WO2010057845A1 - Filtre à air d'admission pour moteurs à combustion interne - Google Patents

Filtre à air d'admission pour moteurs à combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010057845A1
WO2010057845A1 PCT/EP2009/065213 EP2009065213W WO2010057845A1 WO 2010057845 A1 WO2010057845 A1 WO 2010057845A1 EP 2009065213 W EP2009065213 W EP 2009065213W WO 2010057845 A1 WO2010057845 A1 WO 2010057845A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
housing
filter
intake air
filter element
air filter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2009/065213
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Mario Rieger
Werner Blossey
Original Assignee
Mann+Hummel Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mann+Hummel Gmbh filed Critical Mann+Hummel Gmbh
Priority to BRPI0921973A priority Critical patent/BRPI0921973A2/pt
Priority to CN2009801463794A priority patent/CN102224336B/zh
Priority to US13/130,466 priority patent/US8435338B2/en
Priority to EP09752187.6A priority patent/EP2347114B1/fr
Publication of WO2010057845A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010057845A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/02—Air cleaners
    • F02M35/024—Air cleaners using filters, e.g. moistened
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0002—Casings; Housings; Frame constructions
    • B01D46/0005—Mounting of filtering elements within casings, housings or frames
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0084—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours provided with safety means
    • B01D46/009—Identification of filter type or position thereof, e.g. by transponders or bar codes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2265/00—Casings, housings or mounting for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D2265/02—Non-permanent measures for connecting different parts of the filter
    • B01D2265/023—Non-permanent measures for connecting different parts of the filter making use of magnetic forces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2265/00—Casings, housings or mounting for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D2265/02—Non-permanent measures for connecting different parts of the filter
    • B01D2265/024—Mounting aids
    • B01D2265/026—Mounting aids with means for avoiding false mounting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
    • B01D2279/60—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for the intake of internal combustion engines or turbines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an intake air filter according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • an intake air filter for internal combustion engines which has an apparent housing with an exchangeable filter element.
  • the housing has a raw air inlet and a clean air outlet.
  • the filter element is sealingly disposed between the unfiltered air inlet and the clean air outlet and serves to separate contaminants from the intake air for a subsequent internal combustion engine.
  • the filter element is completely enclosed by the housing.
  • the housing could be closed without the use of a filter element. This can lead to damage to the internal combustion engine.
  • a non-compliant, in particular too short a filter element could be used, which leads to an undesirable reduction in power of the internal combustion engine.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an intake air filter, in which the proper assembly of the filter element can be checked by simple means. This object is solved by the features of claim 1.
  • the intake air filter according to the invention for internal combustion engines is used for the purification of air, which is required for the combustion process.
  • Such intake air filters can be used in stationary machines, such as compressors or in mobile machines, such as in vehicles.
  • the intake air filter has an apparent housing, which consists of at least two housing parts.
  • a housing part can be designed as a housing pot and the other housing part as a housing cover.
  • the housing parts are made of a deformable material, such as metal sheet, or of a urformbaren material, such as thermoplastic material, produced.
  • Housing parts made of plastic are particularly inexpensive to produce, since complex housing structures can be produced in one operation and the material, compared with metals, is light and inexpensive
  • the housing has a Rohlufteinlass and a clean air outlet.
  • inlet and outlet can be arranged on the same housing part or on different housing parts.
  • a filter element is arranged which sealingly separates the inlet from the outlet, so that the sucked air must pass through the filter element before it reaches a downstream internal combustion engine.
  • the filter element is completely surrounded by the housing, on the one hand protects the filter element from mechanical damage from the environment and on the other hand allows a defined flow through the unfiltered air inlet.
  • the housing In order to detect a lack of the filter element or the use of an inappropriate filter element with the housing closed, the housing has an additional opening which corresponds to a filter recognition device. This additional opening in the housing can have any desired contour.
  • the filter recognition device can be arranged inside or outside the housing and correspond through the opening with the respective other side.
  • the filter recognition device is a viewing window, which consists of an optically transparent material which closes the opening.
  • This permeable material may be, for example, transparent plastic such as polystyrene or polycarbonate or glass, which are transparent to the human eye. The examination of a correctly installed filter element can thus be done by a simple visual inspection during assembly or packaging.
  • materials are also conceivable which are transparent only to suitable light sources such as laser beams and are opaque to the human eye.
  • the intake air filter has an annularly closed filter element with a filter medium and with its end faces inextricably connected end plates.
  • the filter element can be designed both annular, as well as oval.
  • the filter medium can consist of any known to the expert and suitable for the particular use material.
  • the end plates may be made of sheet metal, plastic or other dimensionally stable material.
  • the plastic may be a dimensionally stable thermoplastic or a flexible elastomer, in particular PUR foam.
