Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
  • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
  • H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
  • H04L63/145—Countermeasures against malicious traffic the attack involving the propagation of malware through the network, e.g. viruses, trojans or worms
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
  • G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
  • G06F21/552—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures involving long-term monitoring or reporting
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
  • G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
  • G06F21/56—Computer malware detection or handling, e.g. anti-virus arrangements
  • G06F21/562—Static detection
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
  • G06F21/57—Certifying or maintaining trusted computer platforms, e.g. secure boots or power-downs, version controls, system software checks, secure updates or assessing vulnerabilities
  • G06F21/577—Assessing vulnerabilities and evaluating computer system security
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
  • H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
  • H04L63/1408—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic by monitoring network traffic
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F2221/03—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/50, monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms
  • G06F2221/034—Test or assess a computer or a system
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
  • G06F2221/2115—Third party

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to computer security, and more particularly to providing users with a measure of assessed risks presented by computer files, websites, and/or other entities that can potentially compromise a computer.
• malware malicious software
• Malware threats include computer viruses, worms, Trojan horse programs, spyware, adware, crimeware, and phishing websites.
• Modern malware is often designed to provide financial gain to the attacker. For example, malware can surreptitiously capture important information such as logins, passwords, bank account identifiers, and credit card numbers.
• the malware can provide hidden interfaces that allow the attacker to access and control the compromised computer.
• malware While classical malware was usually mass-distributed to many computers, modern malware is often targeted and delivered to only a relative handful of computers.
• a Trojan horse program can be designed to target computers in a particular department of a particular enterprise.
• a false email can include a phishing attack that is directed to only customers of a certain bank or other electronic commerce site.
• Mass-distributed malware can often be detected and disabled by conventional security software.
• the security software uses techniques such as signature scanning and behavior monitoring heuristics to detect the malware.
• signature scanning and behavior monitoring heuristics are less effective for detecting targeted threats since there are fewer instances of the same malware, and the security software might not be configured to recognize it.
• mass-distributed malware is becoming harder to detect.
• a malicious website might automatically generate new malicious code for every few visitors.
• the malware is widely-distributed but only a small number of users have the exact same code, and it becomes impractical to generate signatures (and use signature scanning- based techniques) to detect it.
• malware perform different functions, which also makes the malware difficult to detect through heuristics and other techniques. Therefore, there is a need in the art for new ways to detect malware.
• security companies that analyze malware in order to develop signatures, heuristics, and other techniques for detecting it receive a large number of malware submissions.
• the security companies sometimes have no way to effectively measure the threat posed by submitted malware. For example, the security companies might not know whether submitted software is truly malicious or how widely a particular piece of malware is distributed. As a consequence, the security companies have a difficult time ranking or triaging the malware submissions to focus on analyzing the submissions that constitute the greatest threats.
• embodiments of the invention effectively communicate a reputation of an entity by detailing its association with safe or expert computer users who should be trusted more than average users.
• the entity may be an application or other file that a user has downloaded or installed, or is attempting to download or install, so that the reputation of the entity is a measure of how well the file is trusted by the other special users.
• the entity may be a website or any other entity in a computing environment with which a client system can interact and that may pose a malware threat.
• the communicated reputation allows the user to make a decision about whether to trust the entity on the user's own client.
• hygiene scores are determined for each of a plurality of clients, where the hygiene scores represent assessments of the trustworthiness of the clients.
• a reputation score for that entity is calculated and provided to the client.
• the reputation score may be calculated as a function of only those clients that have a hygiene score above a threshold.
• the calculated reputation score represents an assessment of whether the entity is malicious in terms of the special users who have clients with high hygiene scores.
• the client that encountered the entity then presents the reputation score to a user, along with a message indicating that the reputation score is based on other trustworthy clients that have good hygiene scores. In this way, the user is informed of the entity's reputation using information about the extent to which the trustworthy clients with good hygiene have interacted with the entity.
• the user may be presented with the reputation score for the entity when the user downloads the entity or attempts to install the entity on the user's client.
