Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/1607—Details of the supervisory signal
  • H04L1/1671—Details of the supervisory signal the supervisory signal being transmitted together with control information
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
  • H04L1/1822—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems involving configuration of automatic repeat request [ARQ] with parallel processes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
  • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
  • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
  • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
  • H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
  • H04L1/1887—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link
  • H04L2001/0096—Channel splitting in point-to-point links
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W24/00—Supervisory, monitoring or testing arrangements

Definitions

• the disclosure relates to the feedback of acknowledgement information in a digital communication system.
• Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems.
• CDMA code division multiple access
• TDMA time division multiple access
• FDMA frequency division multiple access
• LTE 3GPP Long Term Evolution
• OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
• a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals.
• Each terminal communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on one or more forward and reverse links.
• a forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals
• a reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations.
• These communication links may be established via a single-in-single-out (SISO), multiple -in-single-out (MISO), or a multiple-in-multiple-out (MIMO) system.
• SISO single-in-single-out
• MISO multiple -in-single-out
• MIMO multiple-in-multiple-out
• a MIMO system employs multiple (N T ) transmit antennas and multiple (N R ) receive antennas for data transmission.
• a MIMO channel formed by the N T transmit and N R receive antennas may be decomposed into Ns independent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels, where N s ⁇ mm ⁇ N T , N R ⁇ .
• Each of the Ns independent channels corresponds to a dimension.
• the MIMO system can provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.
• a MIMO system supports time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) systems.
• TDD time division duplex
• FDD frequency division duplex
• the forward and reverse link transmissions are within the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmit beamforming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the access point.
• One aspect is a method of transmitting an acknowledgment codeword, the method comprising detecting a first number of packets on a first communication link between a user device and a base station, detecting a second number of packets on a second communication link between the user device and the base station, determining, for each of the first number of packets and for each of the second number of packets, whether to acknowledge the packet, selecting, based on the acknowledgment determinations, a codeword from a codebook, the codebook comprising a set of codewords for acknowledging or not-acknowledging each of the first number of packets on the first communication link and the second number of packets on the second communication link, wherein the same set of codewords is also used for acknowledging or not-acknowledging each of a third number of packets on the first communication link and a fourth number of packets on the second communication link, the third number being different from the first number, the fourth number being different from the second number, and the sum of the first and second numbers being the same as the
• a user device comprising a memory configured to store an acknowledgement codebook comprising a plurality of acknowledgment codewords, a receiver configured to receive a first number of packets via a first communication link between a base station and the user device and to receive a second number of packets via a second communication link between the base station and the user device, the sum of the first and second numbers equal to a third number, a processor configured to select one of the codewords based on the received packets and the third number, irrespective of the first and second numbers, and a transmitter configured to transmit the selected codeword to the base station.
• a user device comprising a receiver configured to receive, over a number (K) of active communication links between a base station and the user device, a maximum number (p ls p 2 , ..., p ⁇ ) of packets on each of the active communication links, a memory configured to store an acknowledgment codebook
• C codewords having a number (C) of codewords, wherein C ⁇ -l , a processor configured J to detect a number of packets on each of the active communication links, to determine whether to acknowledge each of the detected packets, and to select one of the codewords based at least in part on the determined acknowledgments, and a transmitter configured to transmit the selected codeword to the base station.
• a user device comprising means for receiving, over a number (K) of active communication links between a base station and the user device, a maximum number (p ls p 2 , ..., P K ) of packets on each of the active communication links, means for storing an acknowledgment codebook having a number (C) of codewords, wherein
• C ⁇ 1 means for detecting a number of packets on each of the active communication links, to determine whether to acknowledge each of the detected packets, means for selecting one of the codewords based at least in part on the determined acknowledgments, and means for transmitting the selected codeword to the base station.
• Another aspect is a method of transmitting an acknowledgment codeword, the method comprising detecting a number of packets on each of a number (K) of active communication links between a base station and a user device, each active communication link having associated therewith a maximum number (p ls p 2 , ..., P K ) of packets, determining, for each detected packet, whether to acknowledge the packet, selecting, based on the determined acknowledgments, a codeword from a codebook
• Another aspect is a method of receiving acknowledgment signals, the method comprising transmitting, to a user device, a first number of packets on a first communication link, transmitting, to the user device, a second number of packets on a second communication link, receiving an acknowledgement codeword from the user device, and determining which of the transmitted first and second number of packets were acknowledged based on the acknowledgement codeword, the first number of packets, and the second number of packets.
• a base station comprising a transmitter configured to transmit a first number of packets via a first communication link between the base station and a user device and to transmit a second number of packets via a second communication link between the base station and the user device, a receiver configured to receive a codeword from the user device, and a processor configured to determine which of the transmitted packets were acknowledged based on the codeword, the first number, and second number.
• a base station comprising means for transmitting a first number of packets via a first communication link between the base station and a user device and a second number of packets via a second communication link between the base station and the user device, means for receiving a codeword from the user device, and means for determining which of the transmitted packets were acknowledged based on the codeword, the first number, and second number.
