WO2009143740A1 - 一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置 - Google Patents

一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009143740A1
WO2009143740A1 PCT/CN2009/071687 CN2009071687W WO2009143740A1 WO 2009143740 A1 WO2009143740 A1 WO 2009143740A1 CN 2009071687 W CN2009071687 W CN 2009071687W WO 2009143740 A1 WO2009143740 A1 WO 2009143740A1
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Prior art keywords
membrane
membrane separation
cleaning
separation device
time
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PCT/CN2009/071687
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English (en)
French (fr)
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孙友峰
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北京汉青天朗水处理科技有限公司
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Priority to US12/995,383 priority Critical patent/US9028622B2/en
Publication of WO2009143740A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009143740A1/zh

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D65/00Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D65/02Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D61/00Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/18Apparatus therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D61/00Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/22Controlling or regulating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/02Forward flushing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/04Backflushing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/16Use of chemical agents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/16Use of chemical agents
    • B01D2321/164Use of bases
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/18Use of gases
    • B01D2321/185Aeration
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2321/00Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
    • B01D2321/28Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling by soaking or impregnating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for cleaning a membrane separation device, and belongs to the technical field of water treatment. Background technique
  • Membrane fouling is the main reason for the short life of membrane separation equipment.
  • Membrane fouling can be defined as reversible and irreversible deposition of particles, colloids, emulsions, suspensions, macromolecules and salts on the surface of membranes or inside membrane pores, including adsorption, plugging, precipitation, formation of filter cakes, and the like.
  • the microscopic process of membrane fouling is complicated, especially when the membrane separation equipment is used as a separation method between biomass and water in a sewage treatment system such as Membrane Bioreactor (MBR).
  • MBR Membrane Bioreactor
  • the causes of membrane fouling include concent rat ion polar izat ion, pore c logg ing, gel layer (ge l layer ), cake layer, Microscopic phenomena such as minerals (minera l sca le ), where concentration polarization and membrane pore blockage generally occur within a few seconds or minutes after the membrane begins to filter, and the gel layer is also in the next few minutes or hours.
  • the inside gradually forms, but the further thickening of the gel layer develops slowly, so at the beginning of the membrane separation process, the filtration resistance of the membrane is rapidly rising. Stage, but then the membrane filtration resistance enters a relatively slow rise phase, which is mainly the formation of mud cake layer and membrane fouling caused by inorganic scale.
  • inorganic scale is usually slow, but if When the mud cake layer is rapidly thickened, the filtration resistance of the membrane will be greatly increased again, and even the membrane will completely lose its water production capacity.
  • particulate matter such as suspended solids in raw water, and in membrane bioreactors, mainly flocs composed of microorganisms, which mainly lead to the formation of mud cake layers
  • Solubility of macromolecular organic substances such as dissolved organic matter in raw water, in membrane bioreactors, mainly soluble microbial products (SMPs) and cell aggregates accumulated in bioreactors Extracelluar polymers (ECPs), also including some microorganisms, which mainly cause membrane pore blockage and gel layer formation
  • inorganic substances such as carbonates, sulfates in raw water, etc. Lead to inorganic fouling.
  • Membrane fouling in membrane separation equipment is inevitable. Therefore, in addition to deeply studying the formation mechanism and influencing factors of membrane fouling, researchers are also seeking cost-effective membrane pollution prevention and removal methods.
  • on-line or off-line cleaning measures are required for membrane separation equipment to restore membrane filtration performance.
  • These cleaning measures include two main types: physical methods and chemical methods.
  • the former includes a positive hydraulic cleaning of the surface of the membrane during normal operation with a mixture of gas, water or gas and water, and the gas, water or gas-water mixture works normally along the membrane.
  • the reverse direction of the filtration direction is reversed by the membrane, and the membrane is cleaned by means of ultrasonic waves.
  • the latter mainly includes the positive chemistry of the surface when the membrane is immersed in a cleaning solution containing a certain concentration of chemical agent.
  • the reverse chemical cleaning of the membrane is carried out by cleaning or in the opposite direction of the filtration direction during normal operation of the membrane.
  • positive or reverse hydraulic cleaning refer to Chinese patents and patent applications 95194986.1, 98125099.8, 02205772.2, 02224060.8, 200320110568.6, 200510013249.7, 200580013230.0.
  • reverse chemical cleaning refer to Chinese patent 200510115862. X.
  • For the method of hydraulic cleaning and chemical cleaning in the reverse direction see Chinese Patent Application No. 200580046369.5, 200610011310.9.
  • Positive hydraulic cleaning mainly relies on the cross-flow of gas, water or gas-water mixture during normal working of the membrane.
  • Cross flow The hydraulic shear force formed during the movement to inhibit the deposition of particulate matter on the surface of the membrane, which can inhibit the membrane fouling caused by the mud cake layer to a certain extent, but inhibit the condensation caused by the surface of the membrane deposited by the colloidal substance.
  • the development of the rubber layer has no obvious effect, and has no effect on suppressing the pore blocking of the membrane caused by the colloid and small molecular substances, so the simple positive hydraulic cleaning can not achieve a good cleaning effect for a long time. fruit.
  • the membrane separation device is generally operated in an intermittent manner, and the time for stopping the work accounts for about 20% of the total time.
  • Reverse hydraulic backwashing and reverse chemical cleaning the essence of which is to let the gas, washing water or cleaning solution containing certain chemicals pass through the membrane in the opposite direction of the filtration direction during normal operation of the membrane, so that it can be removed to some extent.
  • Membrane fouling caused by clogging of the membrane pores, but the gas, washing water or washing solution cannot wash or soak the surface of the membrane which is in contact with the liquid to be filtered during normal operation, and it is precisely the gel layer and the mud cake layer on this surface. It is the main form of membrane fouling, and its formation and development greatly reduce the filtration performance of the membrane.
  • the reverse hydraulic cleaning and reverse chemical cleaning in the prior art can only be used when the membrane is working normally and to be filtered.
  • reverse hydraulic backwashing and reverse chemical cleaning generally use the final product water of the permeate of the membrane separation equipment, ie, the water treatment system, as the washing water or the solvent water, which reduces the actual production of the membrane separation equipment to a certain extent.
  • the water capacity is required to increase the amount of membrane separation equipment and increase the construction cost of the system.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device for cleaning a membrane separation device, which can make the filtration unit inside the membrane separation device maintain good filtration performance for a long time in the water treatment work, and the membrane separation device
  • the actual utilization rate is higher, and the amount of cleaning solution and chemicals is less.
  • a method of cleaning a membrane separation device comprising the following steps:
  • the positive hydraulic cleaning described in section a) is achieved by operating the membrane separation apparatus under cross-flow filtration conditions and for cross-flowing of the gas, liquid or gas-liquid mixture on the outer surface of the filtration unit.
  • the flow is used as a link a) continuously; more preferably, the cross-flow flow on the outer surface of the filter unit by the gas-liquid mixture of the liquid and the gas to be filtered formed by aeration is continuously used as a part a).
  • the membrane is separated.
  • the cross-flow of the mixture on the outer surface of the filter unit is used continuously as a part a) while the membrane separation apparatus is operated in a cyclical manner in a cyclical manner for a fixed period of time, which is 5 to 30 minutes, wherein the stop
  • the working time is 5 to 20% of the total time of the cycle, and more preferably, the time period is 5 to 15 minutes, wherein the time of stopping the work is 5 to 10% of the total time of the cycle.
  • the membrane separation apparatus is continuously operated under the condition of cross-flow filtration, and the liquid to be filtered or the liquid-liquid of the liquid to be filtered and the gas
  • the cross-flow of the mixture on the outer surface of the filter unit is used continuously as a part a) while the membrane separation apparatus is operated in a cyclical manner in a cyclical manner for a fixed period of time, which is 5 to 30 minutes, wherein the stop The working time is 5 to 20% of the total time of the cycle.
  • the link b) is performed within the time period when the membrane separation device stops working, and the link b)
  • the medium in the medium is the permeate of the membrane separation device, and more preferably, in any time period of every 4 to 24 time periods, the step b) is performed within a time period in which the membrane separation device stops working. And the medium in the step b) is the permeate of the membrane separation device.
  • the membrane separation device is continuously operated under the condition of cross-flow filtration, and the liquid to be filtered or the gas-liquid mixture of the liquid to be filtered and the gas is
  • the cross-flow flow on the outer surface of the filter unit is continuously used as a part a) while the membrane separation device is operated in a cyclical manner in a cyclical manner for a fixed period of time, the time period being 5 to 30 minutes, wherein the operation is stopped
  • the percentage of time to total time of the cycle is 5 to 20%, and in any time period of every 1 to 100 time periods, the link b) is performed within the time period in which the membrane separation device stops working, and the link b)
  • the medium is a permeate of the membrane separation apparatus, and chemically enhanced backwashing is performed within a time period in which the membrane separation apparatus is stopped during any one of every 100 to 10,000 time periods. More preferably, the membrane separation device is stopped during the 5 to 30 consecutive time periods in
  • the flow rate described in the step b) is 1 to 5 times of the membrane flux during the normal operation of the filter unit, and the duration is not more than 3 minutes; more preferably, the flow rate described in the step b) is the normal operation of the filter unit. 5 ⁇ The film flux is 2 ⁇ 3 times, the duration does not exceed 1. 5 minutes.
  • the ratio of the total amount of the cleaning solution passing through the filter unit in the opposite direction of the filtration direction in the normal operation of the filter unit to the filtration area of all the filtration units is 1 to 20 L/m 2 , more preferably 1 to 2 L. /m 2 .
  • the cleaning solution in the step c) is passed through the filter unit in at least two batches in the opposite direction of the filtration direction of the filter unit during normal operation, and is allowed to stand between each batch for 30 to 120 minutes, more preferably 30 to 90. minute.
  • the acid washing liquid and the alkali washing liquid are respectively used for pickling and alkali washing, and the pickling liquid is a citric acid solution, an oxalic acid solution, a hydrochloric acid solution, and an acid.
  • the pickling liquid is a citric acid solution, an oxalic acid solution, a hydrochloric acid solution, and an acid. Any one or any two or more mixed solutions of the solution, the alkali washing solution being a sodium hypochlorite solution, a sodium hydroxide solution or a mixed solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide.
  • pickling and caustic washing are carried out once in the step c) and the step d), and the pickling is carried out first, followed by the alkali washing.
  • the pH of the pickling solution used in the step c) is controlled between 1 and 4, more preferably between 2 and 4, and the effective chlorine concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution used is 50 to 3000 mg/L, more preferably 200 ⁇ 1000mg / L, the pH of the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide solution or sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide used is controlled between 8 ⁇ 14, more preferably between 8 ⁇ 12.
  • the pH of the pickling solution used in the step d) is controlled between 1 and 4, more preferably between 1 and 2, and the effective chlorine concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution used is 1000 to 6000 mg/L, more preferably 3000 ⁇ 5000mg / L.
  • the pH of the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide solution or sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide used is controlled between 8 and 14, more preferably between 10 and 14.
  • the pickling time in the step d) is from 1 to 48 hours, more preferably from 2 to 12 hours, and the alkali washing time is from 1 to 48 hours, more preferably from 12 to 24 hours.
  • a device for cleaning a membrane separation device comprising a membrane separation device, an aeration device, a backwash device, a dosing pump, a drug storage container, a cleaning solution storage tank, and related pipelines and valves, and a water inlet of the backwashing device passes through the tube
  • the road is connected to the cleaning solution storage tank, and the water suction port of the dosing pump is connected to the drug storage container through the pipeline, wherein the pipeline connected to the permeate outlet of the membrane separation device is divided into two branches.
  • the first branch is connected to the permeate storage tank of the permeate through the storage membrane separation device, and the second branch is connected to the outlet of the backwashing device and/or the outlet of the aeration device, the dosing A water outlet of the pump is in communication with the second branch.
  • a flow meter and a pressure gauge capable of monitoring the instantaneous flow rate and pressure of the permeate are mounted on the line connected to the permeate outlet of the membrane separation apparatus, and more preferably, the permeation of the membrane separation apparatus
  • a flow meter and a pressure gauge capable of continuously monitoring the instantaneous flow rate and pressure of the permeate can be installed on the pipeline connected to the liquid outlet.
  • the membrane separation device has a closed outer casing, a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet, and the outer casing is provided with an air distribution device, and the gas distribution device is in communication with an air outlet of the aeration device.
  • the membrane separation device is placed in a membrane filter tank, which is a tank body or a small structure having a volume slightly larger than the volume of the membrane separation device itself, and an air distribution device is disposed inside, and the gas distribution device is The air outlets of the aeration equipment are connected.
  • a membrane filter tank which is a tank body or a small structure having a volume slightly larger than the volume of the membrane separation device itself, and an air distribution device is disposed inside, and the gas distribution device is The air outlets of the aeration equipment are connected.
  • the membrane separation device is used for a separation device of biological solids and water in a membrane bioreactor, and the membrane separation device with a closed outer casing or a membrane filter containing a membrane separation device is disposed in the membrane bioreactor In addition to the bioreactor in the process, the membrane separation device or the membrane filter and the bioreactor are connected by a pipeline.
  • the membrane separation device is used for a separation device of flocs and water in a coagulation reactor, and the membrane separation device with a closed outer casing or a membrane filter containing a membrane separation device is disposed in the coagulation reactor.
  • the membrane separation device or the membrane filter and the coagulation reactor are in communication through a pipeline.
  • the backwashing device is a pulse backwashing system, including a surge tank and a make-up water pump.
  • the membrane separation device with a closed outer casing or the membrane filter containing the membrane separation device is internally provided with an air distribution device, and the pipeline connected to the water outlet of the backwashing device can separate two branches. One of the branches is in communication with the second branch, and the other branch is in communication with a conduit connecting the air outlet of the aeration device to the air inlet of the air distribution device.
  • a water pump may be added to the first branch, and a permeate outlet of the membrane separation device is in communication with a water inlet of the water pump.
  • the method for cleaning a membrane separation device proposes a cleaning method combining a plurality of cleaning modes of forward hydraulic cleaning, reverse hydraulic cleaning, reverse chemical cleaning, and forward chemical cleaning. And the frequency of use of these four cleaning modes is reduced in turn, so that not only can it pass more
  • the mode can completely remove different types of membrane pollution in a timely manner, and can preferentially play the cleaning function of low cost and operation mode, which reduces the amount of cleaning solution and chemical agent, and maximizes the membrane separation equipment.
  • the actual working time compresses the standby or shutdown time of the water treatment facility caused by the cleaning membrane separation equipment, thus maximizing the actual utilization rate of the membrane separation equipment and, to a certain extent, reducing the construction cost and operating cost of the system. .
  • the membrane separation device does not need to be detached from the water treatment facility, and all the cleaning operations can be completed online, thereby improving the convenience of the cleaning membrane separation device and reducing the labor intensity. . DRAWINGS
  • Figure 1 is a graph showing the change in membrane filtration resistance over time.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic view showing the structure of an apparatus for cleaning a membrane separation apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view showing the structure of an apparatus for cleaning a membrane separation apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a plan view showing the arrangement of the apparatus for cleaning a membrane separating apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a plan view showing the arrangement of the apparatus for cleaning a membrane separating apparatus according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing the forward hydraulic cleaning process and the reverse hydraulic cleaning process according to Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of the reverse chemical cleaning process of Example 1 and Example 2 of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic view showing the process of the preceding stage of the forward chemical cleaning process in the first embodiment and the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing the subsequent process of the forward chemical cleaning process in the first embodiment and the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • a method of cleaning a membrane separation device comprising the following steps:
  • the surface of the membrane separation device inside which is in contact with the liquid to be filtered during normal operation is referred to as an outer surface, and the opposite surface is referred to as an inner surface.
  • the filtration resistance of the filtration unit inside the membrane separation device is called membrane filtration resistance (represented by R), and the membrane separation device is just put into use for a short period of time, and the gel layer is just formed on the outer surface, and the mud cake layer is formed.
  • the membrane filtration resistance when not formed is called the initial membrane filtration resistance (represented by R.).
  • the initial membrane filtration resistance see paragraph 1 of the manual, paragraph 1, the rate of change of membrane filtration resistance with time is called membrane.
  • TMP transmembrane pressure
  • J membrane flux
  • TMP - transmembrane pressure difference the unit is Pa
  • permeate viscosity, in units of Pa ⁇ s;
  • J-one membrane flux the unit is m 3 / (m 2 ⁇ s).
  • Link a) and link b) are hydrodynamic means
  • link c) is a combination of hydrodynamic means and chemical means
  • link d) is a chemical means.
  • membrane fouling can be divided into two parts: reversible fouling and irreversible fouling. Reversible pollution can be better suppressed and removed by hydrodynamic means. Irreversible pollution must rely on chemical means for complete removal.
  • the membrane filtration resistance can be divided into three stages: I, II, and III. The first stage occurs within a few seconds or minutes after the membrane begins to filter. Concentration polarization, membrane pore blockage, and formation of the gel layer (outer surface) cause the membrane filtration resistance R to rise rapidly, and the corresponding moment at the end of the stage.
  • the membrane filtration resistance R at the time of ta, ta is the initial membrane filtration resistance R. , initial membrane filtration resistance R. It is mainly caused by irreversible pollution and therefore cannot be controlled by hydrodynamic means.
  • the second stage can last for a long time, and the particulate matter is gradually deposited on the outer surface of the filter unit to form a mud cake layer. At this stage, the membrane filtration resistance R rises slowly, and is mainly caused by reversible pollution, so it can be hydrodynamically Take effective control.
