Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
  • H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
  • H10K59/35—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
  • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
  • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
  • B41J2/01—Ink jet
  • B41J2/135—Nozzles
  • B41J2/14—Structure thereof only for on-demand ink jet heads
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
  • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
  • H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
  • H10K71/135—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing using ink-jet printing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
  • H10K71/16—Deposition of organic active material using physical vapour deposition [PVD], e.g. vacuum deposition or sputtering
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
  • B41J2202/00—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet or thermal heads
  • B41J2202/01—Embodiments of or processes related to ink-jet heads
  • B41J2202/09—Ink jet technology used for manufacturing optical filters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass

Definitions

• This disclosure relates in general to electronic devices and processes, and more particularly, to electronic devices having electrodes and organic active regions of different colors, and processes of forming the same.
• An electronic device can include a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, or the like.
• the manufacture of electronic devices may be performed using solution deposition techniques.
• One process of making electronic devices is to deposit organic layers over a substrate by printing (e.g., ink-jet printing, continuous printing, etc.).
• the liquid composition being printed includes an organic material in a solution, dispersion, emulsion, or suspension with an organic solvent, with an aqueous solvent, or with a combination of solvents.
• the solvent(s) is (are) evaporated and the organic material remains to form an organic layer for the electronic device.
• a first color is printed and then the printing device is recalibrated and a second color is printed.
• the substrate with the first printed color is moved to a second printer for printing the second color.
• This also requires time for setting up the printer and alignment.
• three colors are printed: red, green, and blue. In this case, time must be taken to recalibrate and/or realign with each color. There is a need for improved printing processes.
• FIG. 1 includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of the workpiece and a printer.
• FIG. 2 includes another illustration of a cross-sectional view of the workpiece and a different printer.
• FIG. 3 includes a plan view of a workpiece for making an electronic device including a display.
• FIG. 4 includes a diagram illustrating a printing method with nine nozzles.
• FIG. 5 includes diagram illustrating another printing method with nine nozzles
• FIG. 6 includes a diagram illustrating another printing method with nine nozzles.
• FIG. 7 includes a diagram illustrating another printing method with 12 nozzles.
• FIG. 8 includes a diagram illustrating another printing method with 12 nozzles.
• FIG. 9 includes a diagram illustrating another printing method with
• FIG. 10 includes a diagram illustrating another printing method with nine nozzles.
• array is intended to mean an ordered arrangement of elements.
• An array may include pixels, subpixels, cells, or other structures within an ordered arrangement, usually designated by columns and rows.
• the array can be described in terms of an x-direction and a y-direction.
• continuously printing is printing using a substantially unbroken stream of a liquid or a liquid composition, as opposed to a depositing technique using drops.
• extending continuously refers to a length of a layer, member, or structure in which no significant breaks in the layer, member, or structure lie along its length.
• dopant is intended to mean a material, within a layer including a host material, that changes the electronic charactehstic(s) or the targeted wavelength of radiation emission, reception, or filtering of the layer compared to the electronic charactehstic(s) or the wavelength of radiation emission, reception, or filtering of the layer in the absence of such material.
• the dopant is present in lower concentration that the host material.
• electronic device is intended to mean a collection of circuits, electronic components, or any combination thereof that collectively, when properly electrically connected and supplied with the appropriate potential(s), performs a function.
• An electronic device may be included or be part of a system.
• An example of an electronic device includes a display, a sensor array, a computer system, an avionics system, an automobile, a cellular phone, other consumer or industrial electronic product, or any combination thereof.
• green refers to light having a wavelength in a range of approximately 500 to 600 nm.
• integer as used herein does not encompass negative integers.
• liquid composition is intended to mean a liquid medium in which a material is dissolved to form a solution, a liquid medium in which a material is dispersed to form a dispersion, or a liquid medium in which a material is suspended to form a suspension or an emulsion.