• Another aspect is a computer-readable storage medium having encoded thereon an acknowledgment codebook containing a number of codewords (C), each codeword indicative of an acknowledgment or not-acknowledgment of a number of packets (pi, p 2 , ..., P K ) transmitted on a number of carriers (K), wherein
• Yet another aspect is a method of transmitting channel information, the method comprising transmitting, using a channelization code, a first channel information signal indicative of information regarding a first carrier, transmitting, using the channelization code, a second channel information signal indicative of information regarding a second carrier, and transmitting, between the transmissions of the first and second channel information signals, using the channelization code, an acknowledgment signal acknowledging packets received on the first carrier and packets received on the second carrier.
• Another aspect is a user device comprising a receiver configured to receive packets over at least a first carrier and a second carrier, and a transmitter configure to transmit, using a channelization code, a first channel information signal indicative of information regarding the first carrier, a second channel information signal indicative of information regarding the second carrier, and, between the first and second channel information signals, an acknowledgment signal acknowledging receptions of the packets.
• Yet another aspect is a computer-readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, causes a computer to perform a method of transmitting channel information, the method comprising, transmitting, using a channelization code, a first channel information signal indicative of information regarding a first carrier, transmitting, using the channelization code, a second channel information signal indicative of information regarding the second carrier, and transmitting, between the transmissions of the first and second channel information signals, using the channelization code, an acknowledgment signal acknowledging packets received on the first carrier and packets received on the second carrier.
• Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of a wireless communication system.
• Figure 2 is a table of the number of codewords needed for each of the transmission possibilities over a single-packet communication link and a dual-packet communication link.
• Figure 3 is an exemplary codebook for packet acknowledgment of a single -packet communication link and a dual-packet communication link.
• Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of selecting a codeword.
• Figure 5 is a table of the number of codewords needed for each of the transmission possibilities over two dual-packet communication links.
• Figure 6 is an exemplary codebook for packet acknowledgement of two dual-packet communication links.
• Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating another method of selecting a codeword.
• Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method of receiving a codeword.
• Figure 9 is a timing diagram of a single channelization code encoding information for two carriers.
• Figure 10 is a timing diagram of a dual channelization code encoding information for two carriers.
• Figure 11 is a timing diagram of a single channelization code encoding information for three carriers.
• Figure 12 is a timing diagram of a single channelization code encoding information for four carriers.
• Figure 13 is a timing diagram of a dual channelization code encoding information for three carriers.
• Figure 14 is a timing diagram of a dual channelization code encoding information for four carriers.
• Figure 15 is a timing diagram of another dual channelization code encoding information for three carriers.
• Figure 16 is a timing diagram of another dual channelization code encoding information for four carriers.
• Figure 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method of transmitting channel information.
• Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating another method of receiving a codeword.
• FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a wireless communication system 10.
• the wireless communication system 10 includes at least one user equipment 100 and at least one base station 200 communicating with each other over a first communication link 301 and a second communication link 302.
• Each of the first and second communication links 301, 302 can be a single-packet communication link on which a single packet may be transmitted during each cycle or a multi-packet communication link on which on which multiple packets may be transmitted during each cycle.
• the first communication link 301 can be a dual-packet communication link on which zero, one, or two packets can be transmitted during each cycle.
• the user equipment 100 includes a processor 110 in data communication with a memory 120, an input device 130, and an output device 140.
• the processor is further in data communication with a modem 150 and a transceiver 160.
• the transceiver 160 is also in data communication with the modem 150 and an antenna 170.
• the user equipment 100 and components thereof are powered by a battery 180 and/or an external power source.
• the battery 180, or a portion thereof, is rechargeable by an external power source via a power interface 190.
• functional blocks described with respect to the user equipment 100 need not be separate structural elements.
• the processor 110 and memory 120 may be embodied in a single chip.
• two or more of the processor 110, modem 150, and transceiver 160 may be embodied in a single chip.
• the processor 110 can be a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• the processor 110 can be coupled, via one or more buses, to read information from or write information to the memory 120.
• the processor may additionally, or in the alternative, contain memory, such as processor registers.
• the memory 120 can include processor cache, including a multi-level hierarchical cache in which different levels have different capacities and access speeds.
• the memory 120 can also include random access memory (RAM), other volatile storage devices, or nonvolatile storage devices.
• RAM random access memory
• the storage can include hard drives, optical discs, such as compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs), flash memory, floppy discs, magnetic tape, and Zip drives.
• the processor 110 is also coupled to an input device 130 and an output device 140 for, respectively, receiving input from and providing output to, a user of the user equipment 100.
• Suitable input devices include, but are not limited to, a keyboard, buttons, keys, switches, a pointing device, a mouse, a joystick, a remote control, an infrared detector, a video camera (possibly coupled with video processing software to, e.g., detect hand gestures or facial gestures), a motion detector, or a microphone (possibly coupled to audio processing software to, e.g., detect voice commands).
• Suitable output devices include, but are not limited to, visual output devices, including displays and printers, audio output devices, including speakers, headphones, earphones, and alarms, and haptic output devices, including force-feedback game controllers and vibrating devices.
• the processor 110 is further coupled to a modem 150 and a transceiver 160.
• the modem 150 and transceiver 160 prepare data generated by the processor 110 for wireless transmission over the communication links 301, 302 via the antenna 170 according to one or more air interface standards.
