WO2010074272A1 - ヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法及びpet用トレーサーの製造方法 - Google Patents
ヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法及びpet用トレーサーの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010074272A1 WO2010074272A1 PCT/JP2009/071694 JP2009071694W WO2010074272A1 WO 2010074272 A1 WO2010074272 A1 WO 2010074272A1 JP 2009071694 W JP2009071694 W JP 2009071694W WO 2010074272 A1 WO2010074272 A1 WO 2010074272A1
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- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/127—Preparation from compounds containing pyridine rings
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- C07D217/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems
- C07D217/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines
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- C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D237/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings
- C07D237/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D237/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D237/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
- C07D333/08—Hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for rapid methylation of heteroaromatic aryl, wherein methyl iodide and heteroaromatic aryl trialkylstannane are cross-coupled in a short time to perform methylation of heteroaromatic aryl, and
- the present invention relates to a kit for preparing a PET tracer using the same.
- the present invention can be suitably used as a method for producing a tracer used for positron emission tomography (hereinafter referred to as “PET”).
- a labeled compound labeled with a short-lived radionuclide that emits positron is administered into a living body, and gamma rays generated by this labeled compound (hereinafter referred to as “tracer”) are detected from a PET camera (gamma ray scintillator and photomultiplier tube).
- a PET camera gamma ray scintillator and photomultiplier tube.
- a tracer labeled with a short-lived radionuclide such as 11 C or 18 F is used.
- the tracer labeled with 11 C has many advantages as described below. (1) Since the carbon atom which exists in all the organic compounds is utilized, the applicable range is very wide. (2) Compounds such as 11 CH 3 I, 11 CO, and 11 CO 2 that are precursors for synthesizing 11 C-labeled tracers have well-established preparation methods. It can be obtained stably. (3) 11 C-containing tracer has a short half-life (20.3 minutes) makes it possible to perform the implementation of trial experiments and clinical trials for many basic research day, radiolabel occurs after synthesis reaction There is no need to pay special attention to the treatment of the by-products.
- the tracer labeled with 11 C is the most ideal tracer in the PET method.
- the half-life of 11 C is as short as 20 minutes, it is necessary to carry out the reaction within about 40 minutes from the start of the reaction until the product is purified and administered. Therefore, the tracer synthesis reaction must be completed in about 5 to 10 minutes.
- a method for performing such a high-speed reaction in a high yield has not yet been established, and this has been a problem when a tracer labeled with 11 C is used in the PET method.
- the compound after methylation shows a physiological activity that is completely different from the compound before methylation, and thus is not suitable as a means for searching for drug discovery candidate compounds.
- a tracer in which 11 C methyl is bonded to carbon of the carbon skeleton has the following advantages. That is, (1) since the methyl group is sterically minimal and a nonpolar functional group, the influence on the physiological activity of the parent compound is minimal even after introduction. That is, it has a high degree of freedom for molecular design and is suitable for screening for drug discovery candidate compounds. (2) The C-methylated product is more stable to metabolic processes than the O-methylated product and N-methylated product, so the obtained image has high credibility and appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It can be performed.
- Non-patent Document 1 a high-speed methylation method in which methyl iodide and an organotin compound are subjected to a Stille-type coupling reaction, and are attracting attention.
- This method enables SP 2 -SP 3 carbon cross coupling, which has been considered difficult in the Stille type coupling reaction.
- methyl iodide, excess tributylphenylstannane, tri-o-tolylphosphine and unsaturated palladium are reacted in the presence of copper salt and potassium carbonate in DMF solvent at 60 ° C. for 5 minutes, methylation Proceeds with a yield of 90% or more.
- This method is actually applied to a prostaglandin derivative tracer, and its usefulness has already been proved, such as successful imaging of prostaglandin receptors in the human brain.
- Patent Document 1 The inventors have also developed a method for high-speed cross coupling of methyl iodide and a large excess of alkenylstannane or alkynylstannane (Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). Furthermore, it has succeeded in achieving a fast methylation reaction using an organoboron compound (Patent Document 2).
- Stille type coupling reaction related to the present invention includes the following reports (Non-Patent Documents 8 to 15).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is an object to be solved to provide a method capable of performing methylation at high speed and high yield on heteroaromatic aryls. .
- Patent Document 1 a method for high-speed cross-coupling of methyl iodide and a large excess of alkenyltrialkylstannane. This was applied to Nan, and fast methylation of heteroaromatic aryl was attempted. However, satisfactory results could not be obtained for methylation to a heteroaromatic aryl group even under conditions where the reaction proceeds at a high speed and with a high yield in the methylation to an alkenyl group. As a result of further intensive studies, it has been found that methylation can be carried out at high speed and in high yield by using aprotic lactam as a reaction solvent, and the present invention has been completed.
