WO2010124408A1 - 数据包中继和数据包解码的方法及装置 - Google Patents
数据包中继和数据包解码的方法及装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010124408A1 WO2010124408A1 PCT/CN2009/000446 CN2009000446W WO2010124408A1 WO 2010124408 A1 WO2010124408 A1 WO 2010124408A1 CN 2009000446 W CN2009000446 W CN 2009000446W WO 2010124408 A1 WO2010124408 A1 WO 2010124408A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/155—Ground-based stations
- H04B7/15557—Selecting relay station operation mode, e.g. between amplify and forward mode, decode and forward mode or FDD - and TDD mode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0076—Distributed coding, e.g. network coding, involving channel coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
- H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/02—Terminal devices
- H04W88/04—Terminal devices adapted for relaying to or from another terminal or user
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link
- H04L2001/0097—Relays
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a wireless relay communication network, and more particularly to forwarding of data packets in a relay station in a wireless relay communication network and data packet decoding in a base station.
- relay is an important technical means to support system capacity increase and expand coverage.
- information from a plurality of user terminals needs to be relayed.
- information from individual user terminals is relayed to the eNodeB node, respectively.
- the relay stations 11 and 21 respectively from the data packets P1 and P2, respectively, the user terminal 12 to the eNodeB the relay node 31, and P 2 for the two packets, the two are still requires considerable packet length Resources to host them. Since the wireless resources of the communication link are extremely limited in the wireless communication network, it is necessary to adopt some schemes for saving radio resources for relaying. Summary of the invention
- the present invention proposes a technical solution for forwarding data packets from one or more user terminals in a relay station, and jointly combining the data packets from the user terminals in the base station. Combine the technical solutions of decoding.
- a method for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station of a wireless communication network comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of user terminals from one or more user terminals a copy of the data packet and a network coded data packet from the relay station, wherein the network coded data packet is network coded by the plurality of user terminal data packet copies from the one or more user terminals respectively received by the relay station And performing joint soft combining decoding on the plurality of user terminal data packet replicas and the network encoded data packet.
- a relay in a wireless communication network comprising the steps of: receiving a copy of a plurality of data packets from one or more user terminals; performing network coding processing on a copy of the plurality of data packets Obtaining a network coded data packet; transmitting the network coded data packet to a base station.
- a decoding apparatus for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station of a wireless communication network, comprising: first receiving means, configured to receive from one or more a copy of a plurality of user terminal data packets of the user terminal and network encoded data packets from the relay station, wherein the network encoded data packets are respectively received by the relay station from the plurality of user terminals of the one or more user terminals
- the data packet is obtained by performing network coding;
- the soft combining and decoding device is configured to perform joint soft combining decoding on the plurality of user terminal data packet copies and the network encoded data packet.
- a forwarding device for forwarding a data packet from a multi-user terminal in a relay station of a wireless communication network, comprising: a second receiving device, configured to receive from one or more a copy of the plurality of data packets of the user terminal; network coding means, configured to perform network coding processing on the copy of the plurality of data packets to obtain a network coded data packet; and sending means, configured to use the network coded data The packet is sent to the base station.
- the radio frequency resource of the uplink communication link is effectively saved, and the power consumption in the relay station is effectively reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a network topology structure in the prior art
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a relay station forwarding a data packet of a wireless communication network according to an embodiment of the present invention
- 3 is a flow chart showing a method for forwarding a data packet from a multi-user terminal in a relay station of a wireless communication network according to an embodiment of the present invention
- 4 is a flow chart showing a method for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station of a wireless communication network according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart of a sub-step of step S402 shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of decoding in a base station of a wireless communication network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a relay station forwarding a data packet according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing simulation results of a frame error rate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an application scenario according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a forwarding device 100 for forwarding a data packet in a relay station of a wireless communication network according to an embodiment of the present invention;
- Figure 11 is a block diagram showing the structure of a decoding device 110 for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station of a wireless communication network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a forwarding scheme of a relay station 21 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that only two user terminals 11 and 12 are shown in FIG. 2, and those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solution of the present invention is applicable to multiple user terminals, and Be explained.
- Figure 3 is a flow chart showing the method by which the relay station 21 of Figure 2 forwards data packets from a multi-user terminal. The steps shown in Fig. 3 will be described in detail below with reference to Fig. 2.