• the modem 150 and transceiver 160 also demodulate data received over the communication links 301, 302 via the antenna 170 according to one or more air interface standards.
• the transceiver can include a transmitter 162, a receiver 164, or both. In other embodiments, the transmitter 162 and receiver 164 are two separate components.
• the modem 150 and transceiver 160 can be embodied as a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein.
• the antenna 170 can include multiple antennas for multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) communication.
• the user equipment 100 and components thereof are powered by a battery 180 and/or an external power source.
• the battery 180 can be any device which stores energy, and particularly any device which stores chemical energy and provides it as electrical energy.
• the battery 180 can include one or more secondary cells including a lithium polymer battery, a lithium ion battery, a nickel-metal hydride battery, or a nickel cadmium battery, or one or more primary cells including an alkaline battery, a lithium battery, a silver oxide battery, or a zinc carbon battery.
• the external power source can include a wall socket, a vehicular cigar lighter receptacle, a wireless energy transfer platform, or the sun.
• the battery 180 is rechargeable by an external power source via a power interface 190.
• the power interface 190 can include a jack for connecting a battery charger, an inductor for near field wireless energy transfer, or a photovoltaic panel for converting solar energy into electrical energy.
• the user equipment 100 is a mobile telephone, a personal data assistant (PDAs), a hand-held computer, a laptop computer, a wireless data access card, a GPS receiver/navigator, a camera, an MP3 player, a camcorder, a game console, a wrist watch, a clock, or a television.
• PDAs personal data assistant
• a hand-held computer a laptop computer
• a wireless data access card a GPS receiver/navigator
• a camera a camera
• an MP3 player an MP3 player
• camcorder a game console
• a wrist watch a clock
• a television or a television.
• the base station 200 also includes at least a processor 210 coupled to a memory 220 and a transceiver 260.
• the transceiver 260 includes a transmitter 262 and a receiver 264 coupled to an antenna 270.
• the processor 210, memory 220, transceiver 260, and antenna 270 can be embodied as described above with respect to the user equipment 100.
• the base station 200 can transmit data packets to the user equipment 100 via a first communication link 301 and a second communication link 302.
• the base station can transmit, via the first communication link 301, up to two packets per cycle, whereas the base station 200 can only transmit up to one packet per cycle via the second communication link 302. [0049] Therefore, during each cycle, there are six possible transmissions.
• Tx A-F the six possible transmissions are designated Tx A-F as follows: Tx A, zero packets on either communication link; Tx B, zero packets on the first communication link and one packet on the second communication link; Tx C, one packet on the first communication link and zero packets on the second communication link; Tx D, one packet on each communication link; Tx E, two packets on the first communication link and zero packets on the second communication link; and Tx F, two packets on the first communication link and one packet on the second communication link.
• Tx A zero packets on either communication link
• Tx B zero packets on the first communication link and one packet on the second communication link
• Tx C one packet on the first communication link and zero packets on the second communication link
• Tx D one packet on each communication link
• Tx E two packets on the first communication link and zero packets on the second communication link
• Tx F two packets on the first communication link and one packet on the second communication link.
• the base station 200 transmits according to Tx A, the base station does not expect a response, and the user device 100, which does not detect any packets on either communication link, transmits none. Therefore, as shown in Figure 2, no codewords are needed for Tx A.
• the base station 200 If the base station 200 transmits according to Tx B, the base station 200 expects either an ACK or NACK of the packet transmitted on the second communication link 302. If the user device 100 does not detect the packet, it does not transmit a response believing the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx A. If the base station 200 does not receive a response, it will determine that the packet has not been received. If the user device 100 detects the packet on the second communication link 302, it analyzes the packet and decides whether to send a codeword indicating an ACK of the packet or a NACK of the packet. Thus, two codewords are needed for Tx B.
• the base station 200 If the base station 200 transmits according to Tx C, the base station 200 expects either an ACK or NACK of the packet transmitted on the first communication link 301. If the user device 100 does not detect the packet, it does not transmit a response believing the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx A. If the base station 200 does not receive a response, it will determine that the packet has not been received. If the user device 100 detects the packet on the first communication link 301, it analyzes the packet and decides whether to send a codeword indicating an ACK of the packet or a NACK of the packet. Thus, two codewords are needed for Tx C.
• the same codewords as those for Tx B cannot be used because ambiguity would result from undetected packets in transmission possibilities discussed below, e.g. Tx D.
• the base station 200 transmits according to Tx D, the base station 200 expects an ACK or NACK for the packet transmitted on the first communication 301 and an ACK or NACK for the packet transmitted on the second communication link 302. If the user device 100 detects neither of the packets, it does not transmit a response believing the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx A. If the base station 200 does not receive a response, it will determine that neither of the packets has been received.
• the base station 200 can determine which packet was not detected.
• the base station 200 would be unable to tell which of the packets was not detected. If the user device 100 detects both packets, it analyzes the packets and decides whether to send a codeword indicating an ACK for both packets, an ACK for the first packet and a NACK for the second packet, a NACK for the first packet and an ACK for the second packet, or a NACK for both packets. Thus, four codewords are needed for Tx D.