  • the 111th stage occurs after the gel layer and the mud cake layer are further thickened and compacted.
  • step d) can be used for all kinds of pollutants on the outer and inner surfaces of the filter unit and in the pores of the membrane.
  • step d) requires the use of a larger amount of chemical agent, which lasts for a long time, during which the water treatment facility is forced to be in standby or discontinued state, In this case, the membrane separation equipment must be removed from the system using lifting equipment. Therefore, the frequency of use of the section d) should be reduced as much as possible.
  • the appropriate duration of phase II, link b) and link c) can be used to extend the duration of phase II as much as possible.
  • step d) can achieve the purpose of effectively controlling the membrane filtration resistance at an appropriate level, and maximizing the practical utilization of the membrane and reducing the amount of the cleaning solution and the chemical agent. From the point of view of further reducing the cleaning cost, since both the b) and the c) lose a part of the effective working time and reduce the actual utilization rate, the frequency of use should be lower than the link a). Since link c) requires additional use of chemicals compared to link b), the implementation cost is higher and the frequency of use should be lower than that of link b).
  • the gradual formation of the mud cake layer generally leads to a slow rise of the membrane filtration resistance. Therefore, at this time, only the use of the step a) can achieve a better membrane pollution suppression effect, which can be called for a while.
  • the membrane filtration resistance will rapidly increase in the trend of the curve A.
  • the mud cake layer is gradually thickened and compacted, the membrane pollution shows more irreversibility, and the cleaning effect of the link a) is gradually reduced.
  • the reverse hydraulic cleaning can effectively prevent further thickening and compaction of the mud cake layer.
  • This period of time can be referred to as the lib stage, and if the step b) is not implemented in the lib stage, the membrane filtration resistance will rapidly increase as the trend of curve B.
  • the gel layer and the mud cake layer on the outer surface are further thickened and compacted after the tc time at the end of the lib stage, and even the gel layer appears on the inner surface due to the proliferation of microorganisms. The proportion of irreversible pollution in the whole membrane pollution is gradually increased.
  • hydrodynamic means such as a) and/or link b) can not achieve better cleaning effect
  • the implementation step c) In addition to the small contribution of the inorganic scale on the outer surface, it is generally better to remove the gel layer and the pores of the membrane pores on the inner surface, although the gel layer and the mud cake layer on the outer surface cannot be completely removed.
  • the further thickening and compaction of the gel layer and the mud cake layer on the external surface have a certain destructive effect, and the duration of the implementation step c) is relatively short, during which the water treatment facility is only in a short standby state, The membrane separation equipment needs to be removed from the system, so its implementation cost is lower than that of the link d).
  • the time is called the lie stage, and if the part c) is not implemented in the lie stage, the membrane filtration resistance will rise rapidly in the trend of curve C.
  • the membrane separation equipment works for a long period of time, the membrane filtration resistance increases greatly after the td time at the end of the lie phase, and irreversible pollution accounts for the vast majority of the total membrane fouling. ) to completely restore its filtering performance.
  • the phase II can be fully elongated, so that the membrane filtration resistance curve
  • the trend of D is slowly rising, making the occurrence of td time lag. It should be noted that the curve D actually exhibits a zigzag small amplitude oscillation shape in the lib phase and the lie phase.
  • the membrane separation device can be operated under a constant membrane flux (barrel constant flux operation), or can be operated under a constant transmembrane pressure difference (barrel constant pressure difference operation), as a preferred,
  • the membrane separation apparatus operates under conditions of constant membrane flux.
  • Constant flux operation and constant differential pressure operation are the two most basic forms of driving force supply for the membrane separation process.
  • the membrane flux In the constant flux operation mode, the membrane flux is maintained substantially constant, and the transmembrane pressure difference will increase with membrane filtration resistance. Large and gradually increasing, while in the constant differential pressure mode of operation, the transmembrane pressure difference remains substantially constant, and the membrane flux will gradually decrease as the membrane filtration resistance increases. Since the actual water treatment project generally requires the membrane separation equipment to provide stable water production capacity, the constant flux operation is more suitable.
  • the permeate temperature is basically stable.
  • the viscosity of the permeate is also basically constant. Therefore, in the constant flux operation mode, the real-time change trend of the transmembrane pressure difference is basically consistent with the real-time change trend of the membrane filtration resistance, so that the transmembrane pressure difference which is relatively easy to measure can also be determined. Use the timing of each cleaning step.
  • the membrane separation apparatus may be operated under cross flow filtration or may be operated under dead-end filtration conditions, preferably, the membrane separation apparatus is in cross-flow filtration. Work under conditions.
  • Cross-flow filtration and dead-end filtration are the two most basic forms of feed supply for membrane separation processes.
  • the so-called cross-flow filtration means that the liquid to be filtered or the gas-liquid mixture of the liquid to be filtered and the gas flows through the outer surface of the filter unit at a certain flow rate, so that there are two directions perpendicular to each other on the outer surface of the filter unit. Morphology, the hydraulic shear force formed by the cross-flow movement of the liquid or gas-liquid mixture can more effectively inhibit the deposition of contaminants on the outer surface of the filter unit.
  • the so-called dead end filtration means that there is no cross-flow movement on the outer surface of the filter unit, and there is only a unidirectional flow filtration form of the permeate. Because the membrane fouling of dead-end filtration develops at a faster rate, it is only used in special occasions. At present, most membrane separation processes adopt the form of cross-flow filtration.
  • the step a) can actually utilize the cross-flow movement of the medium such as a gas, a liquid or a gas-liquid mixture on the outer surface of the filtration unit to inhibit membrane fouling, especially particulate matter deposition.
  • the resulting development of mudcake film fouling, and preferably, the cross-flow of the filter monom on the outer surface of the filter unit can be used continuously as a link a).
  • the membrane separation device is used for a separation device of biosolids and water in a membrane bioreactor, continuous aeration may be performed in a region where the membrane separation device is located, so that the gas-liquid mixture of the liquid to be filtered and the gas is outside the filtration unit.
  • a cross-flow flow is formed on the surface, and the cross-flow flow is continuously used as a link a), which can provide oxygen to the bioreactor and inhibit the development of membrane fouling, and the cross-flow formed by the gas-liquid mixture than the simple liquid The flow has a better membrane fouling inhibitory effect.
  • the link a can effectively filter the filter unit.
  • the mudcake layer on the outer surface is controlled to a certain thickness, so that the membrane filtration resistance is maintained at an appropriate level, and the Phase I la phase can be maintained for a relatively long period of time.
  • the critical value of the cross-flow flow rate is called the economic flow rate (economica l ve loc i ty )
  • the 1 boundary value of the moon-seeking flux is called the 1 boundary flux ( cr it ica lf lux ) 0
  • the higher the critical flux the higher the water production capacity of the membrane separation equipment.
  • the less the membrane separation equipment is used the lower the construction cost of the system.
  • the lower the economical flow rate the lower the operating energy consumption of the system for water treatment projects of the same treatment scale.
  • the critical flux is generally positively correlated with the economic flow rate, which makes the reduction of construction costs and the reduction of operating energy consumption mutually restrictive, and can not simultaneously achieve the ideal situation.
  • the membrane flux is generally controlled in the so-called subcritical cum ul lux region.
  • This approach reduces the economic flow rate to a certain extent by appropriately reducing the effective working time of the membrane separation equipment, and the corresponding critical flux can be appropriately increased.
  • This mode of intermittent operation is used in almost all membrane separation equipment in membrane bioreactors and membrane separation equipment in many other applications.
  • the b) can actually apply a membrane pressure separation device to the membrane separation device for a short period of time during which the membrane unit is operated in a batch mode at a fixed time period, and a reverse pressure difference is applied to the membrane separation device.
  • the permeate of the filter unit passes through the filter unit in the opposite direction of the filtration direction during normal operation, so that the membrane fouling caused by the blockage of the membrane pores can be well removed, and the gel layer and the mud cake on the outer surface of the filter unit are cleaned.
  • the layer can also be partially cleared.
  • the recoil medium in the step b) can also use other relatively pure water sources (such as tap water, desalinated water, etc.), gases (such as air, etc.) or gas-liquid mixtures, but the use of other relatively pure water sources increases the operating cost of the system.
  • gases such as air, etc.
  • gas-liquid mixture will cause the membrane separation equipment to accumulate gas in the permeate collection pipeline after the reverse hydraulic cleaning, and the removal of the gas requires not only a complicated vacuuming device but also a further shortening of the membrane separation device.
  • the effective working time, therefore the permeate of the membrane separation device is preferably used in the step b).
  • the implementation step b) can better remove the blockage caused by the membrane pores.
  • the membrane is contaminated, and the effective working time of the membrane separation device is not additionally occupied, but the permeate of the membrane separation device is additionally consumed, thereby further reducing the actual water production capacity of the membrane separation device. Therefore, the implementation frequency of the link b) should not be too high, otherwise the actual utilization rate and water production capacity of the membrane separation equipment will be greatly reduced, so that the amount of membrane separation equipment must be increased to achieve the specified treatment scale.
  • a more economically viable condition for the joint application of a) and b) in the l ib phase is: Continue to cause the cross-flow of the membrane separation device on the outer surface of the cross-flow filtration unit. The flow is used continuously as a part a), and at the same time, the membrane separation device is operated in a batch manner in a cyclical manner for a fixed period of time, the time period is 5 to 30 minutes, wherein the percentage of the time of stopping the operation is the total time of the cycle is 5 to 20%, when the ratio of membrane filtration resistance to initial membrane filtration resistance is greater than or equal to 1.2, in any time period of 1 to 100 time periods, within the time range in which the membrane separation device is stopped.
  • the medium in the step b), and the step b) is the permeate of the membrane separation device, preferably, in every 4 to 24 time periods During the time period, the step b) is carried out within the time frame in which the membrane separation device is stopped, and the medium in the step b) is the permeate of the membrane separation device.
  • Link c) can last for a short period of time or it can last a little longer.
  • a certain amount of chemical may be added to the cleaning solution in part b) to make it a chemica l enhanced backwashing (CEB), ie, a link c) High frequency, short duration, high flow rate form.
  • CAB chemica l enhanced backwashing
  • Link c High frequency, short duration, high flow rate form.
  • Chemically enhanced backwash can be completely replaced by the step b), but the amount of chemical agent is large, the storage problem of the drug is troublesome, and the short-time reverse chemical cleaning method removes the gel layer on the inner surface of the filter unit.
  • a more economically viable condition for joint application of a), link b) and link c) in the first phase is: continue to make the membrane separation equipment under the condition of cross-flow filtration.
  • the cross-flow flow of the liquid to be filtered or the gas-liquid mixture of the liquid to be filtered and the gas on the outer surface of the filter unit is continuously used as a part a) while the membrane separation device is cyclically reciprocally intermittently for a fixed period of time.
  • the time period is 5 ⁇ 30 minutes, wherein the time to stop working is 5 to 20% of the total time of the cycle, and in any time period of every 1 ⁇ 100 time periods,
  • the step b) is carried out within a time range in which the membrane separation device is stopped, and the medium in the step b) is the permeation of the membrane separation device , Any of 100 to 10,000 in every time period of a cycle time, a chemical strengthening backwash time in the membrane separation device to stop working, i.e., part c).
  • a more preferred way of implementing step c) is low frequency, long duration, low flow rate, which not only saves the amount of chemicals, but also allows the cleaning solution to have a longer immersion time on the inner surface of the filter unit, thus condensing the inner surface.
  • the cleaning effect of the glue layer is better, and at the low flow rate, the cleaning solution slowly penetrates from the inside of the filter unit to the outside, and does not spread quickly around the outer surface of the filter unit, so the outer surface gel layer also has a certain degree. Destructive effect.
  • link b) and link c) are: continuing to continuously use the membrane separation device as a component of the cross-flow of the material on the outer surface of the filter unit, while allowing the membrane separation device to be pressed
  • the fixed time period is cyclically operated in an intermittent manner, the time period is 5 to 30 minutes, wherein the time of stopping the operation is 5 to 20% of the total time of the cycle, and every 1 to 100 time periods
  • the step b) is carried out within a time range in which the membrane separation device is stopped, and the medium in the step b) is the permeate of the membrane separation device at every 100 to 10,000 times.
  • the membrane separation equipment is stopped during the 5 to 30 consecutive time periods and is implemented in step c).
  • the interval between implementations c) is approximately 2 to 90 days, and such interval periods are acceptable for actual water treatment projects.
  • the interval period of d which may generally be 6 to 24 months.
  • any combination of any one or three of the links a), b) and c) does not completely remove the gel layer and inorganic scale on the outer surface of the filter unit, and works with the membrane separation equipment.
  • the gradual extension of time, the inorganic scale and the gel layer and the mud cake layer will synergistically, the inorganic scale will promote the gel layer and the mud cake layer to further compact or even compact, and the later removal will be required compared to the early removal.
  • the preferred frequency of implementation of link (d) is once every 6 to 12 months.
  • the step a) and/or the link c) are carried out in a continuous or batch manner on the membrane separation device.
  • 01 ⁇ 0. 5m/ s More preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 5m / s, more preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 5m / s, more preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 2m / s, preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 5m / s, more preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 2m / s, preferably 0. 01 ⁇ 0. 5m / s, more preferably 0. 04 ⁇ 0. 2m / s.
  • the flow rate of the gas, the liquid or the gas-liquid mixture in the opposite direction of the filtering direction of the filter unit in the opposite direction of the filter unit is equivalent to 1 to 5 times of the membrane flux during the normal operation of the filter unit, preferably 2 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 3 times, the duration is not more than 3 minutes, preferably not more than 1.5 minutes.
  • the ratio of the total amount of the cleaning solution passing through the filter unit in the opposite direction of the filtration direction to the filtration area of all the filtration units in the opposite direction of the filtering unit is l ⁇ 20 L/m 2 , preferably l ⁇ 2 L/m 2
  • the duration is 60 to 240 minutes, preferably 60 to 120 minutes.
  • the cleaning solution may continuously pass through the filtration unit continuously, or may be passed through the filtration unit in two or more batches, and there is a period of standing between each batch.
  • the cleaning solution passes through the filtration unit in at least two batches in the opposite direction of the filtration direction when the filtration unit is normally operated.
  • the rest time between each batch is 30 to 120 minutes, preferably 30 to 90 minutes.
  • the interval period, duration and duration of the implementation of b) or link c) can be selected according to the specific working environment of the membrane separation equipment.
  • the link b) or the link c) can be implemented in a fixed cycle or in a variable cycle.
  • a flow meter such as an electromagnetic flowmeter, a vortex flowmeter or a turbine flowmeter
  • a pressure gauge capable of continuously monitoring the instantaneous flow rate and pressure of the permeate are installed.
  • Such as pressure transmitters, etc. can collect these data in real time through the automatic control system, and calculate the transmembrane pressure difference and membrane filtration resistance, according to the monitored real-time changes in transmembrane pressure difference or membrane filtration resistance to determine whether The membrane separation equipment should be implemented in the b) or link c) and the corresponding duration, the type and concentration of the chemical, and the like.
  • the step b) or the link c) is carried out by dynamically monitoring a variable period of a change in transmembrane pressure difference or membrane filtration resistance, more preferably by dynamically monitoring a change in transmembrane pressure difference or membrane filtration resistance increase rate.
  • the variable cycle is implemented. This allows the amount of cleaning solution and chemicals to be minimized.
  • the cleaning solution in the step c) and the step d) may be any one or two or more of a sodium hypochlorite solution, a sodium hydroxide solution, a citric acid solution, an oxalic acid solution, a hydrochloric acid solution, and a sulphuric acid solution.
  • sodium hypochlorite solution and sodium hydroxide solution are alkaline solutions, which have strong oxidative decomposition and dissolution effects on organic matter and microorganisms.
  • Citric acid solution, oxalic acid solution, hydrochloric acid solution, sulfuric acid solution are all acidic The solution has a good dissolution and removal effect on inorganic scale.
  • the two cleaning solutions are successively used in the step c) and the step d), wherein one of the cleaning solutions is a sodium hypochlorite solution, a sodium hydroxide solution or a mixed solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide, which is referred to herein as Alkaline washing solution, and the process of washing the membrane separation equipment with alkali washing liquid is called alkali washing (alkali dip); the other washing solution is any of citric acid solution, oxalic acid solution, hydrochloric acid solution, acid solution One or any two or more mixed solutions, referred to herein as pickling solutions, and the process of washing the membrane separation equipment using an acid washing solution is called acid dip 0 caustic washing and acid Washing can be done one before the other, and the other can be used multiple times in various other combinations.
  • one of the cleaning solutions is a sodium hypochlorite solution, a sodium hydroxide solution or a mixed solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide, which is referred to herein as Alka
  • the pickling and the alkali washing are performed once, and the pickling is performed first, followed by the alkali washing. Washing the inside of the membrane separation equipment or the inside of the vessel containing the membrane separation equipment with clean water before pickling, or after caustic washing, or alkali washing, to prevent acid-base neutralization and other Harmful substances.
  • the effective chlorine concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution used in the step c) is 50 to 3000 mg/L, preferably 200 to 1000 mg/L, and the effective chlorine concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution used in the step d) is 1000 to 6000 mg/L. It is preferably 3000 to 5000 mg/L.
  • the pH of the mixed solution of sodium hydroxide solution or sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide used in the step c) and the step d) is controlled between 8 and 14, and the preferred range of the step c) is between 8 and 12.
