WO2009115635A1 - Method for recyling by-products by means of the reconstitution of fats useful in animal feeding-stuffs - Google Patents

Method for recyling by-products by means of the reconstitution of fats useful in animal feeding-stuffs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009115635A1
WO2009115635A1 PCT/ES2009/070068 ES2009070068W WO2009115635A1 WO 2009115635 A1 WO2009115635 A1 WO 2009115635A1 ES 2009070068 W ES2009070068 W ES 2009070068W WO 2009115635 A1 WO2009115635 A1 WO 2009115635A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fatty acids
residual
fats
oleins
glycerol
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2009/070068
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Enrique De Pablos Pérez
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Norel, S.A.
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Publication date
Application filed by Norel, S.A. filed Critical Norel, S.A.
Publication of WO2009115635A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009115635A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/08—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with the hydroxy or O-metal group of organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
    • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C31/00—Saturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C31/18—Polyhydroxylic acyclic alcohols
    • C07C31/22—Trihydroxylic alcohols, e.g. glycerol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C31/00—Saturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C31/18—Polyhydroxylic acyclic alcohols
    • C07C31/22—Trihydroxylic alcohols, e.g. glycerol
    • C07C31/225—Glycerol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B13/00—Recovery of fats, fatty oils or fatty acids from waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
    • C11C3/02—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with glycerol
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
    • C11C3/02—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with glycerol
    • C11C3/025—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with glycerol with a stoechiometric excess of glycerol
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the invention is attached to the technical sector of recycling by-products and their conversion into useful elements.
  • Recycled waste is by-products, on the one hand, from the refining of fats and / or vegetable and / or animal oils, in the form of fatty acids and oleins.
  • Another by-product necessary to carry out the process of the invention is glycerol or residual glycerol from biodiesel production.
  • the useful elements that are achieved after the recycling process of these wastes are reconstituted fats, useful as ingredients of nutritional compositions or feed, in the breeding of livestock and poultry.
  • Fats have a number of advantages, both nutritional and not strictly nutritional, which make their inclusion in feed convenient. Among the not strictly nutritional are: they control the formation of dust and improve the palatability, consumption, structure and appearance of the feed and also lubricate the machinery which allows to improve its performance and its useful life. From a nutritional point of view, fats have advantages such as: they allow to increase the energy concentration of the feed, reduce caloric stress and, due to their lower heat increase, improve energy efficiency per kcal of metabolizable energy.
  • the key criterion for assessing a fat is its net energy content. This value depends fundamentally on its raw energy content and its intestinal digestibility, which fundamentally depends on its ability to solubilize and form micelles in the intestine. Due to the peculiarities of the digestive system of ruminants (in which the supplementary fat affects the microorganisms of the rumen, which hydrogenate and saturate the fatty acids released in the rumen by hydrolysis of triglycerides), the absorption of fats is different in its case is that in the case of monogastrics, so that the assessment of the utility of the same fat for animal feed will be different as it will be applied for the feeding of ruminants or monogastrics.
  • the invention describes the recycling of free fatty acids and oleins as residual by-products from the refining of vegetable and / or animal fats. Its reaction with the residual glycerin or glycerol optionally, in turn, from the biodiesel production processes, gives rise to its reconstitution into triglycerides with the same or similar fatty acid contents of vegetable and / or animal fats or oils which was split in the refining process, which gives rise to residual fatty acids. So if we take residual fatty acids from palm oil, we will obtain mono, di and triglycerides of the same oil, as if we start with olive, sunflower, rapeseed, coconut, etc.
  • the present invention describes a productive process of vegetable or animal fats, from free fatty acids or residual oleins from fat refining processes. Residual free fatty acids will be converted into fats of the same starting fatty acids, that is, from palm oil refining, residual fatty acids from palm oil will be recycled, reconstituting palm oil, from an olein of residual fatty acids. from the sunflower refining we will obtain a sunflower oil and so on, with other fatty acids or oleins without being mixed beforehand to obtain mixed fats, although the invention also contemplates the previous mixture in which case the result would give the same proportion of fatty acids in fat, that the proportion thereof starting.
  • Olein is understood as the mixture of free fatty acids, triglycerides, water and impurities resulting from the fat refining process.
  • the major component is free fatty acid
  • the percentage of triglycerides is important (greater than 30%).
  • the free fatty acid component is markedly majority, compared to a marginal triglyceride composition of 0 to 3%.
  • fatty acids used as by-products for carrying out the present invention are: palm oil fatty acids PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilled), coconut oil, coprah, olive oil, oil oleins Sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and oil refining of tallow, butter, etc.
  • PFAD Palm Fatty Acid Destilled
  • coconut oil coprah
  • olive oil oil oleins Sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and oil refining of tallow, butter, etc.
  • the fatty acids that most commonly form part of the fats and oils to be recycled in the present invention are long chain fatty acids such as oleic, stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric, linoleic and linolenic. Also appear shorter chain fatty acids such as: butyric, capric, caprylic and caproic.
  • the free fatty acid content of these by-products varies between 45% and 98%, with the rest of the by-product being triglycerides of the corresponding fat.
  • palm fatty acids have an approximate composition of:
  • the oleins of other vegetable oils have approximately:
  • the described invention consists in revaluating these by-products by converting them into reconstituted whole fats (triglycerides) without varying their original fatty acid composition.
  • Said residual fatty acids are reacted under specific conditions, with commercial or residual glycerol or glycerin, derived, in turn, from biodiesel production processes.
  • Such by-products can be received concentrated and purified. If they are not purified, it is preferable to carry out a purification prior to their addition to the reaction. In any case, they can also be used without purification, provided they have a percentage of water and impurities not exceeding 20%.
  • the reaction of fatty acids with glycerol is carried out in reactors with suitable stirring and at a temperature between 140 ° and 200 0 C, for a time ranging from 1 to 48 hours being able to apply lower temperatures and employing more time or temperature and less time , depending on the melting points of fatty acids or oleins.
  • the melting point of the PFAD ranges between 40-42 0 C.
  • the average range of 150 ° and 48 hours could be set for melting points of 40 ° to 42 °.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is to use a temperature between 170 ° and 19O 0 C, for 4 to 6 hours, with vacuum application (10-25, preferably 16 mmHg) and using as reaction catalysts, zeo litas and / or diatomaceous earth, in concentrations of each catalyst of up to 5%.
  • the reaction occurs with stirring (350-1000 rpm), preferably at 600 rpm.
  • the catalysts used can be found in the sepiolites of the manufacturers, for example: Tolsa, Sepiolsa, Zeocat, Foret, etc ...
  • One of the preferred zeo litas used is NaY, but natural zeo lita can also be used.
  • the optimum procedure is automatic, the preferred heating is heating with thermal oil, the addition of glycerol and the filling of the reactor with the raw material will preferably be automatic.
  • fatty acids or oleins that can be used are all those used in human or animal, agricultural or animal feed such as palm, coconut, palm kernel, soy, sunflower, rapeseed, corn, olive, linseed, butter, tallow, etc. .
  • a cooling of the reaction mass is carried out to be stored and transported.
  • the cooling time will be proportional to the melting temperature of the source fat.
  • the cooling step is carried out with a heat exchanger to take advantage of the energy that dissipates in it, this can be done by exchanging the hot product with the slightly higher melting temperature depending on the diffusion of fatty acids from departure.
  • the fats thus reconstituted, obtained by reconversion of the residual fatty acids are used in animal feed. For this and that they are commercially attractive it is necessary to reduce its residual acidity since this could mean the rejection of the clients or a strong reduction in its price.