• the base station 200 If the base station 200 transmits according to Tx E, the base station 200 expects a codeword indicating an ACK for both packets, an ACK for the first packet and a NACK for the second packet, a NACK for the first packet and an ACK for the second packet, or a NACK for both packets. If the user device 100 does not detect the packets, it does not transmit a response believing the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx A. If the base station 200 does not receive a response, it will determine that the packets have not been received.
• the user device 100 If the user device 100 detects the packets, it analyzes the packets and decides whether to send a codeword indicating an ACK for both packets, an ACK for the first packet and a NACK for the second packet, a NACK for the first packet and an ACK for the second packet, or a NACK for both packets.
• a codeword indicating an ACK for both packets an ACK for the first packet and a NACK for the second packet
• a NACK for the first packet and an ACK for the second packet or a NACK for both packets.
• the base station 200 can determine the result based on the packets it transmitted.
• the base station 200 transmits according to Tx F, the base station 200 expects a codeword indicating an ACK or NACK for each of the three packets. If the user device 100 does not detect any of the packets, it does not transmit a response believing the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx A. If the base station 200 does not receive a response, it will determine that none of the packets have been received. If the user device detects the packets on the first communication link 301, but does not detect the packet on the second communication link 302, it will believe that the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx E, analyze the detected packet, and transmit one of the ACK/NACK codewords for Tx E.
• the user device 100 If the user device 100 detects the packet on the second communication link 302, but does not detect the packets on the first communication link 301, it will believe the base station 200 has transmitted according to Tx B, analyze the detected packet, and transmit one of the ACK/NACK codewords for Tx B. If the user device 100 detects the packets on both communication links, it analyzes the packets and decides whether to send a codeword indicating an indicating an ACK or NACK for each of the three packets. Thus, eight (2x2x2) codewords are needed for Tx F.
• Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary codebook containing the codewords. As described above, if the base station 200 does not receive an ACK/NACK response from the user equipment 100, it determines that none of the packets have been received.
• the base station 200 may receive codeword 1 or codeword 2 in response to a transmission according to Tx B, Tx D, or Tx F. If the base station receives codeword 1 or codeword 2 in response to a transmission according to Tx D or Tx F, it will determine that the packets transmitted on the first communication link 301 have not been received. [0059] The base station 200 may receive codeword 3 or codeword 4 in response to a transmission according to Tx C or Tx D. If the base station 200 receives codeword 3 or codeword 4 in response to a transmission according to Tx D, it will determine that the packets transmitted on the second communication link 302 have not been received.
• the base station 200 may receive one of codewords 5, 6, 7, or 8 in response to a transmission according to Tx D, Tx E, or Tx F. If the base station 200 receives one of codewords 5, 6, 7, or 8 in response to a transmission according to Tx D, it will determine that the packet transmitted on the first communication link 301 has been detected and the packet transmitted on the second communication link 302 has been detected. If the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 6, it will determine that the packet on the first communication link 301 has been acknowledged and if the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 7, it will determine that the packet on the second communication link 302 has been acknowledged.
• the base station 200 receives one of codewords 5, 6, 7, or 8 in response to a transmission according to Tx E, it will determined that both packets transmitted on the first communication link 301 have been detected. If the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 6, it will determine that the first packet transmitted on the first communication link 301 has been acknowledged and if the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 7, it will determine that the second packet transmitted on the first communication link 301 has been acknowledged.
• the base station 200 receives one of codewords 5, 6, 7, or 8 in response to a transmission according to Tx F, it will determine that both packets transmitted on the first communication link 301 have been detected and the packet transmitted on the second communication link 302 has not been detected. If the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 6, it will determine that the first packet transmitted on the first communication link 301 has been acknowledged and if the base station receives codeword 5 or codeword 7, it will determine that the second packet transmitted on the first communication link 301 has been acknowledged.
• the base station 200 may receive one of codewords 9-16 in response to a transmission according to Tx F. If the base station 200 receives one of codewords 9-16, it will determine that all transmitted packets have been detected and will determined which packets were acknowledged based on the codeword.
• Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of selecting a codeword which can, for example, be performed by the user equipment 100 of Figure 1.
• the process 400 begins, in block 410, with the detection of a first number of packets on a first communication link. The detection can be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 100, transceiver 160, or antenna 170.
• the first communication link can be, for example, the first communication link 301 of Figure 1 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the detected number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• the packets can be detected, for example, by comparing a received signal power over the first communication link to a predetermined threshold.
• the number of detected packets may depend on an expected number of packets. For example, if the received signal power is greater than a predetermined threshold over a single-packet link, it may be determined that one packet is detected, whereas if the received signal power is greater than a predetermined threshold over a dual-packet link, it may be determined that two packets are detected.
• a second number of packets are detected on a second communication link.
• the detection can be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 100, transceiver 160, or antenna 170.
• the second communication link can be, for example, the second communication link 302 of Figure 2 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the detected number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• the packets can be detected, for example, by comparing a received signal power over the second communication link to a predetermined threshold. The number of detected packets may depend on an expected number of packets.
• the received signal power is greater than a predetermined threshold over a single-packet link, it may be determined that one packet is detected, whereas if the received signal power is greater than a predetermined threshold over a dual-packet link, it may be determined that two packets are detected.