  • the preferred range of the link d) is between 10 and 14.
  • the ⁇ ⁇ value of the citric acid solution, the oxalic acid solution, the hydrochloric acid solution, the sulfuric acid solution or the mixed solution of any two or more of them used in the step c) and the step d) is controlled between 1 and 4,
  • the preferred range of the step c) is between 2 and 4
  • the preferred range of the step d) is between 1 and 2.
  • the alkali washing time in the step d) is 1 to 48 hours, preferably 12 to 24 hours, and the pickling time is 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 12 hours.
  • a device for cleaning a membrane separation device comprising a membrane separation device, an aeration device, a backwash device, a dosing pump, a drug storage container, a cleaning solution storage tank, and related pipelines and valves, and a water inlet of the backwashing device passes through the tube
  • the road is connected to the cleaning solution storage tank, and the water suction port of the dosing pump is connected to the drug storage container through the pipeline, wherein the pipeline connected to the permeate outlet of the membrane separation device is divided into two branches The first branch is connected to the permeate storage tank of the storage membrane separation device, and the second branch is connected to the outlet of the backwashing device and/or the outlet of the aeration device, the dosing pump
  • the water outlet is in communication with the second branch.
  • the backwashing device may be a backwashing pump or a pulse composed of a surge tank and a make-up water pump. Press backwash system.
  • the backwashing device is a backwashing pump
  • the water inlet of the backwashing device is a water suction port of the backwashing pump
  • the water outlet of the backwashing device is a water outlet of the backwashing pump.
  • the backwashing device is a pulse backwashing system composed of a surge tank and a make-up water pump
  • the water inlet of the backwashing device is the water suction port of the water pump
  • the water outlet of the backwashing device is the water outlet of the surge tank.
  • the backwashing device is a pulse backwashing system composed of a surge tank and a make-up water pump.
  • the second branch may be connected to the water outlet of the backwashing device, or may be connected to the air outlet of the aeration device, or may be connected to the water outlet of the backwashing device and the air outlet of the aeration device through the tee.
  • the backwashing medium may be a liquid, a gas, or both a liquid and a gas.
  • the second branch is in communication only with the water outlet of the backwashing device. This avoids the use of gas or a mixture of gas and liquid to give the first branch the trouble of removing the accumulated gas.
  • the membrane separation device has one or more filtration units inside.
  • the filtering unit refers to a component having a filtering function, and may be a hollow fiber bundle membrane module, a hollow fiber curtain membrane module, a plate and frame flat membrane module, a capillary membrane module, a tubular membrane module, a microporous filter tube, and the like.
  • Various types of filtration units that can be used in the field of water treatment.
  • the membrane separation device may or may not have a closed outer casing.
  • the outer casing should have a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet for conveying the liquid to be filtered, and the inside of the outer casing should be provided with an air distribution device, the gas distribution device and the aeration device. The air outlets are connected.
  • the membrane separation device does not have a closed outer casing, the surface of the filtration unit that is in contact with the liquid to be filtered is in a dew state, and the membrane separation device can be placed in a tank having a volume slightly larger than the volume of the membrane separation device.
  • the inside of a small structure that is, a so-called membrane filter, which can conveniently carry out the step d) directly on the membrane separation device in the membrane filter, and the membrane filter should be provided with an air distribution device inside,
  • the air distribution device is connected to the air outlet of the aeration device.
  • the membrane separation device When the membrane separation device is used in a separation device for biological solids and water in a membrane bioreactor, the membrane separation device with a closed outer casing or a membrane filter containing a membrane separation device is disposed in the membrane bioreactor In addition to the bioreactor, the membrane separation device or the membrane filter and the bioreactor are connected by a pipeline.
  • the membrane separation device with a closed outer casing or a membrane filter containing a membrane separation device is disposed in the coagulation reactor Further, the membrane separation device or the membrane filter and the coagulation reactor are connected by a pipeline.
  • the pipeline connected to the water outlet of the backwashing device can divide two branches, one of which is branched The second branch is in communication with the other branch and the air outlet connecting the aeration device and the air inlet of the air distribution device. Valves are provided on both branches. In this way, the membrane separation device can be backwashed not only by the backwash water provided by the backwashing device, but also the gas distribution device can be cleaned to prevent the gas distribution device from being used as a sludge after long-term use. Blocked.
  • the membrane separation device can realize the self-flowing water by using the liquid level difference between the liquid surface inside the membrane filter and the liquid permeate outlet thereof, or the negative pressure provided by the water pump connected to the permeate outlet.
  • the water is sucked out by the action, that is, the water pump may not be provided on the first branch road, and the water pump may be provided.
  • a water pump is provided on the first branch.
  • the pipeline connecting the permeate outlet of the membrane separation device and the permeate reservoir is divided into two branches, one of which is connected to the inlet of the outlet pump, and the outlet of the pump
  • the water outlet is connected to the permeate storage tank through a pipeline, and the other branch is directly connected to the permeate storage tank.
  • the two branches are in a parallel relationship, and the control between the two can be replaced by each other.
  • the cleaning solution storage tank may be the same container or structure as the permeate storage tank, or may be a different container or structure.
  • the cleaning solution storage tank and the permeate storage tank are the same container or structure, that is, the cleaning solution for supplying the backwashing device is the permeate of the membrane separation device, so that the cleaning device can become More simple.
  • the outlet of the dosing pump may be connected to the pipeline between the water inlet of the backwashing device and the cleaning solution storage tank through a pipe, or may be connected to the water outlet and the membrane of the backwashing device of the second branch through a pipe. Separating the tubing between the permeate outlets of the device.
  • the dosing pump and the drug storage device may have one set or two or more sets. Different types of chemicals are added to each set of dosing pump and drug storage device.
  • Embodiment 1 As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4, a device for cleaning a membrane separation device, which is a membrane bioreactor A part of the sewage treatment system, comprising a biological reaction tank 8, a membrane filter 9 independent of the bioreactor 8 and co-walled, a membrane separation device 19 installed in the membrane filter 9, and a storage membrane separation device 19
  • the permeated liquid storage tank 10 delivers the activated sludge mixture in the biological reaction tank 8 to the liquid supply pipe 11 in the membrane filter 9, and the liquid supply valve 1 installed thereon, and the liquid supply
  • the position of the tube 11 passing through the side wall of the biological reaction tank 8 is located at the upper portion of the side wall thereof but the tube top is 400 mm lower than the inner water surface thereof, and the position of the side wall passing through the membrane filter 9 is located at the upper portion of the side wall but the tube top is low.
  • the liquid mixture in the membrane filter 9 is transported back to the liquid reflux pipe 12 in the biological reaction tank 8 and the circulation pump 15 installed on the liquid reflux pipe 12, which is located 200 mm above the water surface and located above the membrane separation device 19.
  • a pipe connected to the suction port of the circulation pump 15 leads to the bottom of the membrane filter 9 and is located below the membrane separation device 19, and a liquid reflux valve 2 is installed on the pipe connected to the suction port of the circulation pump 15, as the membrane separation device 19
  • a negative pressure pump 16 is provided, and the water suction port thereof is provided with a water production valve 6
  • the pipeline is connected to the permeate outlet 20 of the membrane separation device 19, and the outlet is connected to the permeate storage tank 10 through a pipeline, and the pipeline is provided with a pressure transmitter 25 and an electromagnetic flowmeter 26 as a gas source.
  • the blower 22 the pipeline connected to the air outlet thereof is divided into two branches, one branch is connected with the air distribution device 23 installed in the membrane filter 9, and the membrane filter air supply valve 3 is provided thereon, and the other branch is provided
  • the road is connected to the gas distribution device 24 installed in the biological reaction tank 8, and is provided with a bioreactor supply valve 4, and the suction port of the backwash pump 17 is connected to the permeate storage tank 10 through the pipeline, and the water outlet
  • the connected pipeline is divided into two branches, one branch is connected to a pipeline connecting the liquid outlet 20 and the water suction port of the water pump 16, and a reverse cleaning valve 5 is provided thereon, and the other branch and the connecting blower are connected.
  • a dosing pump 18 is installed, and a pipe connected to the outlet of the dosing pump 18 is connected to the backwash pump 1 7 The pipe on the water outlet, the connection point is located on the mother pipe before the reverse cleaning valve 5 and the positive cleaning valve 7.
  • the membrane separation device 19 is composed of a filter unit of a hollow fiber curtain membrane module, and has 16 tubes, which are placed in 2 rows, 8 in each row, and each membrane separation device 19 has an outer dimension of 600 mm (length) x 600 mm (width).
  • the material is polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the upper end can swing freely
  • each membrane filament is in a closed state, sealed with flexible epoxy resin
  • the lower end is cast with epoxy resin and collected at the end.
  • it is secondarily cast with polyurethane to protect the root of the membrane.
  • the outer diameter of the end is ⁇ 8 ⁇ production water pipes, all production pipes are connected in parallel to a catchment main.
  • the internal volume of the bioreactor 8 is 5 m (width) X 6 . 5 m (length) x 5 m (deep), the effective water depth is 3 m, and the effective volume is 97.5 m 3 .
  • the internal net size of the membrane filter 9 is 5 m (width) ⁇ 1. 5 m (length) 3. 5 m (deep), the effective water depth is 2. 8 m, and the effective volume is 21 m 3 .
  • the internal net size of the product water storage tank 10 is 5 m (width) X 3 m (length) ⁇ 3. 5 m (deep), the effective water depth is 3 m, and the effective volume is 45 m 3 .
  • the flow rate of the circulation pump 15 is 120 m7h (m3), the head is 11 m, the power is 5. 5 kW, the flow rate of the outlet pump 16 is 25 m7h, the head is 10 m, the power is 1. lkW, and the flow rate of the washing pump 17 is 80 m 3 /m, the head is 15m, the power is 5. 5kW, the flow rate of the dosing pump 18 is 1. 5m 3 /h, the head is 8m, the power is 90w, and the air volume of the blower 22 is 3.86m 3 /min (cubic meters per minute) The air pressure is 39. 2kPa (kiap Pascal), the power is 5. 5kW, and the external dimensions of the drug storage device 21 are ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1500 1500mm, and the effective volume is 1000L.
  • the inner diameter of the liquid supply pipe 11 and the liquid return pipe 12 are both 200 mm, the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, the bioreactor supply valve 4, and the reverse cleaning valve 5
  • the water production valve 6 and the positive cleaning valve 7 are all electric valves.
  • the sewage treatment system of the present embodiment can achieve a treatment capacity of 20.8 m 3 /h, a daily treatment scale of 500 m 3 /d (cubic meters per day), and a hydraulic retention time of the biological reaction tank 8
  • the slag load is 0. 1 3 - 0, the MLSS (sludge concentration) is 5 ⁇ 8g / L, the volume load is 1. 0 ⁇ 1. 5kg-BOD 5 / (m 3 - d), the sludge load is 0.
  • FIG. 6 shows the process operation of the entire sewage treatment system during the normal operation of the membrane separation unit 19, which is actually present throughout the process.
  • the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, the biological reaction tank supply valve 4 is always open, the reverse cleaning valve 5 and the forward cleaning valve 7 are always closed, the circulation pump 15
  • the outlet pump 16 and the product water valve 6 are intermittently operated or opened, and the backwash pump 17 and the dosing pump 18 are in a state of being stopped.
  • the sewage first enters the lower part of the biological reaction tank 8, and under the action of the turbulent flow provided by the gas distribution device 24, the sewage is in full contact with the activated sludge mixture, and the aerobic heterotrophic bacteria will biodegrade the organic substrate.
  • the bacteria converts the ammonia nitrogen in the sewage into nitrate nitrogen, and then the activated sludge mixture in the biological reaction tank 8 enters the membrane filter 9 from the upper portion thereof through the liquid supply pipe 11, and the activated sludge mixture is in the membrane filter.
  • the solid-liquid separation is completely achieved by the high-efficiency separation of the membrane separation device 19, and the permeate of the membrane separation device 19 gradually flows to the permeate outlet 20, and is then sent to the permeate storage tank 10 by the discharge pump 16.
  • the outlet pump 16 Under the control of the automatic control system, the outlet pump 16 is operated in an intermittent manner with a cycle time of 1 Omin. In each time period, the discharge pump 16 is started for 8 minutes, and the operation time is stopped.
  • the membrane filtration device 19 normally filters for 8 minutes, the filtration time is 2 minutes, and the filtration time is 20% of the total cycle time.
  • the compressed air supplied from the blower 22 is diffused out through the air distribution means 23 in the membrane filter 9, which causes an upward movement of the gas-water two-phase flow inside the membrane filter 9, whereby the hollow fiber membrane inside the membrane separation device 19
  • the cross-flow flow of the gas-water mixture exists on the outer surface, which is used as the link), that is, the continuous hydraulic cleaning is continuously used, thereby effectively suppressing the development of the mudcake membrane fouling at an appropriate level, the concentrate in the membrane filter 9
  • it is pressurized and returned to the bottom of the biological reaction tank 8 by the circulating pump 15 via the liquid reflux pipe 12, and is again mixed with the activated sludge in the biological reaction tank 8 under the turbulent flow provided by the gas distribution device 24 in the biological reaction tank. Mix in liquid phase.
  • Figure 6 shows the operation of the link (b), that is, reverse hydraulic cleaning.
  • the water production valve 6 is closed, the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, the biological reaction tank supply valve 4 are still open, and the forward cleaning valve 7 is still closed, so that The outlet pump 16 stops running, the circulation pump 15 is still operating normally, the dosing pump 18 is still in a state of being stopped, the reverse cleaning valve 5 is opened, the backwashing pump 17 is started, and the permeate storage tank is used by the backwash pump 17.
  • the permeate of the membrane separation device stored in 10 is injected into the permeate outlet 20 at a flow rate equivalent to twice the flow rate of the permeate when the membrane separation device 19 is normally filtered, and finally in the direction of permeation along the hollow fiber membrane filament during normal operation. Passing through the membrane wire in the opposite direction, the duration is 1.5 min, then the backwashing pump 17 stops running, the reverse cleaning valve 5 is closed, the water producing valve 6 is immediately opened, the outlet pump 16 is started, and the entire sewage treatment system is restored as shown in the figure.
  • the normal working state shown in 6. 5 ⁇ , that is, the total duration of the reverse hydraulic cleaning is 2 min.
  • the reverse hydraulic cleaning is implemented at a fixed cycle under the control of the automatic control system.
  • the pressure transmitter 25 and the electromagnetic flow meter 26 monitor the pressure and instantaneous flow rate of the permeate of the membrane separation device 19 in real time, and the automatic control system collects data in real time and The transmembrane pressure difference TMP of the membrane separation device and the membrane filtration resistance R are calculated. Once the measured R value reaches the programmed threshold value, the automatic control system immediately issues an instruction to the actuator to initiate the reverse hydraulic cleaning procedure. Reverse hydraulic cleaning The washing is performed once in the sixth time period after each of the five time periods of the membrane separation device 19, that is, once every one hour for a duration of 2 minutes, and the membrane separation device 19 stops normal during the sixth time period. The filtered time segments are completely coincident.
  • Figure 7 shows the operation of the step (c), the reverse chemical cleaning.
  • the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, the water production valve 6, the biological reaction tank supply valve 4 are still open, and the positive cleaning valve 7 is still closed, so that the positive cleaning valve 7 is still closed.
  • the circulating pump 15 and the outlet pump 16 are all stopped, the backwashing pump 17 continues to be in a stopped state, the reverse cleaning valve 5 is opened, and the dosing pump 18 is started to operate, and the dosing pump 18 is stored in the drug storage device 21.
  • the cleaning solution is injected into the second branch in two batches (ie, the line connecting the outlet of the backwash pump 17 and the permeate outlet 20), and the cleaning solution is a sodium hypochlorite solution having an effective concentration of 1000 m g /L, the first batch of injected
  • the volume of the cleaning solution is 500L and the duration is about 25 minutes.
  • the cleaning solution enters the inner cavity of the hollow fiber membrane filament through the permeate outlet 20, and a part of the cleaning solution penetrates the membrane in the opposite direction of the water permeable direction when the hollow fiber membrane filament works normally.
  • Silk and most of the cleaning solution is stored in the inner cavity of the hollow fiber membrane wire and impregnated into the inner surface.
  • the dosing pump 18 After standing for 60 minutes, 1000 L of the cleaning solution is reinjected into the second branch by the dosing pump 18 for a duration of about 40 m. In, then let stand for another 30min, and finally open the membrane filter gas supply valve 3 to aerate the membrane filter 9, the duration is 25min, thus complete all reverse chemical cleaning operations, the total duration is about 180min, about 18
  • the dosing pump 18 is then stopped, the reverse cleaning valve 5 is closed, the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, and the product water valve 6 are opened, and the circulating pump 15 and the outlet pump 16 are started to operate.
  • the entire sewage treatment system is restored to the normal working state as shown in FIG. 6.
  • the reverse chemical cleaning is carried out in a variable cycle under the control of the automatic control system.
  • the pressure transmitter 25 and the electromagnetic flowmeter 26 monitor the pressure and instantaneous flow rate of the permeate of the membrane separation device 19 in real time, and the automatic control system collects data in real time. And calculate the transmembrane pressure difference TMP, membrane filtration resistance R and membrane filtration resistance increase rate dR/dt of the membrane separation equipment. Once the measured dR/dt value reaches the programmed critical value, the automatic control system immediately executes The agency issues an order to initiate a reverse chemical cleaning procedure.
  • Figures 8 and 9 show the operation of the step (d), that is, the forward chemical cleaning.
