WO2010059657A2 - Concentrateur köhler - Google Patents

Concentrateur köhler Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010059657A2
WO2010059657A2 PCT/US2009/064887 US2009064887W WO2010059657A2 WO 2010059657 A2 WO2010059657 A2 WO 2010059657A2 US 2009064887 W US2009064887 W US 2009064887W WO 2010059657 A2 WO2010059657 A2 WO 2010059657A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical
optical element
segments
lens
optical device
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PCT/US2009/064887
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English (en)
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WO2010059657A3 (fr
Inventor
Pablo Benitez
Juan Carlos Minano
Pablo Zamora
Maikel Hernandez
Aleksandra Cvetkovic
Original Assignee
Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc
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Application filed by Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc filed Critical Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc
Priority to EP09828128A priority Critical patent/EP2359072A4/fr
Priority to CN2009801546265A priority patent/CN102282429A/zh
Publication of WO2010059657A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010059657A2/fr
Publication of WO2010059657A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010059657A3/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
    • G02B3/08—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
    • F24S23/31—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses having discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
    • G02B19/0009—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only
    • G02B19/0014—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed having refractive surfaces only at least one surface having optical power
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
    • G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
    • G02B19/0038—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light
    • G02B19/0042—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light for use with direct solar radiation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the devices described and shown in this application may be within the scope of one or more of the following U.S. Patents and Patent Applications and/or equivalents in other countries: US Patents 6,639,733, issued October 28, 2003 in the names of Minano et al., 6,896,381, issued May 24, 2005 in the names of Benitez et al., 7,152,985 issued December 26, 2006 in the names of Benitez et al., and 7,460,985 issued December 2, 2008 in the names of Benitez et al.; WO 2007/016363 titled "Free-Form Lenticular Optical Elements and Their Application to Condensers and Headlamps" to Minano et al and US 2008/0316761 of the same title published December 25, 2008 also in the names of Minano et al; WO 2007/103994 titled "Multi- Junction Solar Cells with a Homogenizer System and Coupled Non-Imaging Light Concentrator” published Sept 13, 2007 in the names of Ben
  • Concentration-Acceptance Product A parameter associated with any solar concentrating architecture, it is the product of the square root of the concentration ratio times the sine of the acceptance angle. Some optical architectures have a higher CAP than others, enabling higher concentration and/or acceptance angle. For a specific architecture, the CAP is nearly constant when the geometrical concentration is changed, so that increasing the value of one parameter lowers the other.
  • TIR Facet - Element of a discontinuous-slope concentrator lens that deflects light by total internal reflection.
  • POE Primary Optical Element
  • SOE Secondary Optical Element
  • Cartesian Oval A curve (strictly a family of curves) used in imaging and nonimaging optics to transform a given bundle of rays into another predetermined bundle, if there is no more than one ray crossing each point of the surface generated from the curve.
  • the so-called Generalized Cartesian Oval can be used to transform a non-spherical wavefront into another. See Reference [10], page 185, Reference [17].
  • Triple-junction photovoltaic solar cells are expensive, making it desirable to operate them with as much concentration of sunlight as practical.
  • the efficiency of currently available multi-junction photovoltaic cells suffers when local concentration of incident radiation surpasses ⁇ 2,000-3,000 suns.
  • Some concentrator designs of the prior art have so much non-uniformity of the flux distribution on the cell that "hot spots" up to 9,000-1 l,000x concentration happen with 500x average concentration, greatly limiting how high the average concentration can economically be.
  • Kaleidoscopic integrators can reduce the magnitude of such hot spots, but they are more difficult to assemble, and are not suitable for small cells.
  • this design problem is less restrictive than the bundle coupling one, since rays that are inconvenient to a particular design can be deliberately excluded in order to improve the handling of the remaining rays.
  • the periphery of a source may be under-luminous, so that the rays it emits are weaker than average. If the design edge rays are selected inside the periphery, so that the weak peripheral region is omitted, and only the strong rays of the majority of the source area are used, overall performance can be improved.
  • Efficient photovoltaic concentrator (CPV) design well exemplifies a design problem comprising both the bundle coupling problem and the prescribed irradiance problem.
  • M 1 comprises all rays from the sun that enter the first optical component of the system.
  • M 0 comprises those rays from the last optical component that fall onto the actual photovoltaic cell (not just the exterior of its cover glass). Rays that are included in M, but are not coupled into M 0 are lost, along with their power.
