WO2009124419A1 - 拓扑抽象方法、拓扑抽象装置以及路由控制器 - Google Patents
拓扑抽象方法、拓扑抽象装置以及路由控制器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009124419A1 WO2009124419A1 PCT/CN2008/000741 CN2008000741W WO2009124419A1 WO 2009124419 A1 WO2009124419 A1 WO 2009124419A1 CN 2008000741 W CN2008000741 W CN 2008000741W WO 2009124419 A1 WO2009124419 A1 WO 2009124419A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/02—Topology update or discovery
- H04L45/08—Learning-based routing, e.g. using neural networks or artificial intelligence
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/02—Topology update or discovery
Definitions
- Topological abstraction method topology abstraction device and routing controller
- the present invention relates to network technologies, and more particularly to topology abstraction methods, topology abstraction devices, and routing controllers. Background technique
- IP Internet Protocol
- ATM Automatically Switched Optical Network
- ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network
- each routing domain For scalability and security reasons, the internal topology information of each routing domain is first abstracted by a specific topology abstraction method to be published to other routing domains in the network. In this way, each routing domain maintains only its own detailed topology information and abstract topology information of other routing domains, thereby greatly reducing the amount of information that needs to be stored and distributed in the network.
- the topology abstraction process generally first constructs a fully connected topology consisting of boundary nodes based on the real topology.
- the fully connected topology is then further compressed to be compressed into a more sparse topology such as a tree or star. Among them, further compression of the fully connected topology is optional.
- Figure 1 shows an example of a topology abstraction process.
- the topology 100 is a real topology
- the topology 100 has 8 nodes 1-8 and 10 links, and two working wavelengths ⁇ and 1 2 .
- nodes 1-4 are boundary nodes connected to the external peer domain
- nodes 5-8 are internal nodes
- the solid line/dashed line between the nodes respectively indicate that the wavelength channel of the link is idle, and a new connection can be established.
- the internal nodes 5-8 of the topology 100 are hidden, leaving only the boundary nodes 1-4 and the resource availability between them.
- the connectivity relationship between the four boundary nodes can be represented by a connectivity matrix as shown in equation (1).
- Formula (1) Since the topology 101 shown in the figure has four boundary nodes 1-4, for each wavelength ⁇ and 1 2 , a 4x4 matrix can be used to represent the connectivity between the boundary nodes. When there are paths between two boundary nodes that can connect them (for example, node 1 and node 4 can communicate with each other through wavelength ⁇ path 1-5-6-3-4), the corresponding matrix element is 1, otherwise 0.
- Topology 101 is a fully connected topology constructed from a connectivity matrix that includes only boundary nodes 1 -4. It can be seen that after the fully connected topology is constructed, the number of links is reduced to 5 (the worst case is 6, that is, all nodes are connected).
- the topology 102 is a result of further compression based on the topology 101.
- the redundant logical link in the original topology 101 is deleted.
- the wavelength logical link between node 3 and node 4 is replaced by path 3-1-4
- the 12- wavelength logic between node 2 and node 3 The link is replaced by path 2-1-3.
- the total number of links is further reduced to three.
- symmetric node method Most of the existing topology abstract technologies are designed for ATM networks. There are three common methods: symmetric node method, full connectivity method, and star method.
- the basic idea of the symmetric node method is to combine all the boundary nodes in the real network topology into a single virtual node, and use a common value to represent the connection properties between the original boundary nodes.
- the advantage of this method is that only a very small amount of link information needs to be exchanged. But the disadvantage is that the information provided is too coarse and inaccurate, which can result in the resources in the domain not being used properly.
- the fully connected approach looks at the accuracy of abstract information. It assumes that all boundary nodes in the real network topology are connected by logical links, and each logical link is configured with one or more QoS parameters, such as delay or bandwidth.
- This method accurately preserves the connectivity attribute between the original real topology boundary nodes, but since it must maintain the information of N ( N - 1 ) /2 (N is the number of boundary nodes) logical links, when the network size is large The scalability is very poor.
