WO2009098300A2 - The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals - Google Patents

The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009098300A2
WO2009098300A2 PCT/EP2009/051392 EP2009051392W WO2009098300A2 WO 2009098300 A2 WO2009098300 A2 WO 2009098300A2 EP 2009051392 W EP2009051392 W EP 2009051392W WO 2009098300 A2 WO2009098300 A2 WO 2009098300A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
acids
derivatives
acid
composition
hops
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2009/051392
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2009098300A3 (en
Inventor
Gene Probasco
Lloyd C. Schantz
Hassan Oloumi-Sadeghi
Frederick C. Gordon
Samuel A. Wells
Fernando Lopez
Clark Klein
Original Assignee
Basf Se
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Basf Se filed Critical Basf Se
Publication of WO2009098300A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009098300A2/en
Publication of WO2009098300A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009098300A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N49/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds containing the group, wherein m+n>=1, both X together may also mean —Y— or a direct carbon-to-carbon bond, and the carbon atoms marked with an asterisk are not part of any ring system other than that which may be formed by the atoms X, the carbon atoms in square brackets being part of any acyclic or cyclic structure, or the group, wherein A means a carbon atom or Y, n>=0, and not more than one of these carbon atoms being a member of the same ring system, e.g. juvenile insect hormones or mimics thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
    • A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/14—Ectoparasiticides, e.g. scabicides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling parasites in and on animals, to the use of compositions comprising hops-derivatives in such a method, and to formulations comprising such compositions for animal health applications.
  • Ticks are blood-sucking acarid ectoparasites, which penetrate the skin of their host and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. Ticks are important vectors of a number of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, babesiosis, relapsing fever, erlichiosis, Colorado Tick Fever, typhus, hemorrhagic fever, and viral encephalitis.
  • compositions comprising hops-derivatives are suitable for the control of parasites in and on animals.
  • composition comprising a hop derivative for use in a method of controlling parasites in and on an animal.
  • a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal comprising the step of treating the animal with a parasiticidally effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative.
  • composition comprising a hops-derivative in a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal.
  • composition comprising a hops-derivative for the manufacture of a veterinary medicament for the control of parasites in or on an animal.
  • a veterinary medicament compris- ing a hops-derivative and a veterinary acceptable carrier.
  • a method for repelling parasites from an animal comprising the step of treating the animal with an effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative.
  • control is meant inhibiting the survival or reducing, slowing, or stabilizing the growth of a pest (e.g., mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, tick). Control is measured relative to an untreated pest or untreated population of pests.
  • control and con- trolling as used herein include the protection of the animal by preventing an infestation or infection by parasites as well as the control and treatment of such an infestation or infection.
  • an amount effective to disrupt a parasite e.g. a tick or other arachnid, biological function.
  • parasiticidally effective amount means the amount of a composition needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target parasite.
  • the parasiticidally effect amount can vary for the various compositions used in the invention.
  • a parasiticidally effec- tive amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired parasiticidal effect and duration, target species, mode of application, and the like.
  • host is meant an organism that is susceptible to infestation by a parasite.
  • infestation is meant the parasitization of an organism by a pest.
  • parasite is meant any pest capable of parasitizing an animal.
  • mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid any arachnid capable of parasitizing a mammalian or avian host organism.
  • preventing an infestation is meant reducing the probability that a pest infestation will be established in a host.
  • treating an infestation is meant reducing, stabilizing, or slowing the growth of an existing infestation in a host.
  • treatment and “treating” as used herein include topically, orally or parenterally administering or applying to an animal a parasitically effective amount of a composition of the invention.
  • compositions of the invention comprise one or more hops-derivatives.
  • a hops-derivative is a compound that occurs naturally in a hops plant (Humulus lupulus), or is chemically derived (either through natural biosynthetic processes (e.g., living organism metabolism (e.g., mammal, plant, bacteria)) or synthetic processes using human interven- tion (e.g., chemical synthesis)) from a hops plant.
  • Compositions of the invention include one or more compounds derived from hops.
  • alpha acid is meant an organic acid derived from a hop plant (Humulus lupulus) having structural homology to a humulone, adhumulone, cohumulone, or an analog or derivative thereof. Humulone, adhumulone, and cohumulone are the three most abundant alpha acid analogs. Other exemplary derivatives of an alpha acid include, but are not limited to isoal- pha acids, rhoisoalpha acids, tetrahydroisoalpha acids, and hexahydroisoalpha acids. - A -
  • beta acid is meant an organic acid derived from a hop plant (Humulus lupulus) having structural homology to a lupulone, adlupulone, colupulone or an analog or derivative thereof.
  • Lupulone, adlupulone, and colupulone are the three most abundant beta acid analogs.
  • Other exemplary derivatives of a beta acid include, but are not limited to, hulupones, hexahydrobeta acids and hexahydro hulupones. The percentages of analogs present in alpha acids and beta acids is variety dependent.
  • Adhumulone (c) CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 Adlupulone (c)
  • Exemplary hops-derivatives include iso-alpha acids (III), which occur in the cis- and transform (referring to the position of the tertiary alcohol in 4-position of the ring and the prenyl side chain in 5-position.
  • the resulting compounds are thus cis-iso-humulone, trans-iso-humulone, cis-iso- cohumulone, trans-iso-cohumulone, cis-iso-adhumulone, trans-iso-adhumulone, cis-iso- prehumulone, trans-iso-prehumulone, cis-iso-posthumulone, and trans-iso-posthumulone, which are all preferred for use according to the invention.
  • hops-derivatives derived from iso-alpha acids are rho-iso-alpha acids (IV) (also called dihydro-iso-alpha acids) obtainable by sodium borohydride reduction of iso- alpha acids, tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids (V), obtainable by hydrogenation of iso-alpha acids, and hexahydro-iso-alpha acids (Vl), obtainable by hydrogenation and sodium borohydride reduction of iso-alpha acids.
  • IV also called dihydro-iso-alpha acids
  • V tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids
  • Vl hexahydro-iso-alpha acids
  • hops-derivatives based on alpha acids are reduced derivatives of alpha acids, such as dihydrohumulone, dihydrocohumulone, dihydroadhumulone, dihydroprehu- mulone, dihydroposthumulone, tetrahydrohumulone, tetrahydrocohumulone, tetrahydroad- humulone, tetryhydroprehumulone, tetrahydroposthumulone, humulohydroquinone, cohu- mulohydroquinone, adhumulohydroquinone, prehumulohydroquinone, posthumulohydro- quinone, humuloquinone, cohumuloquinone, adhumuloquinone, prehumuloquinone, post- humuloquinone, 2,6-bis(3-methylbutyl)-4-(COR)resorcinol, 2,6-bis(3-methylbuty
  • salts of the alpha acids and their derivatives such as salts derived from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, e.g. sodium, potassium and magnesium salts.
  • hops-derivatives include beta acids, preferably lupulone (Na), colupu- lone (lib), adlupulone (lie), prelupulone (Na) and postlupulone (lie), and derivatives of beta acids, including reduced derivatives such as tetrahydrodeoxyhumulone, tetryhydrodeoxy- cohumulone, tetrahydrodeoxyadhumulone, tetrahydrodeoxyprehumulone, tetrahydrode- oxyposthumulone, deoxyhumulone, deoxycohumulone, deoxyadhumulone, deoxyprehumu- lone, deoxyposthumulone, hexahydrohulupone, hexahydrocohulupone, hexahydroadhulu- pone, hexahydroprehulupone, and hexahydroposthulupone, oxidized derivatives of beta acids,
  • salts of beta acids and derivates thereof such as salts derived from alkali metals or alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. potassium and magnesium salts.
  • Alpha acids and beta acids can be prepared by purification from natural hops and also by chemical synthesis according to traditional methods.
  • the compounds delineated herein, in particular derivatives of alpha- and beta acids, can be synthesized using conventional methods known in the art.
  • the composition comprising a hops-derivative is a hops extract, a partially purified hops extract or a chemically modified hops extract.
  • Plant extracts are often used for the purification of compounds from plants (e.g., hops).
  • An extract can be prepared by drying and subsequently cutting or grinding the dried material.
  • extract refers to a concentrated preparation of the essential constituents of a plant (e.g., medicinal plant, hops).
  • an extract is prepared by drying and powderiz- ing the plant.
  • the extraction process may then be performed with the help of an appropriate choice of solvent, typically supercritical or liquid carbon di-oxide, ethanol/water mixture, methanol, butanol, iso-butanol, acetone, hexane, petroleum ether or other organic solvents by means of maceration, percolation, repercolation, counter-current extraction, turbo- extraction, or by carbon-dioxide supercritical (temperature/pressure) extraction.
  • a composition of the invention is prepared using extraction methods known in the art that employ organic solvents or pressurized CO 2 (liquid or supercritical).
  • the extract is then further evaporated and thus concentrated to yield by means of air drying, vacuum oven drying, fluid-bed drying or freeze-drying, the extract product.
  • Extracts can be further partially purified, e.g. by chromatographic methods. Chemical modification, like neutralization of the hops acids, of extracts or partially purified extracts is also possible. Compositions comprising hops-derivatives are also available commercially. John I. Haas, Inc. products containing hops-derivatives include Betacide ® , Redihop ® , Isohop ® , Tetrahop Gold ® , Hexahop Gold ® , Hexahop 95, MgRIAA and MgBeta.
  • the active ingredients in these products are beta acids and alpha acids, rhoisoalpha acids (RIAA, Redihop®), isoalpha acids (IAA), tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA), hexahydroisoalpha acids (HHIAA) and tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA) in a 50:50 blend, hexahydroisoalpha acids (HHIAA) and tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA) in a 95:5 blend, magnesium salts of rhoi- soalpha acids (MgRIAA) and magnesium salts of beta acids MgBeta), respectively.
  • rhoi- soalpha acids MgRIAA
  • MgBeta magnesium salts of beta acids MgBeta
  • compositions of the invention comprising a hops-derivative generally contain more than one hops-derivative
  • the term as used herein also comprises substantially pure hops-derivatives obtained e.g. by chemical synthesis or isolation from hops-extracts.
  • Crude extracts are tested for parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, activity as described herein. Further fractionation of a positive lead extract having parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, activity is necessary to isolate chemical constituents responsible for the observed effect.
  • the goal of the extraction, fractionation, and purification process is the careful characterization and identification of a chemical entity within the crude extract that inhibits the growth or proliferation of a parasite, e.g. an arachnid, such as a tick. Methods of fractionation and purification of such heterogeneous extracts are known in the art. If desired, compounds shown to be useful as parasiticides, e.g. arachnicides, are chemically modified according to methods known in the art.
  • the invention further provides for a method of identifying a hop derivative that disrupts a biological function of a parasitic pest, preferably selected from the group consisting of a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, such as a tick, in the method comprising:
  • the test compound disrupts a biological function in the pest. More preferred, the test compound kills the pest.
  • the method comprises the steps of:
  • the method identifies a test compound that does or does not disrupt a host organism biological function.
  • the hops-derivatives of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual di- astereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
  • the hops-derivatives of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein. All such isomeric forms of such hops-derivatives are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the hops-derivatives described herein are expressly included in the present invention.
  • the hops-derivatives of this invention are defined to include modifications of naturally occurring hops-derivatives. Modifications include compounds of the invention that are modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance desired properties. The hops-derivatives of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and in- elude those, which increase an anti-parasiticidal activity, increase solubility, or increase heat, light, or oxidation stability. Preferred modifications include salts, esters and amides of naturally occurring hops-derivatives.
  • Acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, cam- phorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fu- marate, glucoheptanoate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persul- fate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate,
  • compositions of the invention include hop acids salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium) having increased stability.
  • hop acid salt e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium
  • compositions of the invention are advantageously stable relative to hop acids produced by conventional methods, which are susceptible to degradation due to heat, light, and acid catalysis.
  • Compositions of the invention remain stable under conditions that induce the degradation of other conventional hop acids.
  • the compositions of the invention are expected to retain at least about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, or preferably at least about 90%, 95% or even 100% of the hop acids present at the time of application.
