WO2010143154A1 - Obtention de plantes a teneur reduite en lignines - Google Patents
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- WO2010143154A1 WO2010143154A1 PCT/IB2010/052590 IB2010052590W WO2010143154A1 WO 2010143154 A1 WO2010143154 A1 WO 2010143154A1 IB 2010052590 W IB2010052590 W IB 2010052590W WO 2010143154 A1 WO2010143154 A1 WO 2010143154A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
- C12N15/8255—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving lignin biosynthesis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
- C12N15/8218—Antisense, co-suppression, viral induced gene silencing [VIGS], post-transcriptional induced gene silencing [PTGS]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for selecting or obtaining plants having a reduced lignin content.
- Lignins are insoluble polymers located in the plant walls and resulting from the polymerization of 3 phenolic monomers (or monolignols), derived from the phenylpropanoids route (NEISH, Constitution and Biosynthesis of Lignin, New York editions: Springer Verlag, 1-43 , 1968). Their biosynthetic pathway is complex and involves different steps, part of which is carried out in the cytoplasm (synthesis of monolignols) and another in the wall (polymerization).
- the p-coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols are the respective precursors of the p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units constituting the lignins.
- phenolic radicals which spontaneously couple by various bonds, which leads to the formation of lignins.
- interunit links there are labile bonds, called ⁇ -O-4 and resistant bonds.
- bonds can also be established with other parietal compounds (polysaccharides and proteins) to form a complex three-dimensional network.
- oxidases such as peroxidases, laccases or other oxidases.
- lignin content of plants has a major influence on their industrial uses. For example, it affects the nutritional value of plants for animal feed, as well as the performance of paper processes (yield and quality of the pulp obtained) and the production yield of biofuel. Indeed: An important component of the nutritional value of forage plants, such as forage corn, is digestibility.
- lignins establish different types of linkages with other parietal constituents (including polysaccharides) and hinder the accessibility of digestive enzymes polysaccharides (carbohydrates), the main sources of energy for herbivores;
- biofuels are formed from bioethanol (a product miscible with gasoline) or oil
- the production of bioethanol could also be made from the cellulose of wood or straw.
- the production process comprises the following steps: acid pretreatment of the raw material to break the interactions between lignins and polysaccharides (this pretreatment facilitates the action of hydrolytic enzymes which transform the polysaccharides of the wall into simple sugars), followed by a fermentation step of simple sugars, leading to the production of bioethanol.
- acid pretreatment of the raw material to break the interactions between lignins and polysaccharides
- this pretreatment facilitates the action of hydrolytic enzymes which transform the polysaccharides of the wall into simple sugars
- a fermentation step of simple sugars leading to the production of bioethanol.
- the initial acid pretreatment results in the production of compounds capable of inhibiting the fermentation step. It has therefore been suggested that by modifying the lignins, the parietal polysaccharides would be more accessible to the hydrolytic enzymes.
- One of the preferred ways to reduce the lignin content in plants is the production of plants by genetic engineering. It has thus been proposed to act on the enzymes of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, such as laccases (International Application WO 97/45549), peroxidases (International Application WO 2004/080202) Cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR; WO 97/12982 and WO 98/39454), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT International Application WO 94/23044, OBA and ALLEN, J.
- the multigene family of laccases has 17 members, 7 of which are expressed in the stems, the most lignified organ.
- the most highly expressed genes are LAC4 (At2g38080), LAC11 (At5g60020) and LAC2 (At2g29130).
- the LAC2 and LAC11 genes belong to the same subclass and the LAC4 gene belongs to a close subclass according to the phylogenetic trees published by POURCEL et al. (Plant Cell, 17, 2966-2980, 2005) and CAPARROS-RUIZ et al. (Plant Science, 171, 217-225, 2006).
- the LAC11 gene codes for the LAC17 protein (AtLAC17), the sequence of which is available under the accession number NM_125395 in the GENBANK database, and is also reproduced in the attached sequence listing under the identifier SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the LAC4 gene codes for the LAC4 protein (AtLAC4), the sequence of which is available under the accession number NM_129364 in the GENBANK database, and is also reproduced in the attached sequence listing under the identifier SEQ ID NO: 4.
- the LAC2 gene encodes the LAC2 protein (AtLAC2), the sequence of which is available under accession number NM_128470 (GI: 186503951) in the GENBANK database.