- the method for rapid methylation of heteroaromatic aryl of the present invention comprises methyl iodide, heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannane, a palladium complex, a phosphine ligand, a halogen in an aprotic lactam.
- Cross-coupling is carried out in the presence of cuprous oxide and carbonate and / or alkali metal fluoride.
- a sterically bulky phosphine ligand is unsaturatedly coordinated to a zerovalent palladium complex to create an active reaction field. Further, the palladium complex coordinated with the phosphine ligand reacts with methyl iodide to form a divalent palladium complex in which the phosphine ligand is coordinated with CH 3 PdI.
- the palladium complex is preferably zero-valent in an electron-rich state.
- a method of performing a reaction using a zero-valent palladium complex is advantageous, but a method of reducing in a reaction system using a divalent palladium complex to make it into a zero-valent state or directly using a divalent palladium complex.
- a method of starting a reaction using a palladium complex (in this case, a divalent palladium complex is said to be a tetravalent palladium complex) may be used.
- the heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannane undergoes a metal exchange reaction with cuprous halide and becomes a heteroaromatic arylcopper compound rich in nucleophilicity.
- the trialkylstannyl halide produced as a by-product at this time reacts with carbonate or alkali metal fluoride to neutralize or precipitate (in the case of carbonate, it becomes trialkylstannyl carbonate, In the case of precipitation as trialkylstannyl fluoride), it is excluded from the reaction system.
- Such a synergistic effect of Cu / carbonate and Cu / alkali metal fluoride promotes the metal exchange reaction from Sn to Cu.
- the solvent plays an extremely important role. That is, the inventors have 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one (DMI), dimethylformamide (DMF), N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric Although the reaction was carried out in various solvents such as triamide (HMPA), THF, toluene, etc., the yields were all low. On the other hand, when aprotic lactam was used as a solvent, the yield was dramatically increased and the reaction proceeded in a short time.
- an aprotic lactam refers to a cyclic amide (that is, a lactam) that does not have hydrogen directly bonded to nitrogen.
- the reason why the yield is remarkably increased when such aprotic lactam is used as a solvent is not clear, but the following two reasons can be considered. 1) The aprotic lactam lone pair is coordinated to the vacant orbit of the palladium atom of the palladium complex generated during the reaction to reduce their instability and minimize side reactions such as decomposition. .
- the heteroaromatic aryl has a basic nitrogen atom such as pyridine and pyridine derivatives
- the lone pair on the basic nitrogen atom is liganded to palladium or copper element to react with the tin substrate
- this coordination and the coordination of lactam, which has strong coordinating power, to metal compete with each other, and a tin substrate with sufficient reactivity is regenerated.
- methylation can be performed on heteroaromatic aryls at high speed and in high yield.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group moiety of the heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannane is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 6.
- the alkyl group may be linear or branched.
- the heteroaromatic aryl group and the alkyl group may each have a substituent.
- N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidinone is preferred.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone which is a kind of N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidinone
- the alkyl group of N-alkyl-2-pyrrolidinone preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the carbonate used as a scavenger in the present invention can be an alkali carbonate such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, etc., but potassium carbonate is particularly preferred.
- an alkali carbonate such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, etc.
- potassium carbonate is particularly preferred.
- sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, and cesium fluoride can be used as the alkali metal fluoride used in the present invention, and cesium fluoride is particularly preferable. Since cesium ions have a large ionic radius, the solubility and nucleophilicity of fluorine ions are increased, and trialkylstannyl fluoride is generated more rapidly. For this reason, as a result of the metal exchange reaction from Sn to Cu being promoted, the overall reaction is further promoted.
- the phosphine ligand is preferably bulky. Tri-o-tolylphosphine can be used as such a phosphine ligand. The inventors have confirmed that methylalkene can be obtained quickly and with high yield by using this phosphine ligand. The reason for this is considered that the bulk of tri-o-tolylphosphine forms a highly active reaction field. In addition, tri-o-tolylphosphine has an advantage that it is a crystalline compound that is stable in air and easy to handle. Other bulky phosphine ligands include, for example, (di-tert-butyl) methylphosphine.
- cuprous halide added in the method for rapid methylation of heteroaromatic aryl of the present invention either cuprous bromide or cuprous chloride can be used.
- Metal exchange between these cuprous halides and heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannanes becomes heteroaromatic arylcopper compounds rich in nucleophilicity, and a high reaction promoting effect is obtained.
- methyl iodide labeled with any of 12 C, 13 C, 14 C and CD 3 can be used as well as 11 C.
- the synthesis of methylpalladium complex and Sn / Cu metal exchange reaction are performed in separate reaction vessels, and then the respective reaction liquids are mixed.