- the star method assumes that there is a centrally located virtual node, and all boundary nodes in the real network topology are connected to it through logical links. And each logical link can have different attributes. Therefore, the star method can represent more detailed link information, which is much more accurate than the symmetric node method. At the same time, the star method only needs to maintain the information of N logical links, and has good scalability compared with the fully connected method, and is suitable for a large-scale network.
- the present invention aims to provide a topology abstract scheme that is more suitable for an optical network.
- a topology abstraction method comprising: obtaining a link separation path number ⁇ , ) between each pair of boundary nodes in a real topology G R ;
- the connectivity matrix C is obtained by using the link separation path number ⁇ , ⁇ ) and the corresponding fully connected topology G B is constructed .
- a topology abstracting apparatus including: a link separation path number obtaining apparatus configured to obtain a real topology (the number of link separation paths between each pair of boundary nodes in the ⁇ ) ⁇ , ⁇ ) ; and
- the topology constructing device is configured to obtain the connectivity matrix C by using the number of separated paths of the link and construct a corresponding fully connected topology G B .
- a routing controller comprising: the topology abstracting device described above, and
- the link state sending device is configured to broadcast LSA information based on the topology generated by the topology abstraction device, and send the LSA information.
- FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a topology abstraction method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- 3 shows a flow chart of a topology compression process in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a two-way shuffling network topology
- Figure 5 is a flow chart showing the process of abstracting into a two-way shuffled network topology in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of a process for optimizing a two-way shuffle network topology in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 7 shows how nodes in a fully connected topology are mapped into a two-way shuffling network;
- Figure 8 shows an example of hybridization and mutation operations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
- Figure 9 shows A schematic block diagram of a topology abstraction device of an embodiment;
- Figure 10 shows a schematic block diagram of a topology abstraction apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 11 is a schematic block diagram showing a silent shuffle network topology optimization apparatus in a topology abstraction apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 12 shows a schematic block diagram of a topology abstraction apparatus in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 13 shows a schematic block diagram of a routing controller in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 14 shows a flow chart of the beginning phase of a routing controller in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 15 shows a flow diagram of the operational phase of a routing controller in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a topology abstraction method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Its style
- step 210 the true topology of the domain is obtained:
- link-diversity path means the path without any shared links between the two border nodes.
- the calculation of the number of link separation paths between two boundary nodes is converted into the calculation of the maximum flow between the two boundary nodes, because the number of link separation paths between the two boundary nodes can be equivalent to The largest flow between source and sink in a pipe network. Therefore, in this embodiment, the number of link separation paths between two boundary nodes is calculated by calculating the maximum flow between two boundary nodes by using the maximum flow algorithm.
- c(i, , k ) MAXFLOW (i, j, ) Equation (4)
- the existing highest-label-preflow-push algorithm is used to calculate two Maximum flow between boundary nodes.
- the Augmenting Path Algorithm is used to calculate the maximum flow between two boundary nodes. Then, in step 240, using the link separation path number c ', ), the connectivity matrix C is obtained and a corresponding fully connected topology is constructed (3 ⁇ 4.
- the connectivity matrix C of the present invention is different from the conventional connectivity matrix shown in the equation (1).
- the connectivity matrix of the present invention is not represented by 0 and 1, but by the number of link separation paths between two boundary nodes. Constructing a connectivity matrix by using the number of link separation paths (:, not only provides information on available wavelengths, but also provides resource information related to the wavelength. Therefore, this richer information can be utilized to help select the optimal path, so that performance is obtained. For example, when establishing a connection, it is preferable to use a wavelength with a small amount of resources and a small possibility of exhaustion.
- the resulting fully connected topology is further compressed to obtain a more sparse topology, thereby further reducing the amount of information exchanged between domains.
- FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a topology compression process in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- a shuffle-net topology is constructed for the fully connected topology to obtain a two-way shuffle network topology with all nodes vacant.
