WO2010129625A2 - Energy storage device with improved lead sulfate solubility - Google Patents

Energy storage device with improved lead sulfate solubility Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010129625A2
WO2010129625A2 PCT/US2010/033647 US2010033647W WO2010129625A2 WO 2010129625 A2 WO2010129625 A2 WO 2010129625A2 US 2010033647 W US2010033647 W US 2010033647W WO 2010129625 A2 WO2010129625 A2 WO 2010129625A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lead
energy storage
storage device
sulfuric acid
specific gravity
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Application number
PCT/US2010/033647
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French (fr)
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WO2010129625A3 (en
Inventor
Edward Buiel
Enders Dickinson
Philippe Westreich
Wei Sun
Mike Romeo
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Axion Power International, Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Axion Power International, Inc. filed Critical Axion Power International, Inc.
Publication of WO2010129625A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010129625A2/en
Publication of WO2010129625A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010129625A3/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
    • H01M10/08—Selection of materials as electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
    • H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
    • H01M10/121—Valve regulated lead acid batteries [VRLA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to an energy storage device.
  • the energy storage device may include a lead acid battery of either the flooded (FLA) or the valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) type with a lower specific gravity (lower concentration) acid.
  • the energy storage device promotes better lead sulfate solubility on the negative electrode when cycled with a high rate partial state of charge cycling.
  • the inventors believe that a higher concentration of lead sulfate on the negative electrode is a result of the inability of the negative electrode to charge properly due to the production of hydrogen gas instead.
  • lead sulfate must dissolve to provide lead ions that can be reduced on the surface of the lead negative electrode to produce metallic lead. If the lead sulfate on the negative electrode cannot dissolve at a sufficient rate to balance the charge current applied to the battery, then the negative plate will polarize (decrease in voltage) until the potential is reached where the negative electrode will begin to form hydrogen in the place of charging. At this point, lead sulfate is no longer being converted to metallic lead and a buildup of lead sulfate occurs. This causes the state of charge (SOC) of the negative electrode to decrease which accordingly favors higher ratios of lead sulfate to lead in the negative electrode.
  • SOC state of charge
  • the lead sulfate buildup is not the result of hard-sulfate that is formed during discharge but rather a failure of the negative electrode to charge properly at high rates.
  • the presence of the observed higher concentrations of lead sulfate in the negative plate is not the root cause of the problem but a symptom of the inability of the lead sulfate to dissolve.
  • Lead acid batteries were cycled using a High Rate Partial State of Charge (HRPSOC) testing algorithm to simulate Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) cycling. Batteries that were cycled at lower State of Charge (SOC) showed improved performance. It was theorized that this improved performance was caused by both better lead sulfate solubility at lower acid concentrations caused by the lower SOC and also by the increase in the amount of lead sulfate in the negative plate at the lower SOC that would promote higher absolute rates of dissolution of lead sulfate.
  • HRPSOC High Rate Partial State of Charge
  • HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle
  • an energy storage device comprises an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid.
  • the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.25.
  • an energy storage device comprises a negative electrode comprising lead, a positive electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid.
  • the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is at a state of charge of greater than 90% is 1.05 to 1.19.
  • references to "one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “in embodiments” mean that the feature being referred to is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Moreover, separate references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “in embodiments” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment; however, neither are such embodiments mutually exclusive, unless so stated, and except as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the invention can include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the embodiments described herein.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a "Dynamic Overcharge” 2C Partial-State-of-Charge algorithm.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 60% SOC.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 40% SOC.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 20% SOC.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 60% SOC.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 40% SOC.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing solubility for lead sulfate in sulfuric acid. (Source: Journal of Power Sources 133 (2004) 126-134).
  • FIG. 5 illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 60% SOC and specific gravity of 1.160.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an energy storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention is directed to an energy storage device.
  • the energy storage device may include a lead acid battery of the valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) type with a lower specific gravity (lower concentration) acid.
  • VRLA valve regulated lead acid
  • a dynamic overcharge algorithm was used to evaluate the Partial State of Charge (PSOC) cycling performance of a number of lead-acid batteries. This was accomplished by using a simple Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based algorithm, in which the amount of overcharge is iteratively determined for each successive cycle based on a specific rest voltage following the charge from the previous cycle. If the State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery is decreasing based on the rest voltage, the charge time is increased for the following cycling. If the opposite is true, the charge time is decreased.
  • PLC Programmable Logic Controller
  • the results of cycling both conventional lead acid batteries and batteries with a carbon additive in the acid (for example, 1.5 wt% carbon relative to lead oxide) with the algorithm of FIG. 1 show a voltage profile with a distinct rise in Top-Of-Charge Voltage (TOCV), shown in FIGS. 2A-C and Figures 3A-B, respectively.
  • TOCV Top-Of-Charge Voltage
  • FIG. 2A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 60% SOC.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 40% SOC.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 20% SOC.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two AXION batteries each at 60% SOC.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two AXION batteries each at 40% SOC.
  • the rise in TOCV is directly proportional to the battery SOC and suggests that the limiting factor of PSOC cycle life is related to lead sulfate solubility.
  • the batteries in FIG. 5 were filled with the lower gravity and cycled at 900+ cycles. The batteries did not show signs of a significant rise in TOCV.
  • the low specific gravity acid batteries of FIG. 5 do not experience early onset of the TOCV increase seen in FIGS. 2A and 3A (which occurred at about 450 cycles).
  • the lower specific gravity acid increases sulfate solubility, thereby resulting in sufficient amounts of lead ions available for the charge steps.
  • an energy storage device comprises an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid.
  • the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.25. In other embodiments, the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1 .23, for example, less than 1.21 or 1.19.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an energy storage device 10 according to a specific embodiment of the invention, showing a negative electrode 15 (e.g., comprising lead); a positive electrode 20 (e.g., comprising lead dioxide), a separator 25 between the electrodes, an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, and a casing 30.
  • a negative electrode 15 e.g., comprising lead
  • a positive electrode 20 e.g., comprising lead dioxide
  • separator 25 between the electrodes
  • an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid e.g., sulfuric acid
  • An energy storage device e.g., lead acid battery
  • the energy storage device is particularly suitable for automotive industry, motive power, stationary, and other energy storage applications.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