- a synthesis method can also be employed.
- a palladium complex preparation step of preparing a CH 3 PdI complex solution by reacting methyl iodide, a palladium complex, and a phosphine ligand in an aprotic lactam, a heteroaromatic ring-type aryltrialkylstannane A heteroaromatic aryl copper preparation step in which a heteroaromatic aryl copper solution is prepared by reacting in aprotic lactam in the presence of cuprous halide and carbonate and / or alkali metal fluoride
- cuprous halide becomes a catalyst poison.
- the phosphine ligand is preferably at least 4 times the molar ratio to the palladium complex, and more preferably 8 to 32 times. According to the test results of the inventors, the phosphine ligand can be obtained in a high yield when the molar ratio is 4 times or more (especially 8 to 32 times) with respect to the palladium complex. The reason for this is that, similarly to the action of lactam, which has a strong coordinating power, the coordination of phosphine ligands to palladium and copper elements enables the regeneration of tin substrates from metal / tin substrate complexes once coordinated with nitrogen atoms. It is considered to be working.
- a kit in which reagents used in the high-speed methylation method for heteroaromatic aryl of the present invention are mixed in advance is prepared, an aprotic lactam is added thereto, and methyl iodide is further introduced by introducing methyl iodide.
- Heteroaromatic aryls can also be synthesized. That is, a PET tracer preparation kit comprising a mixture of a palladium complex, a phosphine ligand, a heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannane, a cuprous halide, and a carbonate and / or an alkali metal fluoride. .
- a PET tracer can be synthesized very simply by adding aprotic lactam and further introducing methyl iodide. It is also preferable to provide a column for separating methyl alkene from the reaction solution. In this case, it is not necessary to prepare a separate separation column, and a kit for preparing a PET tracer that is more convenient can be obtained.
- a first mixture in which a palladium complex and a phosphine ligand were mixed, a heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannane, a cuprous halide, and a carbonate and / or an alkali metal fluoride were mixed. It is also preferable to divide it into the second mixture. If it is like this, after performing a synthesis
- reaction mechanism of the method for rapid methylation of heteroaromatic aryls according to the present invention is presumed as follows (hereinafter, description will be given by taking pyridine methylation as an example).
- a sterically bulky phosphine ligand (o-tolylphosphine in the above formula (Chemical Formula 1)) is first unsaturatedly coordinated to a zerovalent palladium complex to create an active reaction field.
- the palladium complex coordinated with this phosphine ligand reacts with methyl iodide to form a divalent palladium complex in which the phosphine ligand is coordinated with CH 3 PdI.
- the heteroaromatic aryl (pyridyl group in the above formula (Chemical Formula 1)) trialkylstannane is a cuprous halide (the above Formula (Chemical Formula 1) cuprous chloride as shown in the above Formula (2). )
- a heteroaromatic aryl having a high nucleophilicity (pyridine in the above formula (Chemical Formula 1)) copper compound is a cuprous halide (the above Formula (Chemical Formula 1) cuprous chloride as shown in the above Formula (2).
- the trialkylstannyl chloride produced as a by-product at this time reacts with carbonate or alkali metal fluoride to neutralize or precipitate (in the case of carbonate, it becomes trialkylstannyl carbonate, and the alkali metal fluoride In the case of precipitation as trialkylstannyl fluoride), it is excluded from the reaction system.
- carbonate or alkali metal fluoride to neutralize or precipitate
- the alkali metal fluoride In the case of precipitation as trialkylstannyl fluoride
- Such a synergistic effect of Cu / carbonate and Cu / alkali metal fluoride promotes the metal exchange reaction from Sn to Cu.
- Pd 2 (dba) 3 represents tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium) and P (o-tolyl) 3 represents (tri-o-tolylphosphine).
- heteroaromatic aryltributylstannanes 1a to 1i shown in Table 1 were selected as substrates for rapid methylation, and the molar ratio of methyl iodide to tin substrate (large excess use) was 1:40. Methylation was attempted by the following method of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. The large excess of heteroaromatic aryl tributylstannane was obtained by synthesizing a small amount of 11 C-labeled CH 3 I synthesized with synchrotron when synthesizing an actual PET tracer. It was set with the reaction with tributylstannane in mind. 1): It was confirmed by GLC analysis that it was a single product by comparison with a standard product.