• the reputation score may be presented to the user when the user visits the website, or before a browser on the user's client navigates to the website. With the information provided by the reputation score, the user may make a more informed decision about whether to allow interactions with the entity by the user's client.
• FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a computing environment according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a typical computer for use as a reputation server or client.
• FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a detailed view of the security module of a client according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 4 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a detailed view of the reputation server according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a security module to provide security to a client according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a reputation server according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a reputation server to prioritize submitted malware according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram of a computing environment 100 according to one embodiment.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a reputation server 110 and three clients 112 connected by a network 114. Only three clients 112 are shown in FIG. 1 to simplify and clarify the description.
• Embodiments of the computing environment 100 can have thousands or millions of clients 112 connected to the network 114.
• FIG. 1 and the other figures use like reference numerals to identify like elements.
• the reputation server 110 interacts with the clients 112 via the network 114.
• the reputation server 110 receives hygiene scores for the clients 112.
• a client's hygiene score represents an assessment of the trustworthiness of the client 112.
• “Trustworthiness” in this context refers to a measure of the client's propensity for getting infected by malware and other computer related threats, where a client 112 that is infected more often is less trustworthy. "Trustworthiness" may also correspond to the ability of the user to avoid the threats.
• the reputation server 110 computes the hygiene scores itself based on the data received from the clients 112. Further, the reputation server 110 receives data describing the state of the client 112, such as files present, downloaded, installed, or executed on the clients, websites visited by the clients, and malware detected on the clients 110.
• the reputation server 110 analyzes the collective states of the clients 112 in view of the clients' hygiene scores, and computes reputation scores for particular programs, files, websites, and other computer-related entities encountered by the clients.
• a reputation score is an assessment of the likelihood that an entity is malicious (e.g., is a computer-related threat). For example, if a particular file is predominantly encountered by clients 112 with low hygiene scores, there is an elevated risk that the file is malicious because most users that use the file are poor at avoiding computer threats. Therefore, the file is likely to receive a low reputation score. Similarly, a website that is frequently visited by clients 112 having high hygiene scores is likely to receive a high reputation score because the website is frequented by users that are good at avoiding computer threats.
• the reputation server 110 provides the reputation scores to the clients 112, and the clients (and users of the clients) use the scores to guide behaviors with respect to whether to perform certain activities.
• a client 112 can be configured to block downloading of files that have reputation scores below a threshold.
• a user can decline to install or execute a file upon viewing that file's low reputation score.
• a client 112 is a computer used by one or more users to perform activities including downloading, installing, and/or executing files and browsing websites on the network 114.
• the client 112 for example, can be a personal computer executing a web browser that allows the user to retrieve and display content from web servers and other computers on the network 114.
• the client 112 is a network- capable device other than a computer, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a pager, a television “set-top box,” etc.
• PDA personal digital assistant
• client also includes computers such as servers and gateways that encounter files or other entities that might constitute malware or other threats.
• a client 112 can be a network gateway located between an enterprise network and the Internet.
• the client 112 can also be a mail server or web server that stores files that can be accessed by other clients.
• the client 112 executes a security module 116 that monitors the state of the client.
• the state includes activities performed on the client, such as files installed, executed, and downloaded, websites visited, etc.
• an embodiment of the security module 116 also monitors malware detections on the client 112.
• the security module 116 provides data describing the state to the reputation server 110.
• an embodiment of the security module 116 computes the client's hygiene score based on its state and provides this score to the reputation server 110.
• the security module 116 receives reputation scores 116 from the reputation server 110.
• the security module 116 evaluates the reputation score for an entity by, for example, comparing it to a threshold or displaying a message based on it to the user.
• the security module 116 optionally cancels an activity or performs another operation involving the entity in response to a result of the evaluation.
• the security module 116 provides a description of the operation performed as a result of the evaluation to the reputation sever 110.
• Using hygiene and reputation scores in this manner associates the users' abilities to avoid threats with their decisions to engage in certain activities involving computer-related entities they encounter.
• This approach leverages the collective intelligence of the users to assign reputation scores to files, websites, and other entities that accurately measures the risks associated with the entities.