  • the elimination of said acidity has been resolved by a process with calcium hydroxide, if necessary.
  • EXAMPLE 1 EFFECT OF LEVEL AND THE SOURCE OF FAT ADDED TO THE DIET ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CHICKENS FROM 1 TO 21 DAYS OF AGE
  • the binder or binder used is an inert clay material.
  • the zeolite used is NaY.
  • the acid used in the reaction is oleic and alcohol is glycerol (propane triol).
  • the stirring speed at which the reaction is carried out is 600 rpm.
  • the objective of this example is to determine the effect on the productive parameters of the inclusion of Reconstituted Crude Palm (PCR) in the feed of freshly weaned piglets as an alternative energy source to butter.
  • PCR Reconstituted Crude Palm
  • the animals were housed in a clean and disinfected ship provided with 6 boxes with 6 animals per box. Each box had individual feeders and troughs. The environmental control of the room was consistent with the temperature and ventilation needs of the animals.
  • the feed was administered in presentation flour in bags of 25 kg. All diets will be supplied ad libitum throughout the experience.
  • Treatment 2 I think Reconstituted Crude Palm. Each treatment was replicated 3 times, each replica being formed by 6 piglets at the start of the test. The distribution of the treatments was done by blocking the room effect, in order to avoid the effect of temperature differences, air currents, etc.
  • the data will be analyzed by the GLM procedure (General Linear Model: statistical procedure that compares two populations that differ in a few parameters) from SAS (statistical package that is used to analyze the results obtained from the test).
  • GLM procedure General Linear Model: statistical procedure that compares two populations that differ in a few parameters
  • SAS statistical package that is used to analyze the results obtained from the test.
  • the data obtained will be analyzed according to the type of replica and age.
  • the model includes the type of diet:
  • Yy The random to study variable, the variable statistically analyzed: weight gain, consumption, mortality and conversion rate. . ⁇ : Mean of the random variable to study.
  • treatment j Factor whose effect on the random variable is to be studied. In this case the inclusion of the reconstituted palm or the use of lard in the piglet feed.
  • the animals that received the feed that included the Reconstituted Raw Palm finished the test with greater weight than the animals that received the control food with Manteca as a source of fat.
  • ⁇ Variation Coefficient statistical parameter used to describe the homogeneity of the population studied.
  • the value F is one of the results of the GLM. Pr> F is the probability as much for one that a value cannot be said if it is from one group or another within the population. The smaller F is, the better the treatments are distinguished.

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Abstract

The invention describes the recycling of free fatty acids and/or of oleins as residual by-products from the refining of vegetable and/or animal fats. The reaction thereof with optionally residual glycerol or glycerine in turn originating from biodiesel production processes leads to reconstitution thereof as triglycerides or fats with fatty acid contents that are identical or similar to the starting vegetable and/or animal fats in the refining method that yields the residual fatty acids. The fats thus reconstituted, which are obtained by reconversion of the residual oleins and/or fatty acids, are used in animal feeding-stuffs and offer similar energy levels to those of natural fats.

Description

PROCEDIMIENTO DE RECICLADO DE SUBPRODUCTOS MEDIANTE RECONSTITUCIÓN DE GRASAS ÚTILES EN ALIMENTACIÓN ANIMAL RECYCLING PROCEDURE OF SUBPRODUCTS THROUGH RECONSTITUTION OF USEFUL FATS IN ANIMAL FEEDING
Ámbito de la invenciónField of the invention
La invención se adscribe al sector técnico del reciclado de subproductos y su reconversión en elementos útiles. Los residuos reciclados son subproductos, por una parte, procedentes del refino de grasas y/o aceites vegetales y/o animales, en forma de ácidos grasos y oleínas. Otro subproducto necesario para llevar a cabo el procedimiento de la invención es la glicerina o glicerol residual procedente de la producción de biodiesel. En concreto los elementos de utilidad que se consiguen tras el procedimiento de reciclado de estos residuos son grasas reconstituidas, útiles como ingredientes de composiciones nutritivas o piensos, en la cría de animales de ganadería y en avicultura.The invention is attached to the technical sector of recycling by-products and their conversion into useful elements. Recycled waste is by-products, on the one hand, from the refining of fats and / or vegetable and / or animal oils, in the form of fatty acids and oleins. Another by-product necessary to carry out the process of the invention is glycerol or residual glycerol from biodiesel production. Specifically, the useful elements that are achieved after the recycling process of these wastes are reconstituted fats, useful as ingredients of nutritional compositions or feed, in the breeding of livestock and poultry.
Descripción del Estado de la TécnicaDescription of the State of the Art
Es conocida la formación de grasas a partir de la esterificación de glicerol o glicerina con ácidos grasos libres. Este proceso generalmente parte de reactivos purificados. Es decir, tanto los ácidos grasos, como la propia glicerina presentan niveles elevados de pureza, que los hacen caros. Es, entre otras, por esa razón, por la que las grasas así obtenidas no resultan rentables en alimentación animal.The formation of fats from the esterification of glycerol or glycerin with free fatty acids is known. This process usually starts with purified reagents. That is, both fatty acids and glycerin itself have high levels of purity, which make them expensive. It is, among others, for that reason, why the fats thus obtained are not profitable in animal feed.
No se conoce, sin embargo, ningún proceso de reconstitución de grasas a partir de subproductos industriales con menores niveles de pureza, tal y como son los ácidos grasos residuales provenientes de los procesos de refino de grasas vegetales y/o animales, ni tampoco la propia glicerina residual que se forma en los procedimientos de producción de biodiesel.It is not known, however, any process of reconstitution of fats from industrial by-products with lower levels of purity, such as residual fatty acids from the processes of refining of vegetable and / or animal fats, nor the own residual glycerin that is formed in biodiesel production procedures.
La eliminación de estos residuos es compleja técnicamente y costosa, dada su escasa solubilidad en agua y en otros residuos líquidos de naturaleza acuosa. Es por ello por lo que resulta necesario encontrar un método de reciclado eficaz de los mismos. En la actualidad la industria de piensos utiliza las oleínas del refino de aceites vegetales comestibles, tales como la oleína de soja, girasol, colza, oliva, etc., como nutrientes aditivos para la alimentación animal. Sin embargo el valor energético de estas oleínas en comparación con las grasas reconstituidas según la presente invención, es muy limitado. El bajo coste de estos residuos, junto al ahorro creado con su reciclado según el procedimiento de la invención, permiten un ahorro de costes tal que, el uso de las grasas reconstituidas según el proceso patentado, en alimentación animal, resulta ser plenamente eficaz desde un punto de vista meramente funcional, con el añadido de ser absolutamente rentable en términos económicos.The disposal of these wastes is technically complex and expensive, given their poor solubility in water and other liquid wastes of an aqueous nature. That is why it is necessary to find an effective recycling method for them. At present, the feed industry uses the refining oleins of edible vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower, rapeseed, olive, etc., as additive nutrients for animal feed. However, the energy value of these oleins compared with the reconstituted fats according to the present invention is very limited. The low cost of these wastes, together with the savings created with their recycling according to the process of the invention, allow cost savings such that, the use of the reconstituted fats according to the patented process, in animal feed, turns out to be fully effective from a purely functional point of view, with the addition of being absolutely profitable in economic terms.