• liquid medium is intended to mean a liquid within a solution, dispersion, suspension, or emulsion.
• liquid medium is used regardless whether one or more solvents are present, and therefore, liquid medium is used as the singular or plural form (i.e., liquid media) of the term.
• nozzle is intended to mean a portion of an apparatus through which a liquid composition or liquid medium can be dispensed.
• oriented is intended to mean a principal direction in which a feature extends. As between different features at the same elevation or at different elevations, the features may be oriented substantially parallel, substantially perpendicular, or in another angular relationship with respect to each other.
• organic active layer is intended to mean one or more organic layers, wherein at least one of the organic layers, by itself, or when in contact with a dissimilar material is capable of forming a rectifying junction.
• organic active region is intended to mean one or more organic region, wherein at least one of the organic regions, by itself, or when in contact with a dissimilar material is capable of forming a rectifying junction.
• the term "pitch” is intended to mean a sum of a feature dimension and a space dimension between immediately adjacent features.
• pixel is intended to mean the smallest complete, repeating unit of an array.
• subpixel is intended to mean a portion of a pixel that makes up only a part, but not all, of a pixel.
• a subpixel is one of the components of a pixel used in the representation of a color image. Each subpixel represents the contribution of a single color to the overall color and brightness of the pixel.
• a sensor array can include pixels that may or may not include subpixels.
• printing is intended to mean an act of selectively depositing a layer by using a printing head or other similar structure to dispense a liquid or liquid composition onto a workpiece.
• printing apparatus is intended to mean a combination of one or more materials, equipment, assembly or subassembly designed for printing a layer onto a workpiece.
• red refers to light having a wavelength in a range of approximately 600 to 750 nm.
• resolution limit is intended to mean the smallest feature size that can be reproducibly formed when using a particular apparatus or other equipment.
• a device layer can be inorganic or organic.
• the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes, “ “including, “ “has, “ “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
• a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
• “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
• printer 10 has a printing head 110 with six nozzles 120 attached. The spacing between the nozzles is shown as p.
• the printer is attached to lines (not shown) to supply the appropriate liquid composition to each nozzle.
• the different liquid compositions, one for each of the three colors, are supplied in a regular alternating pattern. By this is meant that one of each color is supplied before any are duplicated, and that additional colors are supplied in the same order.
• the first nozzle can have color 1 , the second nozzle color 2, the third nozzle color 3, the fourth nozzle color 1 , the fifth nozzle color 2, and the sixth nozzle color 3.
• the printing head is shown over workpiece 20.
• the printing head and workpiece can be moved with respect to each other.
• the printing head will move in the direction in and out of the plane of the paper with respect to the workpiece.
• the printing head will also move laterally with respect to the workpiece as shown by L. This movement is relative.
• the workpiece is moved.
• the printing head is moved.
• both the printing head and the workpiece are moved. For simplicity, the movement will be addressed as if only the printing head moved, and as if the workpiece were stationery. It will be understood that either or both of the printing head and workpiece can be moved and it is only their movement relative to each other that is at issue.
• a second printer is illustrated in FIG. 2.
• the liquid compositions can be supplied so that the first nozzle has R, the second nozzle has G, the third nozzle has B, the fourth nozzle has R, the fifth nozzle has G, the sixth nozzle has B, and so forth.
• the actual order of the colors is not important, so long as they are in a regular alternating pattern.
• the printing head moves in and out of the plane of the paper to print, and can shift laterally in the direction shown by L.
• the printer has six nozzles. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the printer has nine nozzles.
• the actual number of nozzles can be greater than this and is limited only by practical manufacturing considerations. In some embodiments, the number of nozzles ranges from 9 to 24.
• the printing delivery can be by any known system for depositing liquid materials.
• Some examples of printing techniques include, but are not limited to ink jet and continuous nozzle spray.
• FIG. 3 includes a plan view of workpiece 20 for making an electronic device.
• the workpiece includes a substrate 200 having a regular array of subpixel openings 210.
