WO2011006276A1 - Obtención de ácidos grasos a partir de larvas de insectos - Google Patents
Obtención de ácidos grasos a partir de larvas de insectos Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011006276A1 WO2011006276A1 PCT/CL2010/000022 CL2010000022W WO2011006276A1 WO 2011006276 A1 WO2011006276 A1 WO 2011006276A1 CL 2010000022 W CL2010000022 W CL 2010000022W WO 2011006276 A1 WO2011006276 A1 WO 2011006276A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oil extract
- acid
- oil
- content
- fatty acids
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
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- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/90—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for insects, e.g. bees or silkworms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/56—Materials from animals other than mammals
- A61K35/63—Arthropods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/02—Pretreatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
- C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/12—Refining fats or fatty oils by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B5/00—Preserving by using additives, e.g. anti-oxidants
Definitions
- omega-3 fatty acids
- alpha linolenic acid ALA, 18: 3, n-3
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosehexaenoic acid
- omega-6 such as gamma-linolenic acid (18: 3, n-3), and arachidonic acid (20: 4, n-6) .They are also generally called PUFA, from the English term for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
- PUFA polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
- n-3 or “omega-3” is used to denote the double bond that exists as the third carbon-carbon of the methyl end of the molecule.
- -7 and omega-9 for the whole family of monounsaturated fatty acids or MUFA of the term in English (Monounsaturated Fatty Acids).
- omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 are essential nutritionally, since at a biological and physiological level they are precursors of biomolecules of great importance for the good functioning of the organism, among which we can mention the prostaglandins , now known as eicosanoids; thromboxanes, prostacyclines and leukotrienes, all important molecules in numerous functions of metabolism and biochemistry of biological systems. These molecules have participation in inflammatory processes and blood coagulation, so they can be directly related to diseases such as; arthritis, platelet diseases and other blood diseases, lupus, asthma, among others.
- the benefits of your health intake are reflected in the circulatory and cardiovascular system, in cholesterol and triglyceride levels, in depressive symptoms, in cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, among many others.
- the intake of fish and fish oil is recommended, because they contain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Moghadasian, 2008).
- omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Moghadasian, 2008).
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids, which reduce inflammation, improve the functionality of the vascular and nervous system, among many other health benefits (McKenney & Sica 2007, Kris-Etherton et al., 2002, De Deckere,
- the trophic chain of the fish makes our diet, containing fish meat, exhibit a healthy content of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Fishes such as mackerel, trout, tuna, and salmon have high contents of omega-3 fatty acids, however, due to their position at the top of the trophic chain, these species can accumulate toxic substances (biomagnification).
- FDA Food and Drug Administration
- the FDA recommends limiting the consumption of certain species of fish (predators, for example, tuna, shark and swordfish), due to high levels of toxic pollutants such as mercury, dioxins, PCB and chlordane (EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2007).
- the fact that predatory fish do not can produce omega-3, and therefore obtain it from their food makes the omega-3 is an important raw material in raising fish of commercial interest worldwide.
- omega-3 The majority of fish oils originate in countries such as Peru and Chile. This is motivated by the high omega-3 content of fish from these areas, which is almost 30%, compared to other areas such as Scandinavian countries and other fish oils (around 20%). These fish oils are being used at an industrial level to produce pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. However, the greatest production and consumption of omega-3s is still the feeding of the nursery fish (salmon, trout, others). Although there are omega-3 productions from some microalgae and microbiological sources, these are very small compared to the large quantities that the fishing industry generates annually.
- the main dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are varied, being, in order of content of these compounds, predominantly fish (fish oil), seeds Flaxseed oil (linseed oil), eggs, and other oils from microalgae, zooplankton, and microorganisms (rare).
- the invention relates to the production of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA and PUFA, respectively.
- the invention is based on the extraction of high quality oil from insect larvae, constituting a new source of oil and in particular of a type of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids, being in turn a sustainable source very different from that of marine resources today represent.
- the primary objective of the invention is to constitute a novel and alternative way of obtaining oil and unsaturated fatty acids.