  • Hop acid salts e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium
  • Hop acid salts are typically present in a diluent or carrier at levels ranging from about 0.01% to about 95%.
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include any monovalent cation, including but not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, silver, copper, or divalent cation, including but not limited to magnesium, calcium, barium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and cadmium.
  • the salt is derived from alkali metals or alkaline earth metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, etc.), ammonium and N-(alkyl) 4 salts.
  • This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen- containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
  • composition of the invention comprises one or more hops acid derivatives.
  • derivative in the context of hops acids preferably denotes the free acids, and vet- erinary acceptable salts thereof.
  • the composition of the invention comprises one or more hops- derivatives selected from alpha acids, reduced derivatives of alpha acids, oxidized derivatives of alpha acids, iso-alpha acids, reduced derivatives of iso-alpha acids, oxidized de- rivatives of iso-alpha acids, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, reduced deriva- tives of humulinic acids, oxidized derivatives of humulinic acids, dehydrated humulinic acids, beta acids, reduced derivatives of beta acids, oxidized derivatives of beta acids.
  • composition of the invention comprises one or more beta acid derivatives, preferably beta acids.
  • the composition comprises at least 0.01% to 10% beta acids.
  • the composition comprises at least about 0.03% beta acids or 3% Betacide.
  • composition of the invention comprises one or more salts of beta acids.
  • the beta acid derivatives are selected from lupulones, hexahydrolupulones, deoxy-humulones, deoxytetrahydrohumulones, hulupones, dihydro- hulupones, tetrahydrohulupones, hexahydrohulupones, hulupinic acids, lupoxes, lupdoxes, lupdeps, lupdols, and tricyclo-oxylupulones.ln a further preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more alpha acid derivates.
  • the alpha acid derivatives are selected from humulones (alpha acids), dihydrohumulones, tetrahydrohumulones, humulohydroquinones, humulo- quinones, humulinones, tricyclodehydro-isohumulones, abeo-isohumulones, isohumulones, dihydroisohumulones, tetrahydroisohumulones, hexahydroisohumulones, allo- isohumulones, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, dihydrohumulinic acid and derivatives, oxyhumulinic acids, dehydrohumulinic acids and derivatives, and dehydrated humulinic acids.
  • humulones alpha acids
  • dihydrohumulones tetrahydrohumulones
  • humulohydroquinones humulo- quinones
  • the composition comprises 0.1 to 10% alpha acids.
  • composition of the invention comprises a mixture of alpha acid and beta acid derivatives.
  • compositions comprise beta acids.
  • Beta acids are commercially available, e.g. under the trade name Betacide ® from John I. Haas, Inc., Washington D. C, USA.
  • Water soluble hop acid alkali metal salts e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium salts
  • water insoluble hop acid alkaline earth metal salts e.g., calcium, magnesium
  • the methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound com- position to achieve the desired or stated parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, effect.
  • the amount of active ingredient e.g., hop acid alkali metal salts, hop acid alkaline earth metal salts or combinations thereof
  • carrier materials e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, rosin, hypomellose
  • carrier materials e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, rosin, hypomellose
  • paraciticides e.g.
  • arachnicides of the invention are formulated as liquids using diluents (e.g., water, other aqueous solutions, water miscible solvents (ethanol, cremophor, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol (IPA) or glycerol, and other solvents) to form a solution or slurry.
  • diluents e.g., water, other aqueous solutions, water miscible solvents (ethanol, cremophor, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol (IPA) or glycerol, and other solvents
  • a typical parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, preparation will contain from about 0.01 % to about 95% hop acid, where the bottom of the range is any integer between 0.01 and 94 and the top of the range is any integer between 0.02 and 95, where the hop acids are provided in a carrier (e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, rosin, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypomellose) that is suitable for use in methods of producing a product having parasiticidal, e.g.
  • a carrier e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, rosin, partially hydrogenated soybean oil
  • compositions of the invention are preferably formulated with rosin or partially hydrogenated soybean oil. Such compositions may be used for the slow release of the active arachnicidal composition, for example, in an aqueous slurry.
  • paraciticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, compositions of the invention are dispersed in cellulose powder.
  • the hop acid alkali metal e.g., sodium, potas- sium, lithium
  • alkaline earth metal salts e.g., calcium, magnesium
  • other hop acid salts are dispersed or dissolved in water, ethanol, or another diluent together with any one or more of maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, rosin, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and hypomellose.
  • the composition is then spray dried to facilitate the formation of particles less than 1 mm in size.
  • the conditions used for spray drying are adjusted such that the particles are at least about 1 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 75 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m, 1 mm, 2 mm, or 5 mm in size.
  • the ratio of hop acids to carrier ranges between about 1 :2 and 1 :100. Preferred ratios include 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5, 1 :6, 1 :7, 1 :8, 1 :9, 1 :10, 1 :20, 1 :30, 1 :50, 1 :75, and 1 :100.
  • compositions of the invention include at least about 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 1 %, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 95% hop acid or hop acid alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium) or hop acid alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium, magnesium) in a diluent or carrier. Not all of the hop acids need be in the metal form. Anywhere between 5% and 100% of the hop acids present in the composi- tion are in the metal form at any given time, and between 95% and 0% are present as free acids.
  • a composition of the invention contains hop acids where 90% are present in the metal form and 10% are present in the acid form; 50% are present in the metal form and 50% in the acid form; and 10% are present in the metal form and 90% in the acid form.
  • the preparation includes between 0.01 and 95% (e.g., 0.01 , 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%) hop acids in a carrier or diluent.
  • a carrier or diluent e.g. 0.01 , 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%) hop acids in a carrier or diluent.
  • such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% hop acids.
  • Compositions containing alpha or beta acids are manufactured by ordinary methods.
  • Hop acids suitable for addition to products can be formulated as ordinary tablets, capsules, solids, liquids, emulsions, slurries, fine granules or powders, which are suitable for administration to products during their preparation, following preparation but prior to storage, or at any time prior to their sale to a vendor or consumer. Lower or higher amounts than those recited above may be required.
  • the compositions delineated herein include the compounds of the formulae delineated herein, as well as additional paraciticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, agents if present, in amounts effective for inhibiting arachnid growth or survival.
  • compositions of the invention are also useful for preventing the establishment of a parasite, e.g. tick, or mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid infestation, for treating an established infestation, and for maintaining the health of a host previously treated for a parasite, e.g. a parasitic arachnid, infestation.
  • the hop derivatives of the invention may be used either alone or in combination with other active or inactive substances.
  • the invention further provides a hop derivative as described above or composition compris- ing a hop derivative as described above for use as a veterinary medicament for treating parasitic infestation of animals.
  • compositions of the invention are preferably used for controlling (including preventing) parasitical infestations and infections of animals, preferably warm-blooded animals (includ- ing humans) and fish. They are, for example, suitable for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in animals, preferably mammals such as cattle, sheep, swine, camels, deer, horses, pigs, poultry, rabbits, goats, dogs and cats, water buffalo, donkeys, fallow deer and reindeer, and also in fur-bearing animals such as mink, chinchilla and raccoon, birds such as hens, geese, turkeys and ducks and fish such as fresh- and salt-water fish such as trout, carp and eels.
  • the animal is a mammalian host, and is selected from the group consisting of humans, rodents, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats.
  • the animal is an avian host, and is selected from the group consist- ing of turkeys, geese, ducks and chickens.
  • compositions of the invention are particularly used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in companion animals, such as dogs or cats.
  • Infestations in warm-blooded animals and fish include, but are not limited to, fleas, ticks, lice, biting lice, nasal bots, keds, biting flies, muscoid flies, flies, myiastic fly larvae, chig- gers, mites, gnats, and mosquitoes.
  • compositions are suitable for systemic and/or non-systemic control of ecto- and/or endoparasites. They are active against all or some stages of development.
  • compositions are especially useful for controlling ectoparasites.
  • compositions are especially useful for controlling parasites of the following orders and species, respectively:
  • fleas e.g. Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,
  • ticks and parasitic mites ticks (Ixodida), e.g. Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus, Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, Der- macentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Ambryomma maculatum, Ornithodorus hermsi, Ornithodorus turicata and parasitic mites (Mesostigmata), e.g. Ornithonyssus ba- coti and Dermanyssus gallinae.
  • Ixodida ticks
  • Ixodes scapularis e.g. Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus, Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, Der- macentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Ambr
  • Ticks are blood-sucking parasites, which act as vectors for human and animal diseases. Frequently transmitted organisms include parasitic worms, viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, which cause Lyme disease, and rickettsias, which cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ticks rapidly reproduce and can infest human dwellings, agricultural buildings, wooded areas and open fields. There are a number of tick species affecting various host organisms. The Brown Dog Tick's (Rhipecephalus sanguineus) most common host is the domestic dog. Adult ticks latch onto a host, feed on its blood, and when fully engorged, drop from the host to lay their eggs.
  • Tick eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults can rapidly infest human dwellings, where they hide behind baseboards, under window and door moldings, in carpets and floor coverings, and in furniture.
  • the dog tick can lay 5,000 eggs within three days after dropping from a host. Eggs usually hatch in about three weeks depending on environmental conditions.
  • the American Dog Tick Dermacentor variabillis is also found on dog hosts, but these ticks can survive on a variety of other large animal hosts.
  • the Ameri- can dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and is commonly associated with tick paralysis. Tick paralysis typically effects children. The cause of the paralysis is thought to be a toxin released into the blood stream by the tick during the feeding process.
  • the toxin enters the bloodstream and causes an ascending paralysis, which starts in the lower body and moves into the upper body.
  • the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick Dermacentor andersoni Stiles is found throughout the Rocky Mountain region and is the principal vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii), which is carried by the ticks.
  • the Groundhog Tick ixodes cokkei Packard is most common in the New England states where they are found in summer cottages around areas frequented by groundhogs.
  • the Common Fowl Tick Argas radiatus Raillet is a soft tick common in poultry houses. It may injure or even kill chickens, and may attack humans.
  • Ornithodorus turicata is a group of soft ticks, which transmit bacteria Bor- relia recurrentis and Borrelia duttoni, which cause relapsing fever.
  • Relapsing fever is an infection caused by two similar bacteria in the Borrelia family.
  • Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is transmitted by the Ornithodoros tick.
  • Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is transmitted by body lice.
  • the Blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis (previously known as the Deer Tick Ixodes dammini) is a carrier of Lyme disease.
  • the Lone Star Tick is a known vector for tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tick paralysis in dogs and humans.
  • ticks Other diseases transmitted by ticks include babesiosis, which is caused by the protozoan Babesia microti, and erlichiosis caused by a rickettsia belonging to the genus Erlichia.
  • the tick is selected from the group consisting of Am- blyomma variegatum, Boophilus microplus, Boophilus annulatus, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabillis, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cokkei Packard, Argas radiatus, Raille, Ornithodorus turicata, Ixodes scapularis, Lone Star Tick, and Rhipecephalus sanguineus.
  • mosquitoes e.g. Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anastre- pha ludens, Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles minimus, Anophe- les quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya macellaria, Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops atlanticus, Cochlio- myia hominivorax, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex pipiens, Culex ni- gripalpus, Culex quinquefascia
  • Pediculus humanus capitis e.g. Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus vituli, Bovicola bovis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus Solenopotes capillatus, Trimenopon spp., Menopon spp., Trinoton spp., Bovicola spp., Werneckiella spp., Lepikentron spp., Tricho- dectes spp., and Felicola spp.,
  • mites Actinedida (Prostigmata) and Acaridida (Astigmata) e.g. Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Ornitrocheyletia spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Hypodectes spp., Pterolichus spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodites spp., and Laminosioptes spp.,
  • Bots Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., Rhodnius spp., Panstrongylus spp. and Arilus critatus,
  • Trichinosis Trichosyringida
  • Trichinellidae Trichinella spp.