- AtLAC17 is expressed at interfascicular fibers.
- the inventors have thus demonstrated that the orthologous proteins of the AtLAC17 protein have at least 60% identity or at least 75% similarity with it and comprise, from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. terminal, at least one of the four sequence consensus peptide domains:
- HWHGI / VRQL (SEQ ID NO: 12, amino acids corresponding to positions 80-87 of the peptide sequence of AtLAC17) or HWHGI / VR / LQL / M / V (SEQ ID NO: 38), • I / VNAALNDELFF ( SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acids corresponding to positions 223-233 of the peptide sequence of AtLAC17) or INA / SALN / ED / N / EELFF (SEQ ID NO: 39),
- ESHPLHLHGF / YN / DFFVVGQGF / YGNF / YD (SEQ ID NO: 14, amino acids corresponding to positions 476-498 of the peptide sequence of AtLAC17), or ESHPL / FHL / MHGF / YN / DF / YF / YVV / IGQ / T / E-GF / V / TGNF / YD / N (SEQ ID NO: 40) and
- A-D-N-P-G-V-W (SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acids corresponding to positions 539-546 of the peptide sequence of AtLAC17), or A / V-D-N-P-G-V / O-W / O (SEQ ID No.
- sorghum (Sorghum bicoior) of sequences SEQ ID NO: 8, 9, 10 and 11, of Brachypodium, such as the sequences Bradilg66720 (SEQ ID NO: 48), Bradi2g54680 (SEQ ID NO: 49), Bradilg24910 (SEQ ID NO: 50), Bradilg24880 (SEQ ID NO: 51), Bradi2g54740 (SEQ ID NO: 52), Bradi2g23370 (SEQ ID NO: 53), Bradi2g23350 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and Bradi2g54690 (SEQ ID NO: 55), rice, such as the sequences available in the GENBANK database under the accession numbers GI: 113548170 (SEQ ID NO: 56), GI.113534304
- GI.113579297 (SEQ ID NO: 59), GI: 113534303 (SEQ ID NO: 60), GI.113579295 (SEQ ID NO: 61), GI.255673866 (SEQ ID NO.
- PtLACl gene POPTR_0001sl4010.1, SEQ ID NO: 63
- PtLAC40 POPTR_0001s41160.1, SEQ ID NO: 64
- PtLAC41 POPTR_0001s41170.1, SEQ ID NO: 65
- PtLAC6 POPTR_0001s41170.1, SEQ ID NO: 66
- PtLAC24 POPTR_0011sl2010.1, SEQ ID NO: 67
- PtLAC25 POPTR_0011sl2100.1, SEQ ID NO: 68.
- AtLAC17 shows the presence (indicated in the table by the sign "X") of the consensus peptide domains as defined above in the orthologous sequences of the AtLAC17 protein in Zea mays, S. officinarum, Sorghum bicolor, Brachypodum, poplar and rice, as well as the respective percentages of identity and similarity to AtLAC17.
- the LAC17 protein has 55.2% identity with the LAC4 protein, and 67.1% identity with the LAC2 protein, but the latter does not include the consensus peptide domain of sequence SEQ ID NO: 14, and 54.6. % identity with the tobacco laccase described in International Application WO 97/45549; the LAC4 protein has 54.0% identity with the LAC2 protein and 75.8 identity with the tobacco laccase described in the International Application WO 97/45549 (it appears that said tobacco laccase is the orthologue of the AtLAC4 protein), the percentages of identity being calculated over the entire length of the sequences using the needle program (NEEDLEMAN and WUNSCH, J. Mol Biol., 48, 443-453, 1970) using the default parameters.
- AtLAC4 is expressed at the level of the xylem vessels and interfascicular fibers.
- orthologs of the LAC4 protein of A. thaliana we will mention in particular the laccases of: Brachypodium, such as the sequence
- Lines of A. thaliana of the SALK collection in the CoIO (Columbia) accession with T-DNA insertions at the LACI1 gene (line SALK_016748), LAC4 (line SALK_051892) and LAC2 (line SALK_025690) have been identified.
- the mutants Iac4 and Iac2 have in particular been described by BROWN et al. (Plant Cell, 17, 2281-2295, 2005). These mutants show strongly reduced or zero mutated gene expression but do not exhibit a particular phenotype in the greenhouse.