  • Figure 8 shows the front stage of the forward chemical cleaning, mainly discharging the mixture inside the membrane filter 9 to the biological reaction tank 8, and removing the sludge in the gas distribution device 23 in the membrane filter and the individual hollow fibers. Sludge which may be present inside the membrane bundle, between the individual hollow fiber membrane bundles, at the inner wall of the membrane separation device 19 or at a corner.
  • Figure 9 shows the back-end process of positive chemical cleaning, mainly using a chemical containing a certain concentration of chemicals. The outer surface and the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane filament are soaked in the liquid.
  • the permeate stored in the permeate storage tank 10 is injected into the gas distribution means 23 in the membrane filter, and finally diffused from the air distribution hole of the air distribution means 23.
  • the backwashing pump 17 is suspended after 15 minutes of operation, the positive cleaning valve 7 is closed, and the membrane filter supply valve 3 is opened, so that the compressed air supplied from the blower 22 is diffused through the air outlet of the air distribution device 23 for 15 minutes, thus switching twice. Then, the backwash pump 17 is stopped, and the membrane filter supply valve 3 and the forward cleaning valve 7 are closed, the liquid return valve 2 is opened, the circulation pump 15 is started, and the mixing in the membrane filter 9 is performed by the circulation pump 15. The liquid is discharged to the biological reaction tank 8 through the liquid reflux pipe 12.
  • the permeate containing the chemical agent is stored in the membrane filter 9 by any of the following two methods: i) opening the reverse To the cleaning valve 5, the positive cleaning valve 7 is continuously closed, the backwashing pump 17 is started in synchronization with the dosing pump 18, and the permeate containing the chemical agent is passed by the backwashing pump 17 (the permeation of the chemical agent and the membrane separation device) The liquid is mixed in the pipeline) is injected into the permeate outlet 20, and finally passes through the membrane filament in the opposite direction of the permeation direction when the hollow fiber membrane filament is normally operated, and is stored in the membrane filter 9; ii) opening the positive cleaning valve 7 , continue to close the reverse cleaning valve 5 to make a recoil
  • the pump 17 is started up in synchronization with the dosing pump 18, and the permeate containing the chemical agent is injected into the air distribution device 23 by the backwash pump 17, and finally diffused from the air hole of
  • the forward chemical cleaning adopts a method of pickling and caustic washing.
  • the dosing pump 18 injects a hydrochloric acid solution, and the hydrochloric acid in the second branch The concentration was 2% and the soaking time was 3 hours.
  • the circulation pump 15 is started to run, and the circulating acid pump is discharged into the special disposal liquid disposal container through the bypass of the liquid reflux pipe 12 by the circulation pump 15, and then the circulation pump 15 is stopped. , the reverse cleaning valve 5 is opened, the backwashing pump 17 is started to operate, and the membrane separation device 19 is subjected to reverse hydraulic cleaning for a duration of 15 minutes, then the backwashing pump 17 is stopped, and the reverse cleaning valve 5 is closed, again The circulation pump 15 is started up, and all of the liquid in the membrane filter 9 is discharged into the biological reaction tank 8 by the circulation pump 15.
  • the dosing pump 18 injects a sodium hypochlorite solution, the effective chlorine concentration in the second branch is 5000 mg/L, and the soaking time is 12 hours.
  • the operation after the end of the pickling was repeated after the end of the alkali washing.
  • the membrane filter supply valve 3 is opened for 10 minutes every 50 minutes, and the gas distribution device 23 is aerated to the membrane filter 9 for 2 minutes to enhance the cleaning effect.
  • the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, and the water production valve 6 are closed, the reverse cleaning valve 5 is closed, the positive cleaning valve 7 is closed, and the backwashing pump 17 is enabled.
  • a device for cleaning a membrane separation device which is a part of a drinking water treatment system, includes a coagulation reaction tank 29, a sloping plate sedimentation tank 30, an intermediate pool 31, and a membrane separation.
  • the apparatus 19 transport the supernatant liquid in the intermediate pool 31 to the membrane separation device
  • the liquid outlet 14 and the permeate outlet 20, the pipeline connecting the permeate outlet 20 and the permeate reservoir 10 are divided into two branches, wherein the first branch is provided with a water production valve 6, The pressure transmitter 25 and the electromagnetic flowmeter 26, the second branch is connected to the water outlet of the surge tank 27, The reverse cleaning valve 5 is arranged, the water inlet of the surge tank 27 is connected with the water outlet of the make-up water pump 28, and the water suction port of the makeup water pump 28 is connected to the permeate storage tank 10 through the pipeline, and the air outlet of the blower 22 Through the pipeline and installed inside the membrane separation device 19
  • the gas distribution device 23 is connected to the membrane filter supply valve 3, and the dosing pump 18 is installed directly above the drug storage device 21 which is arranged in the shape of a drum and disposed beside the permeate storage tank 10.
  • the pipe connected to the outlet of the medicine pump 18 is connected to the second branch, the connection point is located on the mother pipe before the reverse cleaning valve 5 and the water producing valve 6, and there is also a mixture of the coagulating agent for the coagulation reaction tank 29.
  • the coagulant dosing device 33 is also a mixture of the coagulating agent for the coagulation reaction tank 29.
  • Membrane Separation Equipment 19 consists of 30 hollow fiber column membrane modules, placed in 1 row, each row
  • each hollow fiber column membrane module has an external dimension of ⁇ 225mm X 1800mm, and internally integrates 7 bundles of hollow fiber membrane bundles, each bundle of hollow fiber bundles consisting of 300 hollow fiber membrane filaments, hollow fiber membrane filaments
  • the outer diameter is 1.35 ⁇
  • the average membrane pore size is 0. ⁇ ⁇
  • the material is polyvinylidene fluoride
  • both ends are epoxy resin cast and collected in the end, and it is secondarily cast with polyurethane to the membrane
  • the root of the wire is protected.
  • the outer part of the end is provided with a water pipe with an outer diameter of ⁇ 8 ⁇ , and all the water pipes are connected in parallel to the water collecting chamber.
  • the internal net size of the coagulation reaction tank 29 is 3 m (width) x 2 m (length) x 2.5 m (deep), the effective water depth is 2 m, and the effective volume is 12 m 3 .
  • the sloping plate sedimentation tank 30 has an internal net size of 3 m (width) ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 (length) x 2.5 m (deep), an effective water depth of 2 m, and an effective volume of 21 ⁇ 2 3 .
  • the internal pool 31 has a net internal dimensions of 3 m (width) x 2 m (length) x 2.5 m (deep), an effective water depth of 1.8 m and an effective volume of 10.8 m 3 .
  • the internal net size of the product water storage tank 10 is 3 m (width) ⁇ 5 m (length) ⁇ 3.5 m (deep), the effective water depth is 3 m, and the effective volume is 45 m 3 .
  • the circulation pump 15 has a flow rate of 120 m 3 /h, a head of 11 m, a power of 5.5 kW, a flow rate of the outlet pump 16 of 50 m 3 /h, a head of 20 m, a power of 5.5 kW, and a flow rate of the dosing pump 18 of 1.5 m 3 .
  • the head is 8m
  • the power is 90w
  • the outer shape of the drug storage device 21 is ⁇ ⁇ 1500 1500mm
  • the effective volume is 1000L
  • the air volume of the blower 22 is 0.63m 3 /min
  • the wind pressure is 30kPa
  • the power is 0.75kW
  • the outer shape of the surge tank 27 is ⁇ 2400 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 3000mm
  • the adjustable volume is 3m 3
  • the flow rate of the make-up water pump 28 is 25m7h
  • the lift is 31.5m
  • the power is 5.5kW
  • the stirring device 32 is a vertical mixer with a power of 0.37kW.
  • the swash plate 34 has an oblique length of 1.2 m and an inclination angle of 60.
  • the bottom buffer is high in lm, and the plane size is the same as that of the swash plate sedimentation tank 30.
  • the inner diameter of the liquid supply pipe 11 and the liquid return pipe 12 are both 200 mm, the liquid supply valve 1, the liquid return valve 2, the membrane filter supply valve 3, the reverse cleaning valve 5, and the production valve 6 are all electric valve.
  • the slanting time is about 14. 4 minutes
  • the hydraulic retention time of the coagulation reaction tank 29 is about 1400 m 3 /d
  • the hydraulic retention time of the coagulation reaction tank 29 is about 14. 4 minutes
  • the intermediate tank 31 the hydraulic retention time of about 14.4 minutes
  • the hydraulic retention time is about 0.9 hours.
  • the raw water first enters the coagulation reaction tank 29, and the coagulant dosing device 33 adds aluminum sulfate as a coagulant to the coagulation reaction tank 29, and the coagulant is thoroughly mixed with the raw water under the stirring of the stirring device 32, and The tiny flocs are formed, and the raw water carries the flocs from the diversion holes on the bottom of the partition wall between the coagulation reaction tank 29 and the inclined plate sedimentation tank 30 into the inclined plate sedimentation tank 30, and the water flow is in the inclined plate sedimentation tank 30.