  • TrichuridaeJ Trichuris spp. Capillaria spp
  • Rhabditida e.g. Rhabditis spp, Strongyloides spp., Helicephalobus spp,
  • Strongylida e.g. Strongylus spp., Ancylostoma spp., Necator americanus, Bunostomum spp. (Hookworm), Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus., Ostertagia spp., Coop- eria spp., Nematodirus spp., Dictyocaulus spp., Cyathostoma spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Stephanurus dentatus, Ollulanus spp., Chabertia spp., Stephanurus dentatus , Syn- gamus trachea, Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp., Globocephalus spp., Necator spp., Me- tastrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus spp., Angiostrongy
  • Camallanida e.g. Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm)
  • Spirurida e.g. Thelazia spp. Wuchereria spp., Brugia spp., Onchocerca spp., Dirofilaria spp., Dipetalonema spp., Setaria spp., Elaeophora spp., Spirocerca lupi, and Habronema spp.,
  • Thorny-headed worms e.g. Acanthocephalus spp., Macracanthorhyn- chus hirudinaceus and Oncicola spp,
  • Planarians (Plathelminthes):
  • Flukes e.g. Faciola spp., Fascioloides magna, Paragonimus spp., Dicro- coelium spp., Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma spp., Trichobilharzia spp., Alaria alata, Paragonimus spp., and Nanocyetes spp,
  • Cercomeromorpha in particular Cestoda (Tapeworms), e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp., Tenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Dipylidium caninum, Multiceps spp., Hymenolepis spp., Mesoces- toides spp., Vampirolepis spp., Moniezia spp., Anoplocephala spp., Sirometra spp., Anoplocephala spp., and Hymenolepis spp.
  • compositions are particularly useful for the control of pests from the orders Siphonap- tera and Ixodida.
  • compositions for combating parasitic insects preferably fleas, is especially preferred.
  • compositions for combating parasitic arachnids preferably ticks
  • ticks are a further preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • compositions for controlling mammalian or avian parasitic arachnids e.g. ticks
  • avian parasitic arachnids e.g. ticks
  • the invention provides a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with a parasiticidally effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative.
  • the animal is a mammal or bird.
  • the parasite is a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid.
  • the method of controlling a mammalian or avian para- sitic arachnid comprising contacting the arachnid with an effective amount of a composition comprising a hop derivative, thereby controlling the arachnid.
  • the treating, preferably contacting, occurs while the parasite, preferably an arachnid, is in contact with the animal, preferably a mammalian or avian host.
  • the contacting disrupts a biological function of the parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid.
  • the biological function is preferably selected from the group consisting of respiration, neural activity, locomotion, reproduction, or any other physiological activity required for parasite, preferably arachnid, survival.
  • the contacting kills the parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid.
  • the invention further provides a method for preventing or reducing the transmission of a tick borne disease, the method comprising contacting a host organism, i.e. an animal, with a composition comprising a hop derivative, thereby preventing or reducing the transmission of a tick borne disease.
  • the tick borne disease is selected from the group consisting of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick paralysis, Tick-borne relapsing fever, Lyme disease, tularemia, babesiosis, and cattle tick fever.
  • the host is preferably a mammal selected from the group consisting of humans, rodents, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs and cats.
  • the host is an avian selected from the group consisting of turkeys, geese, ducks and chickens.
  • compositions of the invention have a repellent effect on parasites, especially of the orders Siphonaptera and Ixodida and thus may act as a repellent.
  • a repellent for the purposes of the invention is a substance or substance mixture which has a warding-off or fending-off effect on other live organisms, in particular parasites of animals.
  • a compound or composition may work as a repellent without killing the target para- site by preventing it from infesting an animal, or may act both as a repellent and a parasiticide, such as the pyrethroid permethrin.
  • Compositions of the invention may act both as a repellent and parasiticide.
  • the invention therefore also relates to the use of compositions of the invention as repellents, in particular in the case of the parasites stated in the biological examples, and to a method of repelling parasites from an animal by treating the animal with a composition of the invention.
  • a method of repelling parasites of animals may be distinguished from a method of direct control by the fact that the composition of the invention is usually applied earlier, if the repelling effect is to be exploited, or may be applied at a lower dose, e.g. at a sublethal dose which still shows the repelling effect.
  • composition of the invention administered to an animal can be carried out both pro- phylactically and therapeutically.
  • compositions of the invention are carried out directly or in the form of suitable formulations, topically/dermally, orally, or parenterally.
  • Hops derivatives and the compositions comprising them can be provided to a host organism infested with parasites, e.g. mammalian or avian parasitic arachnids such as ticks, in a number of convenient formulations.
  • Formulations of the invention are used to target parasites, such as arachnids, in or on the body of hosts.
  • the composition of the in- vention is active in or on a host for at least about one, two, three, five, ten, thirty, sixty, one hundred eighty, or two hundred forty days. This provides for the presence of the parasiticide, e.g. arachnicide, for the entirety of the parasite, e.g.
  • compositions of the invention that are active for longer periods (e.g., two, three, six, nine, or twelve months) are also envisioned. Such compositions may be used for the long-term treatment of or prevention of an infestation.
  • Formulations of the invention can be sprayed directly in an area of infestation or they can be bound to a solid support or encapsulated in a time release material.
  • the method of the present invention is carried out by introducing into a parasite, such as an arachnid (e.g., tick), a sufficient amount of a parasiticide, e.g. an arachnicide, to impair growth and/or viability of the target parasite, e.g. arachnid or tick, and thereby decrease the population of that pest in or on a host.
  • a parasite such as an arachnid (e.g., tick)
  • a sufficient amount of a parasiticide e.g. an arachnicide
  • time-release formulations may find use, par- ticularly for applications to animals which are subject to reinfestation.
  • the method of introducing of the subject pesticide into the target pest can be by any method that reduces survival, reproduction, or growth of the parasite, such as an arachnid (e.g., tick).
  • the pesticide is absorbed by the pest or is ingested.
  • the formulations can be used as powders, soaps or detergents for treatment of infestations of animals or humans, including infestations with ticks. In some instances it may be necessary to adjust the treatment formulation so as to reduce any dermatological effects associated with the treatment.
  • compositions are preferably applied topically to the animals in the form of dips, dusts, powders, collars, medallions, sprays, shampoos, spot-on and pour-on formulations and in ointments or oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions.
  • dips and sprays usually contain 0.5 ppm to 5,000 ppm and preferably 1 ppm to 3,000 ppm of the compositions.
  • the compositions may be formulated as ear tags for animals, particularly quadrupeds such as cattle and sheep. Topical application as shampoo is a preferred em- bodiment.
  • this invention provides various methods of topically administering such compositions to the skin, hair or feathers of animals, in particular to mammals and birds, for reducing an established infestation and for inhibiting the transmission of parasites, such as ticks, from one host to another, and to prevent the spread of diseases carried by such pests.
  • the present invention therefore, provides wash or topical skin solutions that are useful as "dips" in which the animal can be immersed, or as pour-on or spot-on formulations containing hop acids, which are intended to be applied topically to mammals, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, and the like, and to birds including poultry, such as tur- keys, geese, ducks and chickens.
  • the compositions may be formulated as animal feeds, animal feed premixes, animal feed concentrates, pills, solutions, pastes, suspensions, drenches, gels, tablets, boluses and capsules.
  • the compositions may be administered to the animals in their drinking water.
  • the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the composition, preferably with 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day.
  • compositions may be administered to animals parenterally, for example, by intraruminal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection.
  • the compositions may be dispersed or dissolved in a physiologically acceptable carrier for subcutaneous injection.
  • compositions may be formulated into an implant for subcutaneous administration.
  • the compositions may be transdermally administered to animals.
  • the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the composition of the invention. Suitable formulations for various application forms are:
  • the parasiticides such as arachnicides
  • a liquid spray composition that is formed by dispersing hop derivatives, such as hops acids, in any suitable liquid.
  • hop derivatives such as hops acids
  • the spray composition also includes a surfactant that allows the spray to be dispersed efficiently without clogging the spraying apparatus.
  • the composition can be used to spray a host organism for which parasite, e.g. tick, control is desired.
  • the process may consist of applying the solution to the animals in pastures and/or before they arrive in pasture or consists of in applying the solution to the animals before they arrive in the "feed lot".
  • hop acids are Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS)
  • formulations of the invention may advantageously be used on live stock up to the time of slaughter and may be to treat animals used in milk or egg production without concern that such food products will be contaminated by toxic chemicals.
  • Emulsion formulations can be found as water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w). Droplet size can vary from the nanometer scale (colloidal dispersion) to several hundred microns. A variety of surfactants and thickeners are usually incorporated in the formulation to modify the size of the droplets, stabilize the emulsion.
  • the hop derivative is provided in an oil-based delivery system.
  • the oil- hop derivative mix is deposited on a solid substrate and the substrate containing the hop derivative is placed into an area or on a host where it subsequently contacts and kills the parasites, e.g. ticks.
  • Oil release substrates include vegetable and/or mineral oils.
  • the substrate also contains a surface active agent that renders the composition readily dispersable in water; such agents include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents, and the like.
  • a hop derivative is provided in an encapsulated formulation (liquid or powder).
  • a hop derivative in liquid or powder form is encapsulated in a coating that breaks down slowly in or on a host with parasites, such as ticks.
  • the coating provides for the long-term release of the hop derivative.
  • the composition is released over the course of two to six weeks (e.g., two, three, four, five, six weeks).
  • Encapsulation processes are typically classified as chemical or mechanical.
  • Examples of chemical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, complex coacervation, polymer-polymer incompatibility, interfacial polymerization in liquid media, in situ polymerization, in-liquid drying, thermal and ionic gelation in liquid media, desolvation in liquid media, starch-based chemistry processes, trapping in cyclodextrins, and formation of liposomes.
  • Examples of mechanical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, spray drying, spray chilling, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition, centrifugal extrusion, spinning disk or rotational suspension separation, annular-jet encapsulation, polymerization at liquid-gas or solid-gas interface, solvent evaporation, pressure extrusion or spraying into solvent extraction bath.
  • Microcapsules are also suitable for the long-term release of parasites, such as arach- irrigationdes.
  • Microcapsules are small particles that contain a core material or active ingredient surrounded by a coating or shell.
  • the size of the microcapsule typically varies from 1 to 1000 microns with capsules smaller than 1 micron classified as nanocapsules and capsules larger than 1000 microns as macrocapsules.
  • Core payload usually varies from 0.1 to 98 weight percent.
  • Microcapsules can have a variety of structures (continuous core/shell, multinuclear, or monolithic) and have irregular or geometric shapes
  • parasites such as arachnicides
  • Dusting compositions are typically prepared by grinding a composition comprising hops to a fine powder or by spray drying. The skilled artisan adjusts the condi- tions used in the spray drying process to achieve particles or granules of a size that facilitates delivery to a host or to a parasite, such as a tick or other arachnid.
  • the powder comprises fine particles that coat the host or parasite, e.g. tick, and all of its body parts.
  • the dusting composition can be applied directly to a host.
  • Formulations suitable for injection are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable solvent and optionally adding further ingredients such as acids, bases, buffer salts, preservatives, and solubilizers. The solutions are filtered and filled sterile.
  • Suitable solvents are physiologically tolerable solvents such as water, alkanols such as ethanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, N-methyl- pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof.
  • the preparations can optionally be dissolved in physiologically tolerable vegetable or synthetic oils, which are suitable for injection.
  • Suitable solubilizers are solvents, which promote the dissolution of the active compounds in the main solvent or prevent its precipitation.
  • solvents which promote the dissolution of the active compounds in the main solvent or prevent its precipitation. Examples are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polyoxyethylated sorbitan ester.
  • Suitable preservatives are benzyl alcohol, trichlorobutanol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and n-butanol.
  • Oral solutions are administered directly. Concentrates are administered orally after prior dilution to the use concentration. Oral solutions and concentrates are prepared according to the state of the art and as described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
  • Solutions for use on the skin are trickled on, spread on, rubbed in, sprinkled on or sprayed on.
  • Solutions for use on the skin are prepared according to the state of the art and according to what is described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
  • solvents are polypropylene glycol, phenyl ethanol, phenoxy ethanol, ester such as ethyl or butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkyleneglycol alkylether, e.g. dipropylenglycol monomethylether, ketones such as acetone, methylethylketone, aro- matic hydrocarbons, vegetable and synthetic oils, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, transcutol, solketal, propylencarbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • ethers such as alkyleneglycol alkylether, e.g. dipropylenglycol monomethylether
  • ketones such as acetone, methylethylketone, aro- matic hydrocarbons
  • vegetable and synthetic oils dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, transcutol, solketal, propylencarbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • thickeners are inorganic thickeners such as bentonites, colloidal silicic acid, aluminium monostearate, organic thickeners such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohols and their copolymers, acrylates and methacrylates.