Las grasas presentan una serie de ventajas, tanto nutricio nales como no estrictamente nutricionales, que hacen conveniente su inclusión en piensos. Entre las no estrictamente nutricionales se encuentran: controlan la formación de polvo y mejoran la palatabilidad, el consumo, la estructura y el aspecto del pienso y además, lubrican la maquinaria lo que permite mejorar su rendimiento y su vida útil. Desde un punto de vista nutricional, las grasas presentan ventajas tales como: permiten incrementar la concentración energética del pienso, reducen el estrés calórico y, por su menor incremento de calor, mejoran la eficacia energética por kcal de energía metabolizable.Fats have a number of advantages, both nutritional and not strictly nutritional, which make their inclusion in feed convenient. Among the not strictly nutritional are: they control the formation of dust and improve the palatability, consumption, structure and appearance of the feed and also lubricate the machinery which allows to improve its performance and its useful life. From a nutritional point of view, fats have advantages such as: they allow to increase the energy concentration of the feed, reduce caloric stress and, due to their lower heat increase, improve energy efficiency per kcal of metabolizable energy.
El criterio clave para valorar una materia grasa es su contenido energético neto. Este valor depende fundamentalmente de su contenido en energía bruta y de su digestibilidad intestinal, que depende fundamentalmente de su capacidad de solubilización y de formación de micelas en el intestino. Debido a las peculiaridades del sistema digestivo de los rumiantes (en los que la grasa suplementaria afecta a los microorganismos del rumen, que hidrogenan y saturan los ácidos grasos liberados en el rumen por hidrólisis de los triglicéridos), la absorción de las grasas es diferente en su caso que en el caso de monogástricos, por lo que la valoración de la utilidad de una misma grasa para alimentación animal será diferente según se vaya a aplicar para la alimentación de rumiantes o de monogástricos.The key criterion for assessing a fat is its net energy content. This value depends fundamentally on its raw energy content and its intestinal digestibility, which fundamentally depends on its ability to solubilize and form micelles in the intestine. Due to the peculiarities of the digestive system of ruminants (in which the supplementary fat affects the microorganisms of the rumen, which hydrogenate and saturate the fatty acids released in the rumen by hydrolysis of triglycerides), the absorption of fats is different in its case is that in the case of monogastrics, so that the assessment of the utility of the same fat for animal feed will be different as it will be applied for the feeding of ruminants or monogastrics.
Además del contenido energético neto, otros criterios importantes a la hora de considerar la inclusión de una materia grasa en un pienso son su disponibilidad y el precio relativo con respecto a otras fuentes energéticas. Atendiendo a estos criterios, existe un interés creciente por la utilización en alimentación animal de materias grasas obtenidas por el procesamiento de grasas procedentes de fuentes naturales. Por su menor precio, destacan entre ellas los subproductos de diversas industrias cuya materia prima es la grasa y, en particular, las oleínas (residuos del refinado de grasas comestibles), las lecitinas, las grasas de freiduría, los destilados procedentes de la industria del glicerol y los destilados procedentes del refino de grasas.In addition to the net energy content, other important criteria when considering the inclusion of a fatty material in a feed are its availability and relative price compared to other energy sources. In accordance with these criteria, there is a growing interest in the use in animal feed of fatty materials obtained by the processing of fats from natural sources. Due to their lower price, the by-products of various industries whose raw material is fat and, in particular, oleins (residues of edible fat refining), lecithins, fats of fats, distillates from the industry of the industry stand out glycerol and distillates from fat refining.
Descripción resumida de la invenciónSummary Description of the Invention
La invención describe el reciclado de ácidos grasos libres y oleínas como subproductos residuales procedentes del refino de grasas vegetales y/o animales. Su reacción con la glicerina o glicerol residual procedente opcionalmente, a su vez, de los procesos de producción de biodiesel, da origen a su reconstitución en triglicéridos con iguales o similares contenidos en ácidos grasos de las grasas o aceites vegetales y/o animales de las que se partía en el procedimiento de refino, que da lugar a los ácidos grasos residuales. Así si tomamos ácidos grasos residuales de aceite de palma obtendremos mono, di y triglicéridos del mismo aceite lo mismo que si partimos de ácidos grasos de oliva, girasol, colza, coco, etc., llegaremos a poliglicéridos similares a los del origen mediante la reacción de dichos ácidos grasos con la cantidad estequiométricamente necesaria de glicerol o con cantidades un poco superiores del mismo, siguiendo el procedimiento de la invención, aquí descrito. El resultado será una grasa reconstituida con iguales o similares características que los ácidos grasos u oleínas de los que partimos, con el mismo punto de fusión de origen, o con muy pequeñas diferencias, si las hay. La acidez final (en mgKOH/g grasa) varía entre 3 y 20, según las oleínas o ácidos grasos de partida, preferentemente 3-15 (<5 para el aceite de palma crudo, por ejemplo) y el tratamiento en cuanto a temperatura y tiempo, al que sean sometidas. Esta acidez podrá corregirse mediante la adición de una pequeña cantidad de una base, preferentemente de calcio, procediendo opcionalmente a una filtración, para lograr la separación de los jabones formados. Descripción detallada de la invenciónThe invention describes the recycling of free fatty acids and oleins as residual by-products from the refining of vegetable and / or animal fats. Its reaction with the residual glycerin or glycerol optionally, in turn, from the biodiesel production processes, gives rise to its reconstitution into triglycerides with the same or similar fatty acid contents of vegetable and / or animal fats or oils which was split in the refining process, which gives rise to residual fatty acids. So if we take residual fatty acids from palm oil, we will obtain mono, di and triglycerides of the same oil, as if we start with olive, sunflower, rapeseed, coconut, etc. fatty acids, we will reach polyglycerides similar to those of the origin through the reaction of said fatty acids with the stoichiometrically necessary amount of glycerol or with slightly higher amounts thereof, following the process of the invention, described herein. The result will be a reconstituted fat with the same or similar characteristics as the fatty acids or oleins from which we start, with the same melting point of origin, or with very small differences, if any. The final acidity (in mgKOH / g fat) varies between 3 and 20, depending on the oleins or starting fatty acids, preferably 3-15 (<5 for crude palm oil, for example) and the treatment in terms of temperature and time, to which they are subjected. This acidity can be corrected by adding a small amount of a base, preferably calcium, by optionally filtering, to achieve the separation of the soaps formed. Detailed description of the invention
La presente invención describe un proceso productivo de grasas vegetales o animales, a partir de los ácidos grasos libres o de las oleínas residuales procedentes de procesos de refino de grasas. Los ácidos grasos libres residuales se convertirán en grasas de los mismos ácidos grasos de partida, es decir del refino del aceite de palma saldrán ácidos grasos residuales de aceite de palma que se reciclaran reconstituyendo el aceite de palma, de una oleína de unos ácidos grasos residuales procedentes del refino de girasol obtendremos un aceite de girasol y así sucesivamente, con otros ácidos grasos u oleínas sin que se mezclen previamente para obtener grasas mixtas, aunque la invención también contemple la mezcla previa en cuyo caso el resultado daría la misma proporción de ácidos grasos en la grasa, que la proporción de los mismos de partida.The present invention describes a productive process of vegetable or animal fats, from free fatty acids or residual oleins from fat refining processes. Residual free fatty acids will be converted into fats of the same starting fatty acids, that is, from palm oil refining, residual fatty acids from palm oil will be recycled, reconstituting palm oil, from an olein of residual fatty acids. from the sunflower refining we will obtain a sunflower oil and so on, with other fatty acids or oleins without being mixed beforehand to obtain mixed fats, although the invention also contemplates the previous mixture in which case the result would give the same proportion of fatty acids in fat, that the proportion thereof starting.