• the reputation scores are computed without requiring the users to explicitly evaluate or judge the entity. Further, the reputation scores are computed without requiring a sophisticated analysis of the files, websites, or other potentially-malicious entities.
• the approach is well-suited to a computing environment where there are significant amounts of malware or other threats that might not be identified using conventional signature scanning and/or heuristic techniques.
• the network 114 represents the communication pathways between the reputation server 110 and clients 112.
• the network 114 is the Internet.
• the network 114 can also use dedicated or private communications links that are not necessarily part of the Internet.
• the network 114 uses standard communications technologies and/or protocols.
• the network 114 can include links using technologies such as Ethernet, 802.11, integrated services digital network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), etc.
• the networking protocols used on the network 114 can include the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), the file transfer protocol (FTP), etc.
• the data exchanged over the network 114 can be represented using technologies and/or formats including the hypertext markup language (HTML), the extensible markup language (XML), etc.
• HTML hypertext markup language
• XML extensible markup language
• all or some of links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as the secure sockets layer (SSL), Secure HTTP and/or virtual private networks (VPNs).
• SSL secure sockets layer
• VPNs virtual private networks
• the entities can use custom and/or dedicated data communications technologies instead of, or in addition to, the ones described above.
• FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a typical computer 200 for use as a reputation server 110 or client 112. Illustrated are a processor 202 coupled to a bus 204. Also coupled to the bus 204 are a memory 206, a storage device 208, a keyboard 210, a graphics adapter 212, a pointing device 214, and a network adapter 216. A display 218 is coupled to the graphics adapter 212.
• the processor 202 may be any general-purpose processor such as an INTEL x86 compatible-CPU.
• the storage device 208 is, in one embodiment, a hard disk drive but can also be any other device capable of storing data, such as a writeable compact disk (CD) or DVD, or a solid-state memory device.
• the memory 206 may be, for example, firmware, read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), and/or RAM, and holds instructions and data used by the processor 202.
• the pointing device 214 may be a mouse, track ball, or other type of pointing device, and is used in combination with the keyboard 210 to input data into the computer 200.
• the graphics adapter 212 displays images and other information on the display 218.
• the network adapter 216 couples the computer 200 to the network 114.
• the computer 200 is adapted to execute computer program modules.
• module refers to computer program logic and/or data for providing the specified functionality.
• a module can be implemented in hardware, firmware, and/or software.
• the modules are stored on the storage device 208, loaded into the memory 206, and executed by the processor 202.
• the types of computer systems 200 used by the entities of FIG. 1 can vary depending upon the embodiment and the processing power used by the entity. For example, a client 112 that is a mobile telephone typically has limited processing power, a small display 218, and might lack a pointing device 214.
• the reputation server 110 may comprise multiple blade servers working together to provide the functionality described herein.
• FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a detailed view of the security module 116 of a client 112 according to one embodiment.
• the security module 116 is incorporated into an operating system executing on the client 112 while in other embodiments the security module is a standalone application or part of another product.
• the security module 116 itself includes multiple modules. Those of skill in the art will recognize that other embodiments of the security module 116 can have different and/or other modules than the ones described here, and that the functionalities can be distributed among the modules in a different manner.
• a malware detection module 310 detects the presence of malware on the client 112.
• malware includes software such as computer viruses, worms, Trojan horse programs, and the like.
• malware also includes malicious websites such as "phishing" sites that attempt to trick users into revealing confidential information.
• the malware detection module 310 includes a signature database that describes known types of malware. The malware detection module 310 uses techniques such as emulation and signature scanning to match signatures in the database with files and/or other data on the client 112. If a match occurs, the matching data are assumed to be malware.
• embodiments of the malware detection module 310 use heuristics and other techniques to detect previously-unknown malware.
• the malware detection module 310 includes additional functionality for performing tasks such as preventing the malware from damaging the client 112 and removing the malware.
• an embodiment of the malware detection module 310 submits detected files or other entities to the reputation server 110 for subsequent analysis.