  • Gels are applied to or spread on the skin or introduced into body cavities. Gels are prepared by treating solutions, which have been prepared as described in the case of the in- jection solutions with sufficient thickener that a clear material having an ointment-like consistency results.
  • the thickeners employed are given above.
  • Pour-on formulations are poured or sprayed onto limited areas of the skin, the active compound penetrating the skin and acting systemically.
  • Pour-on formulations are prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the active compound in suitable skin-compatible solvents or solvent mixtures. If appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesives are added.
  • Suitable solvents are, e.g. water, alkanols, glycols, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, glycerol, aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, phenoxyethanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkylene glycol alkyl ethers such as dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons, vegetable or synthetic oils, DMF, dimethylacetamide, n-alkylpyrrolidones such as methylpyrrolidone, n- butylpyrrolidone or n-octylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone,
  • Suitable colorants are all colorants permitted for use on animals and which can be dissolved or suspended.
  • Suitable absorption-promoting substances are, for example, DMSO, spreading oils such as isopropyl myristate, dipropylene glycol pelargonate, silicone oils and copolymers thereof with polyethers, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, fatty alcohols.
  • Suitable antioxidants are sulfites or metabisulfites such as potassium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherol.
  • Suitable light stabilizers are, for example, novantisolic acid.
  • Suitable adhesives are, for example, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, polyacrylates, natural polymers such as alginates and gelatin.
  • Emulsions can be administered orally, dermally or as injections.
  • Emulsions are generally of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type.
  • compositions of the invention are prepared by dissolving the composition of the invention either in the hydrophobic or in the hydrophilic phase and homogenizing this with the solvent of the other phase with the aid of suitable emulsifiers and, if appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, absorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, viscosity- enhancing substances.
  • Suitable hydrophobic phases are: liquid paraffins, silicone oils, natural vegetable oils such as sesame oil, almond oil, castor oil, synthetic triglycerides such as caprylic/capric biglyceride, triglyceride mixture with vegetable fatty acids of the chain length C 8 -Ci 2 or other specially selected natural fatty acids, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids possibly also containing hydroxyl groups, mono- and diglycerides of the C 8 -Ci 0 fatty acids, fatty acid esters such as ethyl stearate, di-n-butyryl adipate, hexyl laurate, dipropylene glycol perlargonate, esters of a branched fatty acid of medium chain length with saturated fatty alcohols of chain length Ci 6 -Ci 8 , isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated fatty alcohols of chain length
  • Suitable emulsifiers are: non-ionic surfactants, e.g. polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethyl stearate, alkylphenol polygly- col ether; ampholytic surfactants such as di-sodium N-lauryl-p-iminodipropionate or lecithin; anionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, mono/dialkyl polyglycol ether orthophosphoric acid ester monoethanolamine salt; cation-active surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.
  • non-ionic surfactants e.g. polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, glycerol monostea
  • Suitable further auxiliaries are: substances which enhance the viscosity and stabilize the emulsion, such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and other cellulose and starch derivatives, polyacrylates, alginates, gelatin, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride, polyethylene glycols, waxes, colloidal silicic acid or mixtures of the substances mentioned.
  • Suspensions can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They are prepared by suspending the composition in a suspending agent, if appropriate with addition of other auxiliaries such as wetting agents, colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers.
  • auxiliaries such as wetting agents, colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers.
  • Liquid suspending agents are all homogeneous solvents and solvent mixtures.
  • Suitable wetting agents are the emulsifiers given above.
  • Semi-solid formulations can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They differ from the suspensions and emulsions described above only by their higher viscosity.
  • composition of the invention is mixed with suitable excipients, if appropriate with addition of auxiliaries, and brought into the desired form.
  • Suitable excipients are all physiologically tolerable solid inert substances. Those used are inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances are, for example, sodium chloride, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, hydrogencarbonates, aluminium oxides, titanium oxide, silicic acids, argillaceous earths, precipitated or colloidal silica, or phosphates. Organic substances are, for example, sugar, cellulose, foodstuffs and feeds such as milk powder, animal meal, grain meals and shreds, starches.
  • Suitable auxiliaries are preservatives, antioxidants, and/or colorants, which have been mentioned above.
  • auxiliaries are lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, bentonites, disintegration-promoting substances such as starch or crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, binders such as starch, gelatin or linear polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dry binders such as microcrystalline cellulose.
  • lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, bentonites, disintegration-promoting substances such as starch or crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, binders such as starch, gelatin or linear polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dry binders such as microcrystalline cellulose.
  • Shampoo formulations which are a preferred embodiment of the invention, comprise surfactants, typically fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, ether sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, like ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate, and optional components like foam boosters, such as alkanol amides, like lauramide DEA and cocamide DEA, thickeners, like methylcellulose, conditioning agents, such as silicones, preservatives, such as DMDM hydantoin and methyl paraben, modifiers, such as acids or bases, like citric acid or sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH, and/or other special additives like fragrance oils, or other therapeutic compounds, like antimicrobials, ketatolytic agents and antiseborrheic compounds.
  • surfactants typically fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, ether sulfates, alkyl ether
  • formulations of the invention are specifically effective if they comprise further surfactants, preferably from the class of polyol fatty acid esters and polyol eth- oxylated polyol fatty acid ester emulsifiers.
  • surfactants are commercially available, e.g. as Agridex ® from Bayer CropScience, Monheim, Germany.
  • compositions used in the invention can comprise:
  • composition of the invention generally from about 0.001 to 95% of a composition comprising a hops-derivative, generally it is favorable to apply the composition of the invention in total amounts of 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per day, preferably 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg per day.
  • Ready-to-use formulations contain the compositions acting against parasites, preferably ectoparasites, in concentrations of 10 ppm to 80 per cent by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 65 per cent by weight, more preferably from 1 to 50 per cent by weight, most preferably from 5 to 40 per cent by weight.
  • Formulations which are diluted before use, contain the compositions acting against ecto- parasites in concentrations of 0.5 to 90 per cent by weight, preferably of 1 to 50 per cent by weight.
  • formulations against endoparasites comprise the compositions in concentrations of 10 ppm to 2 per cent by weight, preferably of 0.05 to 0.9 per cent by weight, very particularly preferably of 0.005 to 0.25 per cent by weight.
  • the invention also provides a composition for treating or preventing a parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid infestation, in or on an animal, the formulation comprising an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. the arachnid.
  • composition preferably comprises an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. arachnid.
  • the hop derivative is preferably an alpha acid, beta acid, or combination of an alpha and a beta acid.
  • the hop derivative is formulated in a liquid, a powder, an oil, an emulsion, a capsule, or a vapor.
  • the formulation further comprises a carrier.
  • a controlled release composition for treating or preventing a parasitic, preferably mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, infestation in or on an animal, the formu- lation comprising an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the infestation.
  • the formulation comprises an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. tick.
  • a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. tick.
  • the formulation has arachnicidal activity on contact.
  • Preferred formulations are dusting powder, shampoo, and a dip.
  • a host organism comprising a composition or formulation as described above.
  • a food product derived from an animal hot preferably a mammalian or avian host, comprising a hop derivative.
  • the food product is meat, eggs, or milk.
  • compositions of the invention are applied dermally/topically.
  • the topical application is conducted in the form of com- pound-containing shaped articles such as collars, medallions, ear tags, bands for fixing at body parts, and adhesive strips and foils.
  • solid formulations which release a composition in total amounts of 10 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 20 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, most preferably 25 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg body weight of the treated animal in the course of three weeks.
  • thermoplastic and flexible plastics as well as elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers are used.
  • Suitable plastics and elastomers are polyvinyl resins, polyurethane, polyacrylate, epoxy resins, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyamides and polyester which are sufficiently compatible with the composition of the invention.
  • a detailed list of plastics and elastomers as well as preparation procedures for the shaped articles is given e.g. in WO 03/086075.
  • kits for the treatment or prevention of parasite, such as tick or other arachnid, infestation in or on an animal includes a composition containing an effective amount of a hop derivative in a form suitable for delivery to a host organism.
  • the kit comprises a container, which contains a parasiticide, e.g. an arachnicide; such containers can be boxes, ampoules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art.
  • a parasiticide e.g. an arachnicide
  • Such containers can be boxes, ampoules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art.
  • Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding parasiticides, such as arachnicides.
  • the kit may comprise a dusting powder, shampoo or dip comprising a hops derivative.
  • the parasiticide e.g. arachnicide
  • the instructions will generally include information about the use of the composition for the treatment or prevention of a parasite, such as an arachnid, infestation.
  • the instructions include at least one of the following: description of the parasiticide, e.g. arachnicide; dosage schedule and administration for treatment or prevention of an infestation; precautions; warnings; description of re- search studies; and/or references.
  • the instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container.
  • Treatment solutions of 100, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm were applied (100 ⁇ l) to 2.2 cm filter paper discs and allowed to dry for one hour.
  • a second set of treatments was also prepared with the addition of 0.5 % Agridex ® surfactant (adjuvant comprising paraffin base petroleum oil and polyol fatty acid esters and poly ethoxylated polyol fatty acid ester emu I- sifier, available from Bayer CropScience, Monheim, Germany).
  • One disc each was placed into 100 ml graduated cylinders and 10 chilled fleas placed into each cylinder. Knockdown and mortality data was collected at 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours post-exposure.
  • Hops extract at 10,000 ppm + Agridex ® provided high flea knockdown by 2 hours. • Hops extract at 10,000 ppm, with and without Agridex , provided high 24-hour mortality.
  • hops extract at 100 and 1000 ppm + Agridex ® did not provide appreciable efficacy, these treatments at 2 and 4 hours provided high excitability in exposed fleas.
  • Hops extract was formulated as in Example 1
  • Non-ventilated Petri dishes (100 x 15 mm) were prepared by treating the inside walls with Fluon, allowed to dry, and then fitted with 100 mm diameter filter paper into the bottoms of dishes. Ticks were counted, 10 each, and placed into the Petri dishes and the lids replaced. Solutions for treatment were prepared (100, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm, with and without 0.5 % Agridex ®* ) in 20 ml scintillation vials. Immediately prior to treatment, the lids were removed from the replicates to be treated and any ticks underneath the paper were moved back to the upper surface of the filter paper.
  • Sprays were applied with a DeVilbiss atomizer at 5 psi and at a rate equivalent to 1 gallon of solution/1000 ft 2 . Immediately after treatment, the lids were replaced as Fluon does not prevent tick escape from dishes. Ticks were evaluated for treatment effect at 1 , 2, and 3 days post treatment.
  • Hops extract at 10,000 ppm + Agridex ® resulted in 100 % efficacy by 1-day post treatment.
  • the 5000 ppm rate also provided 100 % knockdown by 1-day but with some subsequent recovery (76 % efficacy by day 3).
  • Hops extract alone provided high tick knockdown by day 1 at 5000 and 10,000 ppm (86 % and 97 %, respectively), but both provided some degree of recovery (40 % and 83 % efficacy by day 3, respectively).
  • hops extract alone at 1000 ppm provided higher efficacy than hops + Agridex ® at the same rate, intoxication was evident with the hops + Agridex ® treatment. Additional tick intoxication was also evident with hops alone at 5000 ppm.
  • Betacide ® formulation was used in this assay.
  • Wash solutions were prepared by diluting active ingredients and shampoo in water. The final solution contained 2.5 % shampoo and 97.5 % hops extract (10 % active ingredient). Ten brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) were placed each into 20 ml scintillation vials and then the vials capped. Three to five replicates per treatment were used. Vials were tapped on a hard surface to dislodge ticks from the top of the vial, and the vial cap removed. Test solution (445 ⁇ l) was added via pipette into each vial, and the vials capped immediately after adding the solution. Vials are placed on a commercial roller (6 rpm) for 5 minutes.