  • An end plate made of a dimensionally stable material can be welded or glued to the filter medium, for example.
  • the end plate may also consist of a combination of several different materials.
  • a combination of PUR foam with a thermoplastic center is particularly advantageous because the PUR foam sealingly connects to the filter media and encloses the center of a relatively unyielding material.
  • One of the end disks corresponds sealingly with the clean air outlet.
  • the end disk, which is arranged opposite the clean air outlet, is thus sealed off in the housing. supports that uncontrolled movement of the filter element is prevented in the housing.
  • the additional opening in the housing is arranged in the region of the end disks.
  • parts of the end plate, parts applied to the end plate or parts arranged on the housing can protrude through the opening as a filter recognition device.
  • the end plate has sufficient mechanical strength to allow the entry of the parts into or through the opening. Thus it can be checked visually whether the filter element is mounted correctly.
  • the opening in the region of the clean air outlet arranged opposite end plate is arranged.
  • the filter element may be connected to the clean air outlet and the housing closed, but the filter recognition device on the end plate would not contact the opening. Thus it can be seen when the housing is closed that no correct filter element is installed.
  • the filter recognition device extends from the end plate in the direction of the opening.
  • the filter recognition device can be designed as a dome with any cross-section, integral with the end plate. This is easy to produce, especially with plastic molded parts.
  • the dome can be placed at any position Ie be arranged on the end plate.
  • a particularly advantageous arrangement of the dome is to be seen in a coaxial arrangement with the filter element.
  • a centering and fixing the position of the filter element is achieved in the housing, which is arranged on the opposite side of the clean air outlet.
  • vibrations of the filter element are significantly reduced during operation.
  • the filter recognition device is designed as a pin which projects at least partially into the opening.
  • This pin can be detachably or non-detachably connected to the end plate by e.g. weld, glue, screw, be connected.
  • a suitable material pairing can be selected, in particular plastic end disk with metal pin.
  • the pin can also have a different color than the end plate and the housing and thus stand out contrasting with respect to the housing, allowing a quick and easy visual inspection.
  • the filter recognition device has an elastic, in particular cuboid or cylindrical element which is compressible between the filter element and the housing.
  • the elastic element may be glued, plugged or metered onto the end plate, for example.
  • Advantageous materials here are rubber compounds such as PUR foam or EPDM, felts, nonwovens, which can be compressed.
  • the filter recognition device is arranged on the housing and corresponds to the end plate of the filter element.
  • the end plate can have a simple geometry without special configurations.
  • the filter element can also be integrated into other intake air filters without filter recognition.
  • the filter recognition device can be glued or welded as an elastic component on the inside of the housing, for example. When installing a correct filter insert, the component is then compressed and pressed onto the opening.
  • the filter recognition device has a magnetic element, such as a metal pin or a metal sheet.
  • the magnetic element can then be pressed by the filter element from the inside to the opening or inserted into the opening.
  • the magnetic element in particular a metal pin
  • an elastic element in particular a spiral spring
  • the magnetic element is arranged flexibly on the housing.
  • a position fixing device is arranged on the end plate, which correspond with receiving contours in the housing.
  • the Lüfixiervoriques can be designed as radially outwardly projecting geometry.
  • the receiving contour in the housing at least partially forms the negative contour, so that the position fixing device is received and held stationary.
  • the filter recognition device can be arranged at arbitrary locations in the region of the end disk, the filter recognition being reliably ensured.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the detail X from FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 3 shows a plan view along the section line A - A of the detail according to FIG. 2,
  • Figure 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the detail X of Figure 1
  • Figure 5a an alternative embodiment of the detail X of Figure 1 with a defective filter element
  • Figure 5b the embodiment of Figure 5 with a correct filter element.
  • an intake air filter 10 is shown in half section.
  • the intake air filter 10 is suitable for purifying air for an internal combustion engine (not shown).
  • the intake air filter 10 has an apparent housing 11, which is formed by a housing pot 12 and a housing cover 13.
  • the housing parts 12, 13 consist of a nem thermoplastic and are produced in an injection molding process, all contours are produced without additional operations.
  • fastening devices 14 are arranged, to which the intake air filter 10 are attached to correspondingly designed brackets (not shown).
  • the housing parts 12, 13 are releasably connected to each other by means of clamping bracket 15.
  • a plurality of clamping bracket 15 are arranged distributed on the circumference of the housing 11.
  • the housing pot 12 has a Rohlufteinlass 16 and a clean air outlet 17.
  • the Rohluftein- lass 16 and the clean air outlet 17 are each designed as a nozzle to which hoses or pipes (not shown) can be connected.
  • the housing pot 12 may also consist of several parts, which are screwed or welded together, for example. Here, the items are then easier to produce due to the simplified geometry.
  • a filter element 18 is arranged such that the unfiltered air inlet 16 is sealingly separated from the clean air outlet 17.
  • the filter element 18 has a first end disk 19, a second end disk 20, a filter medium 21 arranged between the end disks 19, 20 and a support body 22.
  • the filter medium 21 consists of a folded and annularly closed filter paper, which is suitable for cleaning air.