• blocks 410 and 420 are described sequentially, it will be appreciated that they steps described with respect to block 410 and 420 can be performed simultaneously, overlapping in time, or in reverse order.
• ACK acknowledge
• NACK not-acknowledge
• a codeword is selected based on the acknowledgement determinations.
• the selection can be performed, for example, by the processor 110 in conjunction with the memory 120.
• the codebook includes a set of codewords for acknowledging or not-acknowledging each of the first number of packets on the first communication link and each of the second number of packets on the second communication link, wherein the same set of codewords is also used for acknowledging or not-acknowledging each of third number of packets on the first communication link and fourth number of packets on the second communication, the third number being different from the first number, the fourth number being different from the second number, and the sum of the first and second numbers being the same as the sum of the third and the fourth numbers.
• the codebook of Figure 3 includes a set of codewords (codewords 5, 6, 7, and 8) for acknowledging or not-acknowledging one packet on the first communication link and one packet on the second communication link.
• the same set of codewords (codewords 5, 6, 7, and 8) are also for acknowledging or not-acknowledging two packets on the first communication link and zero packets on the second communication link.
• the third number (2) is different from the first number (1)
• the fourth number (0) is different from the second number (1)
• the first number is two
• the second number is one
• the third number is one
• the fourth number is two.
• the selected codeword is transmitted. This can be performed, for example, by at least one of the processor 110, modem 150, transceiver 160, or antenna 170.
• the selected codeword can be transmitted via the first communication link, the second communication link, or over a different communication link.
• the discussion above has focused on communication over an embodiment in which the base station 200 can transmit, via the first communication link 301, up to two packets per cycle, whereas the base station 200 can only transmit up to one packet per cycle via the second communication link 302.
• the base station 200 can transmit up to two packets per cycle via the first communication link 301 and up to two packets per cycle via the second communication link 302.
• Tx G-O these nine possible transmissions are designated Tx G-O.
• Tx I two codewords are required for Tx H
• Tx I two codewords are required for Tx J
• Tx K four codewords are required for Tx K
• eight codewords are required for Tx L
• four codewords are required for Tx M
• eight codewords are required for Tx N
• sixteen codewords are required for Tx O.
• the four codewords for Tx K and the four codewords for Tx M can be the same and the eight codewords for Tx M and the eight codewords for Tx N can be the same and a subset of the sixteen used for the Tx O, only 28 codewords are needed for the codebook.
• the number of bits required to represent all possible codewords is reduced from 6 bits (to represent 48 codewords) to 5 bits (to represent 28 codewords).
• Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary codebook containing the codewords.
• the number of codewords in a codebook can be reduced by reusing the same codewords to indicate different receptions without introducing ambiguity.
• the codewords can be spaced further apart in Euclidian space in order to minimize the probability of improperly detecting the codeword.
• Figure 7 illustrates another method of selecting a codeword which can, for example, be performed by the user equipment 100 of Figure 1.
• the process 700 begins, in block 710, with the detection of a number of packets on each of a number (K) of active communication links.
• the detection can be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 100, transceiver 160, or antenna 170 in the manner describe above with respect to block 410 of Figure 4.
• the number of active communication link (K) is two. However, in other embodiments, there may be two, three, four, or more active communication links.
• each communication link may be a single-packet communication link, a dual-packet communication link, or a link over which more than two packets per cycle can be transmitted.
• each communication link is associated with a maximum number (p ls P2, • • •, P K ) of packets which can be transmitted during each cycle over the communication link.
• the maximum number of packets (P 1 ) is one
• the maximum number of packets (p,) is two.
• the number of detected packets for each communication link is necessarily less than or equal to the maximum number of packets associated with that communication link.
• ACK acknowledge
• NACK not-acknowledge
• a codeword is selected based on the acknowledgement determinations.
• the selection can be performed, for example, by the processor 110 in conjunction with the memory 120.
• codewords equal to 16, which less than -1 .
• the total number of codewords without redundancy for four communication links, in which two of the links are single-packet communication links and two of the packets are dual-packet communication links, is
• the selected codeword is transmitted. This can be performed, for example, by at least one of the processor 110, modem 150, transceiver 160, or antenna 170.
• the selected codeword can be transmitted via one of the active communication links or over a different communication link.
• Figures 4 and 7 discussed above were flowcharts illustrating methods of selecting a codeword which could be performed, for example, by the user equipment 100 of Figure 1.
• Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method of receiving a codeword which could be performed, for example, by the base station 200 of Figure 1.
• the process 800 begins, in block 810, with the transmission of a first number of packets on a first communication link.
• the transmission can be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 210, transceiver 260, or antenna 270.
• the first communication link can be, for example, the first communication link 301 of Figure 1 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the transmitted number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• the process 800 continues, in block 820, with the transmission of a second number of packets on a second communication link.
• the transmission can also be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 210, transceiver 260, or antenna 270.
• the second communication link can be, for example, the second communication link 302 of Figure 1 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the transmitted number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• blocks 810 and 820 are described sequentially, it will be appreciated that the steps described with respect to block 810 and 820 can be performed simultaneously, overlapping in time, or in reverse order. Further, although only two communications links are described in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, it is to be appreciated that the same process can be applied to more than two communication links.