  • the flocs are blocked by the inclined plate 34 during the ascending flow, and the supernatant is formed on the upper portion of the inclined plate 34, and the supernatant falls from the top of the partition wall between the inclined plate sedimentation tank 30 and the intermediate pool 31 into the intermediate pool. 31.
  • the circulation pump 15 transports the supernatant liquid in the intermediate tank 31 to the liquid inlet 13 of the membrane separation device 19 via the liquid supply pipe 11, and under the action of the negative pressure supplied from the water pump 16, most of the supernatant is permeated.
  • the hollow fiber membrane filament inside the membrane separation device 19 enters the inner cavity of the hollow fiber membrane filament, and the permeated permeate is transported from the permeate outlet 20 through the water discharge pump 16 to the permeate storage tank 10, a small portion of the concentrate Then, the liquid liquid outlet 14 of the membrane separation device 19 is returned to the intermediate water tank 31 via the liquid reflux pipe 12.
  • the method for performing on-line cleaning of the membrane separation device 19 is similar to that of the first embodiment, except that in the present embodiment, the bioreactor supply valve 4, the forward cleaning valve 7, the surge tank 27 and the make-up water pump 28 are replaced.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Description

一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置 本申请要求于 2008 年 5 月 30 日提交中国专利局、 申请号为 200810113983. 4、 发明名称为 "一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置" 的中国专 利申请的优先权, 其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。 技术领域
本发明涉及一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置, 属于水处理技术领域。 背景技术
近年来由于膜科学与技术的发展以及水处理技术的更新换代 ,膜分离技术 和采用膜分离技术的膜分离设备越来越多地应用于水处理领域。随着工程应用 的逐渐普及和生产技术的不断成熟,膜分离设备的价格有所下降。但总体而言, 膜法水处理技术的一次性投资和运行成本仍然明显高于其他较为成熟的常规 水处理技术,尤其是膜分离设备寿命偏短带来的更换周期短,使得实际的膜法 水处理工程背负较高的折旧成本,这在很大程度上限制了膜分离技术在水处理 领域进一步扩大应用范围。
目前研究人员普遍认为膜污染( membrane foul ing )是造成膜分离设备寿 命偏短的主要原因。 膜污染可定义为颗粒、 胶体、 乳浊液、 悬浮液、 大分子和 盐等物质在膜表面或膜孔内部的可逆及不可逆沉积,这种沉积包括吸附、堵塞、 沉淀、 形成滤饼等。膜污染的微观过程较为复杂, 尤其是当膜分离设备作为膜 生物反应器 (Membrane Bioreactor , MBR ) 等污水处理系统中生物固体 ( biomas s )与水的分离手段时, 膜污染的现象极为复杂。 目前理论界认为膜 污染的成因包括浓差极化( concent rat ion polar izat ion ) 、膜孑 L堵塞( pore c logg ing )、凝胶层 ( ge l layer )、泥饼层 ( cake layer )、无机物结后 ( minera l sca le )等微观现象, 其中浓差极化和膜孔堵塞一般发生在膜开始过滤后的几 秒或几分钟内,凝胶层也在随后的数分钟或数小时内逐渐形成,但凝胶层的进 一步增厚则发展緩慢, 因此在膜分离过程的初期,膜的过滤阻力处于快速上升 阶段,但随后膜的过滤阻力则进入一个相对緩慢上升的阶段,这一阶段主要是 泥饼层的形成以及无机物结垢所造成的膜污染,无机物结垢的发展通常较为緩 慢, 但若泥饼层快速增厚, 则膜的过滤阻力将重新大幅升高, 甚至使得膜完全 丧失产水能力。 引起膜污染的物质一般有三类: (1 )颗粒物质, 如原水中的悬 浮物,在膜生物反应器中则主要是微生物所组成的絮体,这类物质主要导致泥 饼层的形成; (2)溶解性的大分子有机物质, 如原水中的溶解性有机物, 在膜 生物反应器中则主要是生物反应器中积聚的溶解性微生物产物 ( soluble microbial products, SMPs )和胞夕卜多聚物 ( extracelluar polymers, ECPs ), 也包括一部分微生物, 这类物质主要导致膜孔堵塞和凝胶层的形成; (3)无机 物质, 如原水中的碳酸盐、 硫酸盐等, 这类物质主要导致无机物结垢。
膜分离设备在使用过程中膜污染的现象是不可避免的,因此研究者除了深 入考察膜污染的形成机理和影响因素外,也在寻求经济有效的膜污染防治和清 除手段。 目前在实际工程当中, 当膜污染发展到一定程度时, 就要对膜分离设 备采取在线或离线的清洗措施, 以恢复膜的过滤性能。这些清洗措施包括物理 方法和化学方法两大类,前者包括以气、水或气水混合液冲刷膜正常工作时的 表面的正向水力清洗, 以气、水或气水混合液沿膜正常工作时过滤方向的反方 向透过膜的反向水力清洗, 以及采用超声波等手段对膜进行清洗等,后者主要 包括以含有一定浓度化学药剂的清洗溶液浸泡膜正常工作时的表面的正向化 学清洗或沿膜正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过膜的反向化学清洗。有关正向 或者反向水力清洗的方法可参见中国专利及专利申请 95194986.1、 98125099.8、 02205772.2、 02224060.8、 200320110568.6、 200510013249.7、 200580013230.0,有关反向化学清洗的方法可参见中国专利 200510115862. X, 有关组合运用正向以及反向的水力清洗和化学清洗的方法可参见中国专利申 请 200580046369.5、 200610011310.9。
正向水力清洗主要靠气、 水或气水混合液在膜正常工作时的表面错流
( cross flow)运动时形成的水力剪切力来抑制颗粒物沉积在该膜表面, 可以 在一定程度上抑制由泥饼层所造成的膜污染,但对抑制由胶体物质沉积膜表面 所引起的凝胶层的发展没有明显效果,对抑制由胶体和小分子物质引起的膜孔 堵塞没有任何效果, 因此单纯的正向水力清洗也不能持久达到较好的清洗效 果。 另外, 为了强化正向水力清洗的效果, 并且使得膜清洗的操作不影响水处 理设施的生产过程,一般使得膜分离设备以间歇的方式进行工作,停止工作的 时间占到总时间的 20%左右, 而气、 水或气水混合液的错流运动却是连续的, 利用膜分离设备停止工作时颗粒物向膜表面附着的作用力的瞬间消失,可以使 得部分已沉积的颗粒物重新进入液相主体,这种所谓空曝气的做法在以负压方 式获得膜透过液的膜生物反应器中大量采用,尽管可以在一定程度上抑制膜污 染的快速发展,但这种有限的清洗效果是以通过增加能耗提供较高错流流速和 降低膜的有效工作时间换来的,其后果既增大了系统的运行成本, 又需要配置 更多数量的膜分离设备, 使系统的建造成本也有所增大。
反向水力反清洗和反向化学清洗,其实质都是让气体、清洗水或含有一定 化学药剂的清洗溶液沿膜正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过膜,这样可以在一 定程度上清除由膜孔堵塞所造成的膜污染,但气体、清洗水或清洗溶液却无法 冲刷或浸泡膜正常工作时与待过滤的液体相接触的表面,而恰恰是这个表面上 的凝胶层和泥饼层是膜污染的主要形式,其形成和发展在很大程度上降低了膜 的过滤性能,现有技术中的反向水力清洗和反向化学清洗只能作用于与膜正常 工作时和待过滤的液体相接触的表面相反的另一表面,因此也无法取得较好的 清洗效果。 另外,反向水力反清洗和反向化学清洗一般均以膜分离设备的透过 液即水处理系统的最终产水作为清洗水或溶药水,这样在一定程度上降低了膜 分离设备的实际产水能力,为了达到规定的处理规模,需增加膜分离设备的用 量, 增大了系统的建造成本。
中国专利申请 200580046369. 5、 200610011310. 9提出了在一段连续的时 间段内同时运用正向水力清洗、反向水力清洗、正向化学清洗以及反向化学清 洗的清洗方法,该清洗方法虽然可以取得较好的膜污染清除效果,但该时间段 一般持续时间较长,在此时间范围内膜分离设备无法正常工作, 水处理设施被 迫处于待机或停产状态, 与此同时,反向水力清洗或反向化学清洗又消耗了一 定量的系统最终产水。如果该清洗方法实施的频率较高, 则势必大幅降低膜分 离设备的实际利用率和系统的产水率, 为了达到规定的处理规模, 必须增加膜 分离设备的用量,这样则增大了系统的建造成本。如果该清洗方法实施的频率 较低,则无法使膜分离设备长期保持较好的过滤性能, 而且清洗时的持续时间 或化学药剂的浓度应延长或增大, 否则无法较为彻底地恢复其过滤性能。这种 清洗方法步骤较多, 盲目性很大, 清洗溶液和化学药剂的用量较大, 这限制了 其在实际的水处理工程中的应用。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种清洗膜分离设备的方法及装置,采用该清洗方法 及装置可以使膜分离设备内部的过滤单元在水处理工作过程中长期保持较好 的过滤性能, 而且膜分离设备的实际利用率更高, 清洗溶液和化学药剂的用量 更少。
为了实现上述发明目的, 本发明采用以下的技术方案:
一种清洗膜分离设备的方法, 包括以下环节:
a )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值小于 1. 2时,进行正向水力清洗: 使气体、 液体或气液混合物以一定的流速冲刷过滤单元的外表面;
b )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 进行反向水力 清洗: 使气体、液体或气液混合物以一定流量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作 时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元;
c )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 2时, 进行反向化学清 洗:使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液以一定流量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作时 过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元;
d )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 3时, 进行正向化学清 洗: 使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液浸渍过滤单元的外表面一段时间。
优选地, 环节 a ) 中所述的正向水力清洗的具体实现为, 使膜分离设备在 错流过滤的条件下工作, 并且将气体、 液体或者气液混合物在过滤单元外表面 上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用; 更优选为利用曝气所形成的待过滤的液 体与气体的气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用。
优选地, 环节 a ) 中所述的流速为 0. 01 ~ 2m/ s , 更优选 0. 01 ~ 0. 5m/ s , 最 优选 0. 04 ~ 0. 2m/ s。
优选地, 当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值小于 1. 2时, 使膜分离设 混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分 离设备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作,所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% , 更优选地, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 15分钟,其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 10%。
优选地, 当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 继续使 膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工作,将待过滤的液体或者待过滤的液体与气 体的气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时 使得膜分离设备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作,所述时 间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% , 在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内,在膜分离设备停止工作的时间 范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液, 更优选地, 在每 4 ~ 24个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止 工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备 的透过液。
优选地, 当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 2时, 继续使膜 分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工作,将待过滤的液体或者待过滤的液体与气体 的气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使 得膜分离设备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作,所述时间 周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% , 并 且在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内,在膜分离设备停止工作的时 间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b )中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液, 在每 100 ~ 10000个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内,在膜分离设备停止工作的 时间范围内实施化学加强反洗。 更优选地,在每 100 ~ 10000个时间周期内的任 何 5 ~ 30个连续的时间周期内,使膜分离设备在该 5 ~ 30个连续的时间周期内停 止工作, 并对其实施环节 c )。
优选地,通过动态监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力变化情况的可变周期来确定 是否实施环节 b )或环节 c ); 更优选通过动态监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上升 速率变化情况的可变周期来确定是否实施环节 b )或环节 c )。 优选地, 环节 b ) 中所述的流量是过滤单元正常工作时膜通量的 1 ~ 5倍, 持续时间不超过 3分钟; 更优选地, 环节 b )中所述的流量是过滤单元正常工作 时膜通量的 2 ~ 3倍, 持续时间不超过 1. 5分钟。
优选地, 环节 c ) 中沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单 元的清洗溶液的总量与全部过滤单元过滤面积的比值为 1 ~ 20L/m2 , 更优选为 1 ~ 2L/m2
优选地, 环节 c ) 中所述清洗溶液至少分两批沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤 方向的反方向透过过滤单元, 每两批次之间静置 30 ~ 120分钟, 更优选为 30 ~ 90分钟。
优选地, 环节 c )和环节 d )中使用酸洗液和碱洗液两种清洗溶液分别进行 酸洗和碱洗, 所述酸洗液为柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 酸溶液中 的任何一种或任何两种及两种以上的混合溶液, 所述碱洗液为次氯酸钠溶液、 氢氧化钠溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液。
优选地, 环节 c )和环节 d ) 中酸洗和碱洗各进行一次, 并且先进行酸洗, 再进行碱洗。
优选地, 环节 c ) 中使用的酸洗液的 pH值控制在 1 ~ 4之间, 更优选为 2 ~ 4 之间, 使用的次氯酸钠溶液的有效氯浓度为 50 ~ 3000mg/L , 更优选为 200 ~ 1000mg/L ,使用的氢氧化钠溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液的 pH值控 制在 8 ~ 14之间, 更优选为 8 ~ 12之间。
优选地, 环节 d ) 中使用的酸洗液的 pH值控制在 1 ~ 4之间, 更优选为 1 ~ 2 之间,使用的次氯酸钠溶液的有效氯浓度为 1000 ~ 6000mg/L , 更优选为 3000 ~ 5000mg/L。使用的氢氧化钠溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液的 pH值控 制在 8 ~ 14之间, 更优选为 10 ~ 14之间。
优选地, 环节 d ) 中酸洗的时间为 1 ~ 48小时, 更优选为 2 ~ 12小时, 碱洗 的时间为 1 ~ 48小时, 更优选为 12 ~ 24小时。
一种清洗膜分离设备的装置, 包括膜分离设备、 曝气设备、 反冲洗设备、 加药泵、 贮药容器、 清洗溶液贮存池以及相关的管路和阀门, 反冲洗设备的进 水口通过管路与清洗溶液贮存池相连通,加药泵的吸水口通过管路与贮药容器 相连通, 其特征在于, 与所述膜分离设备的透过液出口连接的管路分为两个支 路, 第一支路与储存膜分离设备透过液的透过液贮存池相连通, 第二支路与反 冲洗设备的出水口和 /或曝气设备的出气口相连通, 所述加药泵的出水口与所 述第二支路相连通。
优选地,与所述膜分离设备的透过液出口连接的管路上可以安装有能够监 测透过液瞬时流量和压力的流量计和压力计, 更优选地, 与所述膜分离设备的 透过液出口连接的管路上可以安装有能够在线连续监测透过液瞬时流量和压 力的流量计和压力计。
优选地, 所述膜分离设备带有封闭的外壳、 料液进口和料液出口, 所述外 壳内部设有布气装置, 所述布气装置与曝气设备的出气口相连通。
优选地, 所述膜分离设备放置于膜滤池当中, 所述膜滤池为容积略大于膜 分离设备自身体积的箱体或者小型的构筑物, 内部设有布气装置, 所述布气装 置与曝气设备的出气口相连通。
优选地, 所述膜分离设备用于膜生物反应器中生物固体与水的分离设备, 所述带有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述膜生 物反应器中的生物反应器之外,所述膜分离设备或所述膜滤池和所述生物反应 器通过管路相连通。
优选地, 所述膜分离设备用于混凝反应器中絮体与水的分离设备, 所述带 有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述混凝反应器 之外, 所述膜分离设备或所述膜滤池和所述混凝反应器通过管路相连通。
优选地, 所述反冲洗设备为脉冲式反冲洗系统, 包括稳压罐和补水泵。 优选地,所述带有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池内部 设有布气装置, 与所述反冲洗设备的出水口连接的管路可以分出两个支路, 其 中一个支路与所述第二支路相连通,另一个支路与连接所述曝气设备的出气口 与所述布气装置的进气口的管道相连通。
优选地,在所述第一支路上可以增设出水泵, 所述膜分离设备的透过液出 口与所述出水泵的进水口相连通。