- NMP 0.5 mL
- CH 3 I 12.5 ⁇ mol / 0.80M in 10 ⁇ mol
- n-nonane 50 ⁇ mol of 50 ⁇ L / 0.10 M NMP solution
- a DMF (0.5 mL) solution of heteroaromatic aryltrialkylstannanes 1a to 1i (400 ⁇ mol) and a DMF solution of CH 3 I (12.5 ⁇ mol / 0.80 M in 10 ⁇ mol) were added in that order at 60 ° C for 5 minutes. Stir. After the reaction, the mixture was quickly cooled in an ice bath, and diethyl ether (1 mL) was added. The mixture was placed on a short column of silica gel (0.5 g) and eluted with diethyl ether (1 mL). Subsequently, n-nonane (50 ⁇ mol of 50 ⁇ L / 0.10 M DMF solution) was added as an internal standard, and GLC analysis was performed.
- n-nonane 50 ⁇ mol of 50 ⁇ L / 0.10 M DMF solution
- Comparative Example 2 in which the amount of P (o-tolyl) 3 added to Comparative Example 1 is 8 times as large as that of the Comparative Example 1 has an effect of improving the yield, but is not yet sufficient. .
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
- DMF dimethylformamide
- DMA N-dimethylacetamide
- HMPA hexamethylphosphoric triamide
- Example 3 In Example 3, using CuCl instead of CuBr used in Example 2, using K 2 CO 3 instead of CsF. Other reaction conditions are the same as in Example 2, and a description thereof is omitted. As a result, 2-methylpyridine 2d was obtained with a yield of 66%, and it was found that it could be used as a rapid methylation technique. Further, it was found that the combination of CuBr—CsF is more preferable than the combination of CuCl—K 2 CO 3 as the combination of the copper halide salt and the salt as a scavenger.
- Examples 4-7 are examples of applying the 11 C-labeled methylation was 11 C methyl iodide as a raw material.
- two reaction vessels were prepared, a palladium complex preparation step was performed in the first reaction vessel, a heteroaromatic aryl copper preparation step was conducted in the second reaction vessel, and the CH 3 thus obtained was obtained.
- Example 7 is an Example about the high-speed methylation method of the hetero aromatic ring type aryl which employ
- NMP solution 60 mL of tin precursor (3-pyridinyl) tributylstannane (3.0 mg, 8.1 ⁇ mol), CuBr (0.78 mg, 5.4 ⁇ mol) and CsF (2.1 mg, 14 ⁇ mol) was added to the reaction vessel.
- tin precursor 3-pyridinyl) tributylstannane
- CuBr 0.78 mg, 5.4 ⁇ mol
- CsF 2.1 mg, 14 ⁇ mol
- HPLC analysis yield 91.4%.
- tin precursor (3-pyridinyl) tributylstannane (3.0 mg, 8.1 ⁇ mol), CuCl (0.54 mg, 5.4 ⁇ mol) and K 2 CO 3 (1.9 mg, 14 ⁇ mol) in NMP solution (60 mL) were added.
- NMP solution 60 mL
- [ 11 C] methyl iodide was blown into the reaction vessel (A) at a gas flow rate of 60-80 mL / min, and then allowed to stand for 1 minute.
- the resulting solution was transferred to the reaction vessel (B).
- the mixed solution in the reaction vessel (B) was heated at 60 ° C.
- HPLC analysis yield 91.3%.
- the results of HPLC analysis yield of this reaction are shown in Table 3. This reaction proceeded even at 100 ° C., and the desired [ 11 C] 3-picoline was obtained with an HPLC analysis yield of 95.2%.
- Example 7 In a 1.0 ml reaction vessel, tributyl (2-pyridyl) stannane (1d) (4.5 ⁇ mol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (1.8 mg, 1.97 ⁇ mol), P (o-tolyl ) 3 (19.2 mg, 63.2 ⁇ mol), CuBr (20 ⁇ mol), and CsF (2.100 ⁇ mol) in NMP (0.4 ml) are prepared and placed at room temperature. Subsequently, 11 C-labeled methyl iodide is captured at room temperature and placed in this solution for 1 minute.
- 11 C is produced by a nuclear reaction of 14 N (p, ⁇ ) 11 C using CYPRIS HM-12S Cyclotron manufactured by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. Then, using 11 C methyl iodide automatic synthesizer, 11 CO 2 gas is used as a starting material by converting CO 2 ⁇ CH 3 OH ⁇ CH 3 I in this order. The obtained mixed solution is heated at 65 ° C. for 5 minutes, and then the reaction solution is filtered with a cotton plug using an NMP: H 2 O (1: 5) solution (300 ⁇ l) (or filtered with an SPE solid phase column). Good). The filtrate is subjected to HPLC, and the target methylated product labeled with 11 C is concentrated with an evaporator and used as a prescribed clinical administration solution.
- GC-2010 and GC-17A with Shimadzu FID detector were used for analytical gas chromatography (GC).
- CP-Volamine 60 m ⁇ 0.32 mm id
- 11 C was produced by a nuclear reaction of 14 N (p, ⁇ ) 11 C using CYPRIS HM-12S Cyclotron manufactured by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.
