WO2010059307A1 - Liquid impact pressure control methods and systems - Google Patents

Liquid impact pressure control methods and systems Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010059307A1
WO2010059307A1 PCT/US2009/060366 US2009060366W WO2010059307A1 WO 2010059307 A1 WO2010059307 A1 WO 2010059307A1 US 2009060366 W US2009060366 W US 2009060366W WO 2010059307 A1 WO2010059307 A1 WO 2010059307A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid
gas
parameter
container
pressure
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2009/060366
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Tin-Woo Yung
Haiping He
Robert E. Sandstrom
Original Assignee
Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company filed Critical Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company
Priority to US13/122,515 priority Critical patent/US8561631B2/en
Priority to JP2011537453A priority patent/JP5603342B2/ja
Priority to CA2741779A priority patent/CA2741779C/en
Priority to EP09827937.5A priority patent/EP2356420B1/en
Priority to AU2009317982A priority patent/AU2009317982B2/en
Publication of WO2010059307A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010059307A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/02—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods
    • B63B25/08—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid
    • B63B25/12—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed
    • B63B25/16—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed heat-insulated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/02—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods
    • B63B25/08—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid
    • B63B25/12—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed
    • B63B25/14—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed pressurised
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/24—Means for preventing unwanted cargo movement, e.g. dunnage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B43/00—Improving safety of vessels, e.g. damage control, not otherwise provided for
    • B63B43/02—Improving safety of vessels, e.g. damage control, not otherwise provided for reducing risk of capsizing or sinking
    • B63B43/04—Improving safety of vessels, e.g. damage control, not otherwise provided for reducing risk of capsizing or sinking by improving stability
    • B63B43/045—Improving safety of vessels, e.g. damage control, not otherwise provided for reducing risk of capsizing or sinking by improving stability by decreasing the free surface effect of water entered in enclosed decks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0128—Shape spherical or elliptical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0147—Shape complex
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/054—Size medium (>1 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/05—Size
    • F17C2201/058—Size portable (<30 l)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/035—Propane butane, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/03—Control means
    • F17C2250/032—Control means using computers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
    • F17C2250/04—Indicating or measuring of parameters as input values
    • F17C2250/0404—Parameters indicated or measured
    • F17C2250/043—Pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
    • F17C2260/016—Preventing slosh
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/02—Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer
    • F17C2260/026—Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer by calculation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
    • F17C2270/0105—Ships
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
    • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
    • F17C2270/0171—Trucks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
    • F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
    • F17C2270/0178—Cars
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
    • F17C2270/0186—Applications for fluid transport or storage in the air or in space
    • F17C2270/0189—Planes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0396—Involving pressure control
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2931—Diverse fluid containing pressure systems
    • Y10T137/3115—Gas pressure storage over or displacement of liquid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2931—Diverse fluid containing pressure systems
    • Y10T137/3115—Gas pressure storage over or displacement of liquid
    • Y10T137/3118—Surge suppression
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2931—Diverse fluid containing pressure systems
    • Y10T137/3115—Gas pressure storage over or displacement of liquid
    • Y10T137/3127—With gas maintenance or application
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/8593—Systems

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to methods and systems for controlling liquid impacts. More particularly, this invention relates to a system, apparatus, and associated methods of controlling the transfer of liquid momentum into a solid in a liquid impact system containing a liquid, solid and gas.
  • Liquid impact loads are found in innumerable circumstances. Some of the most common impact systems are associated with liquid motion in confined spaces, which can include loading from fuel in fuel tanks (e.g. automobile, airline, or marine vessels), bulk liquid carriers (e.g. LNG tanker ships, oil tanker ships, milk tanker trucks, etc.); manufacturing processes (e.g. etching, engraving, painting, ink jet printing); vehicle dynamics where impact while coming in contact with fluid (e.g. airplane water landings, high speed planing craft), combustion processes, to name a few. In liquid carrying applications, it is generally desired to reduce the liquid impact load of the liquid on the container holding the liquid. This is most often accomplished by attenuation using a variety of specially designed internal shapes and protrusions.