  • the support body 22, which is arranged inside and thus on the outflow side of the filter medium 21, is made of a dimensionally stable thermoplastic material.
  • the support body 22 has longitudinal ribs 23 and transverse ribs 24. Between the ribs 23, 24 thus a plurality of passages 25 is formed, through which the purified air can pass without further flow resistance.
  • the support body 22 is enclosed at its end faces by the end plates 19, 20 partially formed of PUR foam 26. In the region of the first end plate 19, the support body 22 is designed slotted, so that elastic radial movements, which are required for mounting the filter element 18 in the housing 11, are possible.
  • the first end plate 19 may have a partial area (not shown) made of a dimensionally stable plastic in addition to the PUR foam 26, with which a vibration-stable connection to the housing 12 can be generated.
  • this sub-area for example, as a nozzle (not shown) to be executed, which is mounted in the clean air outlet 17.
  • the second end plate 20 has in addition to the polyurethane foam 26 via a dimensionally stable center part 27, which is designed as a fluid-tight plastic molded part.
  • This middle part 27 is sealed at its periphery by the PUR foam 26 and has a concentric with the filter element 18 arranged dome 28, which extends from the end plate 20 in the direction of the housing cover 13.
  • the dome 28 protrudes through an opening 29 in the housing cover 13.
  • the end plate 20 is supported in the mounted state with its outer circumference radially on a ring geometry 30 of the housing cover 13, and with a frontally arranged bead 31 on the interior of the housing cover 13 from.
  • the bead 31 is pressed axially, whereby an axial play of the filter element 18 in the housing 11 is prevented.
  • the end plate 20 would not contact the housing cover 13, whereby the opening 29 would not be closed by the dome 28. This could easily be detected from the outside.
  • FIG. 2 shows a section X of the intake air filter 10 according to FIG. 1 in an alternative embodiment. Identical components are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the filter housing 13 has, as in Figure 1 via a coaxially arranged opening 29 '.
  • the opening 29 ' has an axial guide section 32.
  • This guide section 32 extends from the housing wall on the one hand inwardly and on the other hand outwards and thus forms a sufficient guide surface for a sliding sleeve 33, which is designed as a filter recognition device.
  • the FiI- tererkennungsvorraum executed fixed to the housing.
  • the sliding sleeve 33 has a bearing collar 34, on which a compression spring 35 is supported.
  • the thrust bearing of the compression spring 35 is formed by the inner end face of the guide portion 32.
  • the end plate 20 ' has, analogously to FIG. 1, PUR foam 26 and a central part 27'.
  • the middle part 27 ' is, apart from a stabilizing ring 36, designed as a flat, slightly inwardly curved disc, which thus has a pressure surface acting on the sliding sleeve 33 has.
  • the length and position of the end plate 20' is selected such that in the assembled state with the housing 11 closed, the pressure of the middle part 27 'on the sliding sleeve 33 is sufficient to compress the compression spring 35.
  • the sliding sleeve is pushed through the opening 29 'and is visible from the outside.
  • a radially outwardly projecting positional fixing 37 is formed on the end disk 20' in the region of the PUR foam 26. As shown in FIG. 3, this positional fixing 37 engages in a receiving contour 38 in the ring geometry 30.
  • the filter element 18 ' can be used only in a single layer in the housing 11. In other embodiments, several, in particular three, distributed around the circumference arranged position fixings 37 may be provided which with corresponding receiving contours 38 communicate.
  • the filter recognition device may be arranged concentrically or eccentrically.
  • the use of position fixings 37 in eccentric arrangements is particularly advantageous, since an exact positioning of the filter element 18 'and thus function of the filter recognition device is thus achieved.
  • the sliding sleeve 33 In the absence or too short a length of the filter element 18 ', the sliding sleeve 33 is not contacted, whereby no compression of the compression spring 35 takes place. The sliding sleeve 33 is thus not pressed outward and remains inside the housing 11 (shown in phantom). Thus, it can be recognized when the housing 11 is closed that no prescribed filter element 18 'is installed.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further alternative embodiment of the detail X according to FIG. Identical components are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the housing 11 or the housing cover 13 corresponds in its configuration to the housing cover 13 from FIG. 1, but a receiving contour 38 in the ring geometry 30 according to FIG. 2 is provided.
  • the filter element 18 "essentially corresponds to the filter element 18 'shown in Figure 2, but a rubber element 39 is adhesively bonded to the central part 27' coaxially with the end plate 20 '. would be, so that the rubber element 39, the opening 29 covers.
  • a scholardorn 40 shown in phantom
  • the marking line 41 in the opening 29 is inserted to the marking line 41 in the opening 29. If the test mandrel 40 is allowed to advance further than the marking line 41, a defective filter element 18 is contained in the housing 11.
  • FIG. 5 a shows a further alternative embodiment of the detail X according to FIG. 1 with a faulty filter element.
  • the housing 11 corresponds substantially to the housing 11 of Figure 1, wherein on the inside of the housing cover 13, a rubber cap 42 is fixed such that the opening 29 is covered.
  • the rubber cap 42 has a vulcanized magnetic metal pin 43.
  • the filter element 18 ' is too short to contact with the end plate 20', the rubber cap 42.
  • the rubber cap 42 extends in the unloaded state in the filter interior and the metal pin 43 does not protrude beyond the wall thickness of the housing cover 13.
  • the metal pin 43 would generate no signal, whereby the intake air filter is detected as defective.
  • FIG. 5b shows the embodiment according to FIG. 5 with a correct filter element 18 ''''
  • the rubber cap 42 is compressed by the end disk 20 'and pressed onto the opening 29.
  • the metal pin 43 is pushed through the opening 29.
  • the metal pin 43 would generate a signal