• an acknowledgment codeword is received.
• the reception can be performed, for example, by one or more of the antenna 270, transceiver 260, or processor 210.
• the process 800 continues to block 840 where it is determined which of the packets were acknowledged based on the codeword, the first number of packets, and the second number of packets. Because the codeword used can be indicative of a number of different receptions, the first number of packets and the second number of packets are used to remove any ambiguity.
• knowing the number first number of packets is two and the second number of packets is one allows the base station 200 to determine that the two packets on the first communication link have not been acknowledged, whereas the one packet on the second communication link has been acknowledged.
• the base station 200 in response to the determination, retransmits the undetected or not- acknowledged packets.
• Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating another method of receiving a codeword and determining which of transmitted packets were received, detected, and/or acknowledged based on the received codeword.
• the process 1800 begins, in block 1810, with the transmission of a first number of packets on a first communication link.
• the transmission can be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 210, transceiver 260, or antenna 270.
• the first communication link can be, for example, the first communication link 301 of Figure 1 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the transmitted number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• the process 1800 continues, in block 1820, with the transmission of a second number of packets on a second communication link.
• the transmission can also be performed, for example, by one or more of the processor 210, transceiver 260, or antenna 270.
• the second communication link can be, for example, the second communication link 302 of Figure 1 between the user equipment 100 and the base station 200.
• the transmitted number of packets can be, for example, zero packets, one packet, or multiple packets.
• blocks 1810 and 1820 are described sequentially, it will be appreciated that the steps described with respect to block 1810 and 1820 can be performed simultaneously, overlapping in time, or in reverse order. Further, although only two communications links are described in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 18, it is to be appreciated that the same process can be applied to more than two communication links, such as four communication links or more than four communication links.
• an acknowledgment codeword is received.
• the reception can be performed, for example, by one or more of the antenna 270, transceiver 260, or processor 210.
• Figure 5 illustrates a number of transmission possibilities and the number of codewords required for each transmission possibility. Each of these transmission possibilities can be associated with a sub-codebook containing the listed number of codewords. However, some of the codewords in the different sub-codebooks may be the same.
• a number of sub-codebooks are selected based on the first number of packets and second number of packets. Although described after block 1830, the step described below could be performed before the reception of an acknowledgment codeword.
• the base station 200 transmits according to Tx O, the user equipment 100 can misinterpreted this as Tx M, Tx I, and Tx G.
• the base station would select the sub-codebooks for Tx O, Tx M, Tx I, and Tx G.
• the other transmission possibilities would not be selected and not searched in the following step to save processing time and power.
• the base station 200 transmits according to Tx N
• the base station would select the sub-codebooks for Tx N, Tx M, Tx H, and Tx G.
• the selected sub-codebooks belong to a sub-codebook group, the codewords of which may be selected to maximize the Euclidean distance between the unique codewords of the group.
• HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• HS-DPCCH High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel
• the HS-DPCCH carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of the user.
• multi- carrier transmission only applies to HSDPA physical channels, the carriers belong to the same Node-B and when on the same band are on adjacent carriers, MIMO can be combined with up to two HSDPA carriers in up to two separate frequency bands, the carriers operate in up to two separate frequency bands, and up to four HSDPA carriers can be aggregated.
• a MC-HSDPA UE should be capable of simultaneously communicating over zero, one, two, three, or four carriers.
• the UE can assume the carriers are adjacent. Accordingly, the following configurations are possible when multiple HSDPA are aggregated: (A) one carrier in a single band, (B) two adjacent carriers in a single band, (C) three adjacent carriers in a single band, (D) four adjacent carriers in a single band, (E) one carrier in a first band and one carrier in a second band, (F) two adjacent carriers in a first band and one carrier in a second band, (G) two adjacent carrier in a first band and two adjacent carriers in a second band, or (H) three adjacent carriers in a first band and one carrier in a second band.
• the UE can demodulate and decode MIMO transmissions in up to two carriers.
• a single channelization coding scheme can be used for HS-DPCCH.
• the ACK/NACK/DTX information for two carriers is jointly encoded using one out of ten codewords and is sent in a single time slot. Further, the CQI for the two carriers is jointly encoded.
• a dual channelization coding scheme can be used.
• Various design objectives can be considered for various HS-DPCCH embodiments for MC-HSDPA.
• the same number of information bits for ACK/NACK and CQI are used in each cell.
• single channelization code designs are preferred.
• the channel coding design and spreading and modulation code for HS-DPCCH are reused.
• the design allows for MIMO and four carrier aggregation to occur simultaneously.
• the HS-DPCCH can be designed as shown in Figure 9.
• a joint coding scheme supports ACK/NACK feedback of up to two MIMO streams in each of the two carriers.
• the exemplary codebook of Figure 6 could be used.
• the PCI (precoding control information) and CQI (channel quality indicator) feedback information for each carrier can be time division multiplexed (CQI of Carrier 2 is offset in time with respect to CQI of Carrier 1) by setting the minimum value of the CQI Feedback cycle to 2 TTI (Transmit Time Interval) or 4 ms.