- a series of operations including heating, dilution, injection into a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) apparatus, fractionation, concentration, and sterilization of the reaction solution were performed by an independently developed automatic synthesizer.
- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
- Shimadzu Multi-UV detector SPD-20AC, column oven CTO-20-AC, liquid pump LC-20AB, system controller CBM-20A, and autosampler SIL-20A were used.
- the released radioactivity was measured using a RLC-700 radiation measuring apparatus manufactured by Aloka. All experimental procedures were performed under a stream of argon according to standard Schlenk techniques. Each reaction solvent and solution was added to the reaction solution by argon pressure using a gas tight syringe or a stainless steel cannula.
- the high-speed methylation method of heteroaromatic aryl of the present invention enables labeling with 11 C methyl group into a neutral or basic heteroaromatic skeleton, which has been difficult in the past.
- Many physiologically active substances having heteroaromatic rings such as inhibitors that control intracellular signal transduction signals, are suitable for molecular imaging studies of whole living organisms including humans, such as pharmaceutical development. Provides a very effective means.
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Abstract
Description
(1)全ての有機化合物中に存在している炭素原子を利用しているため、適用範囲が極めて広い。
(2)11Cで標識されたトレーサーを合成するための前駆体となる11CH3I、11CO、11CO2といった化合物は、調製法が充分に確立されており、精製された前駆体を安定的に入手することができる。
(3)11C含有トレーサーは半減期が短い(20.3分)ため、一日に多くの基礎的研究のための試行実験や臨床試験の実施を行うことができ、合成反応後に生じる放射標識化された副生成物の処理等に関しても特別な注意を払う必要がない。
このため、11Cで標識されたトレーサーは、PET法における最も理想的なトレーサーであるということができる。しかし、11Cの半減期は20分と極めて短いため、反応開始から、生成物の精製、及び投与までおよそ40分以内に行う必要がある。このため、トレーサーの合成反応は5~10分程度の間に完了しなくてはならない。このような高速反応を高収率で行うための方法は未だ確立されておらず、このことが11Cで標識されたトレーサーをPET法で使用する場合の問題点となっていた。
O,S,N等のヘテロ原子に11Cで標識したメチル基を結合させたトレーサーは、体内における代謝ですみやかに他の化合物に変化することが多い。このため、臨床に用いた場合に、トレーサーが標的臓器に到達するまでに変化して、正確に診断、治療ができないという欠点がある。また、メチル化後の化合物は、メチル化前の化合物と全く異なる生理活性を示すため、創薬候補化合物の探索手段として適していない。
これに対して、炭素骨格の炭素に11Cメチルを結合させたトレーサーは次のような利点がある。すなわち、(1)メチル基は立体的に最小でありかつ無極性の官能基であるため、導入後も親化合物の生理活性に与える影響は最小限である。すなわち、分子設計に対する自由度が高く、創薬候補化合物のスクリーニングに適している。(2)C-メチル化体はO-メチル化体やN-メチル化体よりも代謝過程に対して高い安定性を示すため、得られる画像の信憑性が高く、疾患の適切な診断、治療を行うことができる。
2):内部標準物質としてn-ノナン、n-ヘプタンを用いてCH3Iの消費量に基づ
くGLC分析(2回もくしは3回の平均値)によって決定した。
3):CH3I/スタンナン/Pd2(dba)3/P(o-tolyl)3/CuCl/K2CO3(1:40:0.5:2:2:2)、DMF中、80℃、3分間加熱(非特許文献12におけるLaruelleらの方法)
4):CH3I/スタンナン/Pd2(dba)3/P(o-tolyl)3/(1:40:0.5:2)、DMF中、120℃
5分間加熱(非特許文献11の佐治らの方法)
5):100℃で反応を行なった。
実施例1の方法では、次のようにしてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1iのメチル化を行なった(これらを実施例1a~実施例1iとする)。各試薬の仕込みモル比を以下のとおりとした。
CH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuBr:CsF=(1:40:0.5:16:2:5)