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un filtre à air d'admission (10) destiné à nettoyer l'air d'admission pour des moteurs à combustion interne, en particulier dans les véhicules. À cette fin, le filtre à air d'admission (10) possède un boîtier (11) pouvant s'ouvrir, présentant une entrée (16) et une sortie (17). Un élément filtrant (18) est placé entre l'entrée (16) et la sortie (17). Afin de pouvoir vérifier sur le boîtier (11) fermé qu'un élément filtrant (18) correct a été monté correctement, il est prévu un dispositif de détection d'élément filtrant, se présentant par exemple sous la forme d'un dôme (28) comportant une ouverture supplémentaire (29) dans le boîtier (11).
PCT/EP2009/065213 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 Filtre à air d'admission pour moteurs à combustion interne WO2010057845A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BRPI0921973A BRPI0921973A2 (pt) 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 filtro de ar de aspiração para máquina de combustão interna.
CN2009801463794A CN102224336B (zh) 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 用于内燃机的吸入空气滤清器
US13/130,466 US8435338B2 (en) 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 Intake air filter for internal combustion engines
EP09752187.6A EP2347114B1 (fr) 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 Filtre à air d'admission pour moteurs à combustion interne

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE202008015438U DE202008015438U1 (de) 2008-11-20 2008-11-20 Ansaugluftfilter für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen
DE202008015438.3 2008-11-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010057845A1 true WO2010057845A1 (fr) 2010-05-27