• the malware detection module 310 will identify previously-unknown malware through heuristic or other techniques. In these situations, it is often desirable to submit the malware to the reputation server 110 to enable specialists associated with the reputation server 110 to analyze it. This analysis can lead to improved techniques for detecting and disabling the malware, repairing clients 112 infected by it, and reducing the amount of false positive detections.
• a state monitoring module 312 monitors the state of the client 112 to detect encounters between the client 112 and entities such as files and websites that are relevant to the client's hygiene score or an entity's reputation score. To this end, an embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 identifies files that are resident on the client's storage device 208 and processes that are resident in the client's memory 206. In addition, the state monitoring module 312 monitors activities performed on the client 112 that are relevant to the client's hygiene score or an entity's reputation score. In one embodiment, the types of monitoring performed by the state monitoring module 312 are limited based on user- configurable parameters. For example, the user can disable certain types of monitoring due to privacy or other types of concerns.
• an embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 can temporarily suspend an activity to provide an opportunity to cancel it.
• the state monitoring module 312 monitors activities involving files that are introduced to, or executed on, the client 112.
• the monitored activities include downloading files from websites and/or other locations on the network 114, loading files onto the client 112 via removable media, installing files onto the client, and executing files on the client.
• the state monitoring module 312 records the activity performed, and the identities of the one or more files involved in the activity.
• the state monitoring module 312 identifies a file by generating a hash that uniquely identifies it. Further, some embodiments of the state monitoring module 312 monitor, and identify, only executable files or other file types in which malware might reside.
• An embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 monitors activities involving web browsing and/or other activities conducted via the network 114.
• One embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 monitors network communications to determine the websites and/or types of websites (e.g., sex or gambling websites) browsed by the client 112.
• the state monitoring module 312 also identifies entities present on websites browsed by the client 112, such as particular programs and other code embedded into the websites.
• the state monitoring module 312 monitors characteristics of the visited websites, such as whether the websites generate pop-up windows in the client browser.
• Another embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 examines a file cache maintained by a client- side web browser to determine the sites that were visited using the browser.
• a hygiene computation module 314 calculates a hygiene score for the client 112 in response to a set of metrics.
• the metrics include malware detections by the malware detection module 310 and client state monitored by the state monitoring module 312.
• the hygiene computation module 314 sends the data constituting the metrics to the reputation server 110, and the server calculates the hygiene score for the client.
• the hygiene computation module 314 uses metrics based on the frequency of occurrence of certain events, such as malware detections.
• the metrics can include the number of malware detections observed during a time period such as a week, month, or three-month interval.
• the metrics can include the number of malware detections measured relative to a number of files downloaded and/or installed on the client 112.
• the activities on which the metrics are based can include the frequency that the user browses known malicious or unsavory websites (such as sex/gambling sites, sites with many pop-up windows, or sites known to host phishing attacks) as measured over a time interval or relative to the total number of visited websites.
• the hygiene score for a client 112 can change over time if the frequency of events measured by the metrics also changes.
• the hygiene score is a numeric value normalized within a given range, such as zero and one, to allow direct comparisons between hygiene scores of multiple clients. For example, a score of zero can represent the poorest hygiene while a score of one can represent the best hygiene. In other embodiments, the hygiene score is quantized into one of a limited set of values, e.g., the only possible hygiene scores are zero and one.
• a reputation evaluation module 316 receives reputation scores for files, programs, websites, and/or other entities from the reputation server 110. In one embodiment, the reputation evaluation module 316 works with the state monitoring module 312 to detect when the client 112 encounters an entity having a reputation score.
• the module 316 detects when the client web browser attempts to download a file from a web server, when there is an attempt to install a file on the client 112, and when the user attempts to execute a file.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 sends the identity of the entity (e.g., a hash of an executable file or a URL of a website) to the reputation server 110 and receives a reputation score in return.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 maintains a cache of reputation scores for certain programs, and consults the cache before (or instead of) contacting the reputation server 110 to determine whether the score is contained therein. Further, an embodiment of the reputation evaluation module 316 maintains an exclusion set that identifies files or other entities the reputation evaluation module need not evaluate. These excluded entities are identified using digitally- signed hashes of the files and/or via other techniques.