すなわち、アルゴン雰囲気下、10 mLのシュレンク管にPd2(dba)34.6 mg,5.0μmol)、P(o-tolyl)3(48.8mg,160μmol)、CuBr(20 μmol)、CsF(50 μmol)をはかりとり、NMP(0.5mL)を加え、室温で5分間撹拌した。続いてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1i(400μmol)のNMP(0.5mL)溶液、CH3I(12.5 μmol/0.80Mを10μmol)のNMP溶液を順次加え、60°Cで5分間撹拌した。反応後、素早く氷浴にて冷却し、ジエチルエーテル(1mL)を加えた。混合物をシリカゲル(0.5g)のショートカラムにのせ、ジエチルエーテル(1mL)で溶出した。つづいて、内部標準としてn-ノナン(50μL/0.10M NMP溶液を50μmol)を加え、GLC分析を行った。
比較例1の方法では、次のようにしてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1iのメチル化を行なった(これらを比較例1a~比較例1iとする)。各試薬の仕込みモル比は以下のとおりとした。
CH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuCl:K2CO3=1:40:0.5:16:2:5
具体的な手順は次の通りである。
すなわち、アルゴン雰囲気下、10 mLのシュレンク管にPd2(dba)3(4.6mg,5.0μmol)、P(o-tolyl)3(6.1mg, 20μmol)、CuCl (2.9 mg, 20 μmol)、K2CO3 (7.0mg,50μmol)をはかりとりDMF(0.5mL)を加え、室温で5分間撹拌した。続いてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1i(400μmol)のDMF (0.5 mL)溶液、CH3I (12.5 μmol/0.80 Mを10μmol)のDMF溶液を順次加え、60°Cで5分間撹拌した。反応後、素早く氷浴にて冷却し、ジエチルエーテル(1mL)を加えた。混合物をシリカゲル(0.5g)のショートカラムにのせ、ジエチルエーテル(1mL)で溶出した。つづいて、内部標準としてn-ノナン(50 μL/0.10M DMF溶液を50μmol)を加え、GLC分析を行った。
CH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuCl:K2CO3=1:40:0.5:2:2:2とし、DMF中80℃、3分間加熱した(非特許文献12におけるLaruelleらの方法)。
また、表中の4)ではCH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:(1:40:0.5:2)DMF中、120℃で5分間加熱した(非特許文献11における佐治らの段階的操作法)。
比較例2の方法では、比較例1におけるP(o-tolyl)3の添加量を8倍と大過剰にしてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1iのメチル化を行なった(これらを比較例2a~比較例2iとする)。
各試薬の仕込みモル比は以下のとおりである。
CH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuCl:K2CO3=1:40:0.5:16:2:5
比較例3の方法では、比較例2におけるCuCl/K2CO3の組み合わせをCuBr/CsFに替えてヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナン1a~1iのメチル化を行なった(これらを比較例3a~比較例3iとする)。
各試薬の仕込みモル比は以下のとおりである。
CH3I:スタンナン:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuBr:CsF=1:40:0.5:16:2:5
上記比較例1の方法では、嵩高いリガンドであるP(o-tolyl)3を用いており、へテロ元素を有していない芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナンや、アルケニルトリアルキルスタンナンに対しては、極めて高い収率でメチル化されることが確認されている方法である(例えば特許文献1、非特許文献1参照)。また、比較例2及び比較例3の方法は、比較例1の方法をさらに改良した方法であり、芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナンや、アルケニルトリアルキルスタンナンに対しては、さらに高い収率が期待できる方法である(特許文献1参照)。
溶媒による反応性の違いを調べるために、トリブチル(2-ピリジル)スタンナン(1d)のメチル化反応(化2参照)を各種の溶媒で行なった。すなわち、実施例2ではN-メチル-2-ピロリジノン(NMP)、比較例5ではジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、比較例6ではN,N-ジメチルアセタミド(DMA)、比較例7では1,3-ジメチルイミダゾリジン-2-オン(DMI)、比較例8ではトルエン、比較例9ではテトラヒドロフラン(THF)、比較例10ではジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、比較例11ではヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド(HMPA)を用いた。なお、試薬の仕込み比は以下のとおりとし、具体的な実験操作の手順は実施例1と同様に行なった。
CH3I: 1d:Pd2(dba)3:P(o-tolyl)3:CuBr:CsF=(1:40:0.5:16:2:5)
トリスジベンジリデンアセトンジパラジウム(2.5 mg,2.7μmol)および、トリ-O-トリルホスフィン(13 mg,44μmol)のNMP溶液(0.27mL)を反応容器(A)に準備し、室温に設置した。反応容器(A)中の溶液は、[11C]ヨウ化メチルを吹き込む10-20分前に設置した。