- the inventors have investigated whether these mutations have an effect on the amount of lignins of the mutated plants, and their qualitative (structural) properties. They found that the Iac2 mutant did not differ significantly from the CoIO wild line, but that the Iac4 and lacII mutants contained lignin (determined on mature dry stems) reduced from 6 to 8. % and had an increased cellulolytic yield of 17% in the case of lac11 and 52% in that of Iac4, relative to the wild line CoIO (cellulolysis carried out without acid pretreatment).
- mutants Iac4 and lac11 obtained by crossing, from mutants Iac4 and lac11, double mutants Iac4 / lac17. They found that these double mutants had a very small amount of lignin (about 19% compared to the CoIO wild line), and a better cellulolytic yield compared to the CoIO wild line (+ 25% to + 42% ) and the simple lacll mutant (+ 6% to + 21%) approximately.
- the subject of the present invention is a process for reducing the lignin content of a plant and increasing cellulolysis of the walls of said plant, characterized in that the expression and / or the activity in said plant: a) a laccase of which the polypeptide sequence has at least 60% identity, and in order of increasing preference at least 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% and 99% identity, or at least 75% similarity, and in order of increasing preference at least 78%, 79%, 80%, 83%, 85%, 90% %, 95%, 97%, 98% and 99% of similarity with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 (LAC17), and comprises, from its N-terminal end to its C-terminal end, at least one of the 4 , preferably at least 2 of 4, more preferably at least 3 of 4 and more preferably the 4 consensus peptide domains i) to iv) respectively, i) the sequence consensus peptide domain SEQ ID NO:
- SEQ ID NO: 15 or 41 and b) a laccase whose polypeptide sequence has at least 65% identity, and in order of increasing preference at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
- lignin content means the Klason lignin content. This content can be measured by the assay of the acid-insoluble lignin fraction (LAS) present in the parietal residue (RP) of a plant, as described in Example 3 below.
- LAS acid-insoluble lignin fraction
- RP parietal residue
- laccase refers to a copper (EC 1.10.3.2) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a phenolic substrate by using dioxygen as the final acceptor of electrons. Unless otherwise specified, the identity percentages shown here are set, as above, using the needle program using the default settings.
- the present invention is applicable to dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants. As non-limiting examples, it can be applied to corn, wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, rice, sorghum, sugar cane, poplar and pine.
- laccases By way of nonlimiting examples of laccases, as defined in paragraph a) above, mention may be made, in maize (Zea mays), of the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 5, 6 and 42 to 47, in cane sugar (Saccharum officinarum), the sequence SEQ ID NO: 7, in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 to 11, in Brachypodium, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 48 to 55), in rice, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 56 to 62, and in poplar, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 63 to 68.
- laccases whose polypeptide sequence has at least 60% identity or at least 75% similarity with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 and comprises, from its N-terminal end towards at its C-terminal end, the 4 consensus peptide domains of SEQ ID NO: 12, 13, 14 and 15, respectively, in maize, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 42, 43, 44 and 45, in the sugar cane, the peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 7, in the sorghum, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 8 (partial sequence of the protein), 9, 10 and 11, in Brachypodium, the SEQ peptide sequences ID NO: 50 and 51, in rice, the peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 58, and in poplar, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 63, 67 and 68.
- laccases whose polypeptide sequence has at least 65% identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4, mention may be made in Brachypodium, the peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 69, in rice, the peptide sequence SEQ ID NO: 70 and in poplar, the peptide sequences SEQ ID NO: 71 to 74.
- the total or partial inhibition of the expression and / or the activity of a laccase as defined above can be obtained in various ways, by methods known per se.
- this inhibition can be obtained by intervening upstream of the production of said laccase, by mutagenesis of the gene coding for this protein, or by inhibition or modification of the transcription or translation of this laccase.
- Mutagenesis of the gene coding for said laccase may occur at the level of the coding sequence or of the expression regulation sequences, in particular of the promoter. For example, it is possible to delete all or part of said gene and / or to insert an exogenous sequence.
- insertional mutagenesis a large number of individuals derived from an active plant are produced for the transposition of a transposable element (AC element or Mutator), and selected by example by PCR, the plants in which an insertion was carried out in the gene of said laccase.