- the main problem solved by the present invention is the generation and obtaining of molecules such as monounsaturated fatty acids (omega-7 and omega-9, or MUFA) and polyunsaturated (mainly omega-3 and omega-6, or PUFA), added to the possibility of generating concentrated oils in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, by using their different melting points to achieve their separation.
- monounsaturated fatty acids omega-7 and omega-9, or MUFA
- polyunsaturated mainly omega-3 and omega-6, or PUFA
- a raw material production process rich in monounsaturated fatty acid contents (omega-7 and omega-9, or MUFA) is provided.
- a raw material production process rich in contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6, or PUFA) is provided.
- Raw material supply control is provided, since it allows to control the production of the raw material.
- the present invention relates to the extraction of the fat and lipid fraction contained in insect larvae.
- domestic fly larvae Musca domestica
- the harvesting or harvesting of the larvae takes place at a specific moment in the life cycle of the insect, in order to favor the highest content of the molecules that are of interest for the extraction of the oil.
- the fly selected for the embodiment of the best embodiment of the present invention belongs to the Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Diptera, Suborder: Cyclorhapha, Superfamily: Muscoidea, Family: Muscidae, Genus: Musca, Species: Musca domestica.
- the life cycle of this fly consists of the following stages; each female can leave in groups about 500 eggs.
- the eggs are white and about 1.2 mm in length.
- the maximum production of eggs occurs at intermediate temperatures, between 10 to 40 ° C.
- the larvae hatch from the eggs; they live and eat as a rule organic detritus, such as garbage or feces.
- larval development substrates such as artificial substrates such as feed made up of vegetable flours and protein-rich animal meals, substrates based on vegetable waste and food company waste, substrates based on waste from slaughtering plants, or substrates based on animal manure provide a excellent larval development substrate.
- the larval stage of the flies or the insects that are raised specifically the adult larva or previous to the state of pupa, or also pupae in formation, or recently formed. This is important because in all the insects that in their life cycle include a state of pupa, this state represents the only one in which they do not ingest food. Therefore, the larva must store high-quality, high-energy fats and lipids to be able to induce and sustain all the metamorphoses until reaching the emerging adult insect.
- the collected material can be stored under freezing conditions.
- Extract the oils with an extractant solvent 7. Evaporate and / or recycle the extractant solvent.
- the typical percentage composition that describes the obtained oil is 15% of saturated fatty acids, 40% of monounsaturated fatty acids, and 27% of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are comparable values and improved in nutritional quality, with respect to fish oils and other sources that currently exist in the market.
- the invention presents a typical composition regarding the type and percentage of fatty acid that constitutes the oil.
- Table 1 shows the contents of saturated fatty acids
- Table 2 the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids
- Table 3 the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Table 1 Contents of saturated fatty acids in the oil.
- Table 2 Contents of monounsaturated fatty acids in the oil.
- Table 3 Contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil.
- Flies can be raised on different substrates, it can be selected from manure (human, and / or animal), organic waste, biotreatment or bioconversion of urban waste, wheat bran, decomposing plant remains, and mixtures of all of them.
- manure human, and / or animal
- organic waste biotreatment or bioconversion of urban waste
- wheat bran decomposing plant remains, and mixtures of all of them.
- the fly breeding systems have been described and there are some patented, so the invention presented does not contemplate any aspect of the breeding of flies.
- the collection of mature larvae and pupae that have just formed is a key point to obtain the raw material for extracting the oil rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this sense, the use of certain stages in the life cycle of flies is part of the invention.
- the dehydrated material is crushed in a mill, on a laboratory scale, this can be done in a manual kitchen grinder, or a blender, while on an industrial scale, this can be done using a mill similar to that used in flour manufacturing from grains or industrial crushing equipment.
- the ground material is disposed in quantities suitable for the size of the extraction system that is being used.
- the extraction is carried out with the Soxhlet system, in which it is possible to use hexane or other pure organic solvents, or an extractant mixture composed of hexane and dichloromethane in a ratio that can be 1: 1, 1: 2 or the most typical 3: 1, this mixture improves the extraction of moderately polar and polar molecules.