本发明所提供的清洗膜分离设备的方法与现有技术相比,提出了由正向水 力清洗、反向水力清洗、反向化学清洗以及正向化学清洗四种清洗模式相组合 的清洗方法, 而且这四种清洗模式的使用频率依次降低, 这样不但可以通过多 种模式对不同类型的膜污染适时地予以彻底清除, 而且可以优先发挥成本低、 操作筒单的清洗模式的清洗作用, 这样降低了清洗溶液和化学药剂的用量, 最 大限度地提高了膜分离设备的实际工作时间,压缩了清洗膜分离设备所造成的 水处理设施待机或停产的时间,这样最大限度地提高了膜分离设备的实际利用 率,在一定程度也降低了系统的建造成本和运行成本。采用与本发明的清洗方 法所对应的清洗装置, 不需要将膜分离设备从水处理设施中拆卸下来, 可以在 线完成全部清洗操作, 由此提高了清洗膜分离设备的方便程度, 降低了劳动强 度。 附图说明
图 1为膜过滤阻力随时间的变化图。
图 2为本发明的实施例 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置的结构示意图。 图 3为本发明的实施例 2所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置的结构示意图。 图 4为本发明的实施例 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置的平面布置示意 图。
图 5为本发明的实施例 2所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置的平面布置示意 图。
图 6为本发明的实施例 1和实施例 2所述的正向水力清洗过程和反向水力 清洗过程示意图。
图 7为本发明的实施例 1和实施例 2所述的反向化学清洗过程示意图。 图 8为本发明的实施例 1和实施例 2所述的正向化学清洗过程的前段过程 示意图。
图 9为本发明的实施例 1和实施例 2所述的正向化学清洗过程的后段过程 示意图。
附图中各个标记的说明:
1——料液供给阀门; 2——料液回流阀门; 3——膜滤池供气阀门; 4—— 生物反应池供气阀门; 5——反向清洗阀门; 6——产水阀门; 7——正向清洗 阀门; 8——生物反应池; 9——膜滤池; 10——透过液贮存池; 1 1——料液供 给管; 12——料液回流管; 1 3——料液进口; 14——料液出口; 15——循环泵; 16——出水泵; 17——反冲洗泵; 18——加药泵; 19——膜分离设备; 20—— 透过液出口; 21 贮药设备; 22 鼓风机; 23 膜滤池内的布气装置; 24——生物反应池内的布气装置; 25——压力变送器; 26——电磁流量计; 27 ——稳压罐; 28——补水泵; 29——混凝反应池; 30——斜板沉淀池; 31—— 中间水池; 32 搅拌设备; 33 混凝剂投加设备; 34 斜板。 具体实施方式
下面对上述技术方案进行详细的阐述和说明 ,并且对于其他涉及的技术细 节进行详细的阐述和说明:
一种清洗膜分离设备的方法, 包括以下环节:
a )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值小于 1. 2时,进行正向水力清洗: 使气体、 液体或气液混合物以一定的流速冲刷过滤单元的外表面;
b )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 进行反向水力 清洗: 使气体、液体或气液混合物以一定流量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作 时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元;
c )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 2时, 进行反向化学清 洗:使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液以一定流量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作时 过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元;
d )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 3时, 进行正向化学清 洗: 使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液浸渍过滤单元的外表面一段时间。
需要说明的一点是, 虽然随着时间的推移,膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力 的比值虽然呈逐步上升的趋势,但是上述的各个环节不在于表示使用的先后顺 序。
为了方便阐述,本文将膜分离设备内部的过滤单元正常工作时与待过滤的 液体相接触的表面称为外表面, 与之相对的表面称为内表面。将膜分离设备内 部的过滤单元的过滤阻力称为膜过滤阻力(以 R代表),将膜分离设备刚投入使 用很短的时间内膜孔堵塞和外表面上凝胶层刚刚形成、泥饼层尚未形成时的膜 过滤阻力称为初始膜过滤阻力 (以 R。代表), 有关初始膜过滤阻力的进一步表 述见说明书第 1 1页第 1段, 将膜过滤阻力随时间的变化率称为膜过滤阻力上升 速率(以 dR/dt代表),将过滤单元外表面和内表面之间的压力差称为跨膜压差 ( transmembrane pressure, TMP ), 将膜分离设备正常工作时的单位夕卜表面上 单位时间内的透过液流量称为膜通量(membrane flux, 以 J代表)。
根据过滤理论, 膜过滤阻力的计算公式为:
R=TMP/ (μ · J)
式中:
R一一膜过滤阻力, 单位为 m—
TMP——跨膜压差, 单位为 Pa;
μ——透过液粘度, 单位为 Pa · s;
J一一膜通量, 单位为 m3/ (m2 · s)。
环节 a)和环节 b) 均为水动力学手段, 环节 c) 为水动力学手段和化学手 段相组合的手段, 环节 d) 为化学手段。 根据水动力学手段对膜污染的清除效 果, 可以将膜污染分为可逆污染 ( reversible fouling ) 和不可逆污染 ( irreversible fouling )两部分, 可逆污染可以通过水动力学手段进行较好 地抑制和清除, 而不可逆污染则必须依靠化学手段才能进行彻底清除。对照前 文已述及的膜污染的成因以及污染物质, 发明人认为泥饼层基本为可逆污染, 膜孔堵塞表现出更多的可逆性,但也有一定的不可逆性, 凝胶层表现出更多的 不可逆性, 但也有一定的可逆性, 而无机物结垢则基本为不可逆污染。 如图 1 所示, 膜过滤阻力随时间的变化情况可划分为 I、 II、 III三个阶段。 第 I阶段 发生在膜开始过滤后的几秒或几分钟内, 浓差极化、 膜孔堵塞和凝胶层(外表 面) 的形成使膜过滤阻力 R迅速升高, 该阶段末尾对应的时刻为 ta, ta时刻的 膜过滤阻力 R即为初始膜过滤阻力 R。, 初始膜过滤阻力 R。主要为不可逆污染所 致, 因此不能够通过水动力学手段来控制。 第 II阶段可持续较长时间, 颗粒物 逐渐沉积在过滤单元的外表面形成泥饼层, 这一阶段膜过滤阻力 R—般緩慢上 升, 而且主要为可逆污染所致, 因此可以通过水动力学手段进行有效控制。 第 111阶段发生在凝胶层和泥饼层进一步增厚和压实后, 此时也经常伴生内表面 上凝胶层的形成, 膜过滤阻力 R重新快速上升, 并且主要为不可逆污染所致, 此时膜的过滤性能将大幅降低, 必须采取化学手段才能彻底恢复。
尽管环节 d)对过滤单元外表面和内表面上以及膜孔内的各类污染物都可 以予以彻底清除,使得膜分离设备的过滤性能基本上完全得以恢复,但实施环 节 d)要使用较大量的化学药剂, 持续时间较长, 期间水处理设施被迫处于待 机或停产状态,在有的场合下还必须使用吊装设备将膜分离设备从系统中拆卸 下来, 因此, 环节 d) 的使用频率应尽可能地被降低。 事实上, 结合膜污染在 不同发展阶段所表现出来的不同特征,通过恰当运用环节 a )、环节 b )和环节 c ), 可以尽可能地延长第 II阶段持续的时间,也就是尽可能地推迟使用环节 d), 以 此可达到既有效控制膜过滤阻力在合适的水平,又最大限度地提高膜的实际利 用率、 降低清洗溶液和化学药剂用量的目的。从进一步降低清洗成本的角度来 看, 由于环节 b)和环节 c)均使得膜分离设备丧失一部分有效的工作时间, 降 低了其实际利用率, 因此二者使用频率均应低于环节 a )。 由于环节 c)相比于 环节 b)还要额外使用化学药剂, 因此实施成本更高, 使用频率应低于环节 b)。
在第 11阶段的早期,一般主要由泥饼层的逐步形成导致膜过滤阻力的緩慢 上升, 因此, 此时仅使用环节 a) 即可以达到较好的膜污染抑制效果, 可以将 这一段时间称为第 Ila阶段, 在第 Ila阶段如果不实施环节 a) 则膜过滤阻力将 呈曲线 A的趋势迅速上升。 随着工作时间的延长, 至第 Ila阶段末尾的 tb时刻以 后, 泥饼层逐渐增厚并压实, 膜污染呈现出更多的不可逆性, 环节 a) 的清洗 效果逐渐降低, 此时使用环节 b)既可以较好地清除膜孔堵塞, 也可以清除一 部分凝胶层和泥饼层, 尤其是对于泥饼层来说,反向水力清洗能够有效阻止泥 饼层的进一步增厚和压实, 可以将这一段时间称为第 lib阶段,在第 lib阶段如 果不实施环节 b)则膜过滤阻力将呈曲线 B的趋势迅速上升。 随着工作时间的进 一步延长, 至第 lib阶段末尾的 tc时刻以后, 外表面上凝胶层和泥饼层均进一 步增厚和压实, 甚至内表面上也因为微生物的增殖而出现凝胶层,导致不可逆 污染在整个膜污染中所占的比例逐渐增大, 此时单纯使用环节 a)和 /或环节 b) 等水动力学手段已不能达到较好的清洗效果, 实施环节 c) 除了对清除外表面 上无机物结垢贡献较小之外,一般可以较好地清除内表面上的凝胶层和膜孔堵 塞,尽管不能较为彻底地清除外表面上的凝胶层和泥饼层,但对外表面上的凝 胶层和泥饼层的进一步增厚和压实有一定的破坏作用, 而且实施环节 c) 的持 续时间相对较短, 期间水处理设施只是处于短暂的待机状态, 更不需要将膜分 离设备从系统中拆卸下来, 因此其实施成本较之环节 d) 更低, 可以将这一段 时间称为第 lie阶段,在第 lie阶段如果不实施环节 c)则膜过滤阻力将呈曲线 C 的趋势迅速上升。 当膜分离设备工作较长一段时间, 至第 lie阶段末尾的 td时 刻以后,膜过滤阻力上升幅度较大, 而且不可逆污染占据了整个膜污染中的绝 大比例, 此时必须对其实施环节 d)才能彻底恢复其过滤性能。 如图 1所示, 如 果在第 Ila阶段实施环节 a)、 在第 lib阶段实施环节 b )、 在第 lie阶段实施环节 c), 则可以将第 II阶段充分拉长, 使得膜过滤阻力呈曲线 D的趋势緩慢上升, 使得 td时刻的出现大为滞后。需要指出的是,曲线 D实际上在第 lib阶段和第 lie 阶段呈现出的是锯齿形小幅度振荡的形状。
所述膜分离设备可以在恒定的膜通量的条件下工作 (筒称恒通量操作), 也可以在恒定的跨膜压差的条件下工作 (筒称恒压差操作), 作为优选, 所述 膜分离设备在恒定的膜通量的条件下工作。恒通量操作和恒压差操作是膜分离 过程的两种最基本的驱动力供给形式, 在恒通量操作模式下,膜通量维持基本 恒定, 而跨膜压差将随着膜过滤阻力的增大而逐渐增大, 而在恒压差操作模式 下, 跨膜压差保持基本恒定, 而膜通量将随着膜过滤阻力的增大而逐渐减小。 由于实际的水处理工程一般要求膜分离设备能够提供稳定的产水能力,因此恒 通量操作更为适用, 同时, 由于透过液粘度一般仅为温度的函数, 在透过液温 度基本稳定的情况下, 透过液粘度也基本恒定, 因此在恒通量操作模式下, 跨 膜压差的实时变化趋势与膜过滤阻力的实时变化趋势基本吻合,这样通过比较 容易测量的跨膜压差也可以确定使用各个清洗环节的时机。
所述膜分离设备可以在错流过滤(cross flow filtration) 的条件下工 作, 也可以在死端过滤 (dead-end filtration ) 的条件下工作, 作为优选, 所述膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工作。错流过滤和死端过滤是膜分离过程 的两种最基本的料液供给形式。 所谓错流过滤, 就是使待过滤的液体或者待过 滤的液体与气体的气液混合物以一定的流速流经过滤单元的外表面,这样在过 滤单元的外表面上存在两种方向相互垂直的流动形态,通过液体或气液混合物 错流运动所形成的水力剪切力可以较为有效地抑制污染物在过滤单元外表面 上的沉积。 所谓死端过滤, 就是在过滤单元的外表面上不存在错流运动, 只存 在透过液的单向流动的过滤形式。 由于死端过滤的膜污染发展速度较快, 因此 仅在特殊场合上有所应用, 目前绝大部分膜分离过程均采用错流过滤形式。 当所述膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工作时, 环节 a ) 实际上可以利用 气体、液体或气液混合物等介质在过滤单元外表面上的错流运动来抑制膜污染 尤其是颗粒物沉积所造成的泥饼层膜污染的发展, 并且优选地, 可以将过滤单 合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用。 当所述膜分离设 备用于膜生物反应器中生物固体与水的分离设备时,可以在膜分离设备所在的 区域内连续曝气,使待过滤的液体与气体的气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上形 成错流流动, 将该错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 这样既可以为生物反应器 提供氧气, 又可以抑制膜污染的发展, 而且气液混合物比单纯的液体所形成的 错流流动有更好的膜污染抑制效果。研究和工程实践表明, 当过滤单元外表面 上始终存在错流运动, 并且错流流速不低于一临界值、膜通量不高于一临界值 时, 环节 a )可以较为有效地将过滤单元外表面上的泥饼层控制在一定的厚度 范围内, 使得膜过滤阻力维持在一个合适的水平, 并使得第 I la阶段能够持续 相对较长的一段时间。 本文将错流流速的这一临界值称为经济流速 ( economica l ve loc i ty ), 寻月莫通量的这一1 界值称为1 界通量 ( cr i t ica l f lux )0
临界通量越高,膜分离设备的产水能力越高,对于相同处理规模的水处理 工程, 膜分离设备的用量就越少, 系统的建造成本也就越低。 经济流速越低, 对于相同处理规模的水处理工程,系统的运行能耗就越低。但大量研究已证实, 临界通量一般与经济流速呈正相关,这使得降低建造成本与降低运行能耗相互 制约, 无法同时使二者达到较为理想的情况。在目前采用膜分离设备的水处理 工程中, 尤其是采用膜生物反应器工艺的污水处理工程中, 一般使得膜通量控 制在所谓次临界通量( subcr i t ica l f lux ) 区域内, 即尽可能接近临界通量但 又不超过临界通量, 这样可以尽可能地提高膜分离设备的产水能力,但即便如 此, 所对应的经济流速仍然不能够令人满意。 为了进一步降低经济流速, 目前 通行的做法是使得膜分离设备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进 行工作, 所述时间周期一般为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间 的百分数一般为 5 ~ 20%左右,利用过滤单元停止工作时颗粒物向外表面附着的 作用力的瞬间消失, 可以使得部分已沉积在外表面的颗粒物重新进入液相主 体,这种做法通过适当降低膜分离设备的有效工作时间在一定程度上使得经济 流速有所降低, 而所对应的临界通量则可以适当提高。这种间歇工作的方式几 乎为所有膜生物反应器中的膜分离设备以及其他很多场合中的膜分离设备所 采用。环节 b )实际上可以在第 l ib阶段利用膜分离设备按固定的时间周期循环 往复地以间歇方式工作过程中过滤单元停止工作的短暂时间,对膜分离设备施 以反向的压力差,使得过滤单元的透过液沿其正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透 过过滤单元, 这样可以较好地清除由膜孔堵塞所造成的膜污染,对于过滤单元 外表面上的凝胶层和泥饼层也可以进行部分清除。 环节 b ) 中的反冲介质也可 以采用其他较为纯净的水源 (如自来水、 脱盐水等)、 气体(如空气等)或者 气液混合物,但使用其他较为纯净的水源增大了系统的运行成本,使用气体或 气液混合物将造成膜分离设备在反向水力清洗之后转入正常过滤时透过液收 集管道内积存气体,排除气体不但需要配套复杂的抽真空装置, 而且进一步缩 短了膜分离设备的有效工作时间, 因此环节 b ) 中优选使用膜分离设备的透过 液。
由于间歇工作的方式使得膜分离设备丧失了一部分的有效工作时间,因此 膜分离设备的实际利用率和产水能力有所降低, 实施环节 b ) 虽然可以较好地 清除由膜孔堵塞所造成的膜污染, 并且未额外占用膜分离设备的有效工作时 间,但却额外消耗了膜分离设备的透过液, 由此进一步降低了膜分离设备的实 际产水能力。 因此, 环节 b ) 的实施频率不能过高, 否则将使得膜分离设备的 实际利用率和产水能力大幅下降,致使必须增大膜分离设备的用量才能达到规 定的处理规模。 结合工程实践和理论分析, 发明人发现一种在第 l ib阶段联合 运用环节 a )和环节 b )的较为经济可行的条件是: 继续使膜分离设备在错流过 滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设备按固 定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作,所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20%,当膜过滤阻力与初始膜 过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期内的任一个时间周期 内, 在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述 介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液, 优选地, 在每 4 ~ 24个时间周期内的任一个 时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液。
研究和实践表明, 随着膜分离设备工作时间的延长, 至第 l ib阶段的末期, 不但过滤单元外表面上的凝胶层逐渐增厚,过滤单元内表面上也会出现类似于 外表面上的凝胶层, 这主要是由于微生物增殖所引起的, 这种现象在膜生物反 应器中更为普遍。反向水力清洗只能瞬间使得膜孔更为通透,但却很难清除内 外表面上的凝胶层,反向水力清洗停止后正常过滤开始的瞬间,膜孔周围凝胶 层内多糖类粘性物质很快就会重新覆盖膜孔,这使得反向水力清洗的作用逐渐 减弱, 在第 l ib阶段末尾的 tc时刻之后, 应对膜分离设备实施环节 c )。
环节 c )可以持续时间较短, 也可以持续时间略长。 当持续时间较短时, 可以向部分的环节 b ) 中的清洗溶液中加入一定数量的化学药剂, 使之成为化 学力口强反洗 ( chemica l enhanced backwashing , CEB ), 即环节 c ) 的一种高频 率、 短历时、 高流速的形式。 化学加强反洗可以完全取代环节 b )而频繁实施, 但化学药剂的用量较大, 药品的贮存问题较为麻烦, 而且这种短历时的反向化 学清洗方式对过滤单元内表面上凝胶层清除的效果并不好,因此发明人发现一 种在第 l ie阶段联合运用环节 a )、 环节 b )和环节 c )的较为经济可行的条件是: 继续使膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工作,将待过滤的液体或者待过滤的液 体与气体的气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作,所 述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20%, 并且在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止 工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备 的透过液, 在每 100 ~ 10000个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备 停止工作的时间范围内实施化学加强反洗, 即环节 c )。
实施环节 c ) 的更优选的方式是低频率、 长历时、 低流速, 这样不但可以 节省化学药剂的用量,而且可以使得清洗溶液对过滤单元内表面有更长的浸渍 时间, 因此对内表面凝胶层的清除效果更好, 同时在低流速的条件下, 清洗溶 液从过滤单元内部緩慢渗透到外部,在过滤单元外表面周围不会很快扩散, 因 此对外表面凝胶层也会有一定的破坏作用。 因此发明人发现一种在第 l i e阶段 联合运用环节 a )、 环节 b )和环节 c )的更优选的条件是: 继续使膜分离设备在 物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设 备按固定的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% , 并且在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内 实施环节 b ),而且环节 b )中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液,在每 100 ~ 10000个时间周期内的任何 5 ~ 30个连续的时间周期内, 使膜分离设备在该 5 ~ 30个连续的时间周期内停止工作, 并对其实施环节 c )。 这样, 实施环节 c ) 的 间隔周期大约为 2 ~ 90天, 这样的间隔周期对于实际的水处理工程来说是可以 接受的。
通过前述对环节 a )、 环节 b )、 环节 c ) 的组合运用, 可以取得较好的膜污 染控制和清除的效果,使膜分离设备长期保持较好的过滤性能, 由此可以大幅 延长实施环节 d )的间隔周期,该间隔周期一般可为 6〜24个月。考虑到环节 a )、 环节 b )和环节 c )中任何一个或三者之中的任何组合均无法彻底清除过滤单元 外表面上的凝胶层和无机物结垢, 而且随着膜分离设备工作时间的逐渐延长, 无机物结垢和凝胶层及泥饼层将发生协同作用,无机物结垢将促使凝胶层及泥 饼层进一步压实甚至板结, 后期清除相比于早期清除将需要更长的持续时间、 更高浓度的化学药剂, 因此发明人发现环节 (d )优选的实施频率为每 6 ~ 12 个月实施一次。
为了强化环节 d ) 的清洗效果, 缩短其持续时间, 降低化学药剂的用量, 可以选择在对膜分离设备实施环节 d ) 的之前、 期间、 之后中的任何一个或两 个以上的时间段内,对膜分离设备以连续或间歇的方式实施环节 a )和 /或环节 c )。