  • fuel tanks e.g. automobile, airline, or marine vessels
  • bulk liquid carriers e.g. LNG tanker ships, oil tanker ships, milk tanker trucks, etc.
  • manufacturing processes e.g. etching, engraving, painting, ink jet printing
  • vehicle dynamics where impact
  • LNG sloshing can be categorized into high-fill (fill level larger than 80%) and partial-fill conditions (fill level between 10% ⁇ 80%).
  • Partial-fill typically occurs during offshore cargo-transfer while high-fill typically occurs during LNG transportation.
  • Offshore cargo-transfer may be preferable to onshore transfer for several site- specific reasons associated with onshore terminals (e.g. limited land, water depth, population congestion, etc.).
  • the sloshing loads under partially filled conditions can be significant even under small sea states.
  • Emergency suspension of discharge operations and evacuation from the terminal may be necessary if the sea state rises while loading or unloading.
  • LNG carriers may have to idly wait for cargo-transfer windows to open due to the small operation envelope. Both of these cases have a negative impact on offshore cargo-transfer operation economics and safety. For high- fill applications, there is still some risk of sloshing (e.g. liquid impact) damage in high seas or after a number of round trips.
  • sloshing e.g. liquid impact
  • One embodiment of the present invention discloses a method of controlling a liquid-impact pressure on a solid body in a liquid impact system.
  • the method includes providing a liquid impact system including both a gas and a solid body, wherein po is a density of the gas, K is a polytropic index of the gas, and P L is a density of the liquid; calculating a parameter ⁇ for the system, wherein ⁇ is defined as ⁇ pel ⁇ > ⁇ ) ⁇ -X)l re, and adjusting the liquid-impact pressure by changing the parameter ⁇ for the system, wherein increasing the value of the parameter ⁇ decreases the liquid-impact pressure and decreasing the value of the parameter ⁇ increases the liquid-impact pressure.
  • the method may further include changing the parameter ⁇ for the system in one or more of the following ways: 1) changing the pressure of the gas in the system, 2) changing the temperature of the gas in the system, 3) changing the composition of the gas in the system, and/or 4) changing the composition of the liquid in the system.
  • the liquid is liquefied natural gas (LNG) in an LNG container and the gas is ullage gas in the LNG container
  • changing the parameter ⁇ for the system comprises changing the composition of the ullage gas by increasing the amount of an enhancement gas in the system, wherein the enhancement gas is selected from the group of gasses consisting of helium, neon, nitrogen, methane, and argon.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention discloses a method of optimizing a liquid impact pressure of a liquid on an object in a liquid impact system.
  • the method including: a) determining an optimum liquid impact load of the liquid on the object; b) selecting an attribute consisting of at least one of a composition of the liquid, a composition of the gas, the temperature of the system, and a gaseous pressure of the liquid impact system; c) calculating a liquid impact pressure of the liquid on the object by determining a parameter ⁇ for the system, wherein ⁇ is defined as (P G /P L )( ⁇ -1)/K, wherein po is a density of the gas, K is a polytropic index of the gas, and P L is a density of the liquid; d) comparing the optimum pressure with the calculated pressure; e) selecting one of the following: i) if the calculated pressure is not substantially equal to the optimum pressure: adjusting at least one of the liquid, the gas, and a gaseous pressure of liquid impact system, and
  • a third embodiment of the present invention discloses a method of reducing a liquid impact pressure in a container.