  • the vials were opened and the wash solution removed with a pipette. After removing wash solution, 2 ml of water were added to the vials to rinse the ticks, then the rinse water removed with a pipette. A strip of filter paper was added to each vial to absorb residual rinse water, and the vials recapped. The ticks were examined daily for the duration of the test to determine mortality or other effects of the treatment.
  • Table 3 Mortality Mortality rate of brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in shampoo assay in percent (3 days)
  • the contact flea repellency assay provides data based on the percentage of fleas resting on treated vs. untreated filter paper.
  • Treatments are made by diluting active ingredients in acetone (example: 10, 100, 1000 ppm, or 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% solutions).
  • Filter paper discs (100 mm) are treated with 100 ⁇ l of the desired acetone treatment.
  • Filter paper treated with 0.5% DEET can be used as positive controls, and untreated filter paper used as negative controls.
  • Filter paper treatment is conducted in a hood and the paper allowed to dry for one hour. After drying, papers are cut in half. Treated pieces are matched against similar half pieces of untreated filter paper and taped together from behind. The combined pieces of filter paper are secured to the inside of a 100 mm (id) plastic lid (40-FL, Packaging Direct) with glue stick adhesive.
  • BetaCide a composition comprising as an active ingredient 10% beta acids, was applied to the interior of three Petri dishes at 1 , 10, and 100% volume per volume (v/v); Sevin was applied at 3 fl oz per gal (2.34 % v/v), and an untreated check (UTC) with each treatment replicated three times.
  • UTC untreated check
  • the interior of three Petri dishes was sprayed 4-5 times, with five ticks being placed into each dish, with a total of 15 ticks total per treatment. Evaluations determined numbers of ticks that were dead or alive over 7 intervals for the first 32 hours and then daily for days 2-15. Mortality rates were calculated in percent from these counts.
  • BetaCide at 10 and 100 %, had good efficacy against the American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Betacide 100% was comparable with Sevin (carbaryl) at 2.3% (3 fl oz/gal).
  • Evaluations consisted of determining the amount of ticks that were dead and alive over different timed intervals and calculating the mortality rate in percent. Results of these studies are shown in Tables 4-6.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Alternative & Traditional Medicine (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

A composition comprising a hops derivative for use in a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal.

Description

The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals
Description
The invention relates to a method for controlling parasites in and on animals, to the use of compositions comprising hops-derivatives in such a method, and to formulations comprising such compositions for animal health applications.
Parasites cause major diseases in both livestock and companion animals. Apart from being an economic threat to farmers, there is also the danger of transmitting diseases to humans.
Ticks are blood-sucking acarid ectoparasites, which penetrate the skin of their host and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. Ticks are important vectors of a number of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, babesiosis, relapsing fever, erlichiosis, Colorado Tick Fever, typhus, hemorrhagic fever, and viral encephalitis.
Accordingly, there is a global demand to possess sufficient means to control parasites, particularly arthropods and helminths, when they attempt to invade or attack animals, particu- larly companion animals and/or livestock. A classical method of controlling such pests has been the use of topical and/or systemic pesticides on or in the domestic animal which is being attacked. Generally effective treatments include the oral administration of insect growth regulators, and antihelminth compounds or the topical application of an insecticide such as fipronil.
Although good results are achieved with the known compounds there is an ongoing need for new active compounds, e. g. for a sustainable resistance management. There is also consumer demand for organic parasiticides, specifically in the field of companion animals.
It is an object of the invention to provide new methods to control parasites in and on animals. Another object of the invention is to provide safer pesticides for animals. Another object of the invention is to provide new organic pesticides for animals. Another object of the invention is to provide pesticides for animals which provide a long residual control of the parasites.
It has now been found that compositions comprising hops-derivatives are suitable for the control of parasites in and on animals.
B07/0621PC The insecticidal and acaridicidal activity of hops-derivatives in crop protection has been described, e.g. in US-A 2002/0051804, US-A 2003/0129270, US-A 2005/0043404 and US- A 2005/0220914.
However, activity of compounds against agricultural pests does not suggest their suitability for control of endo- and ectoparasites in and on animals which requires, for example, low, non-emetic dosages in the case of oral application, metabolic compatibility with the animal, low toxicity, and safe handling.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising a hop derivative for use in a method of controlling parasites in and on an animal.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with a parasiticidally effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative.
In another aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a composition comprising a hops-derivative in a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided the use of a composition comprising a hops-derivative for the manufacture of a veterinary medicament for the control of parasites in or on an animal.
In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a veterinary medicament, compris- ing a hops-derivative and a veterinary acceptable carrier.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for repelling parasites from an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with an effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative.
In this disclosure, "comprises," "comprising," "containing" and "having" and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. or other patent laws and can mean " includes," "including," and the like; "consisting essentially of" or "consists essentially" likewise has the meaning ascribed in U.S. or other patent laws and the term is open-ended, allowing for the presence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novel characteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presence of more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.
By "contacting" is meant touching, associating with, or having proximity to a composition. By "controlling" is meant inhibiting the survival or reducing, slowing, or stabilizing the growth of a pest (e.g., mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, tick). Control is measured relative to an untreated pest or untreated population of pests. The terms "control and "con- trolling" as used herein include the protection of the animal by preventing an infestation or infection by parasites as well as the control and treatment of such an infestation or infection.
By "effective amount" is meant an amount effective to disrupt a parasite, e.g. a tick or other arachnid, biological function. Specifically, "parasiticidally effective amount" means the amount of a composition needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target parasite. The parasiticidally effect amount can vary for the various compositions used in the invention. A parasiticidally effec- tive amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired parasiticidal effect and duration, target species, mode of application, and the like.
By "host" is meant an organism that is susceptible to infestation by a parasite. By "infestation" is meant the parasitization of an organism by a pest. By "parasite" is meant any pest capable of parasitizing an animal.
By "mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid" is meant any arachnid capable of parasitizing a mammalian or avian host organism.
By "preventing an infestation" is meant reducing the probability that a pest infestation will be established in a host. By "treating an infestation" is meant reducing, stabilizing, or slowing the growth of an existing infestation in a host. The terms "treatment" and "treating" as used herein include topically, orally or parenterally administering or applying to an animal a parasitically effective amount of a composition of the invention.
The compositions of the invention comprise one or more hops-derivatives.
A hops-derivative is a compound that occurs naturally in a hops plant (Humulus lupulus), or is chemically derived (either through natural biosynthetic processes (e.g., living organism metabolism (e.g., mammal, plant, bacteria)) or synthetic processes using human interven- tion (e.g., chemical synthesis)) from a hops plant. Compositions of the invention include one or more compounds derived from hops. Preferred are hops acids and derivatives thereof. Hops contain two major organic acid classes, alpha acids (also known as humu- lones) and beta acids (also known as lupulones), which contain at least one dissociative moiety (e.g. enolic OH or phenolic OH). Hops acids are the bitter acid components of hops that are used in beer making.
By "alpha acid" is meant an organic acid derived from a hop plant (Humulus lupulus) having structural homology to a humulone, adhumulone, cohumulone, or an analog or derivative thereof. Humulone, adhumulone, and cohumulone are the three most abundant alpha acid analogs. Other exemplary derivatives of an alpha acid include, but are not limited to isoal- pha acids, rhoisoalpha acids, tetrahydroisoalpha acids, and hexahydroisoalpha acids. - A -
By "beta acid" is meant an organic acid derived from a hop plant (Humulus lupulus) having structural homology to a lupulone, adlupulone, colupulone or an analog or derivative thereof. Lupulone, adlupulone, and colupulone are the three most abundant beta acid analogs. Other exemplary derivatives of a beta acid include, but are not limited to, hulupones, hexahydrobeta acids and hexahydro hulupones. The percentages of analogs present in alpha acids and beta acids is variety dependent.
There are three major analogs for alpha acids (I), humulone, cohumulone, and adhumu- lone, and three major analogs for beta acids (II), colupulone, lupulone, and adlupulone, as well as the pre- and post-analogs:
Figure imgf000005_0001
ALPHA-ACIDS BETA-ACIDS
Humulone (a) R=CH2CH(CHs)2 Lupulone (a)
Cohumulone (b) CH(CHa)2 Colupulone (b)
Adhumulone (c) CH(CH3)CH2CH3 Adlupulone (c)
Prehumulone (d) CH2CH2CH(CHs)2 Prelupulone (d)
Posthumulone (e) C2H5 Postlupulone (e)
If not otherwise stated, the above meanings for R apply throughout this specification and also denominate the structure of respective co-, ad-, pre-, and post-derivatives of the compounds listed below, even if such a denomination may not be common in the literature.
Exemplary hops-derivatives include iso-alpha acids (III), which occur in the cis- and transform (referring to the position of the tertiary alcohol in 4-position of the ring and the prenyl side chain in 5-position.
Figure imgf000006_0001
(III) cis-iso-alpha-acid (a) trans-iso-alpha-acid (b)
The resulting compounds are thus cis-iso-humulone, trans-iso-humulone, cis-iso- cohumulone, trans-iso-cohumulone, cis-iso-adhumulone, trans-iso-adhumulone, cis-iso- prehumulone, trans-iso-prehumulone, cis-iso-posthumulone, and trans-iso-posthumulone, which are all preferred for use according to the invention.
Further preferred hops-derivatives derived from iso-alpha acids are rho-iso-alpha acids (IV) (also called dihydro-iso-alpha acids) obtainable by sodium borohydride reduction of iso- alpha acids, tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids (V), obtainable by hydrogenation of iso-alpha acids, and hexahydro-iso-alpha acids (Vl), obtainable by hydrogenation and sodium borohydride reduction of iso-alpha acids.
Figure imgf000006_0002
(IV) (V) (Vl)
In view of the chiral center created by the sodium borohydride reduction in the 4-side chain, the compounds are thus:
(R)-cis-dihydro-isohumulone, (S)-cis-dihydro-isohumulone, (R)-trans-dihydro-isohumulone, (S)-trans-dihydro-isohumulone, (R)-cis-dihydro-isocohumulone, (S)-cis-dihydro- isocohumulone, (R)-trans-dihydro-isocohumulone, (S)-trans-dihydro-isocohumulone, (R)- cis-dihydro-isoadhumulone, (S)-cis-dihydro-isoadhumulone, (R)-trans-dihydro- isoadhumulone, (S)-trans-dihydro-isoadhumulone; cis-tetrahydro-isohumulone, trans-tetrahydro-isohumulone, cis-tetrahydro-isocohumulone, trans-tetrahydro-isocohumulone, cis-tetrahydro-isoadhumulone, trans-tetrahydro- isoadhumulone; (R)-cis-hexahydro-isohumulone, (S)-cis-hexahydro-isohumulone, (R)-trans-hexahydro- isohumulone, (S)-trans-hexahydro-isohumulone, (R)-cis-hexahydro-isocohumulone, (S)- cis-hexahydro-isocohumulone, (R)-trans-hexahydro-isocohumulone, (S)-trans-hexahydro- isocohumulone, (R)-cis-hexahydro-isoadhumulone, (S)-cis-hexahydro-isoadhumulone, (R)- trans-hexahydro-isoadhumulone, and (S)-trans-hexahydro-isoadhumulone, as well as the respective pre- and posthumulone compounds, preadhumulone (R = C5H11), and the compound where R = -CH2-CH2-CH(CHS)-CI-I2-CI-I3, with their respective iso-, dihydro-iso-, tet- rahydro-iso-, and hexahydro-iso-derivatives in all isomeric forms, which are all preferred for the use according to the invention.
