Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/63—Control systems
  • H01M10/635—Control systems based on ambient temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
  • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
  • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
  • H01M10/617—Types of temperature control for achieving uniformity or desired distribution of temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
  • H01M10/625—Vehicles
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/63—Control systems
  • H01M10/633—Control systems characterised by algorithms, flow charts, software details or the like
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
  • H01M10/6567—Liquids
  • H01M10/6568—Liquids characterised by flow circuits, e.g. loops, located externally to the cells or cell casings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
  • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
  • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
  • H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
  • H01M10/6561—Gases
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
  • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
  • H01M10/657—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by electric or electromagnetic means
  • H01M10/6571—Resistive heaters
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
  • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method of thermal management of an electric battery which is particularly intended for the traction of an electric or hybrid motor vehicle that is to say comprising an electric motor driving the driving wheels combined with an engine thermal drive of these wheels or possibly other drive wheels.
• the invention applies for a high degree of hybridization of the thermal vehicles which can go up to a complete electrification of the traction chain.
• the batteries are not only used to assist the vehicles in acceleration phases but also to ensure the movement of the vehicle autonomously over more or less important distances.
• the electric battery can also find its application in other technical fields, for example for the storage of electrical energy in other modes of transport, especially in aeronautics. Furthermore, in stationary applications such as for wind turbines, the thermal management of a battery according to the invention can also be used advantageously.
• the generating elements conventionally comprise at least one electrochemical cell, for example of the Lithium - ion or Lithium - polymer type, which is formed of a stack of electroactive layers acting successively as cathodes and anodes, said layers being brought into contact by the intermediate of an electrolyte.
• electrochemical cell for example of the Lithium - ion or Lithium - polymer type, which is formed of a stack of electroactive layers acting successively as cathodes and anodes, said layers being brought into contact by the intermediate of an electrolyte.
• the thermal conditioning systems of the elements are integrated in the batteries so as to maintain the temperature of said battery in an optimum temperature range.
• the efficiency of these systems must be important since the heat dissipation peaks are a function of the current densities and their variations which can reach very high values, especially during the phases of strong accelerations. , regenerative braking, rapid recharging of the battery or highway operation in electric mode. Furthermore, high energy batteries, which use thick elements whose ratio between the exchange surfaces and the volume producing the heat is reduced, must therefore be cooled particularly efficiently.
• the thermal conditioning systems may comprise a chamber formed essentially around the generating elements, in which circulates a heat exchange fluid with said elements.
• the known systems comprise a heating device and / or a circulating fluid cooling device.
• the thermal conditioning of the battery consumes a significant portion of the electrical energy on board the vehicle. This additional consumption of energy induces a loss of autonomy of electric vehicles. In order to maintain the autonomy targeted by the application, it may be necessary to compensate for this additional consumption by over-sizing the battery, which is not economically viable from a purely economic point of view.
• the high energy density Li-ion battery elements have internal resistances that are very sensitive to temperature. This feature means that if one wants to preserve the autonomy and the performance of batteries for electric vehicles in cold weather, it becomes necessary to heat them by means of the thermal conditioning system. This heating can also be a source of energy consumption in the rolling phases.
• the invention aims to solve the problems of the prior art by proposing in particular a method of thermal management of a battery which limits the power consumption necessary for its thermal conditioning so as to increase its autonomy, and by preserving its duration of life as well as its operational safety.
• the invention proposes a method of thermal management of an electric battery comprising a plurality of elements generating electrical energy, said method providing, when recharging the battery on an external electrical source, of conditioning said battery at an average temperature T 0 and, when using said battery, determining the absolute value ⁇ T 2 of the difference between the temperature T 0 and the average temperature T of said battery, said method providing for activating a device for thermal conditioning of said battery when the difference ⁇ T2 is greater than a set point C 2 , said set point being established as a function of the charge state SOC of said battery.
• the method enables the thermal management of an electric battery 1, said management being understood both in contribution and in withdrawal of calories so as to maintain the battery 1 in a temperature operating range which is optimal.