- This exogenous sequence may also be a T-DNA (fragment of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid).
- mutated alleles of the gene of said laccase can be identified for example by PCR using primers specific for said gene.
- TILLING Targeting Induced Local In Genomes lesions, McCALLUM et al, Plant Physiol., 123, 439-442, 2000.
- the inhibition or the modification of the transcription and / or the translation can be obtained by the expression of sense, antisense or double-stranded RNA derived from the gene of said laccase, or the cDNA of this protein, or else by the use of interfering RNAs (for review on antisense inhibition techniques see for example: WATSON and GRIERSON, Transgenic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications (HIATT, A, ed) New York: Marcel DEKKER, 255-281, 1992 CHICAS and MACINO, EMBO reports, 21, 992-996, 2001, for a review relating more specifically to the use of interfering RNAs (HANNON, Nature, 418, 244-251, 2002).
- the present invention also relates to a recombinant DNA construct comprising one or more polynucleotides capable of inhibiting the expression of the two laccases as defined above.
- said polynucleotides can encode antisense RNAs, interfering RNAs (non-coding double-stranded RNA with a length of approximately 21 to 25 nucleotides), microRNAs (non-coding single-stranded RNAs of a length of about 21 to 25 nucleotides) (OSSOWSKI et al., The Plant Journal, 53, 674-690, 2008; SCHWAB et al., Methods Mol Biol., 592, 71-88, 2010, WEI et al., Funct Integr Genomics, 9, 499-511, 2009) or ribozymes targeting the gene encoding a laccase as defined above.
- said polynucleotides capable of inhibiting the expression of LAC4 and LA17 laccases as defined above are microRNAs, such as microRNAs miR397 and miR408, preferably miR397.
- micro-RNAs those of the following sequences can be used:
- SEQ ID NO: 75 (AtmiR397a) or SEQ ID NO: 76 (AtmiR397b), obtained from Arabidopsis thalina (ABDEL-GHANY and PILON, J Biol Chem., 283, 15932-15945, 2008);
- SEQ ID NO: 78 (Bdi-miR397a) or SEQ ID NO: 79 (Bdi-miR397b), obtained from Brachypodium distachyon
- the recombinant DNA construct is chosen from:
- a DNA construct comprising a fragment of at least 15 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of the cDNA of the gene encoding a laccase as defined above, a DNA construct of 200 to 1000 bp, comprising a fragment of the cDNA of the gene coding for a laccase as defined above, or a complementary polynucleotide, which when it is transcribed forms a hairpin RNA (hairpine RNA or ribozyme) targeting said gene ; a DNA construct, capable, when transcribed, of forming a microRNA targeting the gene coding for a laccase as defined above.
- said recombinant DNA construct comprises a fragment of at least 15 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least 20, and most preferably at least 50 consecutive nucleotides of a polynucleotide. of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or of a polynucleotide complementary to a polynucleotide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- expression cassettes comprising one or more recombinant DNA constructs as defined above, under transcriptional control of a suitable promoter.
- These expression cassettes may also advantageously comprise other regulatory elements, in particular transcription regulation elements such as terminators, amplifiers, and the like.
- recombinant vectors comprising one or more recombinant DNA constructs as defined above, or advantageously an expression cassette as defined above.
- Recombinant DNA constructs in accordance with the invention may also comprise other elements, for example one or more selection markers.
- promoters usable in the context of the present invention, mention may be made of: constitutive promoters, such as the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) described by KAY et al. (Science, 236, 4805, 1987), or its derivatives, the promoter of the cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV) described in the International Application WO 97/48819, the corn ubiquitin promoter or the rice "Actin-Intron-actin" promoter (McELROY et al., Mol Gen. Genet., 231, 150-160, 1991; GenBank no.
- constitutive promoters such as the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) described by KAY et al. (Science, 236, 4805, 1987), or its derivatives, the promoter of the cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV) described in the International Application WO 97/48819, the corn ubiquitin promoter or the rice "Actin-Intron-actin” promoter (McELRO
- inducible or tissue-specific promoters in order to modify the lignin content or composition only at certain stages of the development of the plant, under certain environmental conditions, or in certain target tissues, for example, the stems, leaves, seeds, husks, cortex or xylem (eg, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) promoter or the 4 coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL)).