• the workpiece has a first edge 201 and an opposite edge 202. Only a few subpixels are illustrated in the figure. In practice, devices may have hundreds of subpixels or more.
• the subpixel openings are defined by a containment structure (not shown) which can be a physical containment structure, a chemical containment structure, or both.
• the subpixel openings 210 are in a regular array of rows, shown as 211 , 212, and 213.
• the subpixel pitch is shown as s.
• subpixel pitch is in the range of 1 -100 microns; in some embodiments, 2-20 microns. Three subpixels together form pixel 220.
• the subpixels 210 have a rectangular shape. Other subpixel shapes can be used, such as circular, oval, square, or polygonal.
• the printing direction is shown as x in the figure. Lateral movement is defined as movement in the y direction, perpendicular to the printing direction.
• a regular array of rows of subpixels of three colors is formed on a workpiece. Of the three colors, q colors are printed and r colors are formed by a non-printing process.
• the subpixels have a subpixel pitch s.
• the process comprises:
• the number of colors to be formed is three.
• the colors are red, green and blue ("R, G, B").
• q are formed by printing and r are formed by a non-printing process.
• the third color can be applied before or after printing.
• the third color is applied after the two printed colors.
• the printing head has z nozzles. When all three colors are printed, all z nozzles are present and supplied with ink. When one or more colors are applied by a non-printing method, a nozzle space is present for the non-printed color(s). The nozzle may be present and not supplied with ink, or the nozzle may be physically absent. For the purposes of the printing pattern, a nozzle space is counted as a nozzle.
• the number of nozzles, z is a multiple of the number of colors, 3.
• z 3ni, where ni is an integer greater than 0.
• ni is at least 2.
• ni 3-9; in some embodiment, 5-8.
• the printing head starts at a first printing position over the workpiece. This first position is referred to as A1 , which will be discussed in a later section.
• the printer is positioned at one edge of the workpiece, shown as 201 in FIG. 3, and aligned to be over the first row of subpixels.
• the term "multiple of a number" means a value which is the number times an integer greater than 0.
• the printer prints across the workpiece in the x-direction, as shown in FIG. 3, to print a first set of rows of subpixels.
• the number of rows of color deposited is equal to the number of nozzles supplied with color.
• a first printing pattern is formed in step (5).
• the printing head moves laterally across the workpiece to an adjacent printing position. This position is referred to as A2, which will be discussed in a later section. This movement is parallel to the plane of the workpiece and in the y-direction, which is perpendicular to the row direction.
• the distance moved, di is also a multiple of the subpixel pitch, s, and is equal to 3n 2 (s).
• the number n 2 is an odd integer.
• the lateral movement of the printing head is not a multiple of two and is not a multiple of the nozzle spacing, p, which is 2s.
• a set of z rows is then printed from position A2.
• the printing can be in the opposite direction from the first printing or the printing head can return to the same side as for the first printing and print in the same direction. This is determined by the design of the equipment and the software. This completes the printing of the first printing pattern.
• a second printing pattern is formed in step (6).
• the printing head to move laterally across the workpiece to an adjacent printing position. This position is referred to as A3, which will be discussed in a later section. This movement is parallel to the plane of the workpiece and in the y-direction, which is perpendicular to the row direction.
• the distance moved, d 2 is a multiple of the subpixel pitch, s, and is equal to 3n 3 (s).
• the number n 3 is an odd integer.
• Another set of z rows is then printed from position A3.
• the printing can be in the opposite direction from the second printing or the printing head can return to the same side as for the first printing and print in the same direction. This is determined by the design of the equipment and the software. This completes the printing of the second pattern.
• step (7) the steps of printing the first and second printing patterns are repeated multiple times in the same order until the desired number of subpixel rows have been printed.
• the subpixel rows can be printed in any order.
• the movements of the printing head relative to the workpiece will be as discussed above, and the subpixel rows will be printed starting from position A1 , A2, A3, etc., but not necessarily in order.