• the state monitoring module 312 suspends the activity involving the entity while the reputation evaluation module 316 obtains the entity's reputation score.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 evaluates the reputation score and, depending upon the score, cancels the suspended activity.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 evaluates the reputation score against a reputation threshold and cancels the activity if the score is below the threshold (and/or allows the activity if the score is above the threshold). For example, the reputation module 316 can determine that a file that the browser is attempting to download from a mail server or website has a reputation score below the threshold, and therefore cancel the downloading because the file is likely malicious.
• the threshold is set by the user.
• the threshold is set by an administrator of the client 112 or by the reputation server 110.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 displays a message describing the reputation score to the user, and thereby provides the user with an opportunity to cancel the activity in response to the score. This display can occur if the reputation score is below the reputation threshold (or below a different threshold). For example, the reputation evaluation module 316 can detect that a file the user is attempting to execute has a low reputation score, and display the reputation score or a warning message to the user to let the user evaluate the potential threat.
• the reputation score displayed to the user is represented as a numeric value, while in other embodiments it is represented using other techniques such as a textual description or graphical icon (e.g., four out of five stars).
• an embodiment of reputation evaluation module 316 displays a reputation score for a file in a dialog box or other user interface (UI) element when the user attempts to execute the file.
• an embodiment of the reputation evaluation module 316 provides a graphical icon describing the reputation score of a website when the user attempts to browse the site.
• the display presented by the reputation evaluation module 316 can include, for example, a dialog box with a message like: "This program has a bad reputation. Are you sure you want to install it?"; "Many people with good hygiene have installed this program, so it should be safe to use”; or "This program has been tried by very few users and its reputation is unknown, would you like to test it?"
• the reputation evaluation module 316 may convert the reputation score into a format that the user is more likely to understand.
• the reputation score is based on a set of "trustworthy" clients, where the trustworthy clients are identified based on the hygiene scores of the clients.
• the trustworthy clients are defined as the set of clients that have a hygiene score above a predetermined threshold value. Accordingly, the reputation score may be calculated for a particular entity as a function of the trustworthy clients that have used the entity. In this way, this reputation score represents an assessment of whether the entity is malicious in terms of the trustworthy clients that may have encountered the entity.
• the client also presents a message to the user indicating that the reputation score is based on other clients deemed trustworthy.
• the reputation score and the accompanying message can take various forms.
• the reputation score is computed as the fraction of trustworthy clients that have used the entity versus all of the clients, or the percentage of clients that have used the entity that are defined as trustworthy clients.
• This reputation score and accompanying message thus informs a new user who is encountering a new entity about the general trustworthiness of other clients that have encountered that same entity.
• the accompanying message may be something like: "Of the 945 other users who have installed this application, 64% of them are power users.”
• the message may refer to the trustworthy users in various ways that effectively convey that the users are more trustworthy than the average user. These may include “power users,” “geeks,” “trustworthy users,” or any other term that conveys the same or similar meaning.
• the reputation score is computed as a number of trustworthy clients that use the entity.
• This reputation score and accompanying message thus informs a new user who is encountering a new entity about how many trustworthy users have already used the entity.
• the accompanying message may be something like: "1250 trustworthy users have downloaded and installed this program.” When seeing this message, a user can make an informed decision about whether to follow the precedent of using the entity based on how many trustworthy users have already done so.
• the reputation score is computed as a direct mathematical transformation of the hygiene scores of the clients that used the entity.
• the reputation score is the average of the hygiene scores for all of the clients that have encountered and used the entity. This kind of reputation score provides a new user with information about the makeup of the typical client that uses the entity. Since malware is less likely to be found on "good hygiene" clients, a higher score tells a user that the entity can be trusted.
• the accompanying message may be something like: "This application has a consumer score of 4.3 out of 5 stars.” Even though the user seeing this message may not understand how the message is calculated, the message effectively conveys whether the application should be trusted based on how much the application is trusted by trustworthy users (e.g., "geeks” or "power users").