- Two-way shuffled network topology is an extension of the traditional shuffled network topology
- the difference between the joyful shuffling network topology and the traditional shuffled network topology is that its links are bidirectional, that is, the nodes in each column not only have the corpse links to the nodes in the next column, but also A corpse link with a node to the previous column.
- Each node has 2 links to the nodes of the next column and 2 links to the nodes of the previous column.
- the number of logical links can be reduced to 7, which is much lower than the number of logical links of the fully connected topology, and thus reduces the link information that needs to be flooded.
- the quantity reduces the load on the signaling network.
- step 510 for the fully connected topology, parameters K and P of the corresponding bidirectional shuffle network topology are calculated, where K, P can be solved according to the following formula: Max ⁇ ( ⁇ -1 ) ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ , ⁇ ( ⁇ -1 ) K ⁇ N ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ > 2 ) Equation (7), where ⁇ is the number of nodes in the fully connected topology, ie in the actual network The number of boundary nodes.
- step 520 using the parameters and corpses obtained according to equation (7), the two-way shuffling network topology is initialized to obtain an initialized two-way shuffling network topology:
- step 320 the nodes in the fully connected topology are mapped to the nodes in the shuffle-net through a certain mapping relationship, and the corresponding logical link attributes are assigned to the bidirectional links in the shuffle-net ( The following is described).
- Figure 6 illustrates a flow chart for optimizing the joy to shuffle network topology in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the two-way shuffling network topology is optimized using a genetic algorithm.
- the first generation V of the two-way shuffled network topology is first obtained. It includes thousands of chromosomes p, and the chromosome p can represent the arrangement of the fully connected topology nodes in the two-way shuffled network topology. . In one embodiment, the chromosome is constructed using one-dimensional text permutation coding.
- chromosome 7 2 3 1 5 6 4 8 which represents the order in which the nodes of the fully connected topology are arranged in the bidirectional shuffle-net (where node 8 is the virtual node filled in the number of complements), ie Node 7 in the connectivity topology corresponds to the (0, 0) node in the bidirectional shuffle-net, 2 corresponds to the (1, 0) node, ..., 4 corresponds to the (2, 1) node, and the virtual node 8 is located at (3, 1) (as shown in Figure 7).
- the chromosomes in the present invention are different from the chromosomes represented by binary representations usually composed of 0, 1.
- the present invention utilizes one-dimensional text permutation coding to construct chromosomes, each of which is a node number. Therefore, the mutation operation of the chromosome of the present invention is a position-based operation, which usually changes the position of a gene in a chromosome, thereby ensuring that the next generation can inherit most of the characteristics of the previous generation and retain compatible genes.
- step 620 after mapping all the nodes ⁇ of the fully connected topology to the node V' of the bidirectional shuffled network topology G' for each chromosome p, logical link mapping can be performed according to the node position.
- node 7 is connected to nodes 4, 5, and 6, and the bidirectional logical links (4, 7), (5, 7), (6, 7) in the fully connected topology. Reserved, the rest of the logical links connected to node 7 are deleted.
- Node 8 is a virtual node and does not participate in logical link mapping.
- the connectivity matrix C can be obtained as obtained by the connectivity matrix C described above.
- the fitness value of each chromosome is obtained by taking the connectivity matrix between the real topology boundary nodes as an objective function:
- Deviatiorijj ⁇ .
- the fitness value represents the degree of closeness between the connectivity matrix of the fully connected topology and the connectivity matrix of the corresponding topology of the chromosome, and the value is the inverse of the sum of the deviation degrees.
- the negative sign indicates that the smaller the deviation value is, the larger the fitness value is; the deviation value is the difference between the target connectivity matrix and the connectivity matrix of the chromosome corresponding topology and the target connectivity matrix is connected with the chromosome corresponding topology.
- the degree of deviation is an absolute value of a difference between a target connectivity matrix and a chromosome corresponding topological connectivity matrix.
- step 640 genetic manipulation is performed based on the obtained fitness value to obtain the next generation chromosome.
- a selection operation is performed on the chromosome of this generation based on the obtained fitness value to obtain a chromosome for breeding the next generation. That is to say, based on the obtained fitness value, chromosomes with low fitness (for example, below a threshold or below a certain ratio) are eliminated, and only those with high fitness are selected to the next generation.