Abstract

An energy storage device includes an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy device is fully charged is less than 1.25.

Description

ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE WITH IMPROVED LEAD SULFATE SOLUBILITY
This PCT international application claims priority of U.S. Serial No. 61/175,643 filed on 05 May 2009 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
I. TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention is directed to an energy storage device. The energy storage device may include a lead acid battery of either the flooded (FLA) or the valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) type with a lower specific gravity (lower concentration) acid. The energy storage device promotes better lead sulfate solubility on the negative electrode when cycled with a high rate partial state of charge cycling.
II. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Conventional knowledge suggests that the buildup of a hard lead sulfate structure on the outer portions of the negative electrode of a lead acid battery results in the choking off of acid from the center of the electrode and thereby causes the degradation of the negative electrode. Since lead sulfate is formed on discharge only, conventional wisdom believes that the degradation is therefore influenced primarily by discharge conditions.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that a higher concentration of lead sulfate on the negative electrode is a result of the inability of the negative electrode to charge properly due to the production of hydrogen gas instead. During the normal charging process, lead sulfate must dissolve to provide lead ions that can be reduced on the surface of the lead negative electrode to produce metallic lead. If the lead sulfate on the negative electrode cannot dissolve at a sufficient rate to balance the charge current applied to the battery, then the negative plate will polarize (decrease in voltage) until the potential is reached where the negative electrode will begin to form hydrogen in the place of charging. At this point, lead sulfate is no longer being converted to metallic lead and a buildup of lead sulfate occurs. This causes the state of charge (SOC) of the negative electrode to decrease which accordingly favors higher ratios of lead sulfate to lead in the negative electrode.
The lead sulfate buildup is not the result of hard-sulfate that is formed during discharge but rather a failure of the negative electrode to charge properly at high rates. In effect, the presence of the observed higher concentrations of lead sulfate in the negative plate is not the root cause of the problem but a symptom of the inability of the lead sulfate to dissolve.
III. SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Lead acid batteries were cycled using a High Rate Partial State of Charge (HRPSOC) testing algorithm to simulate Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) cycling. Batteries that were cycled at lower State of Charge (SOC) showed improved performance. It was theorized that this improved performance was caused by both better lead sulfate solubility at lower acid concentrations caused by the lower SOC and also by the increase in the amount of lead sulfate in the negative plate at the lower SOC that would promote higher absolute rates of dissolution of lead sulfate.
When batteries were intentionally filled with lower specific gravity acid (lower acid concentration), these batteries showed better performance at higher SOC. From this work, it has been discovered to promote better HRPSoC cycling for HEV applications by intentionally filling lead acid batteries of the VRLA type with lower specific gravity (lower concentration) acid.
According to an aspect of the present invention, an energy storage device comprises an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.25.
According to another aspect of the present invention, an energy storage device comprises a negative electrode comprising lead, a positive electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is at a state of charge of greater than 90% is 1.05 to 1.19.
As used herein "substantially", "generally", "relatively", "approximately", and "about" are relative modifiers intended to indicate permissible variation from the characteristic so modified. It is not intended to be limited to the absolute value or characteristic which it modifies but rather approaching or approximating such a physical or functional characteristic.