  • a second drawback is that for good homogenization a relatively long light-pipe is necessary, but increasing the length of the light-pipe both increases its absorption and reduces the mechanical stability of the apparatus.
  • a third drawback is that light pipes are unsuitable for relatively thick (small) cells because of lateral light spillage from the edges of the bond holding the cell to the end of the light pipe, typically silicone rubber.
  • Light-pipes have nevertheless been proposed several times in CPV systems, see References [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], and [7], which use a light-pipe length much longer than the cell size, typically 4-5 times. [0016] Another strategy for achieving good uniformity on the cell is the K ⁇ hler illuminator.
  • K ⁇ hler integration can solve, or at least mitigate, uniformity issues without compromising the acceptance angle and without increasing the difficulty of assembly.
  • a Fresnel lens 21 was its primary optical element (POE) and an imaging single surface lens 22 (called SILO, for SIngLe Optical surface) that encapsulates the photovoltaic cell 20 was its secondary optical element (SOE).
  • POE primary optical element
  • SILO imaging single surface lens 22
  • That approach utilizes two imaging optical lenses (the Fresnel lens and the SILO) where the SILO is placed at the focal plane of the Fresnel lens and the SILO images the Fresnel lens (which is uniformly illuminated) onto the photovoltaic cell.
  • the primary optical element images the sun onto the secondary surface. That means that the sun image 25 will be formed at the center of the SILO for normal incidence rays 24, and move towards position 25 on the secondary surface as the sun rays 26 move within the acceptance angle of the concentrator due to tracking perturbations and errors.
  • the concentrator's acceptance is determined by the size and shape of the secondary optical element.
  • a good strategy for increasing the optical efficiency of the system is to integrate multiple functions in fewer surfaces of the system, by designing the concentrator optical surfaces to have at least a dual function, e.g.,, to illuminate the cell with wide angles, at some specified approximation to uniformity. That entails a reduction of the degrees of freedom in the design compared to the ideal four- surface case. Consequently, there is a trade-off between the selected geometry and the homogenization method, in seeking a favorable mix of optical efficiency, acceptance angle, and cell-irradiance uniformity.
  • chromatic dispersion can cause the different spectral bands to have different spatial distributions across the cell, leading to mismatches in photocurrent density that reduce efficiency, making complete homogenization even more valuable.
  • the first is a Kohler integrator, as mentioned before, where the integration process is along both dimensions of the ray bundle, meridional and sagittal. This approach is also known as a 2D Kohler integrator.
  • the other strategy is to integrate in only one of the ray bundle's dimensions; thus called a ID Kohler integrator.
  • integrators will typically provide a lesser homogeneity than is achievable with in 2D, but they are easier to design and manufacture, which makes them suitable for systems where uniformity is not too critical.
  • a design method for calculating fully free-form ID and 2D Kohler integrators was recently developed (see References [13], [14]), where optical surfaces are used that have the dual function of homogenizing the light and coupling the design's edge rays bundles.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide different photovoltaic concentrators that combine high geometric concentration, high acceptance angle, and high irradiance uniformity on the solar cell.
  • the primary and secondary optical elements are each lenticulated to form a plurality of segments.
  • a segment of the primary optical element and a segment of the secondary optical element combine to form a Kohler integrator.
  • the multiple segments result in a plurality of Kohler integrators that collectively focus their incident sunlight onto a common target, such as a photovoltaic cell.
  • Any hotspots are typically in different places for different individual Kohler integrators, with the plurality further averaging out the multiple hotspots over the target cell.
  • the optical surfaces are modified, typically by lenticulation (i.e., the formation on a single surface of multiple independent lenslets) to produce K ⁇ hler integration.
  • modified optical surfaces behave optically quite differently from the originals, they are macroscopically very similar to the unmodified surface. This means that they can be manufactured with the same techniques (typically plastic injection molding or glass molding) and that their production cost is the same.
  • An embodiment of the invention provides an optical device comprising: a primary optical element having a plurality of segments, which in an example are four in number; and a secondary optical element having a plurality of segments, which in an example are four lenticulations of an optical surface of a lens; wherein each segment of the primary optical element, along with a corresponding segment of the secondary optical element, forms one of a plurality of K ⁇ hler integrators.
  • the plurality of K ⁇ hler integrators are arranged in position and orientation to direct light from a common source onto a common target.