- hybridization and mutation of the selected chromosome are performed to obtain the next generation chromosome.
- Figure 8 shows an example of hybridization and mutation operations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that in the present invention, it is not limited to the hybridization and mutation operations shown in Fig. 8.
- step 650 it is determined if the genetic algebra has reached a predetermined threshold. If the predetermined threshold has been reached, then the resulting best fit chromosome is used as an optimization result in step 660, that is, an optimized two-way shuffled network topology is obtained. If the predetermined threshold has not been reached, then jump to step 620 to continue the iteration.
- the genetic operation is stopped, and The obtained chromosome arrangement and the connected two-way shuffled network topology are used as a result of the topology.
- the genetic algebra can be determined as needed. The more algebraic the genetics, the better the results obtained, but more time is needed to calculate.
- the topology abstract method of the present invention can obtain a more accurate topology and can provide more accurate and rich information for routing decisions, thereby increasing performance.
- the topology abstraction method of the present invention provides detailed link information suitable for an optical network. More specifically, by optimizing the two-way shuffled network topology using the genetic algorithm, a more accurate topology is described with fewer logical link numbers, thereby improving performance.
- the node pairs having more link separation paths in the fully connected topology are mapped to the directly connected nodes in the joyful shuffling network.
- the heuristic method is used to compress the fully connected topology into a two-way shuffled network topology.
- the fully connected topology is compressed into a symmetric star network using the resulting connected matrix of fully connected topologies.
- the re-abstraction is performed based on a predetermined time interval.
- a re-abstracting time interval is defined in advance, based on which the re-abstracting is periodically performed regardless of the change in the link bandwidth within the domain.
- an event-based re-abstracting strategy is employed that performs re-abstracting only when a predetermined event occurs.
- a dull emphasis abstraction strategy may be employed, ie only when a large topology change occurs or the connection rejection rate reaches a predetermined threshold When you perform heavy abstraction.
- the re-abstract is performed when the predetermined connection rejection rate is reached. For example, during a predetermined re-abstraction detection interval, the re-abstract is performed immediately when the connection rejection rate r exceeds the predetermined threshold a, wherein the predetermined threshold ⁇ may be a constant based on the customer's QoS requirement, for example, may be 20%.
- a heavy abstraction is performed when there is a large change in the topology.
- the capacity of the link is one channel, and the number of available channels at the time is c t .
- the number of available channels at the time is equal to the value of the element in the predetermined sequence of values, a re-abstract is performed.
- the predetermined value sequence ⁇ has more elements such that when the number of available channels is larger, the topology re-abstract frequency is lower, and when the number of available channels is small, the topology re-abstract frequency is higher.
- a predetermined sequence of values can be obtained by:
- re-abstracting strategy of the present invention re-abstraction is performed only when a large topology change occurs, and no re-abstract is performed when the topology change is small. Therefore, under the premise of ensuring that the abstract topology is updated in time, the number of times of abstraction is reduced, thereby reducing resources consumed by performing heavy abstraction and improving performance.
- the method of the present invention utilizes the "link separation path number" to construct a connectivity matrix, which not only provides usability information of available wavelengths, but also provides resource-rich resource richness information, and thus is a routing decision. More detailed link information is provided to optimize resource allocation and improve network performance.
- the obtained fully connected topology is compressed, thereby reducing the amount of information exchanged between domains, and further improving performance.
- compressing the fully connected topology into a two-way shuffled network topology greatly reduces the number of links, thereby reducing the amount of routing information that needs to be exchanged between domains and improving performance.
- the event-based blunt re-abstracting strategy is used to perform re-abstracting, thereby reducing resources consumed by performing heavy abstraction, further improving performance.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a topology abstraction apparatus 900 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the topology abstraction apparatus 900 includes: a link separation path number obtaining means 910 configured to obtain the number of link separation paths c(i, j, between each pair of boundary nodes in the real topology. k );
- the topology constructing means 920 is configured to obtain the connectivity matrix C by using the link separation path number c ( , , A) and construct a corresponding fully connected topology G B .