• the method makes it possible to quickly and effectively provide a supply or a withdrawal of calories in the battery 1, so as to ensure thermal regulation regardless of the conditions of use.
• the battery 1 comprises a plurality of elements 2 generating electrical energy.
• the elements 2 comprise at least one electrochemical cell, for example of the lithium-ion or lithium-polymer type.
• Each cell is formed of a stack of electroactive layers acting successively as cathodes and anodes, said layers being brought into contact via an electrolyte.
• the layers can be packaged in a flexible envelope. Alternatively, they can be packaged in a rigid container.
• the elements 2 are each formed with two electrochemical cells electrically connected in parallel.
• the battery 1 comprises a plurality of modules which are formed of several elements 2 electrically connected in series, said modules also being electrically connected in series.
• the method provides for using a thermal conditioning system comprising a chamber containing a heat exchange fluid with the elements 2, said chamber extending essentially around said elements to ensure the heat exchange at their wall .
• the fluid may be a gas, in particular air, or a liquid, in particular a dielectric liquid with a low vapor pressure or optionally glycolated water.
• the chamber comprises envelopes 3 which are each formed around an element 2, said envelopes being fed in fluid by a closed circuit.
• the conditioning system comprises a device for circulating the fluid in the chamber which, in the figure, is formed of a pump 4. More specifically, the circuit has an upstream portion 5 and a downstream portion 6 between which the fluid can flow through the envelopes 3, said circuit also comprising an expansion vessel 7.
• the envelopes 3 make it possible to ensure thermal conditioning in parallel with each of the elements 2, that is to say that the fluid flowing through an envelope 3 is directly derived from the upstream portion 5, without having previously traversed another envelope 3. This results in an excellent thermal homogeneity by avoiding the accumulation of heat linked to a succession of heat exchanges with the elements 2.
• the system also comprises at least one thermal conditioning device of said fluid.
• the circuit shown incorporates a fluid heating device, for example in the form of a heater 8, and a fluid cooling device.
• the cooling device comprises a heat exchanger 9 with the outside or with a cold loop, in particular equipped with a fan 10.
• cooling and heating devices can be integrated in the same exchanger, for example air-air, water-water or air-water, capable of cooling or heating the fluid as needed.
• the method provides, when recharging the battery 1 on an external power source, pre-conditioning said battery to an average temperature To.
• this pre-conditioning temperature can be provided, particularly depending on the season, to ensure optimal operation of the battery 1, for example by being set between 15 and 30 0 C for an electrochemistry based on lithium. So, whatever the ambient temperature especially depending on the season, the operation of the battery 1 can be optimized from the beginning of its use.
• this pre-conditioning makes it possible not to affect the autonomy of the battery 1 since the necessary energy is consumed on the external source, in particular from the electrical network on which the battery 1 is connected during its recharge.
• the circulation device 4, alone or in combination with one of the thermal conditioning devices 8, 9, can be activated in order to maintain or respectively to reach , pre-conditioning temperature To homogeneously throughout the battery 1.
• the method When using the battery 1, the method provides for several iterative steps which are performed with sufficient frequency to ensure good thermal conditioning of the battery 1 relative to its autonomy, its lifetime and its safety.
• the method provides for determining the absolute value ⁇ T 2 of the difference between the temperature To and the average temperature T of the battery 1.
• the conditioning system may comprise several sensors 11 for measuring the the temperature of the fluid.
• the embodiment shown provides temperature sensors 11 respectively at the inlet of the upstream part 5, at the outlet of the downstream part 6 and downstream of the cooling device 9.
• the method provides for specifically controlling a conditioning device according to the difference ⁇ T 2 determined.
• a thermal conditioning device is activated when the difference ⁇ T 2 is greater than a set point C 2 .
• the method makes it possible to economize the electrical consumption of the conditioning devices 8, 9 when the difference ⁇ T2 is lower than the setpoint C 2 . Consequently, the set point C 2 is set so that no thermal conditioning is necessary as long as the difference ⁇ T 2 does not exceed it.
• the safety of the battery 1 is guaranteed against a too high or too low operating temperature, and only when this scenario appears to limit the power consumption required for thermal conditioning.