Further preferred hops-derivatives based on alpha acids are reduced derivatives of alpha acids, such as dihydrohumulone, dihydrocohumulone, dihydroadhumulone, dihydroprehu- mulone, dihydroposthumulone, tetrahydrohumulone, tetrahydrocohumulone, tetrahydroad- humulone, tetryhydroprehumulone, tetrahydroposthumulone, humulohydroquinone, cohu- mulohydroquinone, adhumulohydroquinone, prehumulohydroquinone, posthumulohydro- quinone, humuloquinone, cohumuloquinone, adhumuloquinone, prehumuloquinone, post- humuloquinone, 2,6-bis(3-methylbutyl)-4-(COR)resorcinol, 2,6-bis(3-methylbutyl)-4- (CH2R)resorcinol; oxidized derivatives of alpha acids, such as humulinone (sometimes termed gamma-acid), cohumulinone, adhumulinone, prehumulinone, posthumulinone, tri- cyclodehydro-isohumulone, tricyclodedydro-isocohumulone, tricyclodehydro- isoadhumulone, tricyclodehydro-isoprehumulone, tricyclodehydro-isoposthumulone; iso- alpha acids, such as the compounds (III) described above as well as spiro-isohumulones, spiro-isocohumulones, spiro-isoadhumulones, spiro-isoprehumulones, spiro- isoposthumulones; reduced derivatives of iso-alpha acids, such as compounds (IV), (V), and (Vl) described above, as well as neohydro-isohumulones, neohydro-isocohumulones, neohydro-isoadhumulones, neohydro-isoprehumulones, neohydro-isoposthumulones; oxidized derivatives of iso-alpha acids, such as abeo-isohumulones, abeo-isocohumulones, abeo-isoadhumulones, abeo-isoprehumulones, abeo-isoposthumulones; further derivatives of iso-alpha acids, such as allo-isohumulones, allo-isocohumulones, allo-isoadhumulones, allo-isoprehumulones, allo-isoposthumulones, hydrated allo-isohumulones, hydrated allo- isocohumulones, hydrated allo-isoadhumulones, hydrated allo-isoprehumulones, hydrated allo-isoposthumulones, acetylhumulinic acid, acetylcohumulinic acid, acetyladhumulinic acid, acetylprehumulinic acid, acetylposthumulinic acid, humulinic acid (VII), cohumulinic acid, adhumulinic acid, prehumulinic acid, posthumulinic acid, humulinic acid C, cohumu- linic acid C, adhumulinic acid C, prehumulinic acid C, posthumulinic acid C, deoxohumu- linic acid C, deoxocohumulinic acid C, deoxoadhumulinic acid C, deoxoprehumulinic acid C, deoxoposthumulinic acid C, humulinic acid D, cohumulinic acid D, adhumulinic acid D, prehumulinic acid D, posthumulinic acid D, O-methylhumulinic acid D, O-methylcohumulinic acid D, O-methyladhumulinic acid D, O-methylprehumulinic acid D, O-methylposthumulinic acid D, O-methylallohumulinic acid D, O-methylallocohumulinic acid D, O- methylalloadhumulinic acid D, O-methylalloprehumulinic acid D, O-methylalloposthumulinic acid D, O-methyldihydrohumulinic acid D, O-methyldihydrocohumulinic acid D, O- methyldihydroadhumulinic acid D, O-methyldihydroprehumulinic acid D, O- methyldihydroposthumulinic acid D, isohumulinic acid, isocohumulinic acid, isoadhumulinic acid, isoprehumulinic acid, isoposthumulinic acid; reduced derivatives of humulinic acids, such as dihydrohumulinic acid, dihydrocohumulinic acid, dihydroadhumulinic acid, dihydro- prehumulinic acid, dihydroposthumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrohumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrocohumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydroadhumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydro- prehumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydroposthumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrodeoxohumu- linic acid, dehydrated dihydrodeoxocohumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrodeoxoadhumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrodeoxoprehumulinic acid, dehydrated dihydrodeoxoposthumulinic acid, dihydrodeoxohumulinic acid, dihydrodeoxocohumulinic acid, dihydrodeoxoadhumulinic acid, dihydrodeoxoprehumulinic acid, dihydrodeoxoposthumulinic acid, deoxo- isohumulinic acid, deoxo-isocohumulinic acid, deoxo-isoadhumulinic acid, deoxo- isoprehumulinic acid, deoxo-isoposthumulinic acid; oxidized derivatives of the humulinic acids, such as oxyhumulinic acid, oxycohumulinic acid, oxyadhumulinic acid, oxyprehumu- linci acid, oxyposthumulinic acid, dehydrohumulinic acid, dehydrocohumulinic acid, dehy- droadhumulinic acid, dehydroprehumulinic acid, dehydroposthumulinic acid, cyclized dehydrohumulinic acid, cyclized dehydrocohumulinic acid, cyclized dehydroadhumulinic acid, cyclized dehydroprehumulinic acid, cyclized dehydroposthumulinic acid; dehydrated humu- linic acid, dehydrated cohumulinic acid, dehydrated adhumulinic acid, dehydrated prehu- mulinic acid, and dehydrated posthumulinic acid, all of the above compounds, if applicable, as the respective cis (syn) and trans (anti) isomers.
Figure imgf000008_0001
R=CI-L-CH(CH,);, (VII)
Further preferred are salts of the alpha acids and their derivatives, such as salts derived from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, e.g. sodium, potassium and magnesium salts.
All of the above compounds are known from the literature and described, e.g. in D. E. Briggs et al., Brewing: Science and Practice, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., 2004, and M. Ver- zele and D. De Keukeleire, Chemistry and Analysis of Hop and Beer Bitter Acids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991.
Further exemplary hops-derivatives include beta acids, preferably lupulone (Na), colupu- lone (lib), adlupulone (lie), prelupulone (Na) and postlupulone (lie), and derivatives of beta acids, including reduced derivatives such as tetrahydrodeoxyhumulone, tetryhydrodeoxy- cohumulone, tetrahydrodeoxyadhumulone, tetrahydrodeoxyprehumulone, tetrahydrode- oxyposthumulone, deoxyhumulone, deoxycohumulone, deoxyadhumulone, deoxyprehumu- lone, deoxyposthumulone, hexahydrohulupone, hexahydrocohulupone, hexahydroadhulu- pone, hexahydroprehulupone, and hexahydroposthulupone, oxidized derivatives of beta acids, such as hulupone (sometimes termed delta-acid), cohulupone, adhulupone, prehu- lupone, posthulupone, dihydrohulupone, dihydrocohulupone, dihydroadhulupone, dihydro- prehulupone, dihydroposthulupone, tetrahydrohulupone, tetrahydrocohulupone, tetrahy- droadhulupone, tetrahydroprehulupone, tetrahydroposthulupone, hexahydrohulupone, hexahydrocohulupone, hexahydroadhulupone, hexahydroprehulupone, hexahydroposthu- lupone, hulupinic acid, cohulupinic acid, adhulupinic acid, prehulupinic acid, posthulupinic acid, lupoxes, colupoxes, adlupoxes, prelupoxes, postlupoxes, lupdoxes, colupdoxes, ad- lupdoxes, prelupdoxes, postlupdoxes, lupdeps, colupdeps, adlupdeps, prelupdeps, post- lupdeps, lupdols, colupdols, adlupdols, prelupdols, postlupdols and tricyclo-oxycolupulones (TCOC).
Further preferred are salts of beta acids and derivates thereof, such as salts derived from alkali metals or alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. potassium and magnesium salts.
Alpha acids and beta acids can be prepared by purification from natural hops and also by chemical synthesis according to traditional methods. The compounds delineated herein, in particular derivatives of alpha- and beta acids, can be synthesized using conventional methods known in the art.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the composition comprising a hops-derivative is a hops extract, a partially purified hops extract or a chemically modified hops extract.
Plant extracts are often used for the purification of compounds from plants (e.g., hops). An extract can be prepared by drying and subsequently cutting or grinding the dried material. The term "extract" refers to a concentrated preparation of the essential constituents of a plant (e.g., medicinal plant, hops). Typically, an extract is prepared by drying and powderiz- ing the plant. The extraction process may then be performed with the help of an appropriate choice of solvent, typically supercritical or liquid carbon di-oxide, ethanol/water mixture, methanol, butanol, iso-butanol, acetone, hexane, petroleum ether or other organic solvents by means of maceration, percolation, repercolation, counter-current extraction, turbo- extraction, or by carbon-dioxide supercritical (temperature/pressure) extraction. In preferred embodiments, a composition of the invention is prepared using extraction methods known in the art that employ organic solvents or pressurized CO2 (liquid or supercritical). The extract is then further evaporated and thus concentrated to yield by means of air drying, vacuum oven drying, fluid-bed drying or freeze-drying, the extract product. Extracts can be further partially purified, e.g. by chromatographic methods. Chemical modification, like neutralization of the hops acids, of extracts or partially purified extracts is also possible. Compositions comprising hops-derivatives are also available commercially. John I. Haas, Inc. products containing hops-derivatives include Betacide®, Redihop®, Isohop®, Tetrahop Gold®, Hexahop Gold®, Hexahop 95, MgRIAA and MgBeta. The active ingredients in these products are beta acids and alpha acids, rhoisoalpha acids (RIAA, Redihop®), isoalpha acids (IAA), tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA), hexahydroisoalpha acids (HHIAA) and tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA) in a 50:50 blend, hexahydroisoalpha acids (HHIAA) and tetrahydroisoalpha acids (THIAA) in a 95:5 blend, magnesium salts of rhoi- soalpha acids (MgRIAA) and magnesium salts of beta acids MgBeta), respectively.
While the compositions of the invention comprising a hops-derivative generally contain more than one hops-derivative, the term as used herein also comprises substantially pure hops-derivatives obtained e.g. by chemical synthesis or isolation from hops-extracts.
Crude extracts are tested for parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, activity as described herein. Further fractionation of a positive lead extract having parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, activity is necessary to isolate chemical constituents responsible for the observed effect. Thus, the goal of the extraction, fractionation, and purification process is the careful characterization and identification of a chemical entity within the crude extract that inhibits the growth or proliferation of a parasite, e.g. an arachnid, such as a tick. Methods of fractionation and purification of such heterogeneous extracts are known in the art. If desired, compounds shown to be useful as parasiticides, e.g. arachnicides, are chemically modified according to methods known in the art.
The invention further provides for a method of identifying a hop derivative that disrupts a biological function of a parasitic pest, preferably selected from the group consisting of a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, such as a tick, in the method comprising:
(a) contacting the pest with a test composition comprising a hop derivative; and
(b) assaying a pest biological function.
Preferably, the test compound disrupts a biological function in the pest. More preferred, the test compound kills the pest.
In a further embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:
(c) contacting a host organism with the test composition; and
(d) assaying a host organism biological function. Preferably, the method identifies a test compound that does or does not disrupt a host organism biological function.
Numerous methods are available for the chemical synthesis of hops-derivatives. Such compounds can be synthesized from readily available starting materials using standard synthetic techniques and methodologies known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and de- protection) useful in synthesizing the compounds identified by the methods described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991 ); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Sythesis, John Wily and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof. Chemically synthesized alpha and beta acids can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.
The hops-derivatives of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual di- astereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention. The hops-derivatives of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein. All such isomeric forms of such hops-derivatives are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the hops-derivatives described herein are expressly included in the present invention. As used herein, the hops-derivatives of this invention are defined to include modifications of naturally occurring hops-derivatives. Modifications include compounds of the invention that are modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance desired properties. The hops-derivatives of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and in- elude those, which increase an anti-parasiticidal activity, increase solubility, or increase heat, light, or oxidation stability. Preferred modifications include salts, esters and amides of naturally occurring hops-derivatives.
Acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, cam- phorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fu- marate, glucoheptanoate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persul- fate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such as oxalic acid, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their acceptable acid addition salts.
In some embodiments, compositions of the invention include hop acids salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium) having increased stability. These hop acid salt (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium) compositions are advantageously stable relative to hop acids produced by conventional methods, which are susceptible to degradation due to heat, light, and acid catalysis. Compositions of the invention remain stable under conditions that induce the degradation of other conventional hop acids. In particular, after 6 months to 1 year of storage, the compositions of the invention are expected to retain at least about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, or preferably at least about 90%, 95% or even 100% of the hop acids present at the time of application. Hop acid salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium) are typically present in a diluent or carrier at levels ranging from about 0.01% to about 95%.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include any monovalent cation, including but not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, silver, copper, or divalent cation, including but not limited to magnesium, calcium, barium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and cadmium. In particular embodiments, the salt is derived from alkali metals or alkaline earth metals (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, etc.), ammonium and N-(alkyl)4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen- containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
In a preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more hops acid derivatives.