- the link separation path number obtaining means 910 can perform operations according to the description of the steps 210-230 described above: First, the adjacency matrix is calculated according to the real topology of the domain, and then the boundary node is obtained by calculating the maximum flow between the boundary nodes. The number of paths separated between the links. In calculating the number of link separation paths, the highest label pre-flow advancement algorithm, the augmentation path algorithm, or other maximum flow algorithms known in the art may be utilized.
- the topology constructing means 920 can perform operations according to the description of the step 240 described above: constructing a connectivity matrix by using the number of link separation paths obtained by the link separation path number obtaining means 910.
- the topology abstraction apparatus 900 of the present invention constructs a connectivity matrix by using the number of link separation paths, which not only provides usable wavelength information, but also provides resource information related to the wavelength richness. This can help with routing and improve performance.
- the topology abstraction apparatus 900 further includes: a topology compression apparatus 930 configured to compress the fully connected topology to further reduce the amount of information exchanged between domains.
- the topology compression device 930 includes: The two-way shuffling network topology construction device 932 is configured to initialize the two-way shuffle network topology according to the determined structural parameters of the two-way shuffle network topology; and the two-way shuffling network topology optimization device 934, configured The two-way shuffling network topology is optimized using a connectivity matrix of the fully connected topology.
- the two-way shuffling network topology optimization device 934 can further optimize the two-way shuffling network topology based on a genetic algorithm.
- Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of a genetic algorithm based two-way shuffling network topology optimization device 934.
- the two-way shuffling network topology optimization device 934 includes: a first generation generating device 9342 configured to obtain a first generation of a two-way shuffled network topology in a random manner; a connectivity matrix obtaining device 9344 configured to obtain a current generation a connectivity matrix of chromosomes; fitness value calculation means 9346 configured to calculate a fitness value of the current generation of chromosomes with a connectivity matrix between real topographic boundary nodes; and genetic manipulation device 9348, configured Performing a genetic operation on the chromosome according to fitness values to obtain a next generation chromosome, wherein the genetic operation includes a selection operation, a mutation operation, a hybridization operation, etc.; mapping means 9350, configured to utilize when conditions
- the fitness value calculated by the fitness value calculation device 9346 is the absolute value of the difference between the connectivity matrix of the current generation chromosome and the connectivity matrix between the real topology boundary nodes; In another embodiment, the fitness value is a difference between a connectivity matrix of the current generation chromosome and a connectivity matrix between the real topology boundary nodes, and a connectivity matrix of the current generation chromosome The absolute value of the ratio of the sum of the connectivity matrices between the real topological boundary nodes.
- the condition for terminating the genetic manipulation is that the genetic algebra exceeds a predetermined value or the fitness value reaches a predetermined value.
- the chromosomes are encoded based on a one-dimensional text arrangement.
- the topology abstraction apparatus 900 further includes a re-abstract triggering device 940 configured to trigger a red abstraction when a network state changes or to trigger a heavy abstraction based on a predetermined time interval.
- the re-abstract triggering device 940 triggers a re-abstract based on a dull re-abstracting strategy when a predetermined topology change event occurs or the connection rejection rate reaches a predetermined threshold.
- the predetermined topology change event may be an event in which the available resources are increased or decreased to a predetermined value, and the heavy abstraction occurs less frequently when there are more available resources, and occurs more frequently when the available resources are less.
- the present invention also provides a routing controller.
- Figure 13 shows a schematic block diagram of a routing controller in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the routing controller 1300 includes: a real topology obtaining device 1310 for obtaining a real topology of a domain; a topology abstracting device 900 according to the present invention, for authenticating a real topology of a domain
- the link state sending device 1320 is configured to generate Link-State Advertisement (LSA) information based on the topology obtained by the topology abstracting device 900 and send the LSA information.