环节 a ) 中气体、 液体或气液混合物等介质在过滤单元外表面上的错流流 速范围为 0. 01 ~ 2m/ s , 优选为 0. 01 ~ 0. 5m/ s , 更优选为 0. 04 ~ 0. 2m/ s。
环节 b ) 中气体、 液体或气液混合物等介质沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤方 向的反方向透过过滤单元的流量相当于过滤单元正常工作时膜通量的 1 ~ 5倍, 优选为 2 ~ 3倍, 持续时间不超过 3分钟, 优选为不超过 1. 5分钟。 环节 c ) 中沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元的清洗 溶液的总量与全部过滤单元过滤面积的比值为 l ~ 20L/m2 ,优选为 l ~ 2L/m2 ,持 续时间为 60 ~ 240分钟 ,优选为 60 ~ 120分钟。所述清洗溶液可以连续不间断地 透过过滤单元,也可以分两批或者两批以上透过过滤单元,每两批次之间有一 段静置的时间。作为优选, 所述清洗溶液至少分两批沿过滤单元正常工作时过 滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元。 每两批次之间的静置时间为 30 ~ 120分钟, 优 选为 30 ~ 90分钟。
工程实际当中, 实施环节 b )或环节 c )的间隔周期、 持续时间以及环节 c ) 中化学药剂的种类和浓度可以根据膜分离设备的具体工作环境进行选择。环节 b )或环节 c )可以以固定周期进行实施, 也可以以可变周期进行实施。 当工程 中在膜分离设备的透过液出口管路上安装有能够在线连续监测透过液瞬时流 量和压力的流量计(如电磁流量计、涡街流量计或涡轮流量计等)和压力计(如 压力变送器等)时, 可以通过自动控制系统实时采集这些数据, 并计算出跨膜 压差和膜过滤阻力,根据监测到的跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力的实时变化情况以判 定是否应对膜分离设备予以实施环节 b )或环节 c )以及相应的持续时间、 化学 药剂的种类和浓度等。 这种判定有两种判定准则: ( 1 )设定跨膜压差或膜过滤 阻力上升值(即 Δ ΤΜΡ或 A R )的临界值, 一旦监测到跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上 升值的实测值达到该临界值,由自动控制系统向执行机构发出相关指令实施环 节 b )或环节 c ); ( 2 )设定跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上升速率(即 dTMP/dt或 dR/dt ) 的临界值, 一旦监测到跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上升速率的实测值达到该临界 值, 由自动控制系统向执行机构发出相关指令实施环节 b )或环节 c )。 作为优 选, 所述环节 b )或环节 c )通过动态监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力变化情况的可 变周期进行实施,更优选通过动态监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上升速率变化情 况的可变周期进行实施。这样可以使得清洗溶液和化学药剂的用量达到最小的 程度。
所述环节 c )和环节 d )中的清洗溶液可以为次氯酸钠溶液、氢氧化钠溶液、 柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 石克酸溶液中的任何一种或两种以上。 其 中次氯酸钠溶液、 氢氧化钠溶液均为碱性溶液,对有机物和微生物有较强的氧 化分解溶蚀等作用。 柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 硫酸溶液均为酸性 溶液, 对无机物结垢有很好的溶解去除效应。 因此, 作为优选, 所述环节 c) 和环节 d) 中先后使用两种清洗溶液, 其中一种清洗溶液为次氯酸钠溶液、 氢 氧化钠溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液, 本文将其称为碱洗液, 并将 使用碱洗液对膜分离设备进行清洗的过程称为碱洗(alkali dip); 另一种清 洗溶液为柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 酸溶液中的任何一种或任何 两种及两种以上的混合溶液, 本文将其称为酸洗液, 并将使用酸洗液对膜分离 设备进行清洗的过程称为酸洗(acid dip)0 碱洗和酸洗可以一个在前, 另一 个在后, 也可以以其他各种组合方式进行多次使用。 作为优选, 酸洗和碱洗各 进行一次, 并且先进行酸洗, 再进行碱洗。 酸洗之后再进行碱洗之前, 或者碱 洗之后再进行碱洗之前,均应用清洁的水对膜分离设备内部或盛装膜分离设备 的容器内部进行涮洗, 以防止酸碱中和并产生其他有害的物质。
所述环节 c) 中使用的次氯酸钠溶液的有效氯浓度为 50~ 3000mg/L, 优选 为 200 ~ 1000mg/L, 所述环节 d)中使用的次氯酸钠溶液的有效氯浓度为 1000 ~ 6000mg/L, 优选为 3000 ~ 5000mg/L。 所述环节 c )和环节 d )中使用的氢氧化钠 溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液的 pH值控制在 8 ~ 14之间, 所述环节 c) 的优选范围为 8 ~ 12之间, 所述环节 d) 的优选范围为 10~14之间。
所述环节 c)和环节 d) 中使用的柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 硫 酸溶液或其中任何两种及两种以上的混合溶液的 ρΗ值控制在 1 ~ 4之间,所述环 节 c) 的优选范围为 2~4之间, 所述环节 d) 的优选范围为 1 ~2之间。
所述环节 d)中碱洗的时间为 1 ~ 48小时, 优选为 12 ~ 24小时, 酸洗的时间 为 1 ~48小时, 优选为 2 ~ 12小时。
一种清洗膜分离设备的装置, 包括膜分离设备、 曝气设备、 反冲洗设备、 加药泵、 贮药容器、 清洗溶液贮存池以及相关的管路和阀门, 反冲洗设备的进 水口通过管路与清洗溶液贮存池相连通,加药泵的吸水口通过管路与贮药容器 相连通, 其特征在于, 与所述膜分离设备的透过液出口连接的管路分为两个支 路, 第一支路与储存膜分离设备透过液的透过液贮存池相连通, 第二支路与反 冲洗设备的出水口和 /或曝气设备的出气口相连通, 所述加药泵的出水口与所 述第二支路相连通。
所述反冲洗设备可以为反冲洗泵,也可以为由稳压罐和补水泵所组成的脉 冲式反冲洗系统。 当所述反冲洗设备为反冲洗泵时, 所述反冲洗设备的进水口 为反冲洗泵的吸水口, 所述反冲洗设备的出水口为反冲洗泵的出水口。 当所述 反冲洗设备为由稳压罐和补水泵所组成的脉冲式反冲洗系统时,反冲洗设备的 进水口为补水泵的吸水口,反冲洗设备的出水口为稳压罐的出水口。作为优选, 所述反冲洗设备为由稳压罐和补水泵所组成的脉冲式反冲洗系统。
所述第二支路可以与反冲洗设备的出水口相连通,也可以与曝气设备的出 气口相连通,也可以通过三通与反冲洗设备的出水口和曝气设备的出气口都连 通。 也就是说, 反冲洗的介质可以为液体, 也可以为气体, 也可以既有液体又 有气体。 作为优选, 所述第二支路只与反冲洗设备的出水口相连通。 这样可以 避免使用气体或气液混合物给第一支路带来排除积存气体的麻烦。
所述膜分离设备内部具有一个或者一个以上的过滤单元。所述过滤单元是 指具有过滤作用的组件, 可以是中空纤维束式膜组件、 中空纤维帘式膜组件、 板框式平板膜组件、毛细管式膜组件、 管式膜组件以及微孔过滤管等水处理领 域可以用到的各类过滤单元。
所述膜分离设备可以带有封闭的外壳, 也可以不带有封闭的外壳。 当膜分 离设备带有封闭的外壳时,所述外壳上应有输送待过滤液体的料液进口和料液 出口, 所述外壳内部应设有布气装置, 所述布气装置与曝气设备的出气口相连 通。 当膜分离设备不带有封闭的外壳时, 所述过滤单元与待过滤液体相接触的 表面为棵露状态,此时可以将膜分离设备放置于一个容积略大于膜分离设备自 身体积的箱体或者小型的构筑物内部, 即所谓膜滤池当中, 这样可以很方便地 直接在膜滤池内对膜分离设备进行所述环节 d ),所述膜滤池内部应设有布气装 置, 所述布气装置与曝气设备的出气口相连通。
当所述膜分离设备用于膜生物反应器中生物固体与水的分离设备时 ,所述 带有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述膜生物反 应器中的生物反应器之外,所述膜分离设备或所述膜滤池和所述生物反应器通 过管路相连通。
当所述膜分离设备用于混凝反应器中絮体与水的分离设备时,所述带有封 闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述混凝反应器之夕卜, 所述膜分离设备或所述膜滤池和所述混凝反应器通过管路相连通。 当所述带有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或所述膜滤池内部设有布气装置时,与 所述反冲洗设备的出水口连接的管路可以分出两个支路,其中一个支路与所述 第二支路相连通,另一个支路与连接所述曝气设备的出气口与所述布气装置的 进气口的管道相连通。 两个支路上均设有阀门。 这样, 不但可以利用反冲洗设 备提供的反冲洗水对所述膜分离设备进行反冲洗,也可以对所述布气装置进行 清洗, 以避免布气装置在长时间使用后布气孔为污泥所堵塞。
所述膜分离设备可以利用其内部或膜滤池内部的液面与其透过液出口之 间的液位差实现自流出水,也可以在与其透过液出口相连通的出水泵提供的负 压的作用下抽吸出水, 也就是说, 在所述第一支路上可以不设出水泵, 也可以 设有出水泵。 作为优选, 在所述第一支路上设有出水泵。 这样当贮存膜分离设 备透过液的透过液贮存池内的液面高于膜分离设备内部或膜滤池内部的液面 或者低于后者的高度差不足以使透过液自流排出时,出水泵可以使得膜分离设 备的产水流量更为稳定。作为更优选, 连接所述膜分离设备的透过液出口与透 过液贮存池的管路分为两个支路, 其中一个支路与所述出水泵的进水口相连, 所述出水泵的出水口通过管路与透过液贮存池相连,另一个支路直接与透过液 贮存池相连。这样两个支路为并联关系,二者之间通过阀门的控制可以相互替 换使用。
所述清洗溶液贮存池可以与透过液贮存池为同一个容器或构筑物,也可以 为不同的容器或构筑物。作为优选, 所述清洗溶液贮存池与透过液贮存池为同 一个容器或构筑物,也就是说,供给反冲洗设备用的清洗溶液为膜分离设备的 透过液, 这样可以使得清洗装置变得更为筒单。
所述加药泵的出口可以通过管道接至所述反冲洗设备的进水口与清洗溶 液贮存池之间的管路上,也可以通过管道接至所述第二支路上反冲洗设备的出 水口和膜分离设备的透过液出口之间的管路上。所述加药泵和贮药设备可以有 一套,也可以有两套或者两套以上。各套加药泵和贮药设备分别投加不同种类 的化学药剂。
下面结合附图和实施例, 对本发明的技术方案作进一步具体的说明。 实施例 1 如图 2、 图 4所示, 一种清洗膜分离设备的装置, 该装置为膜生物反应器 污水处理系统的一部分, 包括生物反应池 8 , 与生物反应池 8相独立并共壁设 置的膜滤池 9 , 安装在膜滤池 9 内的膜分离设备 19 , 用于贮存膜分离设备 19 的透过液的透过液贮存池 10 , 将生物反应池 8 中的活性污泥混合液输送至膜 滤池 9中的料液供给管 11以及其上安装的料液供给阀门 1 , 料液供给管 11穿 过生物反应池 8的侧壁的位置位于其侧壁的上部但管顶低于其内水面 400mm, 穿过膜滤池 9的侧壁的位置位于其侧壁的上部但管顶低于其内水面 200mm并位 于膜分离设备 19的上方, 将膜滤池 9中的混合液输送回生物反应池 8中的料 液回流管 12 , 安装在料液回流管 12上的循环泵 15 , 与循环泵 15的吸水口相 连的管道通向膜滤池 9的底部并位于膜分离设备 19下方,在与循环泵 15的吸 水口相连的管道上安装有料液回流阀门 2 , 为膜分离设备 19提供负压的出水 泵 16 ,其吸水口通过设有产水阀门 6的管路与膜分离设备 19的透过液出口 20 相连接, 出水口通过管路与透过液贮存池 10相连, 该管路上安装有压力变送 器 25和电磁流量计 26 ,作为气源的鼓风机 22 , 与其出气口相连的管路分为两 个支路, 一个支路与安装在膜滤池 9内的布气装置 23相连, 其上设有膜滤池 供气阀门 3 , 另一个支路与安装在生物反应池 8 内的布气装置 24相连, 其上 设有生物反应池供气阀门 4 , 反冲洗泵 17的吸水口通过管路与透过液贮存池 10相连, 与出水口相连的管路分为两个支路, 一个支路与连接透过液出口 20 和出水泵 16的吸水口的管路相连, 其上设有反向清洗阀门 5 , 另一个支路与 连接鼓风机 22和膜滤池 9内的布气装置 23的管路相连,其上设有正向清洗阀 门 7 , 在外形为圆桶并设置在透过液贮存池 10旁边的贮药设备 21的正上方安 装有加药泵 18 , 与加药泵 18的出口相连的管道连接至反冲洗泵 17 出水口上 的管道, 连接点位于反向清洗阀门 5及正向清洗阀门 7之前的母管上。
膜分离设备 19是由中空纤维帘式膜组件过滤单元组成的,共有 16个, 分 2排放置,每排 8个,每个膜分离设备 19的外形尺寸均为 600mm (长) x 600mm (宽) X 1800匪(高), 内部集成 10片中空纤维帘式膜组件, 每片中空纤维帘 式膜组件均由 398根中空纤维膜丝组成, 中空纤维膜丝的外径为 2. 8匪, 平均 膜孔径为 0. 4 μ πι, 材质为聚偏氟乙烯, 上端可以自由摆动, 每根膜丝均呈闭 孔状态, 利用柔性环氧树脂封结, 下端用环氧树脂浇铸汇集于端头之中, 并且 用聚氨酯对其进行二次浇铸, 以对膜丝根部进行保护。端头外部设有外径为 Φ 8匪的产水管, 所有产水管均并联至一根集水总管。
生物反应池 8的内部净尺寸为 5m (宽) X 6. 5m (长) x 5m (深), 有效 水深为 3m,有效容积为 97. 5m3。膜滤池 9的内部净尺寸为 5m (宽) χ 1. 5m (长) 3. 5m (深), 有效水深为 2. 8m, 有效容积为 21m3。 产水贮存池 10的内部净 尺寸为 5m (宽) X 3m (长) χ 3. 5m (深), 有效水深为 3m, 有效容积为 45m3
循环泵 15的流量为 120m7h (立方米每小时),扬程为 11m,功率为 5. 5kW, 出水泵 16的流量为 25m7h, 扬程为 10m, 功率为 1. lkW, 清洗泵 17的流量为 80m3/h, 扬程为 15m, 功率 5. 5kW, 加药泵 18的流量为 1. 5m3/h, 扬程为 8m, 功率为 90w,鼓风机 22的风量为 3. 86m3/min (立方米每分钟),风压为 39. 2kPa (千帕), 功率为 5. 5kW, 贮药设备 21的外形尺寸为 Φ Ι Ο Ο ΟΙ Ι Χ 1500mm, 有效 容积为 1000L。
料液供给管 11和料液回流管 12的内径均为 200mm, 料液供给阀门 1、 料 液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 生物反应池供气阀门 4、 反向清洗阀门 5、 产水阀门 6、 正向清洗阀门 7均为电动阀门。
当原水为一般的生活污水时, 其主要水质指标为: pH=6 ~ 9 , CODCR = 400 ~
500mg/L , B0D5 = 200 ~ 300mg/L , SS = 100 ~ 300mg/L ,氨氮 =20 ~ 60mg/L , TN = 20 - 80mg/L。针对该种类型的原水, 本实施例的污水处理系统可以达到的处理能力 为 20. 8m3/h, 日处理规模为 500m3/d (立方米每天), 生物反应池 8的水力停留 时间约为 4. 7 小时, MLSS (污泥浓度) 为 5 ~ 8g/L , 容积负荷为 1. 0 ~ 1. 5kg-BOD5/ (m3 - d) , 污泥负荷为 0. 1 3 - 0. 21 kg-BOD5/ ( kg-MLSS - d ), 膜滤 池 9的水力停留时间约为 lh, 生物反应池 8和膜滤池 9的总水力停留时间约 为 5. 7h, 产水贮存池 10的水力停留时间约为 2. 2h。
图 6显示的是膜分离设备 19处于正常工作过程中整个污水处理系统的工艺 运行过程,所述环节 )实际上始终存在于该工艺运行过程。料液供给阀门 1、 料液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 生物反应池供气阀门 4始终为开启状态, 反向清洗阀门 5和正向清洗阀门 7始终为关闭状态,循环泵 15为连续运行, 出水 泵 16和产水阀门 6为间歇运行或打开, 反冲洗泵 17和加药泵 18处于停止运行的 状态。 污水首先进入生物反应池 8的下部,在布气装置 24提供的紊流的作用下, 污水与活性污泥混合液充分接触,好氧异养菌将对有机底物进行生物降解,硝 化菌则将污水中的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮, 随后生物反应池 8内的活性污泥混合 液从其上部经由料液供给管 11进入膜滤池 9 ,活性污泥混合液在膜滤池 9内由于 膜分离设备 19的高效分离作用而彻底实现固液分离,膜分离设备 19的透过液逐 渐汇流到透过液出口 20 , 然后由出水泵 16输送至透过液贮存池 10。在自动控制 系统的控制下, 出水泵 16以 1 Omin为一个时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进 行工作, 在每一个时间周期内, 出水泵 16启动运行的时间为 8min, 停止运行的 时间为 2min, 相应的, 膜分离设备 19正常过滤的时间为 8min, 停止过滤的时间 为 2分钟,停止过滤的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 20%。鼓风机 22提供的压缩 空气经膜滤池 9内的布气装置 23扩散出来,这使得膜滤池 9内部存在气水二相流 的上升运动,由此在膜分离设备 19内部的中空纤维膜的外表面存在气水混合物 的错流流动, 这作为所述环节 ) 即正向水力清洗连续使用, 以此来有效抑 制泥饼层膜污染的发展在合适的水平, 膜滤池 9内的浓缩液最后经由料液回流 管 12被循环泵 15加压送回生物反应池 8底部, 并在生物反应池内的布气装置 24 提供的紊流作用下, 重新与生物反应池 8内的活性污泥混合液相混合。
图 6显示的是所述环节(b )即反向水力清洗的操作过程。 首先关闭产水阀 门 6 , 料液供给阀门 1、 料液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 生物反应池供气阀 门 4仍为开启状态, 正向清洗阀门 7仍为关闭状态, 使出水泵 16停止运行, 循环 泵 15仍然正常运行,加药泵 18仍然处于停止运行的状态, 打开反向清洗阀门 5 , 使反冲洗泵 17启动运行,由反冲洗泵 17将透过液贮存池 1 0中贮存的膜分离设备 的透过液以相当于膜分离设备 19正常过滤时透过液流量的 2倍的流量注入透过 液出口 20 , 最后沿中空纤维膜丝正常工作时透水方向的反方向透过膜丝,持续 时间为 1. 5min , 随后反冲洗泵 17停止运行, 反向清洗阀门 5关闭, 产水阀门 6 随即打开, 出水泵 16启动运行, 整个污水处理系统又恢复如图 6所示的正常工 作状态。反冲洗泵 17启动运行前后相关阀门进行切换的时间为 0. 5min, 也就是 说,反向水力清洗的总持续时间为 2min。反向水力清洗在自动控制系统的控制 下以固定周期进行实施,压力变送器 25和电磁流量计 26实时监测膜分离设备 19 的透过液的压力和瞬时流量, 自动控制系统实时采集数据并计算出膜分离设备 的跨膜压差 TMP以及膜过滤阻力 R , —旦实测的 R值达到程序设定的临界值, 则 自动控制系统立即向执行机构发出指令, 启动反向水力清洗程序。反向水力清 洗在膜分离设备 19每工作 5个时间周期后的第 6个时间周期内进行一次, 即每 1 小时进行 1次, 持续时间为 2分钟, 与第 6个时间周期内膜分离设备 19停止正常 过滤的时间片段完全相重合。
图 7显示的是所述环节(c )即反向化学清洗的操作过程。 首先关闭料液供 给阀门 1、 料液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 产水阀门 6 , 生物反应池供气阀 门 4仍为开启状态, 正向清洗阀门 7仍为关闭状态, 使循环泵 15、 出水泵 16均停 止运行, 反冲洗泵 17继续保持停止运行的状态, 打开反向清洗阀门 5 , 使加药 泵 18启动运行,由加药泵 18将贮存在贮药设备 21中的清洗溶液分两批注入第二 支路(即连接反冲洗泵 17出水口和透过液出口 20的管路), 清洗溶液为有效浓 度为 1000mg/L的次氯酸钠溶液, 第一批注入的清洗溶液的体积为 500L ,持续时 间约为 25min, 清洗溶液由透过液出口 20进入中空纤维膜丝的内腔, 其中一部 分清洗溶液沿中空纤维膜丝正常工作时透水方向的反方向透过膜丝,而大部分 清洗溶液贮存在中空纤维膜丝的内腔浸渍其内表面, 静置 60min以后, 由加药 泵 18将 1000L的清洗溶液再次注入第二支路,持续时间约为 40min, 随后再静置 30min, 最后打开膜滤池供气阀门 3对膜滤池 9进行曝气, 持续时间为 25min, 至 此完成全部反向化学清洗操作, 总历时约为 180min, 约占用 18个时间周期, 随 后使加药泵 18停止运行, 关闭反向清洗阀门 5 , 料液供给阀门 1、 料液回流阀门 2、 产水阀门 6随即打开, 使循环泵 15和出水泵 16启动运行, 整个污水处理系统 又恢复如图 6所示的正常工作状态。 反向化学清洗在自动控制系统的控制下以 可变周期进行实施,压力变送器 25和电磁流量计 26实时监测膜分离设备 19的透 过液的压力和瞬时流量, 自动控制系统实时采集数据并计算出膜分离设备的跨 膜压差 TMP、 膜过滤阻力 R以及膜过滤阻力上升速率 dR/d t , —旦实测的 dR/dt 值达到程序设定的临界值, 则自动控制系统立即向执行机构发出指令, 启动反 向化学清洗程序。