一方、スズ前駆体である、(3-ピリジニル)トリブチルスタナン (3.0 mg, 8.1 μmol)、 CuBr(0.78mg, 5.4μmol)およびCsF(2.1mg,14μmol)のNMP溶液(60 mL)を反応容器(B)に準備し、室温に設置した。続いて反応容器(A)に[11C]ヨウ化メチルを60-80 mL/minのガス流量で吹き込み、その後1分間静置した。得られた溶液を反応容器(B)に移送した。反応容器(B)中の混合溶液を60°Cで5分間加熱し、得られた反応溶液を2mLのアセトニトリルで希釈した後、綿栓を用いてろ過した。ろ液をHPLCに供し、標識化合物のHPLC分析収率を算出した。HPLC分析収率:91.4%。
HPLC分析条件は、以下の通りである。
カラム:ナカライ,COSMOSIL,C18-MS-II,4.6mmI.D.-150mm,5mm
移動相:CH3CN:H2O=25:75、流速:1mL/min、検出波長:254nm
保持時間:4.6min。
本反応のHPLC分析収率の結果を表3に示した。
トリスジベンジリデンアセトンジパラジウム(2.5mg, 2.7μmol)および、トリ-O-トリルホスフィン(13mg,44μmol)のNMP溶液(0.27mL)を反応容器(A)に準備し、室温に設置した。反応容器(A)中の溶液は、[11C]ヨウ化メチルを吹き込む10-20分前に設置した。
一方、スズ前駆体である、(3-ピリジニル)トリブチルスタナン(3.0mg,8.1μmol)、 CuCl(0.54 mg,5.4μmol)およびK2CO3(1.9mg,14μmol)のNMP溶液(60mL)を反応容器(B)に準備し、室温に設置した。続いて反応容器(A)に[11C]ヨウ化メチルを60-80mL/minのガス流量で吹き込み、その後1分間静置した。得られた溶液を反応容器(B)に移送した。反応容器(B)中の混合溶液を60 °Cで5分間加熱し、得られた反応溶液を2mLのアセトニトリルで希釈した後、綿栓を用いてろ過した。ろ液をHPLCに供し、標識化合物のHPLC分析収率を算出した。HPLC分析収率:91.3%。HPLC分析条件は、以下の通りである。
カラム:ナカライ, COSMOSIL,C18-MS-II,4.6mmI.D.-150mm,5mm
移動相:CH3CN:H2O=25:75、流速:1mL/min、検出波長:254nm
保持時間:4.6min。
本反応のHPLC分析収率の結果を表3に示した。
なお、本反応は100℃でも進行し、目的の[11C]3-picolineが95.2%のHPLC分析収率で得られた。
[11C]2-picolineの合成は、スズ前駆体として(2-ピリジニル)トリブチルスタナンを用い、実施例5に記載した、CuClおよびK2CO3を用いる[11C]3-picolineの合成法に従って行った。HPLC分析収率:98.9%。HPLC分析条件は以下の通りである。
カラム:ナカライ,COSMOSIL,C18-MS-II,4.6mmI.D.-150mm,5mm
移動相:CH3CN:H2O=20:80、流速:1mL/min、検出波長:254nm
保持時間:4.9min。
本反応のHPLC分析収率の結果を表3に示す。
分析用ガスクロマトグラフィー(GC)は島津製作所FID検出器付きGC-2010およびGC-17Aを使用した。キャリアガスはヘリウムおよび窒素を用いたキャピラリーカラムはGL Science 社製TC-1701(60m 0.25mm i.d.,df=0.25 mm)およびGLScience 社製CP-Volamine(60m×0.32mm i.d.)を使用した。11Cは住友重機械工業社製CYPRIS HM-12S Cyclotronを使用し、14N(p,α)11Cの核反応により製造した。反応溶液の加熱、希釈、高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)装置への注入、分取、濃縮、殺菌の一連の操作は独自に開発した自動合成装置により行った。HPLC は島津製作社製マルチUV 検出器SPD-20AC,カラムオーブンCTO-20-AC,送液ポンプLC-20AB, システムコントローラーCBM-20A,オートサンプラーSIL-20Aを使用した。放出される放射能はアロカ社製RLC-700放射線測定装置を用いて測定した。すべての実験操作は、標準的シュレンク技術にしたがってアルゴン気流下で行った。各反応溶媒および溶液はガスタイトシリンジを用いてあるいはステンレス製カニュラを用いてアルゴン圧により反応溶液に加えた。脱水N,N-ジメチルホロムアミド(DMF)(関東化学社製)、脱水N-メチル-2-ピロリジノン(NMP)(関東化学社製)、脱水テトラヒドロフラン(THF)(和光社製)、脱水トルエン(和光社製)、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウム(0)(Aldrich社製)、n-ノナン(ナカライテスク社製)、9トリ-o-トリルホスフィン(Aldrich社製)、塩化銅(和光社製)、臭化銅(和光社製)、炭酸カリウム(和光社製)、フッ化セシウム(Aldrich社製)、1,3-ジメチルイミダゾリジン-2-オン(DMI)(ナカライテスク社製)、N,N-ジメチルアセタミド(DMA)(関東化学社製)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)(関東化学社製)、ヘキサメチルホスホリックトリアミド(HMPA)(東京化成工業社製)、2,6-ルチジン、トリエチルアミン(ナカライテスク社製)、1,4-ジアザビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタンDABCO)(関東化学社製)、2-(トリブチルスタニル)フラン(東京化成工業社製)、2-(トリブチルスタニル)チオフェン(東京化成工業社製)、2-(トリブチルスタニル)ピリジン(東京化成工業社製)、3-(トリブチルスタニル)ピリジン(合成品,Frontier 社製)、4-(トリブチルスタニル)ピリジン(合成品)、5-ブロモピリミジン、4-ブロモイソキノリンは市販のものをそのまま使用した。ヨウ化メチルは蒸留したものを使用した。5-(トリブチルスタニル)ピリミジン(1g)は5-ブロモピリミジンとビス(トリブチルチン)とのパラジウム(0)触媒によるクロスカップリング反応により調製した。
Claims (11)