• the following channel coding schemes for HS-DPCCH channel coding of PCI/CQI for MIMO are reused: (20,10) channel coding for Type A reports and (20,7) channel coding for Type B reports.
• the HS-DPCCH can be designed as shown in Figure 10.
• the ACK/NACK, PCI and CQI feedback information for each of the carriers can be sent in parallel on a separate channelization code.
• the following HS-DPCCH channel coding schemes are reused: Release 7 HS-DPCCH channel coding of H-ARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO, Release 7 HS-DPCCH channel coding of PCI/CQI for MIMO, (20,10) channel coding for Type A reports, and (20,7) channel coding for Type B reports.
• ACK/NACK design using a single channelization code when MIMO and DC-HSDPA are configured simultaneously. If one were to blindly list all the possible H-ARQ ACK/NACK hypotheses corresponding to all combinations of MIMO and DC-HSDPA scheduling events, then there are a total of 48 hypotheses, as listed in Figure 6, or 50 including PRE/POST. However, as explained above, this does not mean that 50 distinct codewords need be defined in this case, since we can identify different sets of hypotheses that are mutually exclusive to each other.
• Group A NodeB schedules one transport block on the serving HS-DSCH cell and one transport block on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell
• Group B NodeB schedules one transport block on the serving HS-DSCH cell and two transport blocks on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell
• Group C NodeB schedules two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell and one transport block on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell
• Group D NodeB schedules two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell and two transport blocks on the secondary serving HS- DSCH cell
• the NodeB schedules two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell and one transport block on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell.
• This case corresponds to the DC-HSDPA Release 8 scenario when MIMO is not configured in either carrier.
• Including PRE/POST there are ten possible combination H-ARQ responses from the UE whenever such an event happens at the NodeB. The hypotheses allow for the possibility that the UE missed decoding HS-SCCH on either of the carriers.
• the ten codewords that have already been specified in Release 8 for DC-HSDPA are used whenever this combination of scheduling happens at the NodeB.
• the NodeB schedules one transport block on the serving HS-DSCH cell and two transport blocks on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell.
• this combination of scheduling happens at the NodeB, including PRE/POST there are sixteen possible H-ARQ responses from the UE.
• sixteen codewords would need to be defined in this case. Potentially eight of these codewords can be reused from already specified code books or codewords belonging to the other three groups.
• PRE and POST codewords may be the same as those specified for Group A.
• the codewords corresponding to ACK/NACK can be the same as those specified for Group A.
• the four possible combinations of ACK/NACK codewords can be the same as what is specified in Release 7 for MIMO. This will allow for reuse of single carrier MIMO decoders when only MIMO transmissions are scheduled in the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell and nothing is scheduled on the serving HS-DSCH cell.
• the remaining eight codewords corresponding to combinations of ACK/NACK on one transport block from the serving HS-DSCH cell and two transport blocks from the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell can be determined.
• searching for the eight new codewords one may relax or compromise the desirability to reuse the four legacy MIMO Release 7 codewords in case the minimum distance of the overall code is can be further reduced.
• the NodeB schedules two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell and one transport block on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell. Whenever this combination of scheduling happens at the NodeB, sixteen possible H- ARQ responses can be expected from the UE. Hence sixteen new codewords would need to be defined in this case.
• the sixteen codewords defined for Group B are partially reused.
• the PRE and POST code can be the same as those specified for Group A.
• the two codewords corresponding to ACK/NACK on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell can be the same as those specified for Group A.
• the four codewords corresponding to the case when the UE detects only two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell can be the same as in Group D, but different than the four codewords used when the UE detects two blocks on the secondary serving HS- DSCH.
• the NodeB schedules two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell and two transport blocks on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell. Whenever this combination of scheduling happens at the NodeB, 26 possible H-ARQ responses can be expected from the UE.
• Ten of the codewords can be those specified in other groups.
• the PRE and POST codewords are common to all other groups (A,B, and C).
• four of these codewords belong to Group C. These are the ACK/NACK combinations when UE only detects two transport blocks on the serving HS-DSCH cell.
• four of these codewords belong to Group B. These are the ACK/NACK combinations when UE only detects two transport blocks on the secondary serving HS-DSCH cell.
• sixteen additional codewords can be specified to define a (10,5) code.
• a dual channelization code is used for H-ARQ ACK/NACK.
• HS-DPCCH design for the case for four carriers when MIMO is not configured in any carrier is described below. Design options for the case when three or four carriers are aggregated and MIMO is not configured in any carrier are discussed. Both single and dual channelization code designs are discussed for the ACK/NACK and CQI channels. [0109] In the case of a single channelization code, the HS-DPCCH for three and four carriers (with MIMO not configured in any carrier) can be designed as shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively.
• a new joint coding scheme can be designed to support ACK/NACK feedback for the three or four simultaneous transmissions on the downlink. Due to the fact that there is a finite probability that the UE can miss HS- SCCH on any of the carriers, the number of possible H-ARQ ACK/NACK responses from the UE increases significantly. Including PRE/POST, there are 28 possible H- ARQ ACK/NACK responses on the HS-DPCCH for the three carrier case. In other
• Including the PRE and POST keywords yields 28 possible responses.