Se entiende por oleína la mezcla de ácidos grasos libres, triglicéridos, agua e impurezas que resulta del proceso de refino de grasas. En las oleínas, aunque el componente mayoritario es el ácido graso libre, el porcentaje de triglicéridos es importante (superior al 30%). Por el contrario, en los ácidos grasos libres, el componente de ácido graso libre es marcadamente mayoritario, frente a una composición marginal de triglicéridos del 0 al 3%.Olein is understood as the mixture of free fatty acids, triglycerides, water and impurities resulting from the fat refining process. In oleins, although the major component is free fatty acid, the percentage of triglycerides is important (greater than 30%). On the contrary, in free fatty acids, the free fatty acid component is markedly majority, compared to a marginal triglyceride composition of 0 to 3%.
Dentro de los ácidos grasos preferidos utilizados como subproductos para llevar a cabo la presente invención se encuentran: ácidos grasos de aceite de palma PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilled), de aceite de coco, de coprah, de aceite de oliva, oleínas de aceite de girasol, oleínas de aceite de soja, oleínas de aceite de colza y oleínas de la refinación de sebos, mantecas, etc.Among the preferred fatty acids used as by-products for carrying out the present invention are: palm oil fatty acids PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilled), coconut oil, coprah, olive oil, oil oleins Sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and oil refining of tallow, butter, etc.
Los ácidos grasos que más habitualmente forman parte de las grasas y los aceites a reciclar en la presente invención son ácidos grasos de cadena larga como el oleico, esteárico, palmítico, mirístico, láurico, linoleico y linolénico. Aparecen también ácidos grasos de cadena más corta como: butírico, cáprico, caprílico y caproico. El contenido en ácidos grasos libres de estos subproductos varía entre el 45% y el 98% siendo el resto del subproducto, triglicéridos de la grasa correspondiente.The fatty acids that most commonly form part of the fats and oils to be recycled in the present invention are long chain fatty acids such as oleic, stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric, linoleic and linolenic. Also appear shorter chain fatty acids such as: butyric, capric, caprylic and caproic. The free fatty acid content of these by-products varies between 45% and 98%, with the rest of the by-product being triglycerides of the corresponding fat.
Por ejemplo, los ácidos grasos de palma, tienen una composición aproximada de:For example, palm fatty acids have an approximate composition of:
97 % de ácidos grasos libres.97% free fatty acids.
1 % de triglicéridos más agua.1% triglycerides plus water.
2 % de impurezas.2% impurities
Las oleínas de otros aceites vegetales tienen aproximadamente:The oleins of other vegetable oils have approximately:
Entre 55 y 65 % de ácidos grasos libres.Between 55 and 65% of free fatty acids.
Entre 30 y 45 % de triglicéridos.Between 30 and 45% triglycerides.
Entre 5 y 15% de agua e impurezas.Between 5 and 15% of water and impurities.
Estos subproductos tienen un valor energético para la alimentación de animales monogástricos, proporcionalmente disminuido, es decir menor cuanto mayor es el porcentaje de ácidos grasos libres.These by-products have an energetic value for the feeding of monogastric animals, proportionally diminished, that is, the lower the percentage of free fatty acids.
La invención descrita consiste en revalorizar estos subproductos convirtiéndoles en grasas completas (triglicéridos) reconstituidas sin variar su composición de ácidos grasos originales.The described invention consists in revaluating these by-products by converting them into reconstituted whole fats (triglycerides) without varying their original fatty acid composition.
Dichos ácidos grasos residuales se hacen reaccionar en condiciones específicas, con glicerol o glicerina comercial o bien residual, procedente, a su vez, de procesos de producción de biodiesel. Dichos subproductos pueden recibirse concentrados y depurados. De no presentarse depurados es preferible llevar a cabo una depuración previamente a su adición a la reacción. En cualquier caso, pueden también utilizarse sin depurar, siempre que presenten un porcentaje de agua e impurezas no superior al 20%.Said residual fatty acids are reacted under specific conditions, with commercial or residual glycerol or glycerin, derived, in turn, from biodiesel production processes. Such by-products can be received concentrated and purified. If they are not purified, it is preferable to carry out a purification prior to their addition to the reaction. In any case, they can also be used without purification, provided they have a percentage of water and impurities not exceeding 20%.
Todo esto, se logra con la reacción de los ácidos grasos u oleínas con la cantidad estequiométrica de glicerol o cantidades ligeramente más elevadas del mismo, del orden del 3-15%. Los productos resultantes se han probado en comparación con las grasas de origen dando resultados de nutrición similares a los originales.All this is achieved with the reaction of fatty acids or oleins with the stoichiometric amount of glycerol or slightly higher amounts thereof, of the order 3-15%. The resulting products have been tested in comparison to the source fats giving nutritional results similar to the original ones.
La reacción de los ácidos grasos con glicerol se realiza en reactores con agitación adecuados y a una temperatura entre 140° y 2000C, durante un tiempo que oscila entre 1 y 48 horas pudiéndose aplicar menor temperatura y empleando más tiempo o más temperatura y menos tiempo, dependiendo de los puntos de fusión de los ácidos grasos u oleínas. Por ejemplo, el punto de fusión del PFAD oscila entre los 40-420C. El rango medio de 150° y 48 horas podría establecerse para puntos de fusión de 40° a 42°.The reaction of fatty acids with glycerol is carried out in reactors with suitable stirring and at a temperature between 140 ° and 200 0 C, for a time ranging from 1 to 48 hours being able to apply lower temperatures and employing more time or temperature and less time , depending on the melting points of fatty acids or oleins. For example, the melting point of the PFAD ranges between 40-42 0 C. The average range of 150 ° and 48 hours could be set for melting points of 40 ° to 42 °.
Una forma preferida de realización de la invención es utilizar una temperatura entre 170° y 19O0C, durante 4 a 6 horas, con aplicación de vacío (10-25, preferentemente 16 mmHg) y empleando como catalizadores de la reacción, zeo litas y/o tierras de diatomeas, en concentraciones de cada catalizador de hasta el 5%. La reacción se produce con agitación (350-1000 rpm), preferentemente a 600 rpm. Los catalizadores empleados pueden encontrarse en las sepiolitas de los fabricantes, por ejemplo: Tolsa, Sepiolsa, Zeocat, Foret, etc.... Una de las zeo litas preferidas utilizadas es la NaY, pero puede emplearse también zeo lita natural.A preferred embodiment of the invention is to use a temperature between 170 ° and 19O 0 C, for 4 to 6 hours, with vacuum application (10-25, preferably 16 mmHg) and using as reaction catalysts, zeo litas and / or diatomaceous earth, in concentrations of each catalyst of up to 5%. The reaction occurs with stirring (350-1000 rpm), preferably at 600 rpm. The catalysts used can be found in the sepiolites of the manufacturers, for example: Tolsa, Sepiolsa, Zeocat, Foret, etc ... One of the preferred zeo litas used is NaY, but natural zeo lita can also be used.