  • the common source where the device is a light collector, or the common target, where the device is a luminaire, may be external to the device.
  • the source is the sun.
  • the other may be part of the device or connected to it.
  • the target may be a photovoltaic cell.
  • Further embodiments of the device could be used to concentrate or collimate light between an external common source and an external common target.
  • FIG. 1 shows design rays used for calculating the desired shape of a radial K ⁇ hler refractive lenticulation pair.
  • FIG. 2 shows certain principles of the Fresnel-SILO concentrator developed by
  • FIG. 3 shows a two mirror Cassegrain-type reflective concentrator of sunlight.
  • FIG. 4 shows a quad-lenticular XR K ⁇ hler concentrator that uses azimuthal integration.
  • FIG. 5 A is a ray diagram of the XR concentrator shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 5B is an enlarged detail of FIG. 5 A.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of optical efficiency of the concentrator shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 7 is a flux plot for on-axis concentration by the concentrator shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 8 is a flux plot similar to FIG. 7, for 0.7° tracking error.
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the primary and secondary lenses of a quad- lenticulated RR K ⁇ hler concentrator.
  • FIG. 1OA is a perspective view of one of the four subsystems of the concentrator shown in FIG. 9.
  • FIG. 1OB is an enlarged detail of FIG. 1OA.
  • FIG. 1 IA is a side view of the ray-paths of quad-lenticulated RR K ⁇ hler concentrator.
  • FIG. 1 IB is a close-up view of the same at the secondary lens.
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a quad-lenticulated Kohler concentrator where the primary is composed of Fresnel and TIR facets.
  • FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the same showing the ray-paths through the components of the concentrator.
  • FIG. 14 is a sectional view of the primary optic of the same which shows the
  • Three types of primary optical elements are described herein: one comprising a double refraction optic having a multiplicity of Fresnel facets, the second a hybrid optic comprising a multiplicity of Fresnel and TIR facets and the third comprising an array of reflectors. All three exhibit overall N-fold symmetry wherein the individual elements (Fresnel or TIR facets, mirror) have rotational symmetry. In the embodiments taught in this invention the secondary refractive elements have the same N-fold symmetry as the primary optic.
  • K ⁇ hler integrating solar concentrators are described herein. They are the first to combine a non flat array of K ⁇ hler integrators with concentration optics. Although, the embodiments of the invention revealed herein have quadrant symmetry, the invention does not limit embodiments to this symmetry but can be applied, by those skilled in the art, to other symmetries (N-fold, where N can be any number greater than two) once the principles taught herein are fully understood.
  • FIG. 1 shows lenticulation 10, comprising two refractive off-axis surfaces, primary optical element (POE) 11 and secondary optical element (SOE) 12, and illuminating cell 13.
  • the final Radial K ⁇ hler concentrator will be the combination of several such lenticulation pairs, with common rotational axis 14 shown as a dot-dashed line.
  • Solid lines 15 define the spatial edge rays and dotted lines 16 define the angular edge rays. They show the behavior of parallel and converging rays, respectively.
  • each optical element lenticulation 11, 12 may be one or more optical surfaces, each of which may be continuous or subdivided.
  • POE 11 may be a Fresnel lens, with one side flat and the other side formed of arcuate prisms.
  • Radial K ⁇ hler concentrators are ID K ⁇ hler integrators with rotational symmetry. This makes the design process much easier than a ID free-form K ⁇ hler integrator. Furthermore, rotational symmetry makes the manufacturing process as simple for a lenticular form as for any other aspheric rotational symmetry. The design process, however, first designs a 2D optical system, and then applies rotational symmetry. [0048] Although the irradiance distribution produced by a radial K ⁇ hler concentrator has a hotspot, it is much milder than that produced by an imaging system.
  • ⁇ is the system acceptance angle
  • ⁇ s is the sun's angular radius
  • the hotspot generated by a radial K ⁇ hler approach is proportional to k*( ⁇ / ⁇ s ) times the average optical concentration
  • the hotspot generated by an aplanatic device is proportional to k*( ⁇ / ⁇ s ) 2 times the average optical concentration.
  • Concave reflector-lenticulation segment 3 IL reflects incoming rays 35 as converging rays 36 focusing onto secondary mirror 32, which in turn spreads them over cell 33, a 1 cm 2 cell of the triple-junction type.
  • the average concentration and the peak concentration can be high, so that it is necessary to introduce a further degree of freedom in the radial Kohler design, in order to keep the irradiance peak below 2000 suns.