  • the method includes providing a liquid impact system, comprising: a liquid, a first gas, and a container having a liquid volume filled with the liquid, and an ullage volume substantially filled with the first gas, wherein the liquid has a density (P L ) and the gas has a density (po) and a polytropic index ⁇ ) ⁇ determining a parameter ⁇ for the liquid impact system, wherein the parameter ⁇ is defined as (P G /P L )( ⁇ -1)/K, and wherein an increase in the parameter ⁇ results in a decrease in the liquid-impact load on the container; and increasing the parameter ⁇ in the system, comprising a step selected from the group consisting of: increasing the pressure of the first gas in the container, replacing a portion of the first gas with a selected gas having a higher parameter ⁇ , increasing the liquid volume in the container, decreasing a volume of boil-off gas, wherein the volume of boil-
  • a system for reducing a liquid impact load in a container includes: a liquid impact system, comprising: (i) a volume of liquid in a container, the liquid having at least a density (P L ); (ii) an ullage volume in the container containing at least an initial ullage gas, the initial ullage gas having at least a density (po) and a polytropic index (K); a sensor system configured to determine at least the volume of liquid, the ullage volume, the liquid density (p L ), an ullage gas density (po), and an ullage gas polytropic index (K); a calculator configured to calculate a parameter ⁇ for the liquid impact system, wherein ⁇ is defined as (P G /PL)( ⁇ -1)/K' and an increase in the parameter ⁇ results in a decrease in a liquid impact load in the container; and a controller configured to control at least one physical attribute of the liquid impact system to increase the value of the parameter
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of controlling a liquid impact load on an object in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of optimizing a liquid impact load on an object in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of reducing a liquid impact load in a container in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4 is an illustration of a system for reducing a liquid impact load in a container
  • FIGs. 5A-5B are an illustration of a LNG tank cross-section and a schematic of an experimental setup for measuring liquid impact loads in an LNG container using the parameter ⁇ as disclosed in the methods and systems of FIGs. 1-4
  • FIG. 6 is an exemplary graph plotting sloshing impact load (or pressure) against a parameter ⁇ ;
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of experimental results comparing sloshing impact load against the parameter ⁇ .
  • gas and gas pressure will generally refer to ambient gas or gas pressure rather than local gas or gas pressure.
  • the gas in a liquid impact system having a container, the gas is the entirety of the gas in the ullage or gaseous portion of the system and the pressure is generally the ambient pressure caused by the gas on the system rather than a localized effect, although it may be possible to use some of the methods and systems disclosed herein to measure, control, or calculate such a local effect.
  • the gas in a liquid impact system without a container, the gas is the gas contacting the free surface of the liquid (e.g. the ambient gas), which may be ambient air in some cases (e.g.
  • the ambient case generally refers to the ambient gas and ambient gas pressure rather than a local gas or local gas pressure, but may be useful in determining a local pressure as well.
  • the term "ullage" refers to the volumetric portion of a container that does not contain liquid, wherein at least a portion of the container is filled with liquid.
  • the polytropic index ⁇ K) may be determined by any means, such as from a look-up table or from calculation of an equation.
  • Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to applications with a liquid impact on a solid surface.
  • Particular embodiments of the present invention provide various means for reducing or increasing the impact pressure of a liquid, as well as concentrating or diffusing the transfer of liquid momentum onto a solid in a liquid impact system.
  • typical applications also include a gas phase, which is separated from the liquid phase by a free surface.
  • the liquid impact system may be referred to as a two-phase gas and liquid system, which, in this disclosure means at least one of mixtures of two different fluids having different phases, such as Nitrogen (gas) and LNG (liquid), a single fluid occurring by itself as two different phases (e.g. LNG liquid and natural gas), or any combination thereof.
  • a container with a solid surface is partially filled with a liquid and with the ullage occupied by a gas.
  • this case include, but are not limited to: (1) transportation of LNG in a LNG carrier tank, where reduction of LNG sloshing loads on the tank is desirable; (2) jet engraving or ink jet printing, where controlling impact load, either through reduction or enhancement, is desirable; (3) vessel fuel tank applications, where reduction of fuel impact loads is desirable to reduce motion of the vessel and other potential hazards; (4) manufacturing processes (e.g. etching) where the impact load can directly influence quality control; (5) vehicles coming in contact with fluid (e.g. airplane water landings) where impacts can damage the vehicles; and (6) combustion processes where impact loads can cause corrosion, damage, or affect the efficiency of the process.
  • fluid e.g. airplane water landings
  • a method for controlling a liquid impact pressure e.g. load, load over area, and load over time
  • the gas has a density (po) and a polytropic index of the gas (re) and the liquid has a density (P L ).