References to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", or "in embodiments" mean that the feature being referred to is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Moreover, separate references to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", or "in embodiments" do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment; however, neither are such embodiments mutually exclusive, unless so stated, and except as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the invention can include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the embodiments described herein.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are shown by way of illustration to specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The following illustrated embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural changes based on presently known structural and/or functional equivalents may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a "Dynamic Overcharge" 2C Partial-State-of-Charge algorithm.
FIG. 2A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 60% SOC.
FIG. 2B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 40% SOC. FIG. 2C illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two Genesis batteries at 20% SOC.
FIG. 3A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 60% SOC.
FIG. 3B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 40% SOC.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing solubility for lead sulfate in sulfuric acid. (Source: Journal of Power Sources 133 (2004) 126-134).
FIG. 5 illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two Axion batteries each at 60% SOC and specific gravity of 1.160.
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an energy storage device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
The present invention is directed to an energy storage device. The energy storage device may include a lead acid battery of the valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) type with a lower specific gravity (lower concentration) acid.
A dynamic overcharge algorithm was used to evaluate the Partial State of Charge (PSOC) cycling performance of a number of lead-acid batteries. This was accomplished by using a simple Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based algorithm, in which the amount of overcharge is iteratively determined for each successive cycle based on a specific rest voltage following the charge from the previous cycle. If the State-Of-Charge (SOC) of the battery is decreasing based on the rest voltage, the charge time is increased for the following cycling. If the opposite is true, the charge time is decreased. A schematic of this "Dynamic Overcharge" algorithm is shown in FIG. 1 showing Top of Charge Voltage (TOCV); Post Charge Rest Voltage (PCRV); End of Discharge Voltage (EODV); and Post Discharge Rest Voltage (PDRV). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the Dynamic Overcharge Algorithm is illustrated for a battery with a nominal 10 A C-rate. As illustrated, a Dynamically Adjusted State of Charge comprises a Charge step time = 55 seconds + 0.05 x N (initial OC = 60 seconds); an Initial Counter Setting, N = 100; and Counter Increment for Every Cycle: if PCRV is greater than set point SP, N = N- 1 , if PCRV is less than SP, N = N +1.
The results of cycling both conventional lead acid batteries and batteries with a carbon additive in the acid (for example, 1.5 wt% carbon relative to lead oxide) with the algorithm of FIG. 1 show a voltage profile with a distinct rise in Top-Of-Charge Voltage (TOCV), shown in FIGS. 2A-C and Figures 3A-B, respectively.
FIG. 2A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 60% SOC. FIG. 2B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 40% SOC. FIG. 2C illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm of FIG. 1 with two GENESIS batteries at 20% SOC.
FIG. 3A illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two AXION batteries each at 60% SOC. FIG. 3B illustrates cycling voltage profiles using the Dynamic Overcharge PSOC algorithm with two AXION batteries each at 40% SOC.
As shown in FIGS. 2A-3B, the rise in TOCV is directly proportional to the battery SOC and suggests that the limiting factor of PSOC cycle life is related to lead sulfate solubility.
When the charging step begins, Pb2+ ions are reduced to form lead on the negative electrode. As the charge continues, the concentration of Pb2+ is depleted and must be replenished by the dissolution of PbSO4. This process is slow and if the charge is too vigorous or prolonged, the negative electrode becomes highly polarized, and the voltage of the negative electrode decreases dramatically consequently increasing the battery voltage significantly.
As shown in FIG. 4, lower acid concentration increases lead sulfate solubility. According to the present invention, a battery with a lower initial specific gravity acid should give improved PSOC performance, with increased cycle numbers required to reach the TOCV inflection. In FIGS. 2A-3B, the acid utilized had a specific gravity of
1.310 SG. In FIG. 5, the sulfuric acid utilized had a specific gravity of 1.160 SG.
The batteries in FIG. 5 were filled with the lower gravity and cycled at 900+ cycles. The batteries did not show signs of a significant rise in TOCV.