图 8和图 9显示的是所述环节 (d ) 即正向化学清洗的操作过程。 其中图 8 显示的是正向化学清洗的前段过程, 主要是将膜滤池 9内部的混合液排至生物 反应池 8 , 并且清除膜滤池内的布气装置 23内的污泥以及单个中空纤维膜束内 部、 各个中空纤维膜束之间、 膜分离设备 19内壁或转角等处可能存在的污泥。 图 9显示的是正向化学清洗的后段过程, 主要是用含有一定浓度化学药剂的透 过液浸泡中空纤维膜丝的外表面及内表面。 在前段过程(见图 8 ) 中, 首先关 闭料液供给阀门 1、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 产水阀门 6 , 料液回流阀门 2、 生物反应 池供气阀门 4仍为开启状态, 反向清洗阀门 5、 正向清洗阀门 7仍为关闭状态, 使出水泵 16停止运行, 反冲洗泵 17、 加药泵 18仍然处于停止运行的状态, 循环 泵 15继续运行, 由循环泵 15将膜滤池 9内的混合液经料液回流管 12全部排至生 物反应池 8 , 然后使循环泵 15停止运行, 打开正向清洗阀门 7 , 使反冲洗泵 17 启动运行,由反冲洗泵 17将透过液贮存池 10中贮存的透过液注入膜滤池内的布 气装置 23 , 最后从布气装置 23的布气孔扩散出来。反冲洗泵 17工作 15分钟后暂 停, 关闭正向清洗阀门 7 , 打开膜滤池供气阀门 3 , 使鼓风机 22提供的压缩空气 经布气装置 23的布气孔扩散出来, 持续 15分钟, 如此切换两次。 随后使反冲洗 泵 17停止运行, 并关闭膜滤池供气阀门 3和正向清洗阀门 7 ,打开料液回流阀门 2 , 使循环泵 15启动运行, 由循环泵 15将膜滤池 9内的混合液经料液回流管 12 排至生物反应池 8。 随后进入后段过程(见图 9 ), 继续使料液供给阀门 1、 膜滤 池供气阀门 3以及产水阀门 6处于关闭状态, 待循环泵 15将膜滤池 9内的混合液 全部排至生物反应池 8后, 使循环泵 15停止运行, 关闭料液回流阀门 2 , 使加药 泵 18启动运行, 由加药泵 18将贮存在贮药设备 21中的化学药剂注入第二支路 (即连接反冲洗泵 17出水口和透过液出口 20的管路), 然后通过以下两种途径 的任何一种使含有化学药剂的透过液在膜滤池 9内贮存: i )打开反向清洗阀门 5 , 继续关闭正向清洗阀门 7 , 使反冲洗泵 17与加药泵 18同步启动运行, 由反冲 洗泵 17将含有化学药剂的透过液(化学药剂与膜分离设备的透过液在管路中相 混合)注入透过液出口 20 , 最后沿中空纤维膜丝正常工作时透水方向的反方向 透过膜丝, 并且在膜滤池 9内贮存; i i )打开正向清洗阀门 7 , 继续关闭反向清 洗阀门 5 , 使反冲洗泵 17与加药泵 18同步启动运行, 由反冲洗泵 17将含有化学 药剂的透过液注入布气装置 23 , 最后从布气装置 23的布气孔扩散出来, 并且在 膜滤池 9内贮存。 待全部膜分离设备 19均为含有化学药剂的透过液完全浸没之 后, 使加药泵 18和反冲洗泵 17停止工作, 同时令所有与膜滤池 9外接接口相连 的管道上的阀门均处于关闭状态,使全部中空纤维膜丝的外表面及内表面被含 有化学药剂的透过液浸泡一定时间。本实施例中正向化学清洗采取先酸洗后碱 洗的方式。 在酸洗过程中, 加药泵 18注入的是盐酸溶液, 第二支路中盐酸的质 量浓度为 2% , 浸泡时间为 3小时。 酸洗结束后使循环泵 15启动运行, 由循环泵 15将廈弃的酸洗液经料液回流管 12的旁路排入专用的廈弃药液处置容器内,然 后使循环泵 15停止运行, 打开反向清洗阀门 5 , 使反冲洗泵 17启动运行, 对膜 分离设备 19进行反向水力清洗, 持续时间为 15min , 随后使反冲洗泵 17停止运 行, 关闭反向清洗阀门 5 , 再次使循环泵 15启动运行, 由循环泵 15将膜滤池 9 内的液体全部排至生物反应池 8内。 在接下来的碱洗过程中, 加药泵 18注入的 是次氯酸钠溶液, 第二支路中的有效氯浓度为 5000mg/L , 浸泡时间为 12小时。 碱洗结束后仍然重复酸洗结束后的操作。 在酸洗和碱洗的过程中, 每隔 50min 使膜滤池供气阀门 3打开 l Omin,使布气装置 23向膜滤池 9曝气 2分钟, 以强化清 洗效果。 待碱洗结束后, 打开料液供给阀门 1、 料液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀 门 3以及产水阀门 6 , 关闭反向清洗阀门 5、 正向清洗阀门 7 , 使反冲洗泵 17和加 药泵 18停止运行,使循环泵 15和出水泵 16启动运行, 整个污水处理系统又恢复 如图 6所示的正常工作状态。 正向化学清洗视膜过滤阻力上升情况进行实施, 一般在膜分离设备 19每工作约 12个月后可进行一次, 持续时间约为 18小时。 实施例 2 如图 3、 图 5所示, 一种清洗膜分离设备的装置, 该装置为饮用水处理系 统的一部分, 包括混凝反应池 29 , 斜板沉淀池 30 , 中间水池 31 , 膜分离设备 19 , 透过液贮存池 10 , 设于混凝反应池 29中的搅拌设备 32 , 设于斜板沉淀池 30中的斜板 34 , 将中间水池 31内的上清液输送至膜分离设备 19中的料液供 给管 11以及其上安装的循环泵 15和料液供给阀门 1 , 料液供给管 11穿过中 间水池 31 的侧壁的位置位于其侧壁的下部但管底高于其池底 200mm, 将膜分 离设备 19中的浓缩液输送回中间水池 31 中的料液回流管 12 , 安装在料液回 流管 12上的料液回流阀门 2 , 膜分离设备 19的料液进口 1 3、 料液出口 14和 透过液出口 20 , 连接透过液出口 20与透过液贮存池 10之间的管路分为两个 支路, 其中第一支路上设有产水阀门 6、 压力变送器 25和电磁流量计 26 , 第 二支路与稳压罐 27的出水口相连通, 其上设有反向清洗阀门 5 , 稳压罐 27的 进水口与补水泵 28的出水口相连通,补水泵 28的吸水口通过管路与透过液贮 存池 10相连通, 鼓风机 22的出气口通过管路与安装在膜分离设备 19内部的 布气装置 23相连, 其上设有膜滤池供气阀门 3, 在外形为圆桶并设置在透过 液贮存池 10旁边的贮药设备 21的正上方安装有加药泵 18, 与加药泵 18的出 口相连的管道连接至第二支路,连接点位于反向清洗阀门 5和产水阀门 6之前 的母管上, 另外还有为混凝反应池 29投加混凝剂的混凝剂投加设备 33。
膜分离设备 19 由 30个中空纤维柱式膜组件所组成, 分 1排放置, 每排
15个, 每个中空纤维柱式膜组件的外形尺寸均为 φ 225mm X 1800mm, 内部集成 7束中空纤维膜束, 每束中空纤维束均由 300根中空纤维膜丝组成, 中空纤维 膜丝的外径为 1.35匪, 平均膜孔径为 0. Ι μπι, 材质为聚偏氟乙烯, 两端均用 环氧树脂浇铸汇集于端头之中, 并且用聚氨酯对其进行二次浇铸, 以对膜丝根 部进行保护。 端头外部设有外径为 Φ8ΙΜΙ的产水管, 所有产水管均并联至集水 室。
混凝反应池 29 的内部净尺寸为 3m (宽) x 2m (长) x 2.5m (深), 有效 水深为 2m, 有效容积为 12m3。 斜板沉淀池 30的内部净尺寸为 3m (宽) χ ½ (长) x 2.5m (深), 有效水深为 2m, 有效容积为 2½3。 中间水池 31 的内部 净尺寸为 3m (宽) x 2m (长) x 2.5m (深), 有效水深为 1.8m, 有效容积为 10.8m3。 产水贮存池 10的内部净尺寸为 3m (宽) χ 5m (长) χ 3.5m (深), 有 效水深为 3m, 有效容积为 45m3
循环泵 15的流量为 120m3/h, 扬程为 11m, 功率为 5.5kW, 出水泵 16的流 量为 50m3/h, 扬程为 20m, 功率为 5.5kW, 加药泵 18的流量为 1.5m3/h, 扬程 为 8m, 功率为 90w, 贮药设备 21的外形尺寸为 ΦΙΟΟΟΙ Ι χ 1500mm, 有效容积 为 1000L, 鼓风机 22的风量为 0.63m3/min, 风压为 30kPa, 功率为 0.75kW, 稳压罐 27的外形尺寸为 Φ2400Ι Ι Χ 3000mm, 可调容积为 3m3, 补水泵 28的流 量为 25m7h, 扬程为 31.5m, 功率 5.5kW, 搅拌设备 32为立式搅拌机, 功率为 0.37kW, 斜板 34斜长 1.2m, 倾角 60。, 底部緩冲高 lm, 平面尺寸与斜板沉淀 池 30相同。
料液供给管 11和料液回流管 12的内径均为 200mm, 料液供给阀门 1、 料 液回流阀门 2、 膜滤池供气阀门 3、 反向清洗阀门 5、 产水阀门 6均为电动阀 门。
当原水为一般的地表水时, 其主要水质指标为: pH=6~9, 浊度 = 500 ~ 1000NTU , C0DMn = 10 ~ 20mg/L , 氨氮 =l ~ 2mg/L。 针对该种类型的原水, 本实施 例的饮用水处理系统可以达到的处理能力为 5 OmV , 日处理规模为 1200m3/d , 混凝反应池 29的水力停留时间约为 14. 4分钟, 斜板沉淀池 30的水力停留时 间约为 28. 8分钟, 表面负荷为 4. 16m3/ (m2 . h) , 中间水池 31的水力停留时间 约为 14. 4分钟, 产水贮存池 10的水力停留时间约为 0. 9小时。
原水首先进入混凝反应池 29 , 由混凝剂投加设备 33向混凝反应池 29中 投加硫酸铝作为混凝剂, 在搅拌设备 32的搅拌下, 混凝剂与原水充分混合, 并形成微小的絮体,原水携带着絮体从混凝反应池 29与斜板沉淀池 30之间的 隔墙底部上的导流孔洞进入斜板沉淀池 30 ,水流在斜板沉淀池 30中为上升流, 絮体在随水流上升过程中为斜板 34所阻挡,斜板 34上部形成上清液, 上清液 从斜板沉淀池 30和中间水池 31之间的隔墙顶部跌落入中间水池 31。 循环泵 15将中间水池 31中的上清液经由料液供给管 11输送至膜分离设备 19的料液 进口 1 3 ,在出水泵 16提供的负压的作用下, 大部分上清液透过膜分离设备 19 内部的中空纤维膜丝, 进入中空纤维膜丝的内腔, 汇流后的透过液从透过液出 口 20经出水泵 16输送至透过液贮存池 10 , —少部分浓缩液则从膜分离设备 19的料液出口 14经由料液回流管 12回流至中间水池 31。
对膜分离设备 19进行在线清洗的方法与实施例 1类似, 所不同的是本实 施例中没有生物反应池供气阀门 4、 正向清洗阀门 7 , 稳压罐 27和补水泵 28 代替了实施例 1中的反冲洗泵 17。
以上对本发明所提供的膜分离设备的清洗方法及装置进行了详细介绍。本 域的一般技术人员,依据本发明的思想在具体实施方式及应用范围上可能在实 施过程中会有改变之处。 因此,本说明书记载的内容不应理解为对本发明的限 制。

Claims

OP090397
1. 一种清洗膜分离设备的方法, 包括以下环节:
a )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值小于 1. 2时,进行正向水力清洗: 5 使气体、 液体或气液混合物以一定的流速冲刷过滤单元的外表面;
b )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 进行反向水力 清洗: 使气体、液体或气液混合权物以一定流量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作 时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元;
c )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻 2力的比值大于等于 2时, 进行反向化学清
9
10 洗:使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液以一定流要量和持续时间沿过滤单元正常工作时 过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元; 求
d )当膜过滤阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 3时, 进行正向化学清 洗: 使含有化学药剂的清洗溶液浸渍过滤单元的外表面一段时间。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 a ) 15 中所述的正向水力清洗的具体实现为, 使膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下工 作, 并且将气体、液体或者气液混合物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环 节 a )连续使用; 更优选为利用曝气所形成的待过滤的液体与气体的气液混合 物在过滤单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 a ) 20 中所述的流速为 0. 01 ~ 2m/ s , 优选 0. 01 ~ 0. 5m/ s , 更优选 0. 04 ~ 0. 2m/ s。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 当膜过滤 阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值小于 1. 2时, 使膜分离设备在错流过滤的条件下 面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设备按固定的时间周 25 期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止 工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% , 更优选地, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 15分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 10%。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 当膜过滤 阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 1. 2时, 继续使膜分离设备在错流过滤 OP090397
-30- 单元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设备按固定 的时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% ,在每 1 ~ 100个时间周期 5 内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而 且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液, 更优选地, 在每 4 ~ 24 个时间周期内的任一个时间周期内,在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施 环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 当膜过滤 10 阻力与初始膜过滤阻力的比值大于等于 2时, 继续使膜分离设备在错流过滤的 元外表面上的错流流动作为环节 a )连续使用, 同时使得膜分离设备按固定的 时间周期循环往复地以间歇的方式进行工作, 所述时间周期为 5 ~ 30分钟, 其 中停止工作的时间占周期总时间的百分数为 5 ~ 20% ,并且在每 1 ~ 1 00个时间周
15 期内的任一个时间周期内, 在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施环节 b ), 而且环节 b ) 中的所述介质为所述膜分离设备的透过液, 在每 100 ~ 10000个时 间周期内的任一个时间周期内,在膜分离设备停止工作的时间范围内实施化学 加强反洗。 更优选地, 在每 100 ~ 10000个时间周期内的任何 5 ~ 30个连续的时 间周期内, 使膜分离设备在该 5 ~ 30个连续的时间周期内停止工作, 并对其实
20 施环节 c )。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于,通过动态 监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力变化情况的可变周期来确定是否实施环节 b )或环 节 c );优选通过动态监测跨膜压差或膜过滤阻力上升速率变化情况的可变周期 来确定是否实施环节 b )或环节 c )。
25 8. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 b ) 中所述的流量是过滤单元正常工作时膜通量的 1 ~ 5倍,持续时间不超过 3分钟; 优选地, 环节 b ) 中所述的流量是过滤单元正常工作时膜通量的 2 ~ 3倍, 持续 时间不超过 1. 5分钟。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 c ) OP090397
-31 - 中沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过过滤单元的清洗溶液的总量 与全部过滤单元过滤面积的比值为 1 ~ 20L/m2 , 优选为 1 ~ 2L/m2
10. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 c ) 中所述清洗溶液至少分两批沿过滤单元正常工作时过滤方向的反方向透过过
5 滤单元, 每两批次之间静置 30 - 120分钟, 更优选为 30 ~ 90分钟。
11. 根据权利要求 1所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 c ) 和环节 d ) 中使用酸洗液和碱洗液两种清洗溶液分别进行酸洗和碱洗, 所述酸 洗液为柠檬酸溶液、 乙二酸溶液、 盐酸溶液、 酸溶液中的任何一种或任何两 种及两种以上的混合溶液, 所述碱洗液为次氯酸钠溶液、 氢氧化钠溶液或者次
10 氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液。
12. 根据权利要求 11所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 环节 c )和环节 d )中 酸洗和碱洗各进行一次, 并且先进行酸洗, 再进行碱洗。
1 3. 根据权利要求 11所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 c ) 中使用的酸洗液的 pH值控制在 1 ~ 4之间,优选为 2 ~ 4之间,使用的次氯酸钠溶
15 液的有效氯浓度为 50 ~ 3000mg/L , 优选为 200 ~ 1000mg/L , 使用的氢氧化钠溶 液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液的 pH值控制在 8 ~ 14之间,优选为 8 ~ 12 之间。
14. 根据权利要求 11所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 d ) 中使用的酸洗液的 pH值控制在 1 ~ 4之间,优选为 1 ~ 2之间,使用的次氯酸钠溶
20 液的有效氯浓度为 1000〜6000mg/L ,优选为 3000 ~ 5000mg/L。使用的氢氧化钠 溶液或者次氯酸钠与氢氧化钠的混合溶液的 pH值控制在 8 ~ 14之间, 优选为 10 ~ 14之间。
15. 根据权利要求 11所述的清洗膜分离设备的方法, 其特征在于, 环节 d ) 中酸洗的时间为 1 ~ 48小时, 优选为 2 ~ 12小时, 碱洗的时间为 1 ~ 48小时, 优
25 选为 12 ~ 24小时。
16. 一种清洗膜分离设备的装置, 包括膜分离设备、 曝气设备、反冲洗设 备、 加药泵、 贮药容器、 清洗溶液贮存池以及相关的管路和阀门, 反冲洗设备 的进水口通过管路与清洗溶液贮存池相连通,加药泵的吸水口通过管路与贮药 容器相连通, 其特征在于, 与所述膜分离设备的透过液出口连接的管路分为两 OP090397
-32- 个支路, 第一支路与储存膜分离设备透过液的透过液贮存池相连通, 第二支路 与反冲洗设备的出水口和 /或曝气设备的出气口相连通, 所述加药泵的出水口 与所述第二支路相连通。
17.根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 与所述 5 膜分离设备的透过液出口连接的管路上可以安装有能够监测透过液瞬时流量 和压力的流量计和压力计,优选能够在线连续监测透过液瞬时流量和压力的流 量计和压力计。
18.根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述膜 分离设备带有封闭的外壳、料液进口和料液出口,所述外壳内部设有布气装置,
10 所述布气装置与曝气设备的出气口相连通。
19.根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述膜 分离设备放置于膜滤池当中,所述膜滤池为容积略大于膜分离设备自身体积的 箱体或者小型的构筑物, 内部设有布气装置, 所述布气装置与曝气设备的出气 口相连通。
15 20. 根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述膜 分离设备用于膜生物反应器中生物固体与水的分离设备,所述带有封闭外壳的 膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述膜生物反应器中的生物反 应器之外, 所述膜分离设备或所述膜滤池和所述生物反应器通过管路相连通。
21. 根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述膜 20 分离设备用于混凝反应器中絮体与水的分离设备,所述带有封闭外壳的膜分离 设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池设置于所述混凝反应器之外,所述膜分离设备 或所述膜滤池和所述混凝反应器通过管路相连通。
22. 根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述反 冲洗设备为脉冲式反冲洗系统, 包括稳压罐和补水泵。
25 23. 根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 所述带 有封闭外壳的膜分离设备或盛装膜分离设备的膜滤池内部设有布气装置,与所 述反冲洗设备的出水口连接的管路可以分出两个支路,其中一个支路与所述第 二支路相连通,另一个支路与连接所述曝气设备的出气口与所述布气装置的进 气口的管道相连通。 OP090397
-33-
24. 根据权利要求 16所述的清洗膜分离设备的装置, 其特征在于, 在所述 第一支路上可以增设出水泵,所述膜分离设备的透过液出口与所述出水泵的进 水口相连通。
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