- step S301 the relay station 21 receives a copy of the packet ⁇ 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12.
- the sequence in which the user terminal 11 transmits the data packet and the user terminal 12 transmits the data packet P 2 is not limited, and the relay station 21 receives the data packet.
- a copy of P 2 , base station 31 also receives a copy of packet ⁇ 2 .
- step S302 the relay station 21 performs network coding processing on the copies of the packet ⁇ 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively, to obtain a network coded packet P NC .
- the meaning of network coding refers to the saving of transmission resources by encoding data from multiple sources after demodulating and channel decoding the data packets from multiple sources.
- the network coding includes at least two of the following: One is to perform bitwise exclusive OR or the same processing on the multiple bit sequences decoded by the plurality of user terminal data packet channels, if the length of each bit sequence Inconsistent, the shorter bit sequence is zero-filled or filled with one or other predetermined information to reach the length of the longest bit sequence; the other is at least one of the multi-bit sequence after decoding the packet channel of multiple user terminals.
- the binary domain addition processing is performed with other road bit sequences.
- bit sequence obtained by the relay station 21 after decoding the data packet through the channel is 0101100110, a total of 10 bits, and the bit sequence is the correct bit sequence; the relay station 22 obtains the data packet P 2 through the channel decoding.
- the bit sequence is 1100001100, a total of 10 bits.
- bit sequence of the data packet P NC is 1001101010; if the same or processing is performed, the bit sequence of the obtained data packet P NC is 0110010101.
- Multiplying the bit sequence of the data packet Pi by the binary field yields 10000110010, which is 11 bits, which is binary added to the bit sequence of the data packet P 2 to obtain a bit sequence of the packet P NC of 11100111110.
- step S303 the relay station 21 transmits the network encoded data packet to the base station 31. Specifically, the relay station 21 performs channel coding and symbol modulation on the network coded data packet and transmits it via the transmitter.
- the network coding process is not limited to being performed in a binary domain, for example, in an octal domain, a hexadecimal domain, or a decimal domain.
- FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram of a method for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Following in conjunction with Figure 2, the pair is located The process in which the base station 31 in FIG. 2 decodes the data packet from the user terminal 11 or 12 will be described in detail.
- step S401 the base station 31 receives the network encoded data packet from the relay station 21, and a copy of the data packet ⁇ 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively.
- the network coded packet from the relay station 21 is received by the relay station 21 are two user packet Pi from the user terminal 11 and the terminal P 2 and 12 copies were obtained after network coding as described above.
- the base station 31 first receives a copy of the data packet P 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively.
- the same data packet received by the relay station 21 and the base station 31? Or a copy of P 2 may be different.
- the relay station 21 is closer to the user terminal 11 or 12, is it receiving the data packet?
- the copy of P 2 may be received completely correctly; since the base station 31 is far from the user terminal 11 or 12, is it receiving the data packet? Or a copy of P 2 may receive an error.
- the sending manner of the data packet P 2 may be time division, code division, frequency division, air separation, etc., because the data packet is transmitted in the manner of the present invention. Direct relationship, the present invention will not be described herein.
- step S402 joint soft combining decoding is performed on the user terminal data packet replica and P 2 and the network encoded data packet P NC .
- Figure 5 shows a flow chart of a sub-step of step S402 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- step S501 the base station 31 acquires an initial soft information sequence of a coded bit sequence of the network coded data packet PNC and an estimated soft information sequence of the coded bit sequence of the plurality of user terminal data packet copies or initial soft information of the coded bit sequence. sequence.
- h m , B are the channel transmission coefficients of the user terminal 11 to the base station 31, and n m and B are noises whose variance is a normal distribution of ⁇ 2 , and the likelihood ratio of the symbol Si is:
- j are the bits contained in each symbol.
- k are the bits contained in each symbol.
- the initial soft information sequence of the encoded bit sequence is input to a channel decoder for channel decoding, and the channel decoder outputs an estimated soft information sequence of the encoded bit sequence.
- the network coded data packet is subjected to the processing of equations (2) and (3) to obtain an initial soft information sequence of the coded bit sequence of the network coded data packet.