  • the present application comprises a concentrator with four subsystems (having quad-symmetry), hereinafter referred to as segments, that symmetrically compose a whole that achieves azimuthal integration, while keeping each of the four subsystems rotationally symmetric and thus maintaining ease of manufacture, since each is actually a part of a complete rotationally symmetric radial K ⁇ hler system, analogous to those of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of an XR K ⁇ hler concentrator 40, comprising four- fold segmented primary mirror 41, four- fold segmented secondary lens 42, and photovoltaic cell 43.
  • the thermal scheme used to remove waste heat from the cell follows from that cell size. Shadowing of mirror 41 by lens 42 is only 1%, since the width of lens 42 is one tenth that of mirror 41.
  • FIG. 5 A shows a system similar to that of FIG. 4 with rays.
  • Primary mirror 51 and secondary lens of concentrator 50 are shown with de-emphasized lines to highlight parallel rays 54, which are reflected by mirror 51 into converging rays 55.
  • FIG. 5B shows a close- up view of converging rays 55 focusing to points 56 on the surface of secondary lens 52 (shown de-emphasized), and then spread out to uniformly cover cell 53.
  • Primary mirror 51 and secondary lens 52 each comprise four segments working in pairs. Each mirror segment focuses incoming solar rays onto the corresponding secondary lens segment, while the secondary lens segment, in turn, images its primary-mirror segment onto the photovoltaic cell.
  • the irradiance thereupon is the sum of the four images of the primary mirror segments, each of which is a paraboloidal mirror focused at the edge of the Secondary Optical Element (SOE) and having its axial direction normal to the cell.
  • SOE Secondary Optical Element
  • the actual design of the four identical segments begins with the requirements of some level of concentration upon a particular cell, thereby setting the size of the mirror.
  • the size of the secondary lens is set by a desired acceptance angle ⁇ and the mirror focal length selected, as well as the maximum acceptance angle of the cell. Even though it is in optical contact with the secondary lens, the high refractive index of the cell generally means that rays beyond a maximum off-axis acceptance angle will be mostly wasted by reflection.
  • the value for a particular cell can vary from 60° to 80°, depending upon the microscopic particulars of the cell and its interface with the lens.
  • edge rays are emitted in a reverse direction from arriving solar rays, into all off-axis directions within the cell acceptance angle. Then the lens is the Cartesian oval that focuses these rays upon the periphery of the primary mirror.
  • Secondary lens 52 is a single refractive surface, and its body occupies the entire space between the surface and cell 53, meaning it is immersed in lens 52.
  • a further embodiment of a K ⁇ hler integrating concentrator is a free-form K ⁇ hler concentrator 90 in the form of an RR, with both primary and secondary elements being refractive.
  • the primary refractive element of RR K ⁇ hler integrating concentrator 90 is a Fresnel lens 91 with quad-symmetry, having four lens segments or sub-lenses, as shown.
  • Fresnel lens 91 is not rotationally symmetric, but comprises four sub-lenses each of which may be seen as an off- center square piece of a symmetric Fresnel lens. This is most conspicuous at the center of the lens, where the physical ribs of lens 90 are visibly clover-leaf shaped, rather than circular.
  • Secondary lens 92 also comprises four sub-lenses, each aligned with a corresponding sub-lens of primary lens 91.
  • All four sub-lens pairs send solar rays within the acceptance angle to cell 93.
  • the centers of rotation for each of the four Fresnel lenses are indicated in FIG. 9 by the centers of circles 94, 95, 96 and 97.
  • the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of the Fresnel lens.
  • FIG. 6 to FIG. 8 show further details on the optical performance of the device shown in FIG. 9.
  • FIG. 6 shows graph 60 with abscissa 61 plotting off-axis angle and ordinate 62 plotting relative transmission of the Fresnel-R Kohler in FIG 9.
  • Dotted curve 63 is for a section parallel to the diagonal of the cell and solid line 64 for a section parallel to two sides of the cell.
  • Vertical dashed line 65 corresponds to 1.47° and horizontal dashed line 66 corresponds to the 90% threshold.
  • the spectral dependence of the optical performance is very small (acceptance angle drops to 1.43° for a polychromatic ray trace within the spectrum of the top junction of commercially available tandem cells).
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of 3D graph 70, with base 71 displaying in millimeters the two spatial dimensions on the 1 cm 2 cell and vertical axis 72 showing the intensity in suns.