• the display presented by the reputation evaluation module 316 also provides the user with the opportunity to cancel the activity.
• the dialog box presented by the module 316 can include a set of "Yes/No” or "OK/Cancel” buttons that let the user cancel or confirm the installation or execution of a file.
• the reputation evaluation module 316 remembers the user's response to the displayed reputation score and does not necessarily display the reputation score each time the user performs an action.
• an embodiment of the state monitoring module 312 monitors the user's response to the reputation score, specifically whether the user chooses to continue or cancel the activity in view of the reputation score. The state monitoring module 312 notifies the reputation server 110 of the user's response.
• a server communication module 318 communicates with the reputation server 110 via the network 114.
• the server communication module 318 sends reports providing information about the client 112 to the server 110.
• the information includes the client's hygiene score, descriptions of all monitored encounters between the client 112 and entities, and submissions of potential malware.
• the server communication module 318 reports the hygiene score to the reputation server 110 at predetermined times, such as when the hygiene score changes or at regular intervals.
• the server communication module 318 reports the hygiene score to the reputation server 110 each time the client encounters an entity and/or detects or submits possible malware.
• the server communication module 318 sends a tuple containing the hygiene score and the identifier of the entity to the reputation server 110 when the reputation evaluation module 316 requests the reputation score for the entity.
• Some embodiments include a unique client identifier or other data in the reports to allow the reputation server 110 to associate particular reports with the clients that generated them, and to detect duplicate reports.
• an embodiment of the server communication module 318 receives information from the reputation server 110 that is used to provide security on the client 112. The received information includes reputation scores for entities, malware definitions, and other updates to the security module 116.
• FIG. 4 is a high-level block diagram illustrating a detailed view of the reputation server 110 according to one embodiment.
• the reputation server 110 is operating by the same entity that provides the security modules 116 to the clients 112.
• the reputation server 110 includes several modules. Those of skill in the art will recognize that other embodiments of the reputation server 110 can have different and/or other modules than the ones described here, and that the functionalities can be distributed among the modules in a different manner.
• the functions ascribed to the reputation server 110 can be performed by multiple servers.
• a client communication module 410 communicates with the clients 112 via the network 114.
• the client communication module 410 receives data describing hygiene scores, monitored state, malware submissions, and other information from the clients 112. Further, an embodiment of the client communication module 410 provides reputation scores for files, websites, and other entities to the clients 112.
• a hygiene cache module 412 stores hygiene scores received from the clients 112. In an embodiment where hygiene scores are received in (hygiene score, entity identifier) tuples, the hygiene cache module 412 stores the scores in a table or other data structure that associates the scores with the entities to which they pertain.
• the hygiene cache module 412 stores the scores in a table or other data structure that associates the scores and clients. In embodiments where the reputation server 110 calculates the hygiene score, the hygiene cache module 412 performs the functions attributed to the hygiene computation module 314 described above.
• a state information module 414 stores data describing activities and other state information monitored by the state monitoring modules 312 in the clients 112.
• the stored data describes encounters between the clients 112 and entities. These encounters include files present on, downloaded, installed, and/or executed by the clients 112, websites visited by the clients, and the like, including any attempts to perform these actions.
• the state information module 414 also stores data describing operations performed in response to reputation score evaluations performed at the clients 112, such as whether a user executed a particular file after viewing a message describing the program's reputation score.
• the state information module 414 associates the activities with the hygiene scores of the clients on which the activities (and encounters) occurred.
• the state information module 414 associates the activities with the identifiers of the clients 112 on which the activities occurred.
• the functions of the hygiene cache 412 and state information modules 414 are performed by a combined module that stores entity identifiers and hygiene scores of clients 112 that encountered the entity.
• the hygiene scores furthermore, are represented as a histogram or in another efficient manner. For example, for a particular entity the combined module records that the entity was encountered by 5 clients having high hygiene scores and 25 clients having low hygiene scores. The module does not necessarily store the identities of the particular clients 112 that encountered the entity.