- step S502 the base station 31 performs soft combining processing on the initial soft information of the coded bit sequence of the network coded data packet P NC and the estimated soft information of the coded bit sequence of the user terminal data packet copy ⁇ 2 or the initial soft information of the coded bit sequence. And obtaining a soft combining bit likelihood ratio of a bit sequence of at least one user terminal data packet of the plurality of user terminal data packets.
- the network coding performed in the relay station 21 performs bitwise exclusive OR processing on the two-bit bit sequence after the user terminal data packet copy ⁇ 2 channel decoding, and the base station 31 can perform soft according to the following formula. Merge processing:
- ilR (b is the coded bit estimate bit likelihood or initial bit likelihood
- J £R( ) is the estimated likelihood of the coded bit b 2 corresponding to the user terminal data packet that is XORed with the coded bit ⁇
- LLD is the network The initial bit likelihood of the corresponding coded bit b NC in the coded packet P NC .
- step S503 the base station 31 performs channel decoding on the soft combining bit likelihood obtained according to the formula (4) or (5) to obtain a data packet. Or a bit sequence of ⁇ 2 .
- bit rate ⁇ bit likelihood can be expressed by the following equation:
- ZZi?(3 ⁇ 4) log log where y NC is the symbol value of the channel interference and fading received by the base station 31 when the symbol transmitted in the relay station 21 is s 3 .
- the symbol s 3 is a symbol modulated by a bit sequence including the bit b NC .
- b NC the symbol value of the channel interference and fading received by the base station 31 when the symbol transmitted in the relay station 21 is s 3 .
- Equation (7) since the data bits in the packet and the packet P ⁇ 2 B 2 bit exclusive OR obtained by Equation (7) is the joint probability of the right and the probability ⁇ 13 ⁇ 4 concerned.
- Table 1 shows all possible values for bi, b 2 and b NC .
- the numerator in the formula to the right of equation (7) is expressed in Table 1.
- the probability of the following two lines, the denominator, represents the probability of the top two rows in Table 1.
- the base station 31 pairs the data packet.
- the initial bit likelihood sequence of the coded bit sequence of ⁇ 2 is channel decoded. If the channel decoding of the two data packets is correct, for example, the CRC check result is correct, then the sum of the decoded channels is stored? The data bit sequence of 2 does not need to perform the soft combining process described in step S502 of FIG. If there is any data packet, for example, the channel decoding of the data packet is not correct, it is necessary to perform a soft combining process as described in step S502 on the data packet. At this time, the base station 31 stores the estimated soft information sequence or coding bit sequence of the coded bit sequence of P 2 . The initial soft information sequence of the column is prepared for soft combining processing as shown in step S502 with the initial soft information sequence of the encoded bit sequence of the subsequently received network encoded data packet.
- Fig. 6 shows a block diagram of a decoding in the base station 31 at this time.
- LLR(oddc) is the estimated likelihood of the coded bits b 2 , b 3 , . . . b m corresponding to other user terminal data packets that are XORed with the coded bit b, and LLR ( b 3 ) .
- an e is the odd number of all e
- the sum of the powers of the bit likelihood ratios, b NC ® ® ... ® , m is the number of user terminals; LLR (e VenC ) is the other user terminal data that is XORed with the coded bits ⁇
- LR(b m ") and the corresponding coded bits b in the network coded data packet NC initial bit likelihood LLD
- e is an odd number of bits for all e
- formulas (4), (5), (10), and (11) are soft combining processing formulas for XOR processing of data packets by bit, and operations similar to or similar to XOR. Based on the formulas (4), (5), (10), and (11), those skilled in the art can easily find that in the case where the data packet is subjected to the same or processing by bit, and formula (4), The soft combining processing formulas corresponding to (5), (10) and (11) are not described in detail herein.
- a weighting factor may also be added before each bit likelihood in equations (4), (5), (10), and (11).
- the bit likelihood coefficient can be determined based on the channel quality of the channel in which each packet is transmitted. For example, if the channel quality of the channel transmitting the data packet is worse than the channel quality of the channel transmitting the data packet P NC , then the weight coefficient before z ⁇ is smaller than the weight coefficient before LLR ( b NC ).
- the above-mentioned data packets P1 and P2 from the user terminals 11 and 12 respectively describe the network coding process in the relay station 21 and the decoding process in the base station 31. If both of the packets P1 and P2 are from the user terminal 11 or 12, the network coding process in the relay station 21 and the decoding process in the base station 31 are the same as above.
