• Ri is hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl
• a 1 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycycfic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 2 , and wherein a substit ⁇ ent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
• each R 2 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy or halogen,
• L is -CH 2 -;
• L 2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -;
• L 3 is -CH 2 - or -CH(CH 3 )-;
• X is -O- or -NH-
• a 2 is selected from and
• Ai is a five- to ten-member ⁇ d monocyclic or fused pofycyciic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 2 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
• each R 2 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy or
• L 1 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -;
• L 2 is -CH 2 -; and
• L 3 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -;
• X is -O- or -NHs
• a 2 is selected from
• a 1 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused poiycycttc aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 2 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
• each R 2 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy or halogen.
• a compound of formula (Ii) is used.
• a compound of formula (Ii) is used
• a 3 is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyciic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 suifur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 5 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
• each R 5 independently is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl, C 1-6 aIkoxy, C 1-6 halogenalkoxy, amino or haiogen.
• the compound of formula (I) is a compound selected from the group consisting of
• A-1 (S)-(1-aza-bicydo[2.2.2Joct ⁇ 3-yl) ⁇ carbamic acid (S)-1- ⁇ 2-ftuoro-phenyl)-ethyl ester;
• D-2 1 -methyl- ⁇ -phenyiethynyl-S-piperidin-i -ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
• D-3 1-methyl-5- ⁇ 1-methyl-1H-indol-5-yiethynyt)-3-piperidin-1--ylmethyt-pyrrolicli ⁇ -2-one
• D-4 5- ⁇ 3-Amino ⁇ phenylethynyl)-1-methyf-3-piperidin-1-ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-2-one.
• the compound of formula (I) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compound A-1 , A-2 and A-3.
• the compound of formuia (!) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compound B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, S-5, B-6. B-7, B-8, B-9, B-10, B- 11, B-12, B-13, B-14, B-15, B-16, B-17, B-18, B-19, B-20 and B-21.
• the compound of formuia (I) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compound C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6. C-7, C-8, C-9, C-10, C- 11 and C-12.
• the compound of formula (II) is a compound selected from the group consisting of compound D- 1 , D-2, D-3 and D-4.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) are for the treatment of ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (Ii) are for the prevention of ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (! or compounds of formula (H) are for the deiay of ataxia.
• Treatment may comprise a reduction in the symptoms associated with ataxia, including for example, although not limited to, an improvement of gait, balance, limb coordination and/or speech; or an increased period of time between episodes of ataxia.
• the compounds of formuia (I) or compounds of formula (il) may be used to delay or prevent the onset of ataxia.
• the compounds of formuia (I) or compounds of formula (il) are for the treatment, prevention or delay of hereditary ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) are for the treatment, prevention or deiay of autosomal recessive ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) are for the treatment, prevention or delay of Friedreichs ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (M) are for the treatment, prevention or deiay of Spinocerebellar ataxia.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) are for the treatment, prevention or delay of Spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 or 17, especially Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Machado-Joseph disease).
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (tl) are for the treatment, prevention or deiay of Spinocerebellar ataxia types 8, 10 or 12.
• the compounds of formula (i) or compounds of formula (H) are for the treatment, prevention or delay of Spinocerebellar ataxia types 5, 13, 14 or 27, especiaiiy Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14.
• the appropriate dosage will vary depending upon, for example, the compound employed, the host, the mode of administration and the nature and severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, satisfactory results in animals are indicated to be obtained at a daily dosage of from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight, e.g. 1 mg/kg. in larger mammals, for example humans, an indicated daily dosage is in the range from about 0.1 to about 1000 mg, preferably from about 1 to about 400 mg, most preferably from about 10 to about 100 mg of a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (H) conveniently administered, for example, in divided doses up to four times a day.
• the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) may be administered as single active agent or m combination with other active agents, in any usual manner, e.g. orally, for example in the form of tablets or capsules, parenterally, for example in the form of injection solutions or suspensions, or transdermal! ⁇ for example in the form of a patch.
• the manner of administration is oral administration, for example in the form of tablets or capsules.
• the manner of administration is transdermal administration, for example in the form of a patch.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula (II) in association with at least one pharmaceutical carrier or diluent for the treatment, prevention or delay of progression of ataxia.
• Such compositions may be manufactured m conventional manner.
• Unit dosage forms may contain, for example, from about 2.5 to about 25 mg of one or more of the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (Ii).