El procedimiento óptimo es el automático, el calentamiento preferido es calentamiento con aceite térmico, la adición de glicerol y el llenado del reactor con la materia prima serán preferentemente automáticos. Entre los ácidos grasos u oleínas que se pueden usar están todos los utilizados en alimentación humana o animal, agrícolas o animales como por ejemplo, palma, coco, palmiste, soja, girasol, colza, maíz, oliva, linaza, manteca, sebo, etc.The optimum procedure is automatic, the preferred heating is heating with thermal oil, the addition of glycerol and the filling of the reactor with the raw material will preferably be automatic. Among the fatty acids or oleins that can be used are all those used in human or animal, agricultural or animal feed such as palm, coconut, palm kernel, soy, sunflower, rapeseed, corn, olive, linseed, butter, tallow, etc. .
Al final del proceso se lleva a cabo un enfriamiento de la masa de reacción para proceder a su almacenamiento y transporte. El tiempo de enfriamiento será proporcional a la temperatura de fusión de la grasa de origen. El paso de enfriamiento se lleva a cabo con un intercambiador de calor para aprovechar la energía que se disipa en el mismo, esto puede realizarse con intercambio del producto caliente con el de temperatura de fusión un poco mayor dependiendo de la difusión de los ácidos grasos de partida. Las grasas así reconstituidas, obtenidas por reconversión de los ácidos grasos residuales se utilizan en alimentación animal. Para ello y que sean comercialmente atractivas se necesita rebajar su acidez residual ya que ésta podría significar el rechazo de los clientes o una fuerte rebaja en su precio. En la presente invención se ha resuelto la eliminación de dicha acidez mediante un proceso con hidróxido calcico, si fuera necesario.At the end of the process a cooling of the reaction mass is carried out to be stored and transported. The cooling time will be proportional to the melting temperature of the source fat. The cooling step is carried out with a heat exchanger to take advantage of the energy that dissipates in it, this can be done by exchanging the hot product with the slightly higher melting temperature depending on the diffusion of fatty acids from departure. The fats thus reconstituted, obtained by reconversion of the residual fatty acids are used in animal feed. For this and that they are commercially attractive it is necessary to reduce its residual acidity since this could mean the rejection of the clients or a strong reduction in its price. In the present invention the elimination of said acidity has been resolved by a process with calcium hydroxide, if necessary.
A continuación se muestran diferentes ejemplos no limitativos de la presente invención, en los que se muestran, en forma de tablas, los efectos de la adición de grasas reconstituidas, en concreto la grasa de palma reconstituida en comparación con las grasas naturales, sobre la alimentación de, en concreto para el ejemplo, pollos.Different non-limiting examples of the present invention are shown below, in which, in the form of tables, the effects of the addition of reconstituted fats, in particular reconstituted palm fat compared to natural fats, on food are shown of, specifically for the example, chickens.
EJEMPLO 1: EFECTO DE NIVEL Y LA FUENTE DE GRASA AÑADIDA A LA DIETA SOBRE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LOS POLLOS DE 1 A 21 DIAS DE EDADEXAMPLE 1: EFFECT OF LEVEL AND THE SOURCE OF FAT ADDED TO THE DIET ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CHICKENS FROM 1 TO 21 DAYS OF AGE
Nivel grasa reconstituida Palma crudaReconstituted fat level Raw palm
0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 4%0% 2% 4% 6% 4%
1-11 días1-11 days
GMD, g 22.1 22.5 22.8 22.8 22.8GMD, g 22.1 22.5 22.8 22.8 22.8
CMD, g 27.1 27.8 28.1 28.4 27.4CMD, g 27.1 27.8 28.1 28.4 27.4
IC 1.26 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.21IC 1.26 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.21
11-21 días11-21 days
GMD, g 49.1 52.0 52.2 52.7 55.2GMD, g 49.1 52.0 52.2 52.7 55.2
CMD, g 69.1 70.8 75.8 75.7 73.9CMD, g 69.1 70.8 75.8 75.7 73.9
IC 1.45 1.36 1.48 1.44 1.34IC 1.45 1.36 1.48 1.44 1.34
1-21 días1-21 days
GMD, g 34.9 36.6 36.8 37.1 38.2GMD, g 34.9 36.6 36.8 37.1 38.2
CMD, g 47.1 48.3 50.8 51.7 49.6CMD, g 47.1 48.3 50.8 51.7 49.6
IC 1.35 1.32 1.38 1.38 1.31IC 1.35 1.32 1.38 1.38 1.31
Mortalidad, % 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 EJEMPLO 2. EFECTO DEL TIPO DE GRASA AÑADIDA A LA DIETA SOBRE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE LOS POLLOS, DE 1 A 21 DÍAS DE EDADMortality,% 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 EXAMPLE 2. EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF FAT ADDED TO THE DIET ON CHICKEN PRODUCTIVITY, FROM 1 TO 21 DAYS OF AGE
Grasa Palma cruda reconstituidaReconstituted raw palm fat
4 % 4 %4% 4%
1-11 días1-11 days
GMD, g 22.8 22.8GMD, g 22.8 22.8
CMD, g 28.1 27.4CMD, g 28.1 27.4
IC 1.23 1.21IC 1.23 1.21
11-21 días11-21 days
GMD, g 52.2 55.2GMD, g 52.2 55.2
CMD, g 75.8 73.9CMD, g 75.8 73.9
IC 1.48 1.34IC 1.48 1.34
1-21 días1-21 days
GMD, g 36.8 38.2GMD, g 36.8 38.2
CMD, g 50.8 49.6CMD, g 50.8 49.6
IC 1.38 1.31IC 1.38 1.31
Mortalidad, % 0.4 0.3Mortality,% 0.4 0.3
EJEMPLO 3: VALOR ENERGÉTICO PIENSOEXAMPLE 3: I THINK ENERGY VALUE
Figure imgf000009_0001
Figure imgf000009_0001
GMD: Ganancia de peso Media DiariaGMD: Daily Average Weight Gain
CMD: Consumo Medio DiarioCMD: Average Daily Consumption
IC: índice de CrecimientoCI: Growth Index
EB: Energía BrutaEB: Gross Energy
AME: Aparentemente Metabolizable Energía EJEMPLO 4: SÍNTESIS DE LA GRASA RECONSTITUIDA GLICEROL MONOLEATO EN PRESENCIA DE UN CATALIZADOR DE ZEOLITAAME: Apparently Metabolizable Energy EXAMPLE 4: SYNTHESIS OF THE RECONSTITUTED FAT GLICEROL MONOLEATO IN THE PRESENCE OF A ZEOLITE CATALYST
Figure imgf000010_0001
Figure imgf000010_0001
El binder o ligante empleado es un material arcilloso inerte.The binder or binder used is an inert clay material.
La zeolita utilizada es la NaY .The zeolite used is NaY.
El ácido empleado en la reacción es el oleico y el alcohol es el glicerol (propano triol) La velocidad de agitación a la que la reacción se lleva a cabo es de 600 rpm.The acid used in the reaction is oleic and alcohol is glycerol (propane triol). The stirring speed at which the reaction is carried out is 600 rpm.
El agua que se va formando durante el proceso de esterificación se elimina en continuo.The water that is formed during the esterification process is eliminated continuously.
EJEMPLO 5. EFECTO DE LA INCLUSIÓN DE PALMA CRUDA RECONSTITUIDA EN PIENSOS PARA LECHONES EN POSTDESTETEEXAMPLE 5. EFFECT OF THE INCLUSION OF CRUDE PALM RECONSTITUTED IN FEED FOR POST-DESTINED LECHONS
Objetivoobjective
El objetivo de este ejemplo es determinar el efecto que tiene sobre los parámetros productivos la inclusión de Palma Cruda Reconstituida (PCR) al pienso de lechones recién destetados como fuente energética alternativa a la manteca. La fecha del comienzo y finalización del estudio es Julio 2008.The objective of this example is to determine the effect on the productive parameters of the inclusion of Reconstituted Crude Palm (PCR) in the feed of freshly weaned piglets as an alternative energy source to butter. The start and end date of the study is July 2008.