• the exact order of printing will be generally be determined by the most efficient way to utilize the printer.
• step (8) r colors are applied by a non-printing deposition method.
• non-printing methods include, but are not limited to, vapor deposition, thermal transfer, and continuous liquid deposition techniques such as spin coating, gravure coating, curtain coating, dip coating, slot-die coating, and spray coating.
• the printing must leave open spaces for the non- printed colors, which can be applied before or after the printing step.
• an open space is counted as a color.
• r > 1 and more the one color is applied by a non-printing deposition method, the same or different non-printing method may be used for the different non-printed colors.
• Table 1 A summary of the different combinations of di and d 2 for an exemplary, non-limiting set of different numbers of nozzles is given in Table 1.
• the table represents printing heads having 9-27 nozzles. It will be understood that different numbers of nozzles can also be used, as long as the number is a multiple of 3.
• organic electronic devices for which the printing method described herein can be used include organic electronic devices.
• the term "organic electronic device” or sometimes just “electronic device” is intended to mean a device including one or more organic semiconductor layers or materials.
• An organic electronic device includes, but is not limited to: (1 ) a device that converts electrical energy into radiation (e.g., a light-emitting diode, light emitting diode display, diode laser, or lighting panel), (2) a device that detects a signal using an electronic process (e.g., a photodetector, a photoconductive cell, a photoresistor, a photoswitch, a phototransistor, a phototube, an infrared (“IR") detector, or a biosensors), (3) a device that converts radiation into electrical energy (e.g., a photovoltaic device or solar cell), (4) a device that includes one or more electronic components that include one or more organic semiconductor layers (e.g., a transistor or dio
• an organic active layer is sandwiched between two electrical contact layers.
• An organic electronic device structure is an OLED.
• the device has a first electrical contact layer, which is an anode layer, and a second electrical contact layer, which is a cathode layer. At least one of the electrical contact layers is light- transmitting so that light can pass through the electrical contact layer. A photoactive layer is between them. Additional layers may optionally be present.
• Adjacent to the anode may be a buffer layer.
• Adjacent to the buffer layer may be a hole transport layer, comprising hole transport material.
• Adjacent to the cathode may be an electron transport layer, comprising an electron transport material.
• devices may use one or more additional hole injection or hole transport layers next to the anode and/or one or more additional electron injection or electron transport layers next to the cathode.
• organic electroluminescent compounds as the active component in such devices to provide the necessary colors.
• the printing method described herein is suitable for the printing of liquid compositions containing electroluminescent materials having different colors.
• Such materials include, but are not limited to, small molecule organic fluorescent compounds, fluorescent and phosphorescent metal complexes, conjugated polymers, and mixtures thereof.
• fluorescent compounds include, but are not limited to, chrysenes, pyrenes, perylenes, rubrenes, coumarins, anthracenes, thiadiazoles, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• metal complexes include, but are not limited to, metal chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8- hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq3); cyclometalated iridium and platinum electroluminescent compounds, such as complexes of iridium with phenylpyridine, phenylquinoline, or phenylpyrimidine ligands as disclosed in Petrov et al., U.S. Patent 6,670,645 and Published PCT Applications WO 03/063555 and WO 2004/016710, and organometallic complexes described in, for example, Published PCT Applications WO 03/008424, WO 03/091688, and WO 03/040257, and mixtures thereof.
• metal chelated oxinoid compounds such as tris(8- hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq3)
• cyclometalated iridium and platinum electroluminescent compounds such as complexes of iridium with phenyl
• the small molecule fluorescent or organometallic materials are deposited as a dopant with a host material to improve processing and/or electronic properties.
• conjugated polymers include, but are not limited to poly(phenylenevinylenes), polyfluorenes, poly(spirobifluorenes), polythiophenes, poly(p-phenylenes), copolymers thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• the above materials are dissolved or dispersed in a suitable liquid composition.