• a reputation computation module 416 calculates reputation scores for files, websites, and/or other entities based on the data in the hygiene cache 412 and/or state information 414 modules. In one embodiment, the reputation score is a numeric value similar to the hygiene score.
• the reputation score is normalized within a given range, such as zero and one, to allow direct comparisons across reputation scores of different entities. For example, a score of zero can represent the lowest reputation while a score of one can represent the highest reputation. In other embodiments, the reputation score is quantized into one of a limited set of values. [0059]
• the reputation score of a file or other entity is based primarily on the hygiene scores of the clients 112 that encounter the entity. For example, a file that is frequently installed and/or executed by clients 112 having high hygiene scores is likely to receive a high reputation score. In contrast, a file that is frequently installed or executed by only clients 112 having low hygiene scores is likely to receive a low reputation score.
• One embodiment of the reputation computation module 416 calculates reputation scores based on cross-mixing of data. For example, assume that a set of clients 112 receives low hygiene scores because malware is frequently detected on the clients. The reputation computation module 416 can assign a low reputation score to a website that clients in the set frequently visit. The module 416 thus leverages malware detections to assign a reputation score to a website, even though the website might not be directly associated with the malware.
• the reputation computation module 416 calculates a reputation score by assigning weights to certain clients, and then using the weights to influence the reputation scores for files, websites, and other entities encountered by the clients. Certain clients having very high hygiene scores, enrolled in a special program, and/or meeting other criteria are designed as "super clients" and the data from those clients exert significant influence over the reputation scores of entities they encounter. For example, if one or more super clients execute particular files or visit particular websites, the reputation computation module 416 assigns a high reputation score to the files or websites because they are very likely legitimate (i.e., not malicious).
• the reputation score assigned to an entity can evolve over time.
• One embodiment initially assigns a previously-unknown file, website, or other entity a low reputation score.
• This initial low score represents a "probation period" where the entity is treated as potentially-malicious until it is encountered by enough clients to assess its true reputation.
• the initial reputation score is likely to change as the entity is encountered by an increasing number of clients 112.
• a file with an initially- low reputation score can receive a higher reputation score as it is installed and executed by clients having high hygiene scores. Indeed, if the user of a client 112 having a high hygiene score chooses to install a file after viewing a dialog box indicating that it has a low reputation score, then this is a strong signal that the file deserves a higher reputation score.
• a malware receipt module 418 stores potential malware submitted by the malware detection modules 310 in the clients 112. In some embodiments, the malware receipt module 418 receives a large number of submissions from the clients 112 on the network 114. Given the many submissions, it is desirable to rank the submissions by the approximate amount of risk each one represents. This ranking allows the security specialists to prioritize the submissions and analyze the most dangerous ones first.
• an embodiment of the malware receipt module 418 ranks the submissions based at least in part on the malware 's reputation scores and/or usage frequency.
• a submitted file that has a low reputation score and is encountered by many clients 112 is prioritized over files that are encountered on relatively few clients.
• Submitted files having good reputation scores are assigned low rankings and/or are effectively ignored.
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a security module 116 to provide security to a client 112 according to one embodiment. Other embodiments perform the illustrated steps in different orders, and/or perform different or additional steps. Moreover, some or all of the steps can be performed by modules other than the security module 116.
• the security module 116 monitors 510 the state of the client 112 for malware detections, files resident on the storage device 208, and/or activities such as browsing certain unsavory websites.
• the security module 116 calculates 512 a hygiene score for the client 112 based on the monitored state. For example, if many malware detections occur within a given time period, the client 112 is likely to receive a low hygiene score.
• the security module 116 provides the hygiene score to the reputation server 110, either as a discrete report or part of another report to the server.
• the security module 116 obtains 514 a reputation score for an entity encountered by the client 112. For example, the security module 116 might identify a particular file stored on the storage device 208 or the client browser might attempt to download a file from a website. The security module 116 identifies the encountered entity using an identifier, such as a hash of the file, sends the identifier to the reputation server 110, and receives a reputation score for the entity in response. The security module 116 evaluates 516 the reputation score by, for example, comparing it to a threshold and/or displaying a message about it to the user. In some embodiments, the security module 116 optionally suspends an activity involving the entity while obtaining and evaluating its reputation score.