- CAD cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase
- 4CL 4 coumarate-CoA ligase
- terminators such as the 3'NOS terminator of nopaline synthase (DEPICKER et al., J. Mol Appl., Genet., 1, 561-573, 1982), or the 3'CaMV terminator (FRANCK et al., CeIl, 21, 285-294, 1980, GenBank accession number V00141).
- selection marker genes that can be used in the context of the present invention, mention will be made in particular of genes conferring resistance to an antibiotic (HERRERA-ESTRELLA et al., EMBO J., 2, 987-995 , 1983) such as hygromycin, kanamycin, bleomycin or streptomycin, or a herbicide (EP 0 242 246) such as glufosinate, glyphosate or bromoxynil, or the NPTII gene which confers kanamyine resistance. (BEVAN et al., Nucleic Acid Research, 11, 369-385, 1984).
- Plant transformation can be carried out by many methods, known in themselves to those skilled in the art.
- transformation can thus be carried out, by way of non-limiting examples: by transfer of the vectors according to the invention in protoplasts, in particular after incubation of the latter in a solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of divalent cations
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens can also be used, in particular according to the methods described in the articles by BEVAN et al. (Nucleic Acid Research, 11, 369-385, 1984) and AN et al. (Plant Phydiol., 81, 86-91, 1986), or Agrobacterium rhizogenes, in particular according to the method described in the article by JOUANIN et al. (Plant Sci., 53, 53-63, 1987).
- plant cell transformation can be effected by transferring the T region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti tumor-inducing extrachromosomal circular plasmid, using a binary system (WATSON et al., Ed.
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens can also be used on whole plants, for example by depositing, at the level of the wound of a monocotyledonous plant, the bacterium harboring the DNA to be transferred, in the presence of substances released at the level of the wound of a plant. dicotyledonous.
- the present invention also relates to a plant cell comprising an expression cassette as defined above or a recombinant vector as defined above.
- the subject of the present invention is also the plants which can be obtained by a process according to the invention, with the exception of A. thaliana mutants SALK_016748 and SALK_051892.
- Said plants may carry mutations inhibiting laccase LAC4 and LA17 as defined above or express one or more polynucleotides capable of inhibiting the expression of said laccase LAC4 and LA17 as defined above.
- the present invention includes descendants, including hybrids derived from a cross involving at least one plant according to the invention, obtained by sowing or vegetative propagation, plants directly obtained by the method of the invention.
- Plant material such as protoplasts, cells, calli, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, cuttings and / or seeds, obtained from the plants in accordance with the invention (with the exception of A. thaliana mutants).
- SALK_016748 and SALK_051892) is also part of the object of the present invention.
- the present invention also relates to the use of plants according to the invention or plant material obtained from said plants for the production of forage plants, biofuels or pulp.
- Figure 1 agarose gel electrophoresis analysis 1% PCR products obtained from DNA genomic lines SALK_016748 (lacll mutant) ( Figure 1
- FIG. 1 A: Well 1: IKb + size marker (Invitrogen); Well 2: Tubulin from the CoIO wild line; Well 3: laccase 17 of the wild line; Wells 4 and 6: tubulin of 2 plants of line SALK_016748 (lacll); Wells 5 and 7: laccase 17 of 2 plants of the SALK__016748 (lacll) line.
- B Well 1: IKb + size marker (Invitrogen), Well 2: empty; Well 3: tubulin the wild line CoIO; Well 4: empty; Wells 5 to 7: tubulin of 3 plants of line SALK__051892 (laced); Well 8: empty; Well 9: laccase 4 of the CoIO wild line; Well 10: empty; Wells 11 to 13: laccase 4 of 3 plants of the line SALK_051892 (Iac4).
- C Wells 1 and 12: IKb + size marker
- Figure 3 observation under optical microscope (200X magnification) of cross sections of 70 microns thick primary stem of 20 cm stained with phloroglucinol-HCl, from the wild line CoIO and the line SALK 016748 (lac11);
- Figure 4 Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis 1% of PCR products obtained from genomic DNA of a double mutant of A. thaliana Kim (Iac4 / lac17).