• a suitable solvent for a particular compound or related class of compounds can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. For some applications, it is desirable that the compounds be dissolved in non-aqueous solvents.
• nonaqueous solvents can be relatively polar, such as Ci to C20 alcohols, ethers, and acid esters, or can be relatively non-polar such as Ci to C12 alkanes or aromatics such as toluene, xylenes, trifluorotoluene and the like.
• suitable liquids for use in making the liquid composition includes, but not limited to, chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene), aromatic hydrocarbons (such as substituted and non-substituted toluenes and xylenes), including triflurotoluene), polar solvents (such as tetrahydrofuran (THP), N-methyl pyrrolidone) esters (such as ethylacetate) alcohols
• chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene
• aromatic hydrocarbons such as substituted and non-substituted toluenes and xylenes
• triflurotoluene including triflurotoluene
• polar solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THP), N-methyl pyrrolidone) esters (such as ethylacetate) alcohols
• Example 1 is illustrated in FIG. 4.
• the three colors are shown as red, green and blue, and all of the colors are printed.
• the colors are arranged as shown under the column labeled
• the printing head is positioned at the first edge with the first nozzle, having red, over subpixel row 1. This is the first printing position shown as A1.
• the position A1 is defined as the subpixel row over which the first nozzle is placed.
• the printer prints across the workpiece in the row direction to form a row of red color in subpixel row 1 , a row of green color in subpixel row 3, a row of blue color in subpixel row 5, a row of red color in subpixel row 7, a row of green color in subpixel row 9, a row of blue color in subpixel row 11 , a row of red color in subpixel row 13, a row of green color in subpixel row 15, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 17. This is shown in the column labeled Print #1.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 4, a row of green color in subpixel row 6, a row of blue color in subpixel row 8, a row of red color in subpixel row 10, a row of green color in subpixel row 12, a row of blue color in subpixel row 14, a row of red color in subpixel row 16, a row of green color in subpixel row 18, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 20, as shown in the column labeled Print #2.
• Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 19, a row of green color in subpixel row 21 , a row of blue color in subpixel row 23, a row of red color in subpixel row 25, a row of green color in subpixel row 27, a row of blue color in subpixel row 29, a row of red color in subpixel row 31 , a row of green color in subpixel row 33, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 35, as shown in the column labeled Print #3. This completes the second printing pattern.
• step (7) is to repeat steps (5) and (6) in order.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 22, a row of green color in subpixel row 24, a row of blue color in subpixel row 26, a row of red color in subpixel row 28, a row of green color in subpixel row 30, a row of blue color in subpixel row 32, a row of red color in subpixel row 34, a row of green color in subpixel row 36, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 38, as shown in the column labeled Print #4.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 37, a row of green color in subpixel row 39, a row of blue color in subpixel row 41 , a row of red color in subpixel row 43, a row of green color in subpixel row 45, a row of blue color in subpixel row 47, a row of red color in subpixel row 49, a row of green color in subpixel row 51 , and a row of blue color in subpixel row 53, as shown in the column labeled Print #5.
• the printer has printed five sets of nine rows of subpixels, which is equal to 45 subpixel rows.
• Example 2 is illustrated in FIG. 5.
• the three colors are shown as red, green and blue, and all of the colors are printed.
• the colors are arranged as shown under the column labeled "Printer.”
• the printing head is positioned at the first edge with the first nozzle, having red, over subpixel row 1. This is the first printing position shown as A1.
• the position A1 is defined as the subpixel row over which the first nozzle is placed.
• the printer prints across the workpiece in the row direction to form a row of red color in subpixel row 1 , a row of green color in subpixel row 3, a row of blue color in subpixel row 5, a row of red color in subpixel row 7, a row of green color in subpixel row 9, a row of blue color in subpixel row 11 , a row of red color in subpixel row 13, a row of green color in subpixel row 15, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 17. This is shown in the column labeled Print #1. Only one subpixel is shown for each color for purposes of clarity, but each represents an entire row of subpixels.