• an identifier such as a hash of the file
• the security module 116 evaluates 516 the reputation score by, for example, comparing it to a threshold and/or displaying a message about it to the user.
• the security module 116 optionally suspends an activity involving the entity while obtaining
• the security module 116 or user optionally cancels the activity and/or performs another operation based on the result of the evaluation.
• the security module 116 reports 518 the encounter with the entity, the entity identifier, and the result of the evaluation (e.g., whether the user canceled the activity involving the entity) to the reputation server 110.
• the report includes the hygiene score of the client 112 to allow the server 110 to further refine the entity's reputation score based on any actions performed as a result of the evaluation.
• the security module 116 reports an encounter with an entity to the reputation server 110 but does not necessarily receive a reputation score in response.
• the security module 116 can report entities encountered on the client 112, such as static files on the storage device 208, to the reputation server 110 to create associations between the client 112 (and its hygiene score) and the entities encountered on it. This technique can be used to seed the environment 100 and create initial reputation scores for entities.
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a reputation server 110 according to one embodiment.
• the reputation server 110 simultaneously communicate with multiple clients 112 and compute reputation scores for multiple entities. Therefore, embodiments of the reputation server 110 may perform multiple instances of the steps of FIG. 6 simultaneously. Other embodiments perform the illustrated steps in different orders, and/or perform different or additional steps. Moreover, some or all of the steps can be performed by servers other than the reputation server 110.
• the reputation server 110 receives 610 hygiene scores from the clients 112. As described above, the hygiene scores represent assessments of the trustworthiness of the clients.
• the reputation server 110 also receives 612 data describing monitored client state. These data describe encounters with entities such as files, programs, and websites. For example, the data can describe files downloaded, installed and/or executed, and websites visited by the client.
• the reputation server 110 computes 614 reputation scores for the entities encountered at the clients 112.
• the reputation scores are based on the hygiene scores of the clients 112.
• the server 110 may compute a high reputation score for a file that is frequently encountered by clients 112 having high hygiene scores.
• the server 110 may compute a low reputation score for a file most frequently encountered on clients 112 having low hygiene scores.
• the reputation server 110 provides 616 an entity's reputation score to a client 112.
• the reputation server 110 may receive a request for the reputation score of a file identified by a hash, and provide the score in response.
• the clients 112 and/or users of the clients evaluate the scores to determine whether the entities are legitimate.
• reputation server 110 continually updates the reputation scores based on the encounters and resulting evaluations.
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating steps performed by a reputation server 110 to prioritize submitted entities according to one embodiment. Other embodiments perform the illustrated steps in different orders, and/or perform different or additional steps. Moreover, some or all of the steps can be performed by servers other than the reputation server 110.
• the reputation server 110 receives 710 submissions from the clients 112 with files in which malware was detected or suspected. These submissions may include files with malicious software and files containing legitimate software that were detected due to false positives or for other reasons.
• the reputation server 712 prioritizes the submissions based on reputation scores. Submitted files having low reputation scores and/or frequently encountered on clients 112 generally receive a high priority. In contrast, submitted files having high reputation scores and/or infrequently encountered on clients 112 generally receives a lower priority. Security specialists use the priorities to rank the submitted files to determine which submissions to analyze.
• a software module is implemented with a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium containing computer program code, which can be executed by a computer processor for performing any or all of the steps, operations, or processes described.
• Embodiments of the invention may also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations herein.
• This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, and/or it may comprise a general-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer.
• a computer program may be stored in a tangible computer readable storage medium or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and coupled to a computer system bus.
• any computing systems referred to in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs for increased computing capability.
• Embodiments of the invention may also relate to a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave, where the computer data signal includes any embodiment of a computer program product or other data combination described herein.
• the computer data signal is a product that is presented in a tangible medium or carrier wave and modulated or otherwise encoded in the carrier wave, which is tangible, and transmitted according to any suitable transmission method.

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