  • the method includes calculating a parameter ⁇ for the two-phase system, then either decreasing the liquid impact load by increasing the parameter ⁇ or increasing the liquid impact load by decreasing the parameter ⁇ .
  • the parameter ⁇ may be changed by changing either the pressure or temperature of the gas in the system or changing the gas or liquid composition of the system.
  • the gas in the system will be comprised of more than one type of gas.
  • the parameter ⁇ can be calculated for the mixed gas (e.g. air) or the components of the gas (e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, argon), depending on the ability to measure and control the components of the gas.
  • the composition of the mixed gas may be changed, resulting in a change to the parameter ⁇ .
  • changing the pressure may also affect the temperature and vice-versa, as shown in the thermodynamic relationships PVocT, where T is the temperature.
  • the liquid may not be changed without destroying the purpose of the system (e.g. the composition of aviation fuel should not be changed to control liquid impact loads).
  • the method includes: a) determining an optimum liquid impact load of the liquid on the object; b) selecting an attribute consisting of at least one of the composition of the liquid, the composition of the gas, and a gaseous pressure of the two-phase liquid impact system; c) calculating a liquid impact load (e.g.
  • ⁇ is defined as (P G /PL)(K"-1)/K; d) comparing the optimum pressure with the calculated pressure; and e) selecting an action based on the value of the parameter ⁇ . If the calculated pressure is not substantially equal to the optimum pressure, then adjusting at least one of the liquid, the gas, and a gaseous pressure of the two- phase liquid impact system, and repeating steps c)-e); or if the calculated pressure is substantially equal to the optimum pressure, selecting the composition of the liquid, the composition of the gas, and the gaseous pressure of the liquid impact system.
  • the method may be used in any type of two-phase system, such as an ink jet printing system, a containerized system, or other type of two-phase gas and liquid system.
  • the method may be manually employed, or may be aided by a processor-enabled system linked to a database configured to provide automated responses to dynamic conditions, initial system design, or some combination thereof. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will comprehend other applicable circumstances to apply this method.
  • a method of reducing liquid impact pressures in a containerized liquid impact system includes providing a two-phase gas and liquid system having a liquid, a first gas, and a container having a liquid volume filled with the liquid, and an ullage volume substantially filled with the first gas, wherein the liquid has a density (p L ) and the gas has a density (po) and a polytropic index (K).
  • the container may be a cargo container on an ocean-going vessel, a fuel tank on an airborne craft, a tank on a land-based carrier, or any other container configured to hold a liquid in a substantially liquid-tight environment.
  • the method includes determining the parameter ⁇ for the system, wherein an increase in the parameter ⁇ results in a decrease in the liquid- impact load on the container, then replacing at least a portion of the first gas in the ullage volume with the selected gas, wherein the selected gas has a higher parameter ⁇ than the first gas.
  • a system for reducing a liquid impact load in a container includes a volume of liquid in a container, the liquid having a density (P L ); an ullage volume in the container containing a first ullage gas, the first ullage gas having a density (po) a polytropic index (K); a sensor system configured to determine at least the liquid density (p L ), the ullage gas density (p G ), and the ullage gas a polytropic index (K); a calculator configured to calculate a parameter ⁇ , wherein ⁇ is defined as (P G /PL)( ⁇ -1)/K; a controller configured to control the flow of the first ullage gas into and out of the container; and a selector operatively connected to the controller, the selector configured to select a second ullage gas, wherein the second ullage gas produces a higher ⁇ than the first ullage gas (the second ullage gas may also be referred to as a "low
  • the liquid impact system may comprise an LNG container on an LNG ship configured to hold LNG, LPG, or other liquefied gaseous hydrocarbon.
  • the LNG container may be a membrane tank, a corrugated tank, a spherical tank, or another type of tank for holding LNG.
  • the controller may be a manually operated system such as a valve and tank system, or may be an automatically controlled system such as a processor operatively connected to a memory storage and access device (e.g. RAM or hard drive), a database, a set of control algorithms, etc. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will comprehend other means to employ this system. [0031] Referring now to the drawings, FIG.