• compositions for enteral administration such as rectal or oral administration; or parenteral administration, such as intravenous, nasal or transdermal (e.g. by patch) administration to warm-blooded animals (human beings and animais) that comprise an effective dose of the pharmacological active ingredient alone or together with a significant amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the dose of the active ingredient depends on the species of warm-blooded animai, body weight, age and individual condition, individual pharmacokinetic data, the disease to be treated and the mode of administration.
• compositions comprise from approximately 1% to approximately 95%, preferably from approximately 20% to approximately 90%, active ingredient.
• Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be, for example, in unit dose form, such as in the form of ampoules, vials, suppositories, dragees, tablets or capsules.
• compositions of the present invention are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional dissolving, iyophilizing, mixing, granulating or confectioning processes. Such processes are exemplified in WO 2005/079802, WO
• compositions for transdermal are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16 th Edition Mack; Sucker, Fuchs and Spieser, Pharmazeutician Technologie, 1 st Edition, Springer.
• the agonists 50 ⁇ l were added to the cell plate using the FLlPR 96-ttp pipettor white simultaneously recording the fluorescence.
• Calcium kinetic data were normalized to the maximal fitted response induced by epibatidine, which is a full agonist at ⁇ 7-nAChR, Four parameter Hill equations were fitted to the concentration-response. Values of Emax (maximal effect in % compared to the epibatidine response) and EC50 (concentration producing half the maximal effect in uM) were derived from this fit.
• mice Based on the pharmacokinetic data shown below it is concluded that the brain concentration of said compounds in mice is beyond (or at least equal) to the compound's EC 50 at the ⁇ 7- nAChR for at least 4 hours following an acute oral dose of 30 ⁇ moi/kg.
• Assav Compounds were orally (30 ⁇ moi/kg) administered. Male mice (30-35g, OFI/ICstrain) were sacrificed at indicated time points after oral administration. Trunk- blood was collected in EDTA-containing tubes and the brain was removed and immediately frozen on dry ice. To 100 ⁇ l plasma 10 ⁇ i internal standard (1.0 pmol of a compound with solubility and ionization properties similar to test compounds) was added and extracted three times with 500 ⁇ l dichloromethane. The combined extracts were then dried under a stream of nitrogen and re-dissolved in 100 ⁇ l acetonitrile/water (70% acetonitrile). Brains were weighed and homogenized in water (1.5 w/v).
• the limit of detection defined as the lowest concentration of the extracted standard sample with a signal to noise ratio of ⁇ 3.
• Baseline-test Pairs consisting of one adult and one young mouse were assigned at random to the experimental and control groups. In each pair only the adult mouse was orally treated 1 hour before the trial with either vehicle or the test compound. The duration of active contacts of the adult mouse with the young mouse was manually recorded over a period of 3 min, including the following behavioural, approach-related items: sniffing, nosing, grooming, licking, pawing and playing, anoge ⁇ itaf exploration and orientation toward the young mouse; orientation, thereby, was defined as tip of nose of the adult mouse less man approximately 1cm distant from the young mouse's body.
• Pcd mice Pcd mice
• Nna1 a putative zinc protease induced by axotomy
• SCA7 Spino-Cerebellar Ataxia-7
• ProtocoJ Mice are tested at different ages. One group of mice is treated with an effective dose of a compound of formula (I) or a compound of formula ⁇ II), the control group receives the vehicle only. The compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (H) are tested for motor coordination on the rotating rod acutely and after repeated dosing.
• Clinical testing of the compounds of formula (I) or compounds of formula (M) may be conducted, for example, in one of the following study designs.
• the skilled physician may look at a number of aspects of behaviors and abilities of patients. He will realize that such studies are considered as guidelines and the certain aspects of the studies may be modified and redefined depending on the circumstance and environment, for example.
• a patient population, with a normal control is dosed once a day for a week or longer tested.
• the test is designed to allow for improvement, i.e. that there is a measurable parameter increase of the impaired function.
• the patients are tested at the beginning and at the end of the dosage period and the results are compared and analyzed.
• a patient population with a deficit associated with ataxia is dosed once a day for a week or longer and tested.
• the test is designed to allow for improvement, i.e. that there is a measurable parameter increase of the impaired function.
• the patients are tested at the beginning and at the end of the dosage period and the results are compared and analyzed.
• Placebo control is required for all trials.
• contaminating the data to produce false positives should be taken in to account when designing the test, e.g. the tests should not be identical (e.g. commit the same list of words to memory) but designed to study the same mechanism.
• the tests should not be identical (e.g. commit the same list of words to memory) but designed to study the same mechanism.
• co ⁇ ntermeas ⁇ res may include single testing at the end of a trial only.

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• 2010
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