- the preparation of extractant and material to be extracted should have the proportion of 50 gr of crushed material per 250 ml of extractant mixture (200 gr / 1).
- the extraction is carried out using 8 to 10 cycles of extraction (in siphons) of boiling the extractant through the crushed material. Then the crushed material is separated and the residue of the extractant is evaporated, and it is recovered by distillation, so that this material rich in proteins and carbohydrates can be used as a food source.
- the extractant containing the extracted oil is subjected to a simple distillation to separate it from the oil.
- the extractant is recovered to be reused and the oil is obtained pure and free of extractant.
- the oil is allowed to cool to room temperature for a period of 8 to 16 hours.
- the pure oil obtained can be preserved for long periods of packaging by adding an antioxidant.
- oils rich in omega-3 and omega-6, as well as in omega-7 and omega-9, as is the case of the larva oil, reason of the present invention, are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as compounds that help to diminish numerous degenerative diseases.
- the food and nutraceutical industry uses them increasingly as food supplements in healthy and complementary diets for disease treatment processes or healthy and functional food.
- the oil extracted from the larvae is very attractive when compared to fish oil, the most widely used both as a raw material and as a point of reference for other oils, because it has a lower content of saturated fatty acids, a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (double), and similar content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the applications of this oil can be innumerable. Finally, it is important to mention that there are chemical processes described and patented to enrich the polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils, as well as chemical mechanisms and protocols to achieve the purification of the different fractions present in a crude extract, such as fractions of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the larvae oil would allow it to be used as a raw material to achieve pure fractions of the different types of fatty acids, constituting this an additional application in the scope of the scale of the chemical industry with extensive applications of the by-products in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or other industries.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Edible Oils And Fats (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU2012105014/13A RU2505592C2 (ru) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Получение жирных кислот из личинок насекомых |
PL10799340T PL2455445T3 (pl) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Otrzymywanie kwasów tłuszczowych z larw owadów |
ES10799340.4T ES2499219T3 (es) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtención de ácidos grasos a partir de larvas de insectos |
DK10799340.4T DK2455445T3 (da) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Tilvejebringelse af fedtsyrer fra insektlaver |
EP10799340.4A EP2455445B8 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtaining fatty acids from insect larvae |
CA2768100A CA2768100A1 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtaining fatty acids from insect larvae |
JP2012519863A JP5824450B2 (ja) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | 昆虫の幼虫から脂肪酸を得る方法 |
CN201080039811.2A CN102597196B (zh) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | 从昆虫幼虫获得脂肪酸 |
BR112012000956A BR112012000956A2 (pt) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | obtenção de ácido graxo a partir de larvas de inseto |
MX2012000654A MX2012000654A (es) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtencion de acidos grasos a partir de larvas de insectos. |
US13/384,324 US8895767B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtaining fatty acids from insect larvae |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CL1586-2009 | 2009-07-14 | ||
CL2009001586A CL2009001586A1 (es) | 2009-07-14 | 2009-07-14 | Proceso de obtención de un extracto de aceite que contiene ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados a partir de larvas y pupas de mosca. |
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WO2011006276A1 true WO2011006276A1 (es) | 2011-01-20 |
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PCT/CL2010/000022 WO2011006276A1 (es) | 2009-07-14 | 2010-06-11 | Obtención de ácidos grasos a partir de larvas de insectos |
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US (1) | US8895767B2 (es) |
EP (1) | EP2455445B8 (es) |
JP (1) | JP5824450B2 (es) |
CN (1) | CN102597196B (es) |
BR (1) | BR112012000956A2 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2768100A1 (es) |