Material y métodosMaterial and methods
-Animales experimentales: Se utilizaron un total de 36 lechones machos, destetados a 21-25 días, con un peso medio inicial de 6.5 Kg. ± 0.5 Kg. Los lechones se agruparon teniendo en cuenta el peso vivo inicial. Todos los animales se controlaron de forma individual al inicio del ensayo.-Experimental animals: A total of 36 male piglets were used, weaned at 21-25 days, with an initial average weight of 6.5 kg ± 0.5 kg. The piglets were grouped taking into account the initial live weight. All animals were monitored individually at the start of the test.
-Alojamiento:-Accommodation:
Los animales se alojaron en una nave limpia y desinfectada provista de 6 cajas con 6 animales por caja. Cada caja dispuso de comederos y bebederos individuales. El control ambiental de la sala fue acorde con las necesidades de temperatura y ventilación de los animales.The animals were housed in a clean and disinfected ship provided with 6 boxes with 6 animals per box. Each box had individual feeders and troughs. The environmental control of the room was consistent with the temperature and ventilation needs of the animals.
-Dietas experimentales:-Experimental diets:
Se fabricaron dos tipos de pienso, formulados según las tablas de materias primas FEDNA (Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal), con el objetivo de que cubriesen las necesidades para lechones de estas edades establecidas por el NRC (Nacional Research Council de EEUU), empleando materias primas de calidad y respetando los niveles de inclusión adecuados (Tabla 1). Se determinó, por triplicado, el contenido en humedad, proteína bruta, grasa bruta, fibra bruta y cenizas de cada pienso.Two types of feed were manufactured, formulated according to the FEDNA (Spanish Foundation for Animal Nutrition Development) raw material tables, with the aim of covering the needs for piglets of these ages established by the NRC (National Research Council of the USA). ), using quality raw materials and respecting the appropriate inclusion levels (Table 1). The moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ashes of each feed were determined in triplicate.
El pienso se administró en presentación harina en sacos de 25 Kg. Todas las dietas se suministrarán ad libitum a lo largo del experiencia.The feed was administered in presentation flour in bags of 25 kg. All diets will be supplied ad libitum throughout the experience.
-Diseño experimental:-Experimental design:
La prueba constó de 2 tratamientos experimentales:The test consisted of 2 experimental treatments:
• Tratamiento 1 : Pienso manteca.• Treatment 1: I think butter.
• Tratamiento 2: Pienso Palma Cruda Reconstituida. Cada tratamiento se replicó 3 veces, estando formada cada réplica por 6 lechones al inicio de la prueba. La distribución de los tratamientos se hizo bloqueando el efecto sala, con el objetivo de evitar el efecto de diferencias de temperatura, corrientes de aire, etc.• Treatment 2: I think Reconstituted Crude Palm. Each treatment was replicated 3 times, each replica being formed by 6 piglets at the start of the test. The distribution of the treatments was done by blocking the room effect, in order to avoid the effect of temperature differences, air currents, etc.
Fueron necesarios 750 kilogramos por tratamiento. Para el tratamiento 2 hicieron falta 30 kilogramos de Palma Cruda Reconstituida.750 kilograms were needed per treatment. For treatment 2 it took 30 kilograms of Reconstituted Crude Palm.
Se establecieron tres periodos, dos de dos semanas cada uno y uno de 4 semanas que englobó a los dos anteriores, durante los cuales se mantuvo el tipo de pienso:Three periods were established, two of two weeks each and one of 4 weeks that encompassed the previous two, during which the type of feed was maintained:
• 3-5 semanas de edad (6-9 Kg. de peso) con 6 animales por réplica.• 3-5 weeks of age (6-9 kg of weight) with 6 animals per replica.
• 5-7 semanas de edad (9-16 Kg. de peso) con 6 animales por réplica.• 5-7 weeks of age (9-16 Kg. Weight) with 6 animals per replica.
• 3-7 semanas de edad (6-16 Kg. de peso) con 6 animales por réplica.• 3-7 weeks of age (6-16 kg of weight) with 6 animals per replica.
Controles y toma de datosControls and data collection
Durante el desarrollo de la prueba se midieron los siguientes parámetros:During the development of the test the following parameters were measured:
• Parámetros productivos:• Productive parameters:
-Número de animales por caja a 3, 5 y 7 semanas de vida. -Pesos vivos por caja a 3, 5 y 7 semanas de vida. -Consumo de pienso semanal por caja. -Mortalidad: anotando fecha, edad del animal y peso.-Number of animals per box at 3, 5 and 7 weeks of life. -Live weight per box at 3, 5 and 7 weeks of life. -Weekly feed consumption per box. -Mortality: writing down date, age of the animal and weight.
Con los datos tomados se obtienen los siguientes valores por réplica:With the data taken, the following values are obtained per replication:
• Peso vivo a 3, 5 y 7 semanas de edad. • Ganancia media diaria de 3-5, 5-7 y 3-7 semanas de edad.• Live weight at 3, 5 and 7 weeks of age. • Average daily gain of 3-5, 5-7 and 3-7 weeks of age.
• Consumo medio diario de 3-5, 5-7 y 3-7 semanas de edad.• Average daily consumption of 3-5, 5-7 and 3-7 weeks of age.
• índice de conversión 3-5, 5-7 y 3-7 semanas de edad. • Mortalidad.• conversion rate 3-5, 5-7 and 3-7 weeks of age. • Mortality.
Análisis estadísticoStatistic analysis
Los datos se analizarán por el procedimiento GLM (General Lineal Model: procedimiento estadístico que compara dos poblaciones que difieren en pocos parámetros) de SAS (paquete estadístico que se utiliza para analizar los resultados obtenidos de la prueba). Los datos obtenidos se analizarán de acuerdo al tipo de replica y edad. En el modelo se incluye el tipo de dieta:The data will be analyzed by the GLM procedure (General Linear Model: statistical procedure that compares two populations that differ in a few parameters) from SAS (statistical package that is used to analyze the results obtained from the test). The data obtained will be analyzed according to the type of replica and age. The model includes the type of diet:
Yy -. = μ + tratamientoj + ey-And and -. = Μ + j + e and treatment -
. Yy : Es la variable aleatoria a estudiar, la variable a analizar estadísticamente: peso, ganancia, consumo, mortalidad e índice de conversión. . μ: Media de la variable aleatoria a estudiar.. Yy: The random to study variable, the variable statistically analyzed: weight gain, consumption, mortality and conversion rate. . μ: Mean of the random variable to study.
. tratamientoj: Factor cuyo efecto sobre la variable aleatoria se quiere estudiar. En este caso la inclusión de la palma reconstituida o el uso de manteca en el pienso de lechones.. treatment j : Factor whose effect on the random variable is to be studied. In this case the inclusion of the reconstituted palm or the use of lard in the piglet feed.
. elj: error del modelo. . e lj: model error.