- the manner of joint soft combining decoding performed in the base station 21 is also diverse, and is not limited to the above embodiment.
- FIG. 8 shows the experimental results.
- the experiment in Fig. 8 adopts an additive white Gaussian noise Rayleigh wireless channel simulation model of unit variance.
- the channel transmission coefficients of the user terminals 11 and 12 to the relay station 21 or the base station 31 are the same, and the user terminal 11 or 12 is
- the signal-to-noise ratio of the communication link of the base station 31 is 6 dB worse than the signal-to-noise ratio of the communication link of the relay station 21 to the base station 31.
- the channel coding takes a 3460-bit UMTS l/3 Turbo code and takes QPSK symbol modulation.
- the present invention is not limited to the application scenario shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 7.
- the data packet P1 or P2 received by the base station 31 is not limited to being directly transmitted by each user terminal, and may be relayed by a certain relay station, such as the relay station 22 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the structure of a forwarding device 100 for forwarding data packets from a multi-user terminal in a relay station of a wireless communication network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the forwarding device 100 includes a second receiving device 101, a network encoding device 102, and a transmitting device 103.
- the following takes the application scenario shown in FIG. 2 as an example to describe the forwarding process of the data packets P1 and P2 from the user terminals 11 and 12 by the relay station 21 in FIG. 2 .
- the second receiving device 101 receives a copy of two data packets from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively. It should be noted that the user terminal 11 transmits the data packet, the user terminal 12 transmits the data packet ⁇ 2 in any order, and the second receiving device 101 receives the data packet.
- a copy of ⁇ 2 base station 31 also receives a copy of packet ⁇ 2 .
- the network encoding device 102 performs network coding processing on the copies of the data packets Pi and P 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively, to obtain a network encoded data packet P NC .
- the meaning of network coding refers to the saving of transmission resources by encoding data from multiple sources after demodulating and channel decoding the data packets from multiple sources.
- the network coding includes at least two of the following: One is to perform bitwise exclusive OR or the same processing on the multiple bit sequences decoded by the plurality of user terminal data packet channels, if the length of each bit sequence Inconsistent, the shorter bit sequence is zero-filled or filled in at the end to achieve the longest bit sequence length; the other is to binaryize at least one of the multi-bit sequence of the packet channel decoding of multiple user terminals.
- binary addition transformation processing is performed with other road bit sequences.
- bit sequence obtained by the relay station 21 after decoding the data packet through the channel is 0101100110, a total of 10 bits, and the bit sequence is the correct bit sequence; the relay station 22 obtains the data packet P 2 through the channel decoding.
- the bit sequence is 1100001100, a total of 10 bits.
- the ratio of the data packet P NC is obtained.
- the special sequence is 1001101010; if the same or processing is performed, the obtained bit sequence of the data packet P NC is 0110010101.
- Multiplying the bit sequence of the data packet Pi by the binary field yields 10000110010, which is 11 bits, which is binary-added with the bit sequence of the data packet P 2 to obtain a bit sequence of the packet P NC of 11100111110.
- the network packet-processed data packet PNC is transmitted by the transmitting device 103 to the base station 30. Specifically, the transmitting device 103 performs channel coding and symbol modulation on the network coded data packet P NC L and transmits the signal through the transmitter.
- Figure 11 is a block diagram showing the structure of a decoding device 110 for decoding a data packet from a user terminal in a base station of a wireless communication network in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the decoding device 110 includes a first receiving device 111 and a soft combining and decoding device 112.
- the soft merge decoding device 112 includes an acquisition device 1121, a soft merge processing device 1122, and a channel decoding device 1123, which are also shown in FIG. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that in Fig. 11, only the first receiving device 111 and the soft combining decoding device 112 are necessary devices, and other devices are optional devices.
- the first receiving device 111 receives the network encoded data packet from the relay station 21, and a copy of the data packet P 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively.
- the network coded packet P NC from the relay station 21 is obtained by the above-described network coding by copying the two user terminal data packets ⁇ 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12 respectively received by the relay station 21.