- Well 1 IKb + size marker (Invitrogen);
- Well 2 tubulin from the wild line;
- Well 3 tubulin of mutant Kim;
- Well 4 laccase 4 of the wild line;
- Well 5 laccase 4 of the Kim mutant;
- Well 6 laccase 17 of the wild line;
- Well 7 laccase 17 of the mutant Kim.
- EXAMPLE 1 SELECTION, GENOTYPING AND
- A. thaliana laccase mutants A. thaliana strains of the SALK collection in the CoIO accession showing T - DNA insertions at the LACl 7, LAC4 and LAC2 genes (respectively SALK_016748, SALK_051892 and SALK_025690) have been identified and characterized.
- Mutant SALK_016748 [lac11] contains two inverted Tandem T-DNAs in the LB17 gene promoter, 146 base pairs of the ATG initiation codon.
- Mutant SALK_051892 contains T-DNA inserted into the promoter of the gene encoding LAC4 at 127 base pairs of the ATG initiation codon.
- the mutant SALK_025690 (Iac2) contains a T-DNA inserted into its coding sequence.
- Lac 17 FST dir Lac 17 FST rev: TCG AAG AGG GTC AAA TCT TAG CCA TGA AAT amplification of the LACl 7 GAG TT gene (SEQ ID NO: GTG AGC (SEQ ID NO:
- the plant DNA was extracted according to the protocol described by EDWARDS et al. (Nucleic Acid Research, 19, 1349, 1991).
- PCRs were carried out in 25 ⁇ l on 30 ng of genomic DNA, with 2 mM MgCl 2, 0.4 mM of each dNTP, 0.4 mM of each primer, 1.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen). PCR cycles for genotyping lacII mutants were (95 ° C 30 sec, 50 ° C dry, 72 ° C 1 min) 28 times, with a final extension of 10 min at 72 ° C.
- PCR cycles for genotyping laced mutants were (95 ° C dry, 58 ° C dry, 72 ° C dry) 30 times, with a final extension of 10 min at 72 ° C.
- the PCR cycles for genotyping the Iac2 mutants are (95 ° C dry, 54 ° C dry, 72 ° C 1 min 30 sec) 30 times, with a final extension of 10 min at 72 ° C.
- the 2 plants of the line SALK_016748 tested are homozygous for the mutation in the LACl7 gene: the presence of T-DNAs on the two coding strands of this gene prevents the amplification of a fragment of the LACl7 gene (FIG. ;
- the 3 plants of the line SALK_051892 tested are homozygous for the mutation in the LAC4 gene: the presence of the T-DNA on the two coding strands of this gene prevents the amplification of a fragment of the LAC4 gene (FIG. ;
- the plant of the line SALK__025690 tested is homozygous for the mutation in the LAC2 gene: the presence of T-DNA on the two strands coding for this gene prevents the amplification of a fragment of the LAC2 gene (FIG. 1C).
- the primers used are described in Table 2 below:
- the so-called “FST” (Flanking Sequence Tag) primer pairs have been drawn on either side of the T-DNA; they were used to amplify on DNA (genomic).
- the so-called “RT” primer pairs have been defined in the coding sequence and make it possible to amplify on cDNAs.
- the RT-PCR cycles on the lac11, Iac4 and wild-type mutants are (95 ° C. 30 sec, 50 ° C. dry, 72 ° C. 1 min 30) 26 times, with a final extension of 10 min at 72 ° C. for laccases 2, 4, 6, 12, 17 and tubulins.
- the RT-PCR cycles on the lacI r Iac4 mutants and the wild-type line are (95 ° C. 30 sec, 55 ° C. 30 sec, 72 ° C. 1 min 30) 26 times, with a final extension of 10 min at 72 ° C. for laccases 5 and 10.
- the RT-PCR cycles on lac11, Iac4 and wild-type mutants are (95 ° C 30 sec, 58 ° C dry, 72 ° C 1 min 30) 26 times, with a final extension 10 min at 72 0 C for laccase 11.
- FIG. 3 The results of the cytological observation are shown in FIG. 3. A delay and / or a decrease in the amount of lignin deposited on the cell walls is observed in the lac11 mutant but not in the wild line (FIG. 3).
- the lignin content was measured by the determination of the acid-insoluble lignin fraction present in the RP and called Klason lignin (LK).