  • the process 100 begins at block 102 and includes providing 104 a liquid impact system having a solid body, wherein po is a density of the gas, Hs a polytropic index of the gas, and P L is a density of the liquid. Then, calculating 106 a parameter ⁇ for the system, wherein ⁇ is defined as (P G / 'P L )(K-1)/ K and changing 108 the liquid-impact pressure (e.g.
  • the process 100 ends at block 110.
  • the provided 104 two-phase liquid impact system may be any one of a liquid storage container system, a fuel container system, an ink jet printing system, or another system having at least a solid surface, a gas portion, and a liquid portion, wherein the liquid portion contacts the solid surface an imparts a force or pressure thereto.
  • the liquid impact is primarily due to sloshing of the liquid inside the container or tank and preferably the liquid impact pressure is decreased.
  • the ink jet printing system the ink is the liquid, a piece of paper is the solid surface, and a gas surrounding the jet of ink is the gas.
  • the liquid impact is the ink jet on the paper and preferably the liquid impact is increased.
  • Compatibility may be determined by a number of factors, such as flammability, toxicity, solubility with the liquid, environmentally friendly, lower boil-off temperature than the liquid, relative cost and/or availability and any combination of these factors.
  • the step of calculating 106 the parameter ⁇ for the system may be done by any reasonable means known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the parameter ⁇ may be calculated manually by an operator whenever certain threshold conditions are met, such as detection of liquid impact loads that are outside engineered tolerances.
  • the parameter ⁇ may be calculated using an automated computer system having a processor, RAM, storage and connection to a database or network for obtaining density and polytropic index values for various gas and liquid systems.
  • Yet another alternative includes looking up the parameter ⁇ in a pre-calculated table of values for a given system, such as values of the parameter ⁇ for an LNG system.
  • the step of adjusting 108 the liquid-impact load by changing the parameter ⁇ for the system includes at least changing the pressure of the gas in the system, changing the temperature of the gas in the system, changing the composition of the gas in the system, changing the composition of the liquid in the system, and any combination of these.
  • the level of the liquid also changes the parameter ⁇ of the system by changing the pressure of the ullage gas.
  • This liquid fill-level can be the largest single factor during on- loading or offloading operations, particularly when such operations are conducted at a high sea state for the exemplary LNG container system.
  • the liquid is LNG, which will not be changed.
  • the LNG contemplated is "commercial grade" LNG, which is substantially pure, but will include contaminants that are well known to persons of skill in the LNG arts.
  • the ullage gas will generally be the boil-off gas from the LNG and will have the same or similar composition as the LNG. As such, it will contain primarily methane, but also include some of the contaminants, particularly if those contaminants have a substantially equivalent boil-off temperature to the methane.
  • changing the parameter ⁇ for the system may include changing the composition of the ullage gas by increasing the amount of an "enhancement gas" in the system, such as helium, neon, nitrogen, methane, or argon.
  • One feature of the LNG example is that during transport, a portion of the LNG may boil-off to produce an additional volume of natural gas in the ullage volume of the container. This may increase pressure and will likely change the parameter ⁇ during transport of LNG. Such a change may call for removing some of the methane or injecting another gas into the ullage volume to compensate for the addition of the natural gas.
  • the LNG container may include a pressure release valve with a pressure setting. Such valves are common and typically configured to avoid significant pressure increases inside the LNG container during transport. However, as noted above, a slightly higher ullage gas pressure (within engineering tolerances) may result in decrease sloshing loads.
  • the parameter ⁇ must be accounted for during on-loading or off-loading operations at an offshore terminal. This may include injecting more ullage gas during offloading to maintain a sufficiently high parameter ⁇ to permit off-loading during a rough or high sea state, changing the composition of the ullage gas to achieve the desired ⁇ level, or a combination of these.
  • the ullage gas may be recovered at either a cargo-transfer (e.g. import) terminal or an export terminal or restored to have characteristics more typical of normal LNG operations.