- the first receiving device 111 first receives a copy of the packet ⁇ 2 from the user terminals 11 and 12, respectively. It should be noted that, due to the difference of the wireless communication link between the user terminal 11 or 12 to the relay station 21 and the user terminal 11 or 12 to the base station 31, the same data packet received by the relay station 21 and the base station 31? Or a copy of ⁇ 2 may be different. For example, since the relay station 21 is away from the user terminal 11 or 12 is closer, what data packet is it received? or? 2 may receive a copy entirely correct; since the base station 31 from the user terminal 11 or remote 12, a first receiving means 111 receives the packet Pi or P 2 copies may be received errors.
- the soft combining decoding means 112 performs joint soft combining decoding on the user terminal packet replica P 2 and the network encoded packet P NC .
- the soft merge decoding device 112 includes three sub-devices: an acquisition device 1121, a soft merge processing device 1122, and a channel decoding device 1123.
- the joint soft combining decoding process performed by these three sub-devices will be described below.
- the obtaining means 1121 acquires an initial soft information sequence of a coded bit sequence of the network coded data packet PNC and an estimated soft information sequence of the coded bit sequence of the plurality of user terminal data packet copies or an initial soft information sequence of the coded bit sequence.
- the initial soft information of the coded bits or the process of obtaining the estimated soft information has been described in detail above, and will not be described herein.
- the soft combining processing means 1122 performs soft combining processing on the initial soft information of the coded bit sequence of the network coded data packet P NC and the estimated soft information of the coded bit sequence of the user terminal data packet copy ⁇ 2 or the initial soft information of the coded bit sequence. And obtaining a soft merge bit likelihood sequence of a bit sequence of at least one user terminal data packet of the plurality of user terminal data packets.
- the network coding performed in the relay station 21 performs bitwise exclusive OR processing on the two-bit bit sequence after the user terminal data packet copy ⁇ 2 channel decoding
- the soft combining processing device 1122 may be according to a formula. (4) or formula (5) performs soft combining processing.
- the channel decoding means 1123 performs channel decoding on the soft combining bit likelihood sequence obtained by the soft combining processing means 1122 according to the formula (4) or (5) to obtain a bit sequence of the data packet ? 1 or ? 2 .
- the channel decoding device 1123 performs channel decoding on the initial bit likelihoods of the respective bits of the data packets P1 and ⁇ 2, if two data packets If the channel decoding is correct, for example, the CRC check result is correct, the soft combining processing device 1122 does not need to perform the above-mentioned Soft combining processing of equation (4) or (5). If there is a data packet, for example, the channel decoding of the data packet P1 is incorrect, the soft combining processing means 1122 needs to perform a row soft combining process on the data packet P1.
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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KR1020117025647A KR20120018129A (ko) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | 데이터 패킷 중계 및 데이터 패킷 디코딩을 위한 방법 및 디바이스 |
BRPI0924920-6A BRPI0924920A2 (pt) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | Método e aparelho para retransmissão de pacote de dados e decodificação de pacote de dados. |
EP09843820.3A EP2427024A4 (en) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DATA PACKET TRANSMISSION AND DATA PACKET DECODING |
KR1020147018113A KR101548555B1 (ko) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | 데이터 패킷 중계 및 데이터 패킷 디코딩을 위한 방법 및 디바이스 |
PCT/CN2009/000446 WO2010124408A1 (zh) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | 数据包中继和数据包解码的方法及装置 |
US13/266,091 US9036534B2 (en) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | Method and apparatus for data packet relaying and data packet decoding |
JP2012507556A JP5665850B2 (ja) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | データパケット中継およびデータパケット復号のための方法および装置 |
CN200980156971.2A CN102318435B (zh) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | 数据包中继和数据包解码的方法及装置 |
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PCT/CN2009/000446 WO2010124408A1 (zh) | 2009-04-27 | 2009-04-27 | 数据包中继和数据包解码的方法及装置 |
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EP (1) | EP2427024A4 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN102318435B (zh) |
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JP2012525094A (ja) | 2012-10-18 |
JP5665850B2 (ja) | 2015-02-04 |
KR20140100556A (ko) | 2014-08-14 |
US9036534B2 (en) | 2015-05-19 |
CN102318435A (zh) | 2012-01-11 |
BRPI0924920A2 (pt) | 2015-07-07 |
KR20120018129A (ko) | 2012-02-29 |
CN102318435B (zh) | 2016-05-25 |
EP2427024A4 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
US20120044858A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
KR101548555B1 (ko) | 2015-09-01 |
EP2427024A1 (en) | 2012-03-07 |
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