  • the high uniformity of the irradiation is clear.
  • the peak irradiance is 450 suns at direction normal incidence (DNI) of 850 W/m 2 . This is well below the current 1,500 sun upper limit for present high-efficiency tandem solar cells.
  • FIG. 8 shows graph 80 with planar base 81 displaying in millimeters the two spatial dimensions on the 1 cm 2 cell, and vertical axis 82 reading in suns of concentration.
  • the graph 80 shows the irradiance distribution on the cell when the concentrator has a tracking error of 1°.
  • the irradiance peak is 635 suns which is still acceptable for the cell performance.
  • FIG. 1OA and 1OB Details of the design of the Fresnel-R Kohler design of FIG 9 are shown in FIG. 1OA and 1OB and in more detail in FIG. 1 IA, and especially in FIG. 1 IB.
  • FIGS. 1OB and 1 IB are enlarged details of the secondary lens vicinity of FIGS. 1OA and 1 IA, respectively.
  • each of the four lenticular panels 101 of the Fresnel lens 110 images the incoming sunlight onto a corresponding one of four lenslets or segments 104 of the secondary lens.
  • Each lenslet 104 of the secondary lens 111 images the associated square segment 101 of the Fresnel lens onto the square photovoltaic cell 108.
  • FIGS. 9 to 1 IB show a particular embodiment, which comprises a Fresnel-type lens as a primary optical element, a lens as a secondary optical element, and a photovoltaic receiver.
  • the primary optical element is composed by four units (lenslets or segments), each one covering one quadrant of the x-y coordinates.
  • the secondary optical element then preferably has four lenslets with the same symmetry, and there is a one-to-one correspondence between the primary and secondary optical lenslets so they are K ⁇ hler integration pairs, as described in the patent application WO 2007/016363.
  • the lenslet of the primary optical element in region x>0, y>0 and the lenslet of the secondary optical element in region x>0, y>0 are a K ⁇ hler pair, and similarly for the other three quadrants, but other correspondences are obviously possible.
  • the primary Fresnel section or lenslet 101 x>0, y>0, etc., forming part of the POE 110 will form an image of the sun on the respective secondary optical element lenslet or unit 104 of that pair, while the secondary unit will form an image of the associated primary optical element pair unit on the solar cell.
  • Each of the four Fresnel sub-lenses can have a rotationally symmetrical optical surface.
  • the optical profiles of the four rotationally symmetric Fresnel lenses are then arranged in such a way that the four axes of rotational symmetry are parallel but do not coincide with each other, nor with the center of the overall optical system, resulting in the "clover leaf pattern already mentioned and shown in FIG. 9.
  • the focal planes of the Fresnel lenses are then located close to the z position apertures of the second optical elements.
  • the size of the primary optics units is given by the image of the photovoltaic receiver, while the size of the secondary optics units is defined by the image of the acceptance solid angle (that is, the solid angle of the sky of angular radius ⁇ occupied by the sun (angular radius ⁇ s ) plus the tolerance added to it by the designer).
  • This optical arrangement produces a rather uniform illumination of the photovoltaic receiver, since each secondary lens is imaging its corresponding primary lens, which is uniformly illuminated by the sun, onto the receiver. Such uniform illumination is desirable for solar cells.
  • FIGS. 1 IA and 1 IB show how the parallel rays 113 from the center of the sun (when it is perfectly tracked) will be focused by the four units 101 of the primary lens 110 onto the four images 114 on the four units of the secondary lens 111.
  • the secondary lens slope at the edge is such that the lens could not be manufactured by glass molding with a single-sided mold. However, the draft-angle requirement for molding can be set at the design stage.
  • FIG. 1OA shows one of the four square sub-lenses 101, each of which has circular symmetry around vertical axis 101A.
  • Axis 101 A passes through the optical center of the sub-lens 101, and is parallel to the Z-axis 102 of the whole concentrator 100.
  • Lens 101 has focus 103 where axis 101A meets the secondary optic 104. Alternatively, the focus can be located deeper inside the glass, closer to the point of intersection of line 101 A and the straight line joining the edge points of meridional curve 109 on the surface of SOE 104.
  • a repeated 90° rotation about axis 102 or corresponding reflection in the XZ and YZ vertical planes shown in FIG. 1OA generates the other three segments.