- LK Klason lignin
- This LK fraction gravimetrically measured by treating the parietal residue with concentrated sulfuric acid (which allows the polysaccharides to be hydrolysed and a LK residue to be rinsed, dried and weighed), represents most of the parietal lignins.
- a very small fraction of the lignins can be solubilized during the treatment with sulfuric acid: it is the fraction called acid-soluble lignin (LAS) which is evaluated by measuring the absorbance of the sulfuric supernatant in the ultraviolet.
- LAS acid-soluble lignin
- the lignin structure was evaluated by thioacidolysis.
- the thioacidolysis of lignins liberates H, G or S thioethylated monomeric products from p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) or syringyl (S) units bound only by ⁇ -O-4 bonds (major interunit linkages in lignins natives) .
- H p-hydroxyphenyl
- G guaiacyl
- S syringyl
- Monomers trimethylsilyl H, G or S were assayed from chromatograms reconstructed respectively on ions 239, 269 or 299 (ions the most intense of their mass spectrum obtained in electronic impact).
- the protocol that has been employed is similar to that described by LAPIERRE et al. (Res Chem Interm, 21, 397-412, 1995) and by MIR DERIKVAND et al. (Planta 227, 943-956, 2008).
- the monomers H are most often minor (less than 1% of the total monomers) and were therefore not considered (except in the case of mutant plants affected in the formation of G and S units, or in the case of lignins of stress) .
- thioacidolysis yield difference between 2 independent analytical thioacidolysis repeats S / G t hio molar ratio of G and S monomers released by thioacidolysis of lignins.
- This ratio reflects the proportion of S units and G units in native lignins.
- the importance of S units varies according to the stage of development (S units being deposited mainly at the end of lignification) as well as tissues (the fibers are richer in S units than the vessels). Therefore, when a mutant plant has a S / G ratio different from that of the control line (grown under the same conditions), this difference may be due to the fact that the mutation affects lignification over time (at the beginning or in the end) or in a tissue-specific way (affects the lignification of the fibers or that of the vessels).
- RP treated with a commercial preparation of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes; e-m cellulolysis average difference between 2 independent analytical cellulolytic repeats; the Kim 1 and Kim 2 mutants are 2 biological repeats of the same line. Kim 1 and Kim 2 were grown on 2 separate culture trays, which may explain the variations between these replicates.
- mutant SALK 025690 (Iac2) does not show a decrease in the level of lignins relative to the wild line (CoIO).
- Table 3 Lignin study of wild-type (CoIO) and mutant strains for laccases 4 and / or 17.
- the homogeneity of the RP levels (60.3 to 62.6%) indicates that the mutations do not affect the rate of lignocellulosic walls of the mature stems. As mutant lines do not show a reduction in size, this suggests that mutant plants have the same productivity in terms of lignocellulosic biomass recoverable in fiber or biofuel for example;
- the mutants have a Klason lignin level which is significantly lower than that of the control: the decrease is moderate for the simple mutants (decrease of 8 and 6% for the mutants Iac4 and lac11 respectively) and more marked for the double mutants. (about 19%).
- This decrease in lignin content which does not affect the growth and development of the plant, is sought in the context of chemical pulp production from angiosperm lignocelluloses. It also facilitates enzymatic hydrolysis, lignins acting as barriers between enzymes and polysaccharides;
- the level of acid-soluble lignin (LAS) of the mutant lines is lower than the level of LAS of the wild line.
- the reduced Klason lignin content (or acid-insoluble lignin) is therefore not offset by an increase in acid-soluble lignin;
- the thioacidolysis yields calculated on the basis of the LK level, are close between the wild line and the mutant lines. This result indicates that the lignins of the mutant lines contain as many labile bonds as the lignins of the wild lines. The mutations therefore did not accentuate the frequency of the inter-unit resistant bonds, which would be unfavorable in view of the production of pulp by chemical means for example;
- GROSSNIKLAUS Plant Physiology, 133, 462-469, 2003
- GROSSNIKLAUS Plant Physiology, 133, 462-469, 2003
- the 2x35S promoter is excised from the above plasmid pMDC32 by digestion with HindIII-KpnI enzymes (unique restriction sites) and replaced with the EuCAD "lignin-specific" promoter.