• the method provides for the activation of the heating device 8 - cooling respectively 9 - when the temperature T is lower - respectively higher - at the temperature T 0 .
• the set point C 2 has a first value C 20 beyond which the warming device 8 is activated and a second value C 2f beyond which the cooling device 9 is activated.
• the deactivation - respectively activation - of the cooling device 9 is carried out by shunting - respectively supply - of the circulation of the fluid in the exchanger 9.
• the circuit has a primary loop 12 equipped with a first valve 13, said loop connecting the battery 1 to the heating device 8, and a secondary loop 14 equipped with a second valve 15, said secondary loop connecting said loop At the exchanger 9.
• the method further provides that the setpoint C 2 is established according to the state of charge SOC of the battery 1.
• the set-up law C 2 decreases as a function of the charge state SOC. Indeed, the elements are even less sensitive to thermal aging that their state of charge is low.
• the establishment law can be written in the form:
• C 2 C 0 - a (SOC) - b (SOC) 2 , SOC varying between 0 and 1 as a function of the state of charge of the battery 1, a and b being parameters established according to the characteristics of the battery 1, Co being a maximum setpoint.
• the maximum setpoint C 0 may be equal to or of the order of a + b.
• the set point C 2 is close to zero, so as to preserve the elements 2 against any thermal aging when their load is maximum.
• the method described further provides for determining the difference AT 1 between the temperatures of the hottest element 2 and the coldest element 2.
• a temperature sensor may be provided for measuring the temperature directly on the element 2, in particular on the connection of said element.
• the temperature differences ⁇ Ti and / or ⁇ T 2 can be determined indirectly by means of an operating parameter of the battery 1, in particular by analyzing the intensity of the current that is delivered by said battery.
• the method provides for specifically controlling the conditioning system according to differences AT 1 , ⁇ T 2 determined.
• the method provides for deactivating the circulation device 4 as well as the thermal conditioning devices 8, 9.
• the set point C 1 can be set between 2 and 5 ° C without impact on the proper functioning of the battery 1.
• the thermal conditioning is ensured without consuming the electrical energy of said battery.
• the invention avoids the use of a continuous flow of thermally conditioned fluid, so as to limit the creation of a thermal gradient between the walls and the core of said elements.
• the method provides for activating the fluid circulation device 4 while keeping the thermal conditioning devices 8, 9 deactivated if the difference ⁇ T2 is lower than the set point C 2 .
• the activation of the circulation device 4 and / or the activation of the thermal conditioning device 8, 9 may correspond to an operation of said devices according to a predefined setpoint, or to a servocontrol of said operation as a function of the differences ⁇ T1 and / or ⁇ T 2 .
• the method makes it possible to ensure the homogenization of the temperature between the elements 2.
• this homogenization without thermal conditioning of the fluid limits the thermal gradient between said fluid. and the elements 2 as well as within the elements 2 themselves.
• the value of the pre-conditioning temperature T 0 as well as the values of the instructions C 1, C 2 may be established by programming in the thermal management algorithm of the battery 1, said values being adjusted according to the characteristics of the battery 1 and / or its climatic conditions of use.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

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Citations (5)

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• 2009
  • 2009-02-09 FR FR0900564A patent/FR2942080B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2010
  • 2010-02-09 AU AU2010210061A patent/AU2010210061A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2010-02-09 JP JP2011548744A patent/JP2012517661A/ja active Pending
  • 2010-02-09 PT PT107070781T patent/PT2394325E/pt unknown
  • 2010-02-09 CN CN2010800071914A patent/CN102308427A/zh active Pending
  • 2010-02-09 KR KR1020117019661A patent/KR20110122829A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2010-02-09 ES ES10707078T patent/ES2433110T3/es active Active
  • 2010-02-09 WO PCT/FR2010/000095 patent/WO2010089482A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2010-02-09 EP EP10707078.1A patent/EP2394325B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
  • 2010-02-09 BR BRPI1008652A patent/BRPI1008652A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2011
  • 2011-08-05 US US13/204,437 patent/US8395358B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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