Unlike the higher specific gravity acid batteries in FIGS. 2A and 3A (each with gravity of about 1.310 SG), the low specific gravity acid batteries of FIG. 5 do not experience early onset of the TOCV increase seen in FIGS. 2A and 3A (which occurred at about 450 cycles). The lower specific gravity acid increases sulfate solubility, thereby resulting in sufficient amounts of lead ions available for the charge steps.
Thus, according to the present invention, use of a low specific gravity acid has the effect of increasing lead sulfate solubility. This result serves to overcome the voltage limitations of PSOC cycling and be essential to improving the lead-acid battery for any PSOC-related applications.
In specific embodiments, an energy storage device comprises an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.25. In other embodiments, the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1 .23, for example, less than 1.21 or 1.19.
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an energy storage device 10 according to a specific embodiment of the invention, showing a negative electrode 15 (e.g., comprising lead); a positive electrode 20 (e.g., comprising lead dioxide), a separator 25 between the electrodes, an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, and a casing 30.
Vl. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
An energy storage device (e.g., lead acid battery) is provided. The energy storage device is particularly suitable for automotive industry, motive power, stationary, and other energy storage applications.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein, it is understood by those skilled in the art that many other modifications and embodiments of the invention will come to mind to which the invention pertains, having benefit of the teaching presented in the foregoing description and associated drawings.
It is therefore understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and that many modifications and other embodiments of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention. Moreover, although specific terms are employed herein, they are used only in generic and descriptive sense, and not for the purposes of limiting the description invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An energy storage device, characterized by: an electrode comprising lead, an electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, characterized in that the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.25.
2. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.23.
3. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.21.
4. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is fully charged is less than 1.19.
5. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that said energy storage device is a lead acid battery.
6. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that said lead acid battery is a valve regulated lead acid battery.
7. An energy storage device according to claim 1 , characterized in that said electrode comprising lead is a negative electrode and exhibits increased lead sulfate solubility during a partial state of charge cycling.
8. An energy storage device, characterized by: a negative electrode comprising lead, a positive electrode comprising lead dioxide, a separator between the lead and lead dioxide electrodes, and an aqueous solution electrolyte containing sulfuric acid, characterized in that the sulfuric acid specific gravity when the energy storage device is at a state of charge of greater than 90% is 1.05 to 1 .19.
9. Use of the energy storage device according to claim 1 in a hybrid electric vehicle.
PCT/US2010/033647 2009-05-05 2010-05-05 Energy storage device with improved lead sulfate solubility WO2010129625A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US17564309P 2009-05-05 2009-05-05
US61/175,643 2009-05-05

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114834571A (en) * 2022-03-22 2022-08-02 浙江铅锂智行科技有限公司 Lead-acid battery pack

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5808445A (en) * 1995-12-06 1998-09-15 The University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Method for monitoring remaining battery capacity
JP2006173075A (en) * 2004-12-16 2006-06-29 Shunzo Mase Lead-acid battery and its charging method
JP2007035339A (en) * 2005-07-25 2007-02-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Control valve type lead-acid storage battery

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5808445A (en) * 1995-12-06 1998-09-15 The University Of Virginia Patent Foundation Method for monitoring remaining battery capacity
JP2006173075A (en) * 2004-12-16 2006-06-29 Shunzo Mase Lead-acid battery and its charging method
JP2007035339A (en) * 2005-07-25 2007-02-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Control valve type lead-acid storage battery

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114834571A (en) * 2022-03-22 2022-08-02 浙江铅锂智行科技有限公司 Lead-acid battery pack
CN114834571B (en) * 2022-03-22 2024-04-12 浙江铅锂智行科技有限公司 Lead-acid battery pack

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