• the next step is to form the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel rows 16, a row of green color in subpixel row 18, a row of blue color in subpixel row 20, a row of red color in subpixel rows 22, a row of green color in subpixel row 24, a row of blue color in subpixel row 26, a row of red color in subpixel rows 28, a row of green color in subpixel row 30, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 32, as shown in the column labeled Print #2.
• Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 19, a row of green color in subpixel row 21 , a row of blue color in subpixel row 23, a row of red color in subpixel row 25, a row of green color in subpixel row 27, a row of blue color in subpixel row 29, a row of red color in subpixel row 31 , a row of green color in subpixel row 33, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 35, as shown in the column labeled Print #3. This completes the second printing pattern.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 34, a row of green color in subpixel row 36, a row of blue color in subpixel row 38, a row of red color in subpixel row 40, a row of green color in subpixel row 42, a row of blue color in subpixel row 44, a row of red color in subpixel row 46, a row of green color in subpixel row 48, and a row of blue color in subpixel row 50, as shown in the column labeled Print #4.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of red color in subpixel row 37, a row of green color in subpixel row 39, a row of blue color in subpixel row 41 , a row of red color in subpixel row 43, a row of green color in subpixel row 45, a row of blue color in subpixel row 47, a row of red color in subpixel row 49, a row of green color in subpixel row 51 , and a row of blue color in subpixel row 53, as shown in the column labeled Print #5.
• the printer has printed five sets of nine rows of subpixels, which is equal to 45 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 45 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration.
• the printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern”. It can be seen that subpixel row 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 at the first edge and subpixel row 52 at the opposite edge have no color. Complete sets of three subpixels are present from subpixel row 15 to subpixel row 50. Although red, blue, and green are exemplified in this figure, other colors could be used.
• the colors are arranged as shown in the "Printer" column, with the printing head positioned at position A1.
• the first printed row is the same as in Example 1 : a row of red in subpixel row 1 , a row of green in subpixel row 3, a row of blue in subpixel row 5, a row of red in subpixel row 7, a row of green in subpixel row 9, a row of blue in subpixel row 11 , a row of red in subpixel row 13, a row of green in subpixel row 15, and a row of blue in subpixel row 17.
• This is shown in the column labeled Print #1.
• Example 1 only one subpixel is shown for each color for purposed of clarity, but each represents an entire row of subpixels.
• the next step is to form the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: red in subpixel rows 10, 16, and 22; green in subpixel rows 12, 18, and 24; and blue in subpixel rows 14, 20, and 26. This is shown in the Print #2 column. Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printed pattern.
• the printer has printed five sets of nine rows of subpixels, which is a total of 45 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 45 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration. The printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern". It can be seen that color is missing for subpixel rows 2, 4, 6, and 8 at the first edge and subpixel rows 46, 48, 50, and 52 at the opposite edge. Complete sets of the three colors, and thus the usable device area, can be found from subpixel row 9 to subpixel row 44. Although red, blue, and green are exemplified in this figure, other colors could be used.
• the colors are arranged as shown in the "Printer" column.
• the first printed row is shown in the column labeled Print #1 : a row of red in subpixel row 1 , a row of green in subpixel row 3, a row of blue in subpixel row 5, a row of red in subpixel row 7, a row of green in subpixel row 9, a row of blue in subpixel row 11 , a row of red in subpixel row 13, a row of green in subpixel row 15, a row of blue in subpixel row 17, a row of red in subpixel row 19, a row of green in subpixel row 21 , and a row of blue in subpixel row 23.
• Example 1 only one subpixel is shown for each color for purposes of clarity, but each represents an entire row of subpixels.