- the genetic transformation of the poplar is carried out according to the method described in LEPLE et al. (Plant Cell Rep. 11, 137-141, 1992), ie by co-cultivation of poplar stem explants with agrobacteria containing a binary vector for the expression of miR397, isolation of transgenic calli and regeneration of transformed seedlings.
- Transgenic calli are selected for the regeneration step. Seedlings are regenerated at from these different calluses, thus corresponding to different transformation events. Each seedling is cloned by multiplication.
- each transgenic line is used for: the study of lignin structure by thioacidolysis (see above) on a stem fragment; to identify spatial variations in the amount of lignins, by infra-red imaging in FTIR-ATR ("Fourier Transformed! InfraRed Spectroscopy - Attenuated Total Reflectance") and histochemical staining with phloroglucinol.
- Gateway compatible and specific binary vectors for the transformation of monocotyledons containing a sequence coding a micro-RNA of sequence SEQ
- a constitutive promoter for example the maize ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi), or a "specific lignin” promoter, and a selection gene such as the gene pat (conferring resistance to basta), are used for the genetic transformation of Brachypodium distachyon.
- a constitutive promoter for example the maize ubiquitin promoter (ZmUbi), or a "specific lignin” promoter
- a selection gene such as the gene pat (conferring resistance to basta)
- a vector as described for the genetic transformation of Brachypodium can be used for the genetic transformation of maize.
- the integrative vector L1038 (represented by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 80), which contains an expression cassette comprising a gene for resistance to a herbicide (Basta resistance gene), an expression cassette comprising a gene encoding a fluorescent protein to track the transgene without genotyping (gene encoding a GFP under the control of a Actin promoter), a "Gateway triple" cassette attR4-ccdB-attR3 (where attR4 and attR3 are recombination sites and ccdB is a negative selection gene), which makes it possible to recombine a promoter of choice (attL4-attR1 ends), a gene of choice (attL1-attL2 ends) (in this case a microRNA miR397) and a mock (attR1 -attL3) (see the User Manual published by Invitrogen, "MultiSite Gateway Pro", Version B, October 3, 2006).
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP10728355A EP2440665A1 (fr) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-06-10 | Obtention de plantes a teneur reduite en lignines |
US13/377,372 US20120192312A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-06-10 | Production of Plants with Reduced Lignin Content |
CA2765211A CA2765211A1 (fr) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-06-10 | Obtention de plantes a teneur reduite en lignines |
AU2010258280A AU2010258280A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-06-10 | Production of plants with reduced lignin content |
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FR0902812 | 2009-06-10 | ||
FR0902812A FR2946661B1 (fr) | 2009-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | Obtention de plantes a teneur reduite en lignines |
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EP (1) | EP2440665A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2010258280A1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2765211A1 (fr) |
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO1997045549A1 (fr) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Sequences d'adn codant pour des laccases, et leurs applications dans le domaine de la regulation des teneurs en lignines des plantes |
US20080235820A1 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2008-09-25 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Lignin reduction and cellulose increase in crop biomass via genetic engineering |
US20080313777A1 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-18 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Secondary Wall Forming Genes From Maize and Uses Thereof |
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US7087426B2 (en) * | 1996-09-11 | 2006-08-08 | Agrigenesis Biosciences Ltd. | Materials and methods for the modification of plant lignin content |
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2009
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2010
- 2010-06-10 US US13/377,372 patent/US20120192312A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-06-10 CA CA2765211A patent/CA2765211A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2010-06-10 WO PCT/IB2010/052590 patent/WO2010143154A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2010-06-10 EP EP10728355A patent/EP2440665A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-06-10 AU AU2010258280A patent/AU2010258280A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997045549A1 (fr) * | 1996-05-31 | 1997-12-04 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Sequences d'adn codant pour des laccases, et leurs applications dans le domaine de la regulation des teneurs en lignines des plantes |
US20080235820A1 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2008-09-25 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Lignin reduction and cellulose increase in crop biomass via genetic engineering |
US20080313777A1 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-18 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Secondary Wall Forming Genes From Maize and Uses Thereof |
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US20120192312A1 (en) | 2012-07-26 |
FR2946661B1 (fr) | 2011-09-09 |
EP2440665A1 (fr) | 2012-04-18 |
CA2765211A1 (fr) | 2010-12-16 |
AU2010258280A1 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
FR2946661A1 (fr) | 2010-12-17 |
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