Tabla 1. Pienso experimentalTable 1. Experimental feed
Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001
Tabla 2. Análisis laboratorial
Figure imgf000014_0002
RESULTADOSTable 2. Laboratory analysis
Figure imgf000014_0002
RESULTS
Tabla 3: Peso Medio de los animalesTable 3: Average weight of animals
Tratamiento Peso medio 21 días Peso medio 35 días Peso medio 49 días (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)Treatment Average weight 21 days Average weight 35 days Average weight 49 days (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
Control 6 2l 9.34 14.99Control 6 2 l 9.34 14.99
PCR 621 9/76 16.55PCR 621 9/76 16.55
C. V.* 0.41 4.81 5.99C. V. * 0.41 4.81 5.99
Pr > F** (λ89 (Ul 0.0213Pr> F ** (λ89 (Ul 0.0213
(Subíndices x, y indican tendencia siendo P < 0.10; a, b indican diferencias significativas siendo P<0.05)(Subscripts x, y indicate trend being P <0.10; a, b indicate significant differences being P <0.05)
Los animales que recibieron el pienso que incluía la Palma Cruda Reconstituida acabaron la prueba con mayor peso que los animales que recibieron el alimento control con Manteca como fuente de grasa.The animals that received the feed that included the Reconstituted Raw Palm finished the test with greater weight than the animals that received the control food with Manteca as a source of fat.
Tabla 4. Ganancia Media Diaria de los animalesTable 4. Average Daily Gain of animals
Ganancia media Ganancia media Ganancia mediaAverage earnings Average earnings Average earnings
Tratamiento diaria 21-35 días (Kg) diaria 35-49 días (Kg) diaria 21-49 días (Kg)Daily treatment 21-35 days (Kg) daily 35-49 days (Kg) daily 21-49 days (Kg)
Control 0.184 0.404 0.314 PCR 0.209 0.482 0.368Control 0.184 0.404 0.314 PCR 0.209 0.482 0.368
C. V.* 14.98 10.44 9.96C. V. * 14.98 10.44 9.96
Pr > F** 0.93 0.84 0.88Pr> F ** 0.93 0.84 0.88
(Subíndices x, y indican tendencia siendo P < 0.10; a, b indican diferencias significativas siendo P<0.05)(Subscripts x, y indicate trend being P <0.10; a, b indicate significant differences being P <0.05)
Las diferencias en ganancia no fueron estadísticamente significativas, sin embargo, los crecimientos de los animales que recibieron el pienso con PCR siempre fueron más elevados que los de los animales que recibieron el pienso control. Como resultado se obtuvieron mayores pesos tal y como se ve en la Tabla 3. Tabla 5. Consumo Medio Diario de los animalesThe differences in gain were not statistically significant, however, the growths of the animals that received the feed with PCR were always higher than those of the animals that received the control feed. As a result, higher weights were obtained as seen in Table 3. Table 5. Average daily consumption of animals
Consumo medio Consumo medio Consumo medioAverage consumption Average consumption Average consumption
Tratamiento diario 21-35 días diario 35-49 días diario 21-49 días (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)Daily treatment 21-35 days daily 35-49 days daily 21-49 days (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
Control 0.290 0.736 0.544 PCR 0.325 0.811 0.609Control 0.290 0.736 0.544 PCR 0.325 0.811 0.609
C. V.* 14.50 5.68 7.44C. V. * 14.50 5.68 7.44
Pr > F** 0.92 0.82 0.87Pr> F ** 0.92 0.82 0.87
(Subíndices x, y indican tendencia siendo P < 0.10; a, b indican diferencias significativas siendo P< 0.05)(Subscripts x, y indicate trend being P <0.10; a, b indicate significant differences being P <0.05)
De la misma manera que en las ganancias, las diferencias en consumo no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, los consumos de los animales que recibían pienso con PCR fueron más elevados que los del tratamiento control durante toda la prueba.In the same way as in earnings, differences in consumption were not statistically significant. However, the consumption of the animals that received feed with PCR were higher than those of the control treatment during the whole test.
Tabla 6. índices de Conversión del Alimento índice de índice de conversión índice de conversiónTable 6. Food Conversion indices conversion index index conversion index
Tratamiento conversión 21-35 diario 35-49 días diario 21-49 días díasConversion treatment 21-35 daily 35-49 days daily 21-49 days days
Control 1.57 1.82 1.74 PCR 1.56 1.69 1.66Control 1.57 1.82 1.74 PCR 1.56 1.69 1.66
C. V.* 5.23 4.93 3.38C. V. * 5.23 4.93 3.38
Pr > F** 0.87 0.0256 0.0930Pr> F ** 0.87 0.0256 0.0930
(Subíndices x, y indican tendencia siendo P < 0.10; a, b indican diferencias significativas siendo P< 0.05)(Subscripts x, y indicate trend being P <0.10; a, b indicate significant differences being P <0.05)
Las diferencias en el índice de conversión fueron significativas en el periodo 35-49 días. Los animales habían llegado con mayor peso al día 35, con lo que pudieron aprovechar mejor el alimento (índice de conversión 130 gramos mejor). Para toda la prueba se observa una tendencia a la significación a favor de la PCR (diferencias de 80 gramos). Tabla 7The differences in the conversion rate were significant in the period 35-49 days. The animals had arrived with greater weight at day 35, with which they were able to take better advantage of the food (conversion rate 130 grams better). For the entire test, a tendency towards significance is observed in favor of CRP (differences of 80 grams). Table 7
Mortalidad (%) Mortalidad (%) Mortalidad (%)Mortality (%) Mortality (%) Mortality (%)
Tratamiento 21-35 días 35-49 días 21-49 díasTreatment 21-35 days 35-49 days 21-49 days
Control 0 0 0 PCR 2.77 0 2.77Control 0 0 0 PCR 2.77 0 2.77
C. V.* 0.46 0 0.46C. V. * 0.46 0 0.46
Pr > F** 0.37 0.99 0.37Pr> F ** 0.37 0.99 0.37
^Coeficiente de Variación: parámetro estadístico utilizado para describir la homogeneidad de la población estudiada.^ Variation Coefficient: statistical parameter used to describe the homogeneity of the population studied.
**E1 valor F es uno de los resultados del GLM. Pr>F es la probabilidad en tanto por uno de que un valor no se pueda decir si es de un grupo o de otro dentro de la población. Cuanta más pequeña es F mejor se distinguen los tratamientos.** The value F is one of the results of the GLM. Pr> F is the probability as much for one that a value cannot be said if it is from one group or another within the population. The smaller F is, the better the treatments are distinguished.
Los animales tuvieron una salud normal durante toda la prueba, dándose tan solo una baja en toda la prueba en el tratamiento PCR. La consistencia de las heces fue aceptable en ambos tratamientos durante toda la prueba.The animals had normal health throughout the test, with only one drop in the entire test in the PCR treatment. Stool consistency was acceptable in both treatments throughout the test.
La adición de PCR a un pienso de arranque de lechones contribuye a mejorar el peso final de los animales, así como el índice de conversión de los mismos en las 4 semanas post-destete.The addition of PCR to a piglet feed helps to improve the final weight of the animals, as well as their conversion rate in the 4 weeks after weaning.