The term derivative in the context of hops acids preferably denotes the free acids, and vet- erinary acceptable salts thereof.
In a preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more hops- derivatives selected from alpha acids, reduced derivatives of alpha acids, oxidized derivatives of alpha acids, iso-alpha acids, reduced derivatives of iso-alpha acids, oxidized de- rivatives of iso-alpha acids, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, reduced deriva- tives of humulinic acids, oxidized derivatives of humulinic acids, dehydrated humulinic acids, beta acids, reduced derivatives of beta acids, oxidized derivatives of beta acids.
In a further preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more beta acid derivatives, preferably beta acids.
In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least 0.01% to 10% beta acids.
In another embodiment, the composition comprises at least about 0.03% beta acids or 3% Betacide.
In a further preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more salts of beta acids.
In a further preferred embodiment the beta acid derivatives are selected from lupulones, hexahydrolupulones, deoxy-humulones, deoxytetrahydrohumulones, hulupones, dihydro- hulupones, tetrahydrohulupones, hexahydrohulupones, hulupinic acids, lupoxes, lupdoxes, lupdeps, lupdols, and tricyclo-oxylupulones.ln a further preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises one or more alpha acid derivates.
In a further preferred embodiment the alpha acid derivatives are selected from humulones (alpha acids), dihydrohumulones, tetrahydrohumulones, humulohydroquinones, humulo- quinones, humulinones, tricyclodehydro-isohumulones, abeo-isohumulones, isohumulones, dihydroisohumulones, tetrahydroisohumulones, hexahydroisohumulones, allo- isohumulones, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, dihydrohumulinic acid and derivatives, oxyhumulinic acids, dehydrohumulinic acids and derivatives, and dehydrated humulinic acids.
In another preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 0.1 to 10% alpha acids.
In a further preferred embodiment the composition of the invention comprises a mixture of alpha acid and beta acid derivatives.
Particularly preferred compositions comprise beta acids. Beta acids are commercially available, e.g. under the trade name Betacide® from John I. Haas, Inc., Washington D. C, USA.
Water soluble hop acid alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium salts) and water insoluble hop acid alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium, magnesium) are typically pre- sent in a diluent or carrier at levels ranging from about 0.01% to about 95%. The methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound com- position to achieve the desired or stated parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, effect. Preferably, the amount of active ingredient (e.g., hop acid alkali metal salts, hop acid alkaline earth metal salts or combinations thereof) are combined with carrier materials (e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, rosin, hypomellose) to form a powder suitable for delivery. For some applications, paraciticides, e.g. arachnicides, of the invention are formulated as liquids using diluents (e.g., water, other aqueous solutions, water miscible solvents (ethanol, cremophor, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol (IPA) or glycerol, and other solvents) to form a solution or slurry.
A typical parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, preparation will contain from about 0.01 % to about 95% hop acid, where the bottom of the range is any integer between 0.01 and 94 and the top of the range is any integer between 0.02 and 95, where the hop acids are provided in a carrier (e.g., maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, rosin, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypomellose) that is suitable for use in methods of producing a product having parasiticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, activity. Where non-aqueous paraciticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, compositions are desired, the compositions of the invention are preferably formulated with rosin or partially hydrogenated soybean oil. Such compositions may be used for the slow release of the active arachnicidal composition, for example, in an aqueous slurry. In still other embodiments, paraciticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, compositions of the invention are dispersed in cellulose powder. In each of the aforementioned embodiments, the hop acid alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potas- sium, lithium), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium, magnesium), or other hop acid salts are dispersed or dissolved in water, ethanol, or another diluent together with any one or more of maltodextrin, cluster dextrin, corn starch, corn syrup solids, glucose, cyclodextrin, arabic gum, calaginan, inuline, rosin, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and hypomellose. The composition is then spray dried to facilitate the formation of particles less than 1 mm in size. Preferably, the conditions used for spray drying are adjusted such that the particles are at least about 1 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 25 μm, 50 μm, 75 μm, 100 μm, 150 μm, 200 μm, 500 μm, 1 mm, 2 mm, or 5 mm in size. The ratio of hop acids to carrier ranges between about 1 :2 and 1 :100. Preferred ratios include 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5, 1 :6, 1 :7, 1 :8, 1 :9, 1 :10, 1 :20, 1 :30, 1 :50, 1 :75, and 1 :100. Alternatively, compositions of the invention include at least about 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 1 %, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or 95% hop acid or hop acid alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium) or hop acid alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium, magnesium) in a diluent or carrier. Not all of the hop acids need be in the metal form. Anywhere between 5% and 100% of the hop acids present in the composi- tion are in the metal form at any given time, and between 95% and 0% are present as free acids. In various embodiments, a composition of the invention contains hop acids where 90% are present in the metal form and 10% are present in the acid form; 50% are present in the metal form and 50% in the acid form; and 10% are present in the metal form and 90% in the acid form.
In preferred embodiments, the preparation includes between 0.01 and 95% (e.g., 0.01 , 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%) hop acids in a carrier or diluent. Alternatively, such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% hop acids. Compositions containing alpha or beta acids are manufactured by ordinary methods. Hop acids suitable for addition to products can be formulated as ordinary tablets, capsules, solids, liquids, emulsions, slurries, fine granules or powders, which are suitable for administration to products during their preparation, following preparation but prior to storage, or at any time prior to their sale to a vendor or consumer. Lower or higher amounts than those recited above may be required. The compositions delineated herein include the compounds of the formulae delineated herein, as well as additional paraciticidal, e.g. arachnicidal, agents if present, in amounts effective for inhibiting arachnid growth or survival.
Lower or higher effective amounts than those recited herein may be required to effectively kill parasites, e.g. arachnids, without adversely affecting a host organism. Specific amounts and treatment regimens are determined empirically as described herein. Compositions of the invention are also useful for preventing the establishment of a parasite, e.g. tick, or mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid infestation, for treating an established infestation, and for maintaining the health of a host previously treated for a parasite, e.g. a parasitic arachnid, infestation.
The hop derivatives of the invention may be used either alone or in combination with other active or inactive substances.
The invention further provides a hop derivative as described above or composition compris- ing a hop derivative as described above for use as a veterinary medicament for treating parasitic infestation of animals.
The compositions of the invention are preferably used for controlling (including preventing) parasitical infestations and infections of animals, preferably warm-blooded animals (includ- ing humans) and fish. They are, for example, suitable for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in animals, preferably mammals such as cattle, sheep, swine, camels, deer, horses, pigs, poultry, rabbits, goats, dogs and cats, water buffalo, donkeys, fallow deer and reindeer, and also in fur-bearing animals such as mink, chinchilla and raccoon, birds such as hens, geese, turkeys and ducks and fish such as fresh- and salt-water fish such as trout, carp and eels. In one embodiment, the animal is a mammalian host, and is selected from the group consisting of humans, rodents, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats.
In another embodiment, the animal is an avian host, and is selected from the group consist- ing of turkeys, geese, ducks and chickens.
The compositions of the invention are particularly used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in companion animals, such as dogs or cats.
Infestations in warm-blooded animals and fish include, but are not limited to, fleas, ticks, lice, biting lice, nasal bots, keds, biting flies, muscoid flies, flies, myiastic fly larvae, chig- gers, mites, gnats, and mosquitoes.
The compositions are suitable for systemic and/or non-systemic control of ecto- and/or endoparasites. They are active against all or some stages of development.
The compositions are especially useful for controlling ectoparasites.
The compositions are especially useful for controlling parasites of the following orders and species, respectively:
fleas (Siphonaptera), e.g. Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,
and
ticks and parasitic mites (Parasitiformes): ticks (Ixodida), e.g. Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus, Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, Der- macentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Ambryomma maculatum, Ornithodorus hermsi, Ornithodorus turicata and parasitic mites (Mesostigmata), e.g. Ornithonyssus ba- coti and Dermanyssus gallinae.
Ticks are blood-sucking parasites, which act as vectors for human and animal diseases. Frequently transmitted organisms include parasitic worms, viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, which cause Lyme disease, and rickettsias, which cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ticks rapidly reproduce and can infest human dwellings, agricultural buildings, wooded areas and open fields. There are a number of tick species affecting various host organisms. The Brown Dog Tick's (Rhipecephalus sanguineus) most common host is the domestic dog. Adult ticks latch onto a host, feed on its blood, and when fully engorged, drop from the host to lay their eggs. Tick eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults can rapidly infest human dwellings, where they hide behind baseboards, under window and door moldings, in carpets and floor coverings, and in furniture. The dog tick can lay 5,000 eggs within three days after dropping from a host. Eggs usually hatch in about three weeks depending on environmental conditions. The American Dog Tick Dermacentor variabillis is also found on dog hosts, but these ticks can survive on a variety of other large animal hosts. The Ameri- can dog tick is a vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and is commonly associated with tick paralysis. Tick paralysis typically effects children. The cause of the paralysis is thought to be a toxin released into the blood stream by the tick during the feeding process. The toxin enters the bloodstream and causes an ascending paralysis, which starts in the lower body and moves into the upper body. The Rocky Mountain Wood Tick Dermacentor andersoni Stiles is found throughout the Rocky Mountain region and is the principal vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (R. Rickettsii), which is carried by the ticks. The Groundhog Tick ixodes cokkei Packard is most common in the New England states where they are found in summer cottages around areas frequented by groundhogs. The Common Fowl Tick Argas radiatus Raillet is a soft tick common in poultry houses. It may injure or even kill chickens, and may attack humans. Ornithodorus turicata is a group of soft ticks, which transmit bacteria Bor- relia recurrentis and Borrelia duttoni, which cause relapsing fever. Relapsing fever is an infection caused by two similar bacteria in the Borrelia family. Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is transmitted by the Ornithodoros tick. Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is transmitted by body lice. The Blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis (previously known as the Deer Tick Ixodes dammini) is a carrier of Lyme disease. The Lone Star Tick is a known vector for tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tick paralysis in dogs and humans. Other diseases transmitted by ticks include babesiosis, which is caused by the protozoan Babesia microti, and erlichiosis caused by a rickettsia belonging to the genus Erlichia. Ticks that typically select livestock hosts, such as cattle, horses, and other live stock, include the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus and Boophilus annulatus), which transmit cattle tick fever, Dermacentor albipictus, and the tropical bont tick (Amblyomma variegatum).
In one embodiment of the invention, the tick is selected from the group consisting of Am- blyomma variegatum, Boophilus microplus, Boophilus annulatus, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabillis, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cokkei Packard, Argas radiatus, Raille, Ornithodorus turicata, Ixodes scapularis, Lone Star Tick, and Rhipecephalus sanguineus.