CL (1) | CL2009001586A1 (es) |
DK (1) | DK2455445T3 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2499219T3 (es) |
MX (1) | MX2012000654A (es) |
PL (1) | PL2455445T3 (es) |
PT (1) | PT2455445E (es) |
RU (1) | RU2505592C2 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2011006276A1 (es) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2013191548A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 | 2013-12-27 | Protix Biosystems B.V. | Method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby |
WO2014123420A1 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2014-08-14 | Protix Biosystems B.V. | Method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby |
ES2551259A1 (es) * | 2014-05-15 | 2015-11-17 | Universidad De Alicante | Procedimiento de acumulación y extracción de grasas de microalgas unicelulares mediante digestión larvaria de insectos dípteros |
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US10264769B2 (en) * | 2016-08-21 | 2019-04-23 | Daniel Michael Leo | Insect production systems and methods |
US10188086B2 (en) * | 2016-08-21 | 2019-01-29 | Daniel Michael Leo | Insect production systems and methods |
KR101858320B1 (ko) * | 2015-10-21 | 2018-05-15 | 김용욱 | 갈색거저리 유지 및 그 제조방법 |
US10264768B2 (en) * | 2016-08-21 | 2019-04-23 | Daniel Michael Leo | Insect production systems and methods |
US20200253238A1 (en) | 2016-12-28 | 2020-08-13 | Vito Nv | A Method for the Fractionation of a Lipid Fraction and a Protein Fraction from a Lipid and Protein Containing Biomass |
JP6968564B2 (ja) * | 2017-04-04 | 2021-11-17 | 俊二 名取 | 共役リノール酸組成物及びその製造方法 |
US10842138B1 (en) | 2017-08-02 | 2020-11-24 | Insecticycle LLC | Method, device, and system for use with insect larvae |
BE1025664B9 (nl) | 2017-10-26 | 2019-06-21 | Millibeter N V | Werkwijze voor het scheiden van de biomassa van levende larven in een pulp- en een vloeibare fractie |
KR102004418B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-29 | 2019-07-26 | 경상대학교산학협력단 | 초임계를 이용한 곤충 유충의 지방 추출방법 |
EP3543323A1 (de) | 2018-03-21 | 2019-09-25 | Bergolin GmbH & Co. KG | Verwendung eines insektenöls in harzen für beschichtungs- und klebstoffzusammensetzungen |
CN110560249A (zh) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-12-13 | 广东省生物资源应用研究所 | 一种快速分离蚊虫蛹的方法 |
CN112825819B (zh) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-10-25 | 广东虫虫生物科技有限公司 | 一种源自昆虫幼虫的天然抗菌剂及提取方法和应用以及诱导昆虫幼虫产生抗菌剂的方法 |
DE102021117134B3 (de) | 2021-07-02 | 2022-11-10 | Alpha-Protein GmbH | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Aufzucht von Insekten in einem Hochregallager |
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- 2010-06-11 EP EP10799340.4A patent/EP2455445B8/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-06-11 CN CN201080039811.2A patent/CN102597196B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2010-06-11 US US13/384,324 patent/US8895767B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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WO2014123420A1 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2014-08-14 | Protix Biosystems B.V. | Method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby |
US10537118B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2020-01-21 | Bühler Insect Technology Solutions Ag | Method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby |
EP3692800A1 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2020-08-12 | Bühler Insect Technology Solutions AG | Compositions obtained by converting insects or worms into nutrient streams |
US11968995B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2024-04-30 | Bühler AG | Method to convert insects or worms into nutrient streams and compositions obtained thereby |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8895767B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
JP5824450B2 (ja) | 2015-11-25 |
EP2455445B8 (en) | 2015-07-08 |
CL2009001586A1 (es) | 2011-05-27 |
EP2455445B1 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
BR112012000956A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
US20120123141A1 (en) | 2012-05-17 |
PL2455445T3 (pl) | 2015-04-30 |
EP2455445A1 (en) | 2012-05-23 |
ES2499219T3 (es) | 2014-09-29 |
RU2505592C2 (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
RU2012105014A (ru) | 2013-08-20 |
MX2012000654A (es) | 2012-07-25 |
EP2455445A4 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
CN102597196A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
JP2012532964A (ja) | 2012-12-20 |
PT2455445E (pt) | 2014-09-12 |
CN102597196B (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
CA2768100A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
DK2455445T3 (da) | 2014-10-13 |
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