Family

ID=41625175

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2009/065213 WO2010057845A1 (fr) 2008-11-20 2009-11-16 Filtre à air d'admission pour moteurs à combustion interne

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US8435338B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2347114B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102224336B (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0921973A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE202008015438U1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010057845A1 (fr)

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US8475556B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2013-07-02 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filter cartridge system
US9480940B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2016-11-01 Donaldson Company, Inc. Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods

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EP2301646B1 (fr) 2004-04-13 2013-06-05 Donaldson Company, Inc. Cartouche de filtration pour la filtration d'un liquide
JP2013000742A (ja) 2011-06-15 2013-01-07 Mann & Hummel Gmbh フィルタ要素およびフィルタ要素用のハウジング
DE102011106500B4 (de) * 2011-06-15 2016-02-25 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Luftfilteranordnung und Verwendung eines Filterelements in einer solchen
DE102012008453A1 (de) * 2012-04-27 2013-10-31 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filterelement und Gehäuse für ein Filterelement
DE102012101185A1 (de) * 2011-08-03 2013-02-07 Gebr. Becker Gmbh Strömungsmaschine, Luftfilter-Vorsatz und Filterteil
SE536436C2 (sv) * 2012-03-01 2013-10-29 Scania Cv Ab Filterhus och luftfilterenhet för en förbränningsmotor
US20130291500A1 (en) * 2012-05-03 2013-11-07 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Air cleaner with integrated resonator
US9089804B2 (en) 2012-11-19 2015-07-28 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangements; components; assemblies; and, methods
DE102014000927A1 (de) * 2013-02-12 2014-08-14 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filterelement
DE102014011444A1 (de) * 2013-09-02 2015-03-05 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filterelement und Filtersystem mit einem Filterelement
US9457307B2 (en) * 2013-09-02 2016-10-04 Mann+Hummel Gmbh Filter system with filter element
US20210213382A1 (en) * 2013-10-07 2021-07-15 Jpl Investments, Llc Modified air filter and method and system for indicating air filter status
DE102013021073B4 (de) 2013-12-18 2017-10-26 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filtereinrichtung, insbesondere Luftfilter, und Filterelement
US9517428B2 (en) 2014-09-12 2016-12-13 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Filter for a portable industrial air filtration device
US10112139B2 (en) * 2014-09-30 2018-10-30 The Boeing Company Air filter monitoring tab
EP3791948A3 (fr) * 2016-06-15 2021-07-21 LG Electronics Inc. Épurateur d'air
EP3801821B1 (fr) * 2018-06-11 2022-10-19 Volvo Truck Corporation Boîtier de filtre à air avec agencement de fermeture, filtre à air et véhicule

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EP0470330A1 (fr) 1990-08-06 1992-02-12 FILTERWERK MANN & HUMMEL GMBH Filtre à air d'aspiration pour moteur à combustion interne d'un véhicule
DE19913181A1 (de) * 1999-03-24 2000-09-28 Mann & Hummel Filter Filter mit topfförmigem Gehäuse und Rundfilterpatrone
GB2377622A (en) 2001-07-16 2003-01-22 Vax Ltd Vacuum cleaner with indicator to show the absence of a filter element
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9480940B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2016-11-01 Donaldson Company, Inc. Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods
US10195551B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2019-02-05 Donaldson Company, Inc. Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods
US10967310B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2021-04-06 Donaldson Company, Inc. Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods
US11839842B2 (en) 2009-03-31 2023-12-12 Donaldson Company, Inc. Liquid filter assemblies; features; components; and, methods
US8475556B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2013-07-02 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Filter cartridge system

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CN102224336A (zh) 2011-10-19
DE202008015438U1 (de) 2010-04-22
BRPI0921973A2 (pt) 2016-01-05
US8435338B2 (en) 2013-05-07
EP2347114B1 (fr) 2015-03-04
CN102224336B (zh) 2013-08-07
EP2347114A1 (fr) 2011-07-27
US20110259199A1 (en) 2011-10-27

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