• P 1 I
• p 2 l
• p 3 l
• p 4 l
• (l+2)(l+2)(l+2)(l+2)-l 80.
• Including the PRE and POST keywords yields 82 possible responses.
• new codebooks of size 28 ((10, 5) code) and 82 ((10, 7)) can be defined for the three carrier and four carrier cases, respectively.
• the (10, 5) code could be the same one as designed for Group D for the DC-HSDP A+MIMO case described above.
• the CQI feedback information for each carrier can be time division multiplexed (CQI of Carrier 2 is offset in time with respect to CQI of Carrier 1) by setting the minimum value of the CQI Feedback cycle to 2 TTI or 4 ms.
• channel coding schemes from previous releases are reused.
• DC-HSDPA Release 8 joint (20,10) channel coding of CQI information could be used for Carriers 1 and 2 and Release 5 (20,5) channel coding of CQI information could be used for Carrier 3.
• DC-HSDPA Release 8 joint (20,10) channel coding of CQI information could be used for Carriers 1 and 2 and for Carriers 3 and 4.
• dual channelization codes are used.
• Figure 13 illustrates a possible design when three carriers are aggregated and
• Figure 14 illustrates a possible design when four carriers are aggregated.
• the ACK/NACK and CQI feedback information for up to two carriers are sent on a single channelization code and two such codes are transmitted in parallel to carry the feedback information for up to four carriers.
• HS-DPCCH channel coding schemes already specified in previous releases are reused.
• Channelization Code 1 could include the DC-HSDPA Release 8 H-ARQ ACK/NACK channel coding for Carriers 1 and 2 and the DC-HSDPA Release 8 joint (20,10) channel coding of CQI information for Carriers 1 and 2
• Channelization Code 2 could include the Release 5 H-ARQ ACK/NACK channel coding for Carrier 3 and the Release 5 (20,5) channel coding of CQI information for Carrier 3.
• Channelization Code 1 could include DC-HSDPA Release 8 H-ARQ ACK/NACK channel coding for Carriers 1 and 2 and DC-HSDPA Release 8 joint (20,10) channel coding of CQI information for Carriers 1 and 2, whereas Channelization Code 2 includes the DC-HSDPA Release 8 H-ARQ ACK/NACK channel coding for Carriers 3 and 4 and DC-HSDPA Release 8 joint (20,10) channel coding of CQI information for Carriers 3 and 4.
• H-ARQ responses there are 440 possible H-ARQ responses, or 442 including PRE/POST. By exploiting redundancy, this number can be reduced by at least twenty percent without any loss of ambiguity.
• Figure 15 illustrates a dual channelization code based design for HS- DPCCH for the case when four carriers are aggregated and MIMO is configured in only two carriers.
• the ACK/NACK feedback information for two carriers are sent on a single channelization code and two such channelization codes are transmitted in parallel to carry the feedback information for four carriers.
• the CQI information for the MIMO streams on Carrier 1 and Carrier 2 are sent in a TDM fashion on the first channelization code while the CQI information for Carriers 3 and 4 are jointly encoded on the second channelization code.
• a design framework for HS-DPCCH for MC-HSDPA was presented above using the embodiments disclosed above for reducing the number of codewords used in H-ARQ.
• a single channelization code design including joint coding of ACK/NACK information across multiple carriers and/or MIMO streams. This could allow reuse of existing CQI design as long as the minimum value of CQI Feedback cycle is set greater than one TTI (2 ms).
• the process 1700 begins in block 1710 with the transmission, using a single channelization code, of a first acknowledgement signal regarding packets received on a first carrier and a second carrier.
• the transmission can be performed, for example, by the user equipment 100 of Figure 1, and in particular, by at least one of the processor 110, modem 150, transceiver 160, or antenna 170 of the user equipment.
• the process continues, sequentially, to block 1720, 1730, and 1740 with the transmission, using the channelization code, of a channel information signal regarding the first carrier, a second acknowledgment signal regarding additional packets received on the first and second carrier, and a second channel information signal regarding the second carrier.
• the timing diagram of Figure 9 falls into the above-described transmission scheme as it begins with a ACK/NACK signal regarding Carriers 1 and 2, followed by CQI of Carrier 1, ACK/NACK of Carriers 1 and 2, and CQI of Carrier 2.
• the timing diagram of Figures 11 and 12 also fall into the above-described transmission scheme, where the first carrier is Carrier 1 and the second carrier is Carrier 3.
• signal and threshold can depend upon the signal modulation technique. If pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is used then the voltage amplitude or power of the signal represents its value. In that case the threshold is simply a power value. If phase shift keying is used, then the phase of the signal, which can translate to the sign of the received signal voltage can represent the signal value. In this case if the signal is integrated over multiple symbols, then the sign and amplitude of the received signal together indicate the signal value.
• PAM pulse amplitude modulation
• phase shift keying is used, then the phase of the signal, which can translate to the sign of the received signal voltage can represent the signal value. In this case if the signal is integrated over multiple symbols, then the sign and amplitude of the received signal together indicate the signal value.
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• a general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• a software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
• a storage medium may be coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
• the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC.
• the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
• Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.
• such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer- readable media.

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