- LSA Link-State Advertisement
- the topology abstraction device 900 constructs a connectivity matrix by using the number of link separation paths, which not only provides available wavelength information, but also provides resource information related to the wavelength. This can help with routing and improve performance.
- Figure 14 is a flow chart showing the processing of the routing controller of the present invention at the beginning.
- the routing controller starts operating, first in step 1410, the real topology obtaining device obtains a real topology of a domain. Then in step 1420, the topology abstraction device performs a topological abstraction of the real topology.
- the link state transmitting device generates an LSA based on the abstract topology and sends it out.
- the topology device triggers a heavy abstraction when it satisfies the heavy abstraction condition.
- a red abstraction can be triggered when the network state changes or a heavy abstraction is triggered based on a predetermined time interval.
- a red abstraction is triggered when a predetermined topology change event occurs or the connection rejection rate reaches a predetermined threshold.
- the predetermined topology change event may be an event that increases or decreases the available resources to a predetermined value, and the predetermined topology change event occurs at a lower frequency when the available resources are more, and the available resources are available. When there are fewer, the frequency is higher.
- Figure 15 is a flow chart showing the processing of the routing controller during the working phase, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- step 1501 when the request message is received, it is first determined in step 1501 whether the request is a connection establishment request or a connection removal request. If it is a connection establishment request, the process proceeds to step 1502.
- step 1502 the resource between the specified ingress node and the egress node is verified. If the check indicates that there is not enough resources between the designated ingress node and the egress node to support the connection request, the flow proceeds to step 1504. At step 1504, a message is sent to the requester to inform the requester that the connection failed. Then, in step 1505, the number of connection failures is increased, and the connection rejection rate is calculated, that is, the number of connection failures divided by the sum of the number of connection successes and the number of connection failures.
- step 1506 it is determined whether the rejection rate has reached a predetermined rejection rate threshold. If the predetermined threshold is reached, then a re-abstract is triggered at step 1513 for topology abstraction. The connection is then successfully completed and the failure count is cleared in step 1514 to recount. Next, in step 1515, an LSA is generated based on the re-abstract topology, and the LSA is sent out. At this point, the processing for one request ends.
- step 1507 the request is sent to the next domain and a connection establishment indication is awaited. After the indication, at step 1508, wavelengths are assigned along selected links within the domain to establish a connection. Then, in step 1509, the connection success count is incremented, and the number of connection successes is increased by one. Then in step 1510, a flooding is triggered again to send the LSA information. Next, in step 1511, the remaining resources between the ingress node and the egress node are checked, and in step 1512, it is determined whether the remaining resources reach the threshold of re-abstract. .
- step 1513 where heavy abstraction is performed.
- the connection is then successfully completed and the failure count is cleared at step 1514.
- the flow then proceeds to step S1515 to end the processing of the request. If the threshold L a has not been reached, the processing of the request is directly ended.
- step 1501 if the request is a connection removal request, the flow proceeds to the step 1503. At this step, the removal of the connection is performed. The flow then proceeds to step 1510 where the subsequent steps as previously described are performed until the end.
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US12/735,732 US8406154B2 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2008-04-10 | Method and apparatus for topology aggregation and routing controller |
JP2011503322A JP2011517220A (ja) | 2008-04-10 | 2008-04-10 | トポロジ抽出方法、トポロジ抽出装置、およびルートコントローラ |
EP08733944A EP2271028A1 (en) | 2008-04-10 | 2008-04-10 | Topology abstraction method, topology abstraction apparatus and route controller |
PCT/CN2008/000741 WO2009124419A1 (zh) | 2008-04-10 | 2008-04-10 | 拓扑抽象方法、拓扑抽象装置以及路由控制器 |
KR1020107025146A KR20100133003A (ko) | 2008-04-10 | 2008-04-10 | 토폴로지 축약 방법, 토폴로지 축약 장치 및 라우트 제어기 |
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EP2271028A1 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
US8406154B2 (en) | 2013-03-26 |
JP2011517220A (ja) | 2011-05-26 |
KR20100133003A (ko) | 2010-12-20 |
US20110080851A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
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