• the printer then prints a second set of rows: red in subpixel rows 4, 10, 16, and 22; green in subpixel rows 6, 12, 18, and 24; and blue in subpixel rows 8, 14, 20, and 26. This is shown in the Print #2 column. Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: red in subpixel rows 25, 31 , 37, and 43; green in subpixel rows 27, 33, 39, and 45; and blue in subpixel rows 29, 35, 41 , and 47. This is shown in the Print #3 column.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: red in subpixel rows 28, 34, 40, and 46; green in subpixel rows 30, 36, 42, and 48; and blue in subpixel rows 32, 38, 44, and 50. This is shown in the Print #4 column.
• the printer has printed four sets of 12 rows of subpixels, which is a total of 48 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 48 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration.
• the process was stopped with a repeat of the first printing pattern without a repeat of the second printing pattern. While the printing patterns are repeated in order, the process can be completed with either the first or second printing pattern, step (5) or (6).
• the choice of which printing to end with will generally depend on the device size and design.
• the printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern”. It can be seen that colors are missing for subpixel rows 2 and 49. Complete sets of the three colors, and thus the usable device area, can be found from subpixel row 3 to subpixel row 47. Although red, blue, and green are exemplified in this figure, other colors could be used.
• the colors are arranged as shown in the "Printer" column.
• the first printed row is shown in the column labeled Print #1 : a row of red in subpixel row 1 , a row of green in subpixel row 3, a row of blue in subpixel row 5, a row of red in subpixel row 7, a row of green in subpixel row 9, a row of blue in subpixel row 11 , a row of red in subpixel row 13, a row of green in subpixel row 15, a row of blue in subpixel row 17, a row of red in subpixel row 19, a row of green in subpixel row 21 , and a row of blue in subpixel row 23.
• Example 1 only one subpixel is shown for each color for purposes of clarity, but each represents an entire row of subpixels.
• the printer then prints a second set of rows: red in subpixel rows 10, 16, 22, and 28; green in subpixel rows 12, 18, 24, and 30; and blue in subpixel rows 14, 20, 26, and 32. This is shown in the Print #2 column. Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: red in subpixel rows 25, 31 , 37, and 43; green in subpixel rows 27, 33, 39, and 45; and blue in subpixel rows 29, 35, 41 , and 47. This is shown in the Print #3 column.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: red in subpixel rows 34, 40, 46, and 52; green in subpixel rows 36, 42, 48, and 54; and blue in subpixel rows 38, 44, 50, and 56. This is shown in the Print #4 column.
• the printer has printed four sets of 12 rows of subpixels, which is a total of 48 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 48 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration.
• the printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern”. It can be seen that colors are missing for subpixel rows 2, 4, 6, and 8 at the first edge and 49, 51 , 53, and 55 at the opposite edge. Complete sets of the three colors, and thus the usable device area, can be found from subpixel row 9 to subpixel row 47. Although red, blue, and green are exemplified in this figure, other colors could be used.
• the colors are arranged as shown in the "Printer" column.
• the first printed row is shown in the column labeled Print #1 : a row of red in subpixel row 1 , a row of green in subpixel row 3, a row of blue in subpixel row 5, a row of red in subpixel row 7, a row of green in subpixel row 9, a row of blue in subpixel row 11 , a row of red in subpixel row 13, a row of green in subpixel row 15, a row of blue in subpixel row 17, a row of red in subpixel row 19, a row of green in subpixel row 21 , a row of blue in subpixel row 23, a row of red in subpixel row 25, a row of green in subpixel row 27, and a row of blue in subpixel row 29.
• Example 1 only one subpixel is shown for each color for purposes of clarity, but each represents an entire row of subpixels.
• the printer then prints a second set of rows: red in subpixel rows 10, 16, 22, 28, and 34; green in subpixel rows 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36; and blue in subpixel rows 14, 20, 26, 32, and 38. This is shown in the Print #2 column. Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer shifts laterally by 02 subpixel units.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: red in subpixel rows 31 , 37, 43, 49, and 55; green in subpixel rows 33, 39, 45, 51 , and 57; and blue in subpixel rows 35, 41 , 47, 53, and 59. This is shown in the Print #3 column. This completes the second printing pattern.