  • the ullage gas e.g.
  • nitrogen may be displaced as tanks are filled with LNG after the ship returns to the export terminal.
  • the displaced gas may be reused at the export terminals for other purposes, such as feedstock for inert gas or refrigerant.
  • the ullage gas may be restored in the LNG ship by injecting methane back in the tank until gas composition is restored or by trading the ullage gas with methane and storing the ullage gas.
  • the taught methods will be increasingly important for at least the LNG industry from both economic and operational safety viewpoints.
  • steps of calculating and adjusting may be accomplished by the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of optimizing a liquid impact load on an object in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the method 200 begins at block 202 and includes determining 204 an optimum liquid impact load of the liquid on the object in a liquid impact system.
  • the method further includes selecting an attribute 206 for optimization from the group of attributes including the type of liquid, the type of gas or mixture of gas (e.g.
  • compositions of the gas and liquid), the pressure of the system, and the temperature of the system and calculating 208 a liquid impact load on the object using the parameter ⁇ , wherein the parameter ⁇ is defined as (p G /pL)(f-l)/f, wherein P G is a density of the gas, K is a polytropic index of the gas, and p L is a density of the liquid.
  • the parameter ⁇ is defined as (p G /pL)(f-l)/f, wherein P G is a density of the gas, K is a polytropic index of the gas, and p L is a density of the liquid.
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of a flow chart of an embodiment of a method of reducing a liquid impact load in a container in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the process 300 begins at block 302 and includes providing 304 a liquid impact system, comprising: a liquid, a first gas, and a container having a liquid volume filled with the liquid, and an ullage volume substantially filled with the first gas, wherein the liquid has a density (P L ) and the gas has a density (po) and a polytropic index (K).
  • the method includes determining or calculating 306 a parameter ⁇ for the two-phase system, wherein the parameter ⁇ is defined as ⁇ pclp ⁇ ) ⁇ -X)l ⁇ . Note that decreasing the parameter ⁇ increases the liquid impact load on the system and in most cases, the relationship is not linear, but has a shape affected by the type of system.
  • the method then includes increasing 308 the parameter ⁇ of the system.
  • the step of increasing the parameter ⁇ of the system 308 may be executed by one of the following approaches: increasing the pressure of the first gas in the container, replacing at least a portion of the first gas with a selected gas having a higher parameter ⁇ , increasing the liquid volume in the container, and decreasing a volume of boil-off gas, wherein the volume of boil-off gas is a result of boil-off from the liquid volume.
  • FIG. 4 is an illustration of a system for reducing a liquid impact load in a container in accordance with the method of FIG. 3.
  • the system 400 includes a container 402 having an ullage volume 404 containing at least a first ullage gas with a density (po) and a polytropic index (K), and a volume of liquid 406, the liquid having a density (P L ).
  • the system 400 further includes a sensor system 407 to take measurements of system variables, including liquid volume, ullage volume, liquid density (P L ), ullage gas density (po), and ullage gas polytropic index (/ ⁇ .
  • a calculator 408 is operatively connected to the sensors 407 and configured to calculate a parameter ⁇ , wherein ⁇ is defined as (pG/pL)(f-l)/f.
  • the calculator 408 is operatively connected to the sensors 407 and configured to calculate a parameter ⁇ , wherein ⁇ is defined as (pG/pL)(f-l)/f.
  • a pump 418 may also optionally be added to the system 400 controlled by the controller 410 to adjust the gas pressure of the system 400.
  • selector 411 operatively connected to the controller 410 for selecting and apportioning the amount of gas from each location 412a-412b depending on the circumstances.
  • the container 402 is an LNG tank, which may be any type of LNG tank, but is most likely a standard membrane-type tank as found on the majority of the world's LNG carriers.
  • the system 400 may be implemented into existing LNG carriers with little or no modification of the tank.
  • some modern LNG carriers may already include active leak detection systems (or rupture detection systems) and it may be relatively inexpensive to integrate or modify at least some of the sensors 407, such as pressure sensors, into such a system to additionally monitor sloshing loads.