- 非プロトン性のラクタム中において、ヨウ化メチルとヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナンとを、パラジウム錯体と、ホスフィンリガンドと、ハロゲン化第1銅と、炭酸塩及び/又はアルカリ金属のフッ化物との存在下でクロスカップリングさせることを特徴とするヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- 非プロトン性のラクタムはN-アルキル-2-ピロリジノンであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- N-アルキル-2-ピロリジノンはN-メチル-2-ピロリジノンであることを特徴とする請求項2記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- 炭酸塩が炭酸カリウムであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- アルカリ金属のフッ化物がフッ化セシウムであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- ホスフィンリガンドがトリ-o-トリルホスフィンであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- ハロゲン化第一銅が臭化第一銅及び塩化第一銅のいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- 11C、12C、13C、14C及びCD3のいずれかで標識されたヨウ化メチルを用いることを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- ヨウ化メチルと、パラジウム錯体と、ホスフィンリガンドとを非プロトン性のラクタム中で反応させてCH3PdI錯体溶液を準備するパラジウム錯体調製工程と、
ヘテロ芳香環型アリールトリアルキルスタンナンと、ハロゲン化第1銅と、炭酸塩及び/又はアルカリ金属のフッ化物との存在下、非プロトン性のラクタム中で反応させてヘテロ芳香環型アリール銅溶液を準備するヘテロ芳香環型アリール銅調製工程と、
該CH3PdI錯体溶液と該ヘテロ芳香環型アリール銅溶液とを混合してメチル化ヘテロ芳香環型アリールとするメチル化工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。 - ホスフィンリガンドはパラジウム錯体に対してモル比で4倍以上とされていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至11のいずれか1項記載のヘテロ芳香環型アリールの高速メチル化法。
- 非プロトン性極性溶媒中において、11Cで標識したヨウ化メチルとアルケニルトリアルキルスタンナンとを、パラジウム錯体と、ホスフィンリガンドと、ハロゲン化第1銅と、炭酸塩及び/又はアルカリ金属のフッ化物との存在下でクロスカップリングさせることを特徴とするPET用トレーサーの製造方法。
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WO2017090354A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-26 | 2017-06-01 | 国立研究開発法人理化学研究所 | 芳香族化合物の[11c]メチル化方法 |
WO2018008311A1 (ja) | 2016-07-06 | 2018-01-11 | 国立研究開発法人国立長寿医療研究センター | 11C標識O6-ベンジルグアニン、O6-Methyl Guanine Methyl-Transferase活性を可視化可能なPETプローブ、及びそれらの製造方法 |
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Cited By (4)
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JP2013213027A (ja) * | 2012-03-03 | 2013-10-17 | Institute Of Physical & Chemical Research | 11c−標識チアミン及びその誘導体、11c−標識フルスルチアミン、チアミン前駆体、並びにpet用プローブ及びそれらを用いたイメージング方法 |
WO2017090354A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-26 | 2017-06-01 | 国立研究開発法人理化学研究所 | 芳香族化合物の[11c]メチル化方法 |
WO2018008311A1 (ja) | 2016-07-06 | 2018-01-11 | 国立研究開発法人国立長寿医療研究センター | 11C標識O6-ベンジルグアニン、O6-Methyl Guanine Methyl-Transferase活性を可視化可能なPETプローブ、及びそれらの製造方法 |
US10981913B2 (en) | 2016-07-06 | 2021-04-20 | National Center For Geriatrics And Gerontology | 11C -labeled 06 -benzylguanine, pet probe capable of visualizing 06-methyl guanine methyl-transferase activity, and production method of the same |
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US20110263849A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
EP2383258A4 (en) | 2012-07-11 |
EP2383258B1 (en) | 2015-09-02 |
JP5696281B2 (ja) | 2015-04-08 |
EP2383258A1 (en) | 2011-11-02 |
US9012632B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 |
JPWO2010074272A1 (ja) | 2012-06-21 |
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