• the printer then prints a fourth set of rows: red in subpixel rows 40, 46, 52, 58, and 64; green in subpixel rows 42, 48, 54, 60, and 66; and blue in subpixel rows 44, 50, 56, 62, and 68. This is shown in the Print #4 column.
• the printer then prints a fifth set of rows: red in subpixel rows 61 , 67, 73, 79, and 85; green in subpixel rows 63, 69, 75, 81 , and 87; and blued in subpixel rows 65, 71 , 77, 83, and 89.
• the printer has printed six sets of 15 rows of subpixels, which is a total of 90 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 90 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration. The printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern". It can be seen that colors are missing for subpixel rows 2, 4, 6, and 8 at the first edge, and subpixel rows 91 , 93, 95, and 97 at the opposite edge. Complete sets of the three colors, and thus the usable device area, can be found from subpixel row 9 to subpixel row 89. Although red, blue, and green are exemplified in this figure, other colors could be used.
• Example 7 is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this example, there is one color that is applied by a non-printing method.
• the colors are arranged as shown in the "Printer” column, where "blank” indicates a non-printing nozzle.
• the printing head is positioned at the first edge with the first nozzle, having M1 , over subpixel row 1. This is the first printing position shown as A1.
• the printer prints across the workpiece in the row direction to form a row of M1 color in subpixel row 1 , a row of M2 color in subpixel row 3, no color in subpixel row 5, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 7, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 9, no color in subpixel row 11 , a row of M1 color in subpixel row 13, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 15, and no color in subpixel row 17. This is shown in the column labeled Print #1.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of M1 color in subpixel row 4, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 6, no color in subpixel row 8, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 10, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 12, no color in subpixel row 14, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 16, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 18, and no color in subpixel row 20, as shown in the column labeled Print #2.
• Print #2 is shown shifted to the right of Print #1 for purposes of clarity. Both Print #1 and Print #2, as well as all the other Print numbers, represent full rows of printed subpixels across the workpiece. This completes the first printing pattern.
• the printer shifts laterally by d 2 subpixel units.
• the printer then prints a third set of rows: a row of M1 color in subpixel row 19, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 21 , no color in subpixel row 23, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 25, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 27, no color in subpixel row 29, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 31 , a row of M2 color in subpixel row 33, and no color in subpixel row 35, as shown in the column labeled Print #3. This completes the second printing pattern.
• the next step is to repeat the first printing pattern.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of M1 color in subpixel row 22, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 24, no color in subpixel row 26, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 28, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 30, no color in subpixel row 32, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 34, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 36, and no color in subpixel row 38, as shown in the column labeled Print #4.
• the next step is to repeat the second printing pattern.
• the printer then prints another set of rows: a row of M1 color in subpixel row 37, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 39, no color in subpixel row 41 , a row of M1 color in subpixel row 43, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 45, no color in subpixel row 47, a row of M1 color in subpixel row 49, a row of M2 color in subpixel row 51 , and no color in subpixel row 53, as shown in the column labeled Print #5.
• the printer has printed five sets of nine rows of subpixels, which is equal to 45 subpixel rows. As discussed above, most devices will require many more rows, up to hundreds of subpixel rows and more, and the 45 subpixel rows in the figure are shown only as an illustration.
• the printed outcome is shown in the column labeled "Pattern”. It can be seen that there are open subpixels that are available for a third color in the non-printing rows: subpixel rows 2, 5, 8, 11 , etc. Complete sets of the two colors plus blank space for the third color, and thus the usable device area, can be found from subpixel row 1 to subpixel row 39.
• the next step in the process is to apply the third color, M3, by a non-printing process.
• the non-printing process is vapor deposition.
• M1 and M2 are red and green, respectively, and M3 is blue.

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• 2010
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