  • the system 400 will also include a data acquisition system (DAQ) (not shown), which may be a standard DAQ known to those of skill in the art and which may already be incorporated into many LNG carriers.
  • DAQ data acquisition system
  • the liquid 406 is LNG (or optionally LPG or another liquefied gas product) and the gas 404 is typically methane, which is the boil-off gas from the LNG.
  • the calculator 408 may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable medium.
  • a computer-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer).
  • a computer-readable (e.g., machine-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium (e.g., read only memory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.), and a machine (e.g., computer) readable transmission medium (electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.)).
  • the calculator 408 may also be in communication with a network connection, a display and input device such as a monitor and a keyboard.
  • the calculator 408 may be configured to receive the data from the sensors 407 and calculate the parameter ⁇ , which may then be utilized by the controller 410.
  • the controller 410 is configured to receive information such as the data from the sensors 407, the value of the parameter ⁇ from the calculator 408, and information from an operator (e.g. sea state, availability of other ullage gasses, predicted or optimum liquid impact load on the system, operating states of various equipment such as the pump 418, valve 414, sensors 407, and other information).
  • the controller 410 is further configured to send information and instructions to the operator and the equipment, as needed or desired.
  • the controller 410 preferably includes input and display devices and a permanent storage device such as a hard drive.
  • the calculator 408 and the controller 410 may be integrated into a single unit.
  • the holding locations 412a-412b should be construed broadly enough to include sources of gas and locations to vent gasses (if venting is appropriate) and are not necessarily limited to enclosed tanks.
  • atmospheric air may be selected as an appropriate ullage gas (note, air may not be appropriate for the LNG case because the oxygen in air may react with the LNG boil-off gas).
  • air separation units (ASU) become more efficient and effective, it may be reasonable to utilize an ASU to remove the oxygen from the air leaving primarily inert gasses (e.g. nitrogen and argon) for use as an ullage gas 404.
  • the holding location 412 would be the ASU (not shown).
  • the holding locations 412a-412b are tanks for holding gas and configured to deliver or receive gas depending on the circumstances.
  • the holding locations 412a-412b may be the largest item added to an existing LNG carrier, but these locations 412a-412b are preferably much smaller than even one LNG storage container 402 and may suitably be placed on the deck of the LNG carrier without adding undue operational risk or inconvenience.
  • Some LNG ships already incorporate such tanks to handle LNG boil-off (methane) for safety reasons, making a retrofit of an existing LNG carrier with the presently disclosed system relatively inexpensive.
  • the valve 414 may be any type of flow valve appropriate for controlling the flow of gasses through a flow line 416.
  • the valve 414 should further be capable of permitting flow in two directions.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the types of valves that may be used in the system 400.
  • the flow line 416 may be any type of flow line appropriate for transporting gaseous fluids from one location to another at a high enough rate and pressure to effectively operate the system 400.
  • the pump 418 should be capable of handling the gaseous pressures and volumes contemplated in the system 400, which will vary depending on the type of system.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art understands that a variety of valves 414, flow lines 416, and pumps 418 are operable in the system 400 when utilized for their intended purposes.
  • FIGs. 5A-5B are an illustration of an exemplary LNG membrane tank cross- section and a schematic of an experimental setup for measuring liquid impact loads in an LNG container using the parameter ⁇ as disclosed in the methods and systems of FIGs. 1-4. As such, FIGs. 5A-5B may be best understood with reference to FIGs. 1-4.
  • FIG. 5 A is a schematic cross-section 500 of a typical LNG membrane tank filled with liquid 504 and ullage gas 502. Arrows 506 show the expected relative motion of the tank 500.
  • FIG. 5B is a schematic 510 of an experimental tank 511 showing sensing devices 512 for measuring the sloshing impact pressure.
  • One exemplary method of reducing the liquid impact load in a two-phase gas and liquid system comprises liquefied natural gas (LNG) and natural gas (e.g. primarily methane) in an LNG tank. More specifically, the model describes the exemplary LNG offshore offloading case wherein the tank 500 is under partial-fill conditions.