De los ejemplos consignados, especialmente de las comparativas con la palma cruda, en la misma concentración se observa que las diferencias en cuanto a productividad y valor energético entre la grasa reconstituida y la natural, son prácticamente despreciables. Es más, también se observa que ambos parámetros, productividad y valor energético del pienso, aumentan a medida que incrementamos la concentración de grasa reconstituida, dentro de los valores de ensayo. From the examples given, especially from comparisons with raw palm, in the same concentration it can be seen that the differences in productivity and energy value between reconstituted and natural fat are practically negligible. Moreover, it is also observed that both parameters, productivity and energy value of the feed, increase as we increase the concentration of reconstituted fat, within the test values.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1.- Procedimiento de reciclado de ácidos grasos u oleínas residuales mediante reconstitución de grasas caracterizado por hacer reaccionar dichos ácidos grasos u oleínas residuales con glicerol en una cantidad, al menos, estequiométrica y a una temperatura superior a los 1000C, durante un tiempo no superior a las 96 horas.1.- Recycling process of fatty acids or residual oleins by reconstitution of fats characterized by reacting said fatty acids or residual oleins with glycerol in an amount, at least stoichiometric and at a temperature higher than 100 0 C, for a period of time greater than 96 hours.
2.- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1 caracterizado porque el glicerol se añade en una cantidad entre 3-15% superior a la estequiométrica.2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the glycerol is added in an amount between 3-15% higher than the stoichiometric.
3.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 o 2, caracterizado porque el glicerol añadido a la reacción es también de origen residual.3. Method according to any of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the glycerol added to the reaction is also of residual origin.
4.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, caracterizado porque los ácidos grasos o las oleínas residuales empleadas en la reacción son, preferentemente, procedentes del refino de grasas.4. Method according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the fatty acids or residual oleins used in the reaction are preferably from the fat refining.
5.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, caracterizado porque el glicerol residual añadido en la reacción procede preferentemente de la industria de producción de biodiesel.5. Method according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the residual glycerol added in the reaction is preferably derived from the biodiesel production industry.
6.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5 caracterizado porque los ácidos grasos residuales utilizados en la reacción son de origen vegetal.6. Method according to any of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that the residual fatty acids used in the reaction are of plant origin.
7.- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 6 caracterizado porque los ácidos grasos se seleccionan entre ácidos grasos residuales procedentes del refino de: aceite de palma, aceite de coco, coprah, aceite de oliva, oleínas de aceite de girasol, oleínas de aceite de soja, oleínas de aceite de colza.7. Method according to claim 6 characterized in that the fatty acids are selected from residual fatty acids from the refining of: palm oil, coconut oil, coprah, olive oil, sunflower oil oleins, soybean oil oleins, rapeseed oil oleins.
8.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 7 caracterizado porque se hacen reaccionar los ácidos grasos libres residuales procedentes del refino del aceite de palma con glicerol a una temperatura de 170°-200°C durante 5-12 horas. 8. Method according to any of claims 1 to 7 characterized in that the residual free fatty acids from the refining of palm oil are reacted with glycerol at a temperature of 170 ° -200 ° C for 5-12 hours.
9.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5 caracterizado porque los ácidos grasos residuales utilizados en la reacción son de origen animal.9. Method according to any of claims 1 to 5 characterized in that the residual fatty acids used in the reaction are of animal origin.
10.- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 9 caracterizado porque los ácidos grasos se seleccionan entre ácidos grasos residuales procedentes del refino de sebos o mantecas.10. Method according to claim 9 characterized in that the fatty acids are selected from residual fatty acids from the tallow or butter refining.
11.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 10 caracterizado porque se puede rebajar la acidez de la grasa reconstituida obtenida, de ser ello necesario, mediante la adición de hidróxido calcico al medio de reacción, con posterioridad a la formación de la grasa.11. Method according to any of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the acidity of the reconstituted fat obtained can be reduced, if necessary, by the addition of calcium hydroxide to the reaction medium, after the formation of the fat.
12.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 11 caracterizado porque la reacción se da en presencia de vacío.12. Method according to any of claims 1 to 11 characterized in that the reaction occurs in the presence of vacuum.
13.- Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 12 caracterizado porque la reacción se da en presencia de catalizadores en una concentración hasta el 5%, preferentemente zeolitas y/o tierras de diatomeas.13. Method according to any of claims 1 to 12 characterized in that the reaction occurs in the presence of catalysts in a concentration up to 5%, preferably zeolites and / or diatomaceous earths.
14.- Grasas reconstituidas a base de ácidos grasos libres y/o de oleínas residuales y glicerol, que presentan una acidez reducida al estar parcialmente saponificadas con hidróxido calcico.14.- Reconstituted fats based on free fatty acids and / or residual oleins and glycerol, which have reduced acidity when partially saponified with calcium hydroxide.
15.- Grasas reconstituidas según la reivindicación 14 provenientes del refino de grasas, aceites u oleínas, vegetales y/o animales.15. Reconstituted fats according to claim 14 from the refining of fats, oils or oleins, vegetables and / or animals.
16.- Grasas reconstituidas según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 14 o 15 en las que opcionalmente el glicerol que las constituye, tiene también su origen como subproducto de la producción de biodiesel,16. Reconstituted fats according to any of claims 14 or 15 wherein optionally the glycerol that constitutes them, also has its origin as a byproduct of biodiesel production,
17.- Uso de las grasas reconstituidas de las reivindicaciones 14 a 16 en alimentación animal. 17. Use of the reconstituted fats of claims 14 to 16 in animal feed.
18.- Uso según la reivindicación 17 en alimentación de animales monogástricos.18. Use according to claim 17 in feeding monogastric animals.
19.- Uso según la reivindicación 18 en alimentación de lechones de cerdo.19. Use according to claim 18 in feeding pig piglets.
20.- Uso según la reivindicación 17 en alimentación de aves, preferentemente en la alimentación de pollos. 20. Use according to claim 17 in poultry feeding, preferably in chicken feeding.
PCT/ES2009/070068 2008-03-19 2009-03-18 Method for recyling by-products by means of the reconstitution of fats useful in animal feeding-stuffs WO2009115635A1 (en)

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ES200800815A ES2325854B1 (en) 2008-03-19 2008-03-19 RECYCLING PROCEDURE OF SUBPRODUCTS THROUGH RECONSTITUTION OF USEFUL FATS IN ANIMAL FEEDING.
ESP200800815 2008-03-19

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB183897A (en) * 1921-04-04 1922-08-04 Ernst Zollinger Jenny Improvements in the process of converting organic acids into esters
WO2003050215A1 (en) * 2001-12-13 2003-06-19 Jott Australia Pty Ltd Process for production of fatty acid esters
US20040062847A1 (en) * 2000-08-08 2004-04-01 Shin Koike Oil/fat composition
ES2249995A1 (en) * 2004-09-22 2006-04-01 Norel, S.A. Method of producing calcium, sodium or magnesium soaps from fatty acids or oleins from animal or vegetable fats and use thereof as nutrients in monogastric animal feed
WO2006085346A1 (en) * 2005-02-14 2006-08-17 Fernando Cantini Mixtures of fatty acid glycerides from c1 to c22 to improve zootechnical performances and/or the health of the intestine of animals

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB183897A (en) * 1921-04-04 1922-08-04 Ernst Zollinger Jenny Improvements in the process of converting organic acids into esters
US20040062847A1 (en) * 2000-08-08 2004-04-01 Shin Koike Oil/fat composition
WO2003050215A1 (en) * 2001-12-13 2003-06-19 Jott Australia Pty Ltd Process for production of fatty acid esters
ES2249995A1 (en) * 2004-09-22 2006-04-01 Norel, S.A. Method of producing calcium, sodium or magnesium soaps from fatty acids or oleins from animal or vegetable fats and use thereof as nutrients in monogastric animal feed
WO2006085346A1 (en) * 2005-02-14 2006-08-17 Fernando Cantini Mixtures of fatty acid glycerides from c1 to c22 to improve zootechnical performances and/or the health of the intestine of animals

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