  • line 113 is taken as the Z axis, and the bottom edges of the shown panels of planes 111 and 112 as the X and Y axes. Only the X > 0, Y > 0 optical unit is described in detail; the same description applies to the other three quadrant units with corresponding changes in the signs of coordinates.
  • the secondary optic 104 also has four lenslets and its overall shape is shown in FIG. 1 IB.
  • Point 105A may be at the edge of the receiver or it may be at some other point (inside or outside the receiver).
  • the Cartesian coordinates have the X and Y axes along the bottom edges of the XZ and YZ vertical planes, and the Z axis is the vertical line 102, so that the photovoltaic cell or other receiver 108 lies in the XY plane and is centered at the origin.
  • the receiver 108 has dimensions 8.8x8.8.
  • the end-points of the line 105 that is the axis of rotation of curve 109 to form the secondary optical surface have the coordinates:
  • Lower endpoint 105 A can alternatively be placed outside the receiver 108.
  • the lens 101 quadrant is then imaged onto an area larger than receiver chip 108. That ensures full irradiation over the whole area of receiver chip 108, at the expense of some wasted illumination, or can accommodates a practical solar collector in which the outer edge of Fresnel lens 101 is shadowed by a mounting structure.
  • FIG. 12 shows another embodiment of a four-lenslet concentrator comprising secondary optical element 123 and a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) lens 120 as primary optical element.
  • the TIR lens comprises conventional Fresnel facets 122 in its central portion and TIR facets 121 in the outer portion.
  • FIG. 13 shows rays 124 traced through the device for the sun on-axis, and as designed, four focal regions are formed at the entry of quad-symmetry secondary optical element 132.
  • Embodiments of the present invention are related to the field of photovoltaic concentrators and solid state lighting.
  • the present embodiments are a particular realization of the devices described in the above-mentioned patent application WO 2007/016363 to Minano et al.
  • Variations can be obtained by designers skilled in the art. For instance, the number of lenslets on the secondary optical element can be increased, for instance, to nine. Then the number of lenslets in the primary optics will increase to nine accordingly.
  • the cell can be not square but rectangular, and then the four units of the Fresnel lens will preferably be correspondingly rectangular, so that each Fresnel lens unit still images easily onto the photovoltaic cell.
  • the number of Fresnel lenslets could be reduced to two, or could be another number that is not a square, so that the overall Fresnel lens is a differently shaped rectangle from the photovoltaic cell.
  • the desirable number of lenslets in each primary and secondary lens segment may depend on the actual size of the device, as affecting the resulting size and precision of manufacture of the lens features.
  • 9-1 IB with a light source, such as an LED or an array of LEDs, at 43 or 108 would act as a luminaire producing a narrowly collimated output beam perpendicular to the primary optical element. Assuming that the light source illuminates the entire interior of the active surface area of the secondary lens, the collimated output beam will correspond, at least approximately, to the acceptance ⁇ of the photovoltaic concentrator.
  • a light source such as an LED or an array of LEDs
  • the present embodiments provide optical devices that can collimate the light with a quite uniform intensity for the directions of emission, because all points on the source are carried to every direction. This can be used to mix the colors of different LEDs of a source array or to make the intensity of the emission more uniform without the need to bin the chips.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L’invention présente un exemple de concentrateur voltaïque solaire possédant une lentille de Fresnel primaire avec de multiples panneaux, chacun constituant un intégrateur Köhler avec un panneau respectif d’une lentille secondaire lenticulaire. La pluralité résultante d’intégrateurs concentre la lumière du soleil sur une cellule photovoltaïque commune. L’invention concerne également des luminaires de géométrie similaire.
PCT/US2009/064887 2008-11-18 2009-11-18 Concentrateur köhler WO2010059657A2 (fr)

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EP09828128A EP2359072A4 (fr) 2008-11-18 2009-11-18 Concentrateur köhler
CN2009801546265A CN102282429A (zh) 2008-11-18 2009-11-18 科勒聚光器

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US11589208P 2008-11-18 2008-11-18
US61/115,892 2008-11-18
US26812909P 2009-06-08 2009-06-08
US61/268,129 2009-06-08
US27847609P 2009-10-06 2009-10-06
US61/278,476 2009-10-06

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EP2359072A4 (fr) 2012-05-02
CN102282429A (zh) 2011-12-14
WO2010059657A3 (fr) 2010-07-22
US20100123954A1 (en) 2010-05-20
US8000018B2 (en) 2011-08-16

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