  • LNG natural gas
  • natural gas e.g. primarily methane
  • the model describes the exemplary LNG offshore offloading case wherein the tank 500 is under partial-fill conditions.
  • the LNG level decreases to model LNG being discharged from the tank 500.
  • the ullage space 502 is filled with a gaseous mixture that includes nitrogen (N 2 ) at cryogenic temperatures similar to LNG.
  • the nitrogen injection is kept at a rate that the ullage pressure (e.g.
  • Nitrogen can be provided by a nitrogen-generator on-board an offshore terminal, which can be generated in advance and stored in a liquid form (e.g. in holding areas like 412) or provided by an ASU or other device. Third, nitrogen injection stops as the LNG cargo- transfer finishes.
  • Nitrogen is a good choice as an ullage gas in an LNG system because it meets all of the following criteria: lower boil-off temperature than LNG, inert and non-toxic gas, minimum environmental impact, available in large quantities, inexpensive, low solubility in LNG and able to maintain LNG quality.
  • the combination of nitrogen and LNG forms a parameter ⁇ that is larger than the methane and LNG combination.
  • the parameter ⁇ of nitrogen/LNG is almost twice the number of methane/LNG.
  • Table 1 also lists argon and helium data. As can be seen, argon can potentially reduce the impact loads further while helium can result in a significant increase of impact loads.
  • the extent of sloshing impact pressure reduction can be demonstrated by a 2D sloshing test, such as the one disclosed herein. These tests utilize a 2D pressurized tank 500. The tank 500 was filled with boiling water 502 and the ullage 504 was filled with boiling vapor (or steam). Under a typical testing condition, the vapor and liquid reached thermal equilibrium. The effect of the parameter ⁇ was demonstrated by varying testing temperature which results in a change of vapor density (po). This effect was further confirmed by testing with different ullage gas compositions and pressures. As a result, sloshing loads from methane/LNG and nitrogen/LNG are expected to follow a similar trend.
  • FIG. 6 is an exemplary graph plotting sloshing impact load (or pressure) against a parameter ⁇ .
  • the graph 600 compares the sloshing impact pressure 602 versus the parameter ⁇ 604 (no units).
  • the plot further includes a curve 606 showing the interaction of the variables pressure 602 and ⁇ 604.
  • Two points 608a and 608b are also shown plotting two different conditions and the approximate change in pressure 602 compared with the approximate change in ⁇ 604. Viewing the curve 606, it should be apparent that under some conditions it might take a rather large change in ⁇ to significantly lower the pressure.
  • One useful calculation might include the derivative of the curve (dP/d ⁇ ) to determine the potential effectiveness of a change in the parameter ⁇ .
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of experimental results comparing sloshing impact load against the parameter ⁇ .
  • the graph 700 includes pressure 702 (non-dimensional) versus the parameter ⁇ 704.
  • the diamonds 706 in the plot indicate experimental data from steam/water testing.
  • the circles 707 in the plot show the experimental data from heavy gas/water testing.
  • the solid curve 708 is a fitting curve of the experimental data.
  • conditions with methane/LNG and nitrogen/LNG are labeled as circles 712a and 712b, respectively.
  • the impact pressure 702 is expected to decrease almost by half as ⁇ 704 increases from methane/LNG to nitrogen/LNG. Although the tests were conducted at high- fill condition, a similar trend is expected for partial-fill conditions.

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AR074016A1 (es) 2010-12-15
US8561631B2 (en) 2013-10-22
TW201033511A (en) 2010-09-16
JP5603342B2 (ja) 2014-10-08
JP2012509230A (ja) 2012-04-19
EP2356420A1 (en) 2011-08-17
EP2356420A4 (en) 2014-07-30
AU2009317982A1 (en) 2010-05-27
TWI516707B (zh) 2016-01-11
AU2009317982B2 (en) 2014-04-24
CA2741779C (en) 2015-09-15
CA2741779A1 (en) 2010-05-27
EP2356420B1 (en) 2016-03-30

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