Further contemplated is the use against:
flies, mosquitoes (Diptera), e.g. Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anastre- pha ludens, Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles minimus, Anophe- les quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya macellaria, Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops atlanticus, Cochlio- myia hominivorax, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex pipiens, Culex ni- gripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, Culiseta melanura, Dermatobia hominis, Fannia canicularis, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Glossina morsitans, Glossina palpalis, Glossina fuscipes, Glossina tachinoides, Haematobia irritans, Haplodip- losis equestris, Hippelates spp., Hypoderma lineata, Leptoconops torrens, Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria pectoralis, Mansonia spp., Musca domestica, Mus- cina stabulans, Oestrus ovis, Phlebotomus argentipes, Psorophora columbiae, Psorophora discolor, Prosimulium mixtum, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga spp., Simulium vittatum, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus bovinus, Tabanus atratus, Tabanus lineola, and Tabanus similis,
lice (Phthiraptera), e.g. Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus vituli, Bovicola bovis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus Solenopotes capillatus, Trimenopon spp., Menopon spp., Trinoton spp., Bovicola spp., Werneckiella spp., Lepikentron spp., Tricho- dectes spp., and Felicola spp.,
mites Actinedida (Prostigmata) and Acaridida (Astigmata) e.g. Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Ornithocheyletia spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Hypodectes spp., Pterolichus spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodites spp., and Laminosioptes spp.,
Bugs (Heteropterida): Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., Rhodnius spp., Panstrongylus spp. and Arilus critatus,
Roundworms Nematoda:
Wipeworms and Trichinosis (Trichosyringida), e.g. Trichinellidae (Trichinella spp.), (TrichuridaeJ Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp,
Rhabditida, e.g. Rhabditis spp, Strongyloides spp., Helicephalobus spp,
Strongylida, e.g. Strongylus spp., Ancylostoma spp., Necator americanus, Bunostomum spp. (Hookworm), Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus., Ostertagia spp., Coop- eria spp., Nematodirus spp., Dictyocaulus spp., Cyathostoma spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Stephanurus dentatus, Ollulanus spp., Chabertia spp., Stephanurus dentatus , Syn- gamus trachea, Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp., Globocephalus spp., Necator spp., Me- tastrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus spp., Angiostrongylus spp., Pare- laphostrongylus spp. Aleurostrongylus abstrusus, and Dioctophyma renale, lntestinal roundworms (Ascaridida), e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Ascaridia galli, Parascaris equorum, Enterobius vermicularis (Threadworm), Toxocara canis, Toxas- caris leonine, Skrjabinema spp., and Oxyuris equi,
Camallanida, e.g. Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm)
Spirurida, e.g. Thelazia spp. Wuchereria spp., Brugia spp., Onchocerca spp., Dirofilaria spp., Dipetalonema spp., Setaria spp., Elaeophora spp., Spirocerca lupi, and Habronema spp.,
Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), e.g. Acanthocephalus spp., Macracanthorhyn- chus hirudinaceus and Oncicola spp,
Planarians (Plathelminthes):
Flukes (Trematoda), e.g. Faciola spp., Fascioloides magna, Paragonimus spp., Dicro- coelium spp., Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma spp., Trichobilharzia spp., Alaria alata, Paragonimus spp., and Nanocyetes spp,
Cercomeromorpha, in particular Cestoda (Tapeworms), e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp., Tenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Dipylidium caninum, Multiceps spp., Hymenolepis spp., Mesoces- toides spp., Vampirolepis spp., Moniezia spp., Anoplocephala spp., Sirometra spp., Anoplocephala spp., and Hymenolepis spp.
The compositions are particularly useful for the control of pests from the orders Siphonap- tera and Ixodida.
Furthermore, the use of the compositions for combating parasitic insects, preferably fleas, is especially preferred.
The use of the compositions for combating parasitic arachnids, preferably ticks, is a further preferred embodiment of the invention.
The use of compositions for controlling mammalian or avian parasitic arachnids, e.g. ticks, is also especially preferred.
The invention provides a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with a parasiticidally effective amount of a composition comprising a hops-derivative. In a further preferred embodiment, the animal is a mammal or bird. In a further preferred embodiment, the parasite is a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid.
In a further preferred embodiment, the method of controlling a mammalian or avian para- sitic arachnid, is provided the method comprising contacting the arachnid with an effective amount of a composition comprising a hop derivative, thereby controlling the arachnid.
In a further preferred embodiment, the treating, preferably contacting, occurs while the parasite, preferably an arachnid, is in contact with the animal, preferably a mammalian or avian host.
Preferably, the contacting disrupts a biological function of the parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid. The biological function is preferably selected from the group consisting of respiration, neural activity, locomotion, reproduction, or any other physiological activity required for parasite, preferably arachnid, survival.
In a further preferred embodiment, the contacting kills the parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid.
The invention further provides a method for preventing or reducing the transmission of a tick borne disease, the method comprising contacting a host organism, i.e. an animal, with a composition comprising a hop derivative, thereby preventing or reducing the transmission of a tick borne disease.
Preferably, the tick borne disease is selected from the group consisting of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick paralysis, Tick-borne relapsing fever, Lyme disease, tularemia, babesiosis, and cattle tick fever.
The host is preferably a mammal selected from the group consisting of humans, rodents, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs and cats.
Also preferably, the host is an avian selected from the group consisting of turkeys, geese, ducks and chickens.
Further it has been found that the compositions of the invention have a repellent effect on parasites, especially of the orders Siphonaptera and Ixodida and thus may act as a repellent.
A repellent for the purposes of the invention is a substance or substance mixture which has a warding-off or fending-off effect on other live organisms, in particular parasites of animals. A compound or composition may work as a repellent without killing the target para- site by preventing it from infesting an animal, or may act both as a repellent and a parasiticide, such as the pyrethroid permethrin. Compositions of the invention may act both as a repellent and parasiticide.
The invention therefore also relates to the use of compositions of the invention as repellents, in particular in the case of the parasites stated in the biological examples, and to a method of repelling parasites from an animal by treating the animal with a composition of the invention.
A method of repelling parasites of animals may be distinguished from a method of direct control by the fact that the composition of the invention is usually applied earlier, if the repelling effect is to be exploited, or may be applied at a lower dose, e.g. at a sublethal dose which still shows the repelling effect.
Administration of the composition of the invention to an animal can be carried out both pro- phylactically and therapeutically.
Administration of the compositions of the invention is carried out directly or in the form of suitable formulations, topically/dermally, orally, or parenterally.
Hops derivatives and the compositions comprising them can be provided to a host organism infested with parasites, e.g. mammalian or avian parasitic arachnids such as ticks, in a number of convenient formulations. Formulations of the invention are used to target parasites, such as arachnids, in or on the body of hosts. Desirably, the composition of the in- vention is active in or on a host for at least about one, two, three, five, ten, thirty, sixty, one hundred eighty, or two hundred forty days. This provides for the presence of the parasiticide, e.g. arachnicide, for the entirety of the parasite, e.g. arachnid, life cycle, which typically is completed over the course of three to four weeks. Where activity is maintained for a shorter period (e.g., seven, fourteen, twenty-one, or thirty days), repeated administration of a composition of the invention may be desired or required. Compositions that are active for longer periods (e.g., two, three, six, nine, or twelve months) are also envisioned. Such compositions may be used for the long-term treatment of or prevention of an infestation.
Formulations of the invention can be sprayed directly in an area of infestation or they can be bound to a solid support or encapsulated in a time release material. The method of the present invention is carried out by introducing into a parasite, such as an arachnid (e.g., tick), a sufficient amount of a parasiticide, e.g. an arachnicide, to impair growth and/or viability of the target parasite, e.g. arachnid or tick, and thereby decrease the population of that pest in or on a host. In some instances, time-release formulations may find use, par- ticularly for applications to animals which are subject to reinfestation. The method of introducing of the subject pesticide into the target pest can be by any method that reduces survival, reproduction, or growth of the parasite, such as an arachnid (e.g., tick). In one embodiment, the pesticide is absorbed by the pest or is ingested. The formulations can be used as powders, soaps or detergents for treatment of infestations of animals or humans, including infestations with ticks. In some instances it may be necessary to adjust the treatment formulation so as to reduce any dermatological effects associated with the treatment.
The compositions are preferably applied topically to the animals in the form of dips, dusts, powders, collars, medallions, sprays, shampoos, spot-on and pour-on formulations and in ointments or oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. For topical application, dips and sprays usually contain 0.5 ppm to 5,000 ppm and preferably 1 ppm to 3,000 ppm of the compositions. In addition, the compositions may be formulated as ear tags for animals, particularly quadrupeds such as cattle and sheep. Topical application as shampoo is a preferred em- bodiment.
Further, this invention provides various methods of topically administering such compositions to the skin, hair or feathers of animals, in particular to mammals and birds, for reducing an established infestation and for inhibiting the transmission of parasites, such as ticks, from one host to another, and to prevent the spread of diseases carried by such pests. The present invention, therefore, provides wash or topical skin solutions that are useful as "dips" in which the animal can be immersed, or as pour-on or spot-on formulations containing hop acids, which are intended to be applied topically to mammals, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, and the like, and to birds including poultry, such as tur- keys, geese, ducks and chickens.
For oral administration to warm-blooded animals, the compositions may be formulated as animal feeds, animal feed premixes, animal feed concentrates, pills, solutions, pastes, suspensions, drenches, gels, tablets, boluses and capsules. In addition, the compositions may be administered to the animals in their drinking water. For oral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the composition, preferably with 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day.
Alternatively, the composition may be administered to animals parenterally, for example, by intraruminal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection. The compositions may be dispersed or dissolved in a physiologically acceptable carrier for subcutaneous injection. Alternatively, compositions may be formulated into an implant for subcutaneous administration. In addition the compositions may be transdermally administered to animals. For par- enteral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the composition of the invention. Suitable formulations for various application forms are:
- Solutions such as oral solutions, concentrates for oral administration after dilution, solu- tions for use on the skin or in body cavities, pour-on formulations, gels:
E.g., the parasiticides, such as arachnicides, are prepared in a liquid spray composition that is formed by dispersing hop derivatives, such as hops acids, in any suitable liquid. Preferably, the hop derivatives, such as hops acids, are dispersed in water. If desired, the spray composition also includes a surfactant that allows the spray to be dispersed efficiently without clogging the spraying apparatus. The composition can be used to spray a host organism for which parasite, e.g. tick, control is desired.
For livestock, the process may consist of applying the solution to the animals in pastures and/or before they arrive in pasture or consists of in applying the solution to the animals before they arrive in the "feed lot". Because hop acids are Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS), formulations of the invention may advantageously be used on live stock up to the time of slaughter and may be to treat animals used in milk or egg production without concern that such food products will be contaminated by toxic chemicals.
- Emulsions and suspensions for oral or dermal administration; semi-solid preparations:
Emulsion formulations can be found as water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w). Droplet size can vary from the nanometer scale (colloidal dispersion) to several hundred microns. A variety of surfactants and thickeners are usually incorporated in the formulation to modify the size of the droplets, stabilize the emulsion.
- Formulations in which the active compound is processed in an ointment base or in an oil- in-water or water-in-oil emulsion base:
In one approach, the hop derivative is provided in an oil-based delivery system. The oil- hop derivative mix is deposited on a solid substrate and the substrate containing the hop derivative is placed into an area or on a host where it subsequently contacts and kills the parasites, e.g. ticks. Oil release substrates include vegetable and/or mineral oils. In one embodiment, the substrate also contains a surface active agent that renders the composition readily dispersable in water; such agents include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents, and the like.
- Solid formulations such as powders, premixes or concentrates, granules, pellets, tablets, boluses, capsules, aerosols and inhalants, and active compound-containing shaped articles: In one approach, a hop derivative is provided in an encapsulated formulation (liquid or powder). Preferably, a hop derivative in liquid or powder form is encapsulated in a coating that breaks down slowly in or on a host with parasites, such as ticks. The coating provides for the long-term release of the hop derivative. Preferably, the composition is released over the course of two to six weeks (e.g., two, three, four, five, six weeks).
Encapsulation processes are typically classified as chemical or mechanical. Examples of chemical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, complex coacervation, polymer-polymer incompatibility, interfacial polymerization in liquid media, in situ polymerization, in-liquid drying, thermal and ionic gelation in liquid media, desolvation in liquid media, starch-based chemistry processes, trapping in cyclodextrins, and formation of liposomes. Examples of mechanical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to, spray drying, spray chilling, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition, centrifugal extrusion, spinning disk or rotational suspension separation, annular-jet encapsulation, polymerization at liquid-gas or solid-gas interface, solvent evaporation, pressure extrusion or spraying into solvent extraction bath.
Microcapsules are also suitable for the long-term release of parasites, such as arach- nicides. Microcapsules are small particles that contain a core material or active ingredient surrounded by a coating or shell. The size of the microcapsule typically varies from 1 to 1000 microns with capsules smaller than 1 micron classified as nanocapsules and capsules larger than 1000 microns as macrocapsules. Core payload usually varies from 0.1 to 98 weight percent. Microcapsules can have a variety of structures (continuous core/shell, multinuclear, or monolithic) and have irregular or geometric shapes
In other embodiments, parasites, such as arachnicides, are prepared in a dusting composition or as a powder. Dusting compositions are typically prepared by grinding a composition comprising hops to a fine powder or by spray drying. The skilled artisan adjusts the condi- tions used in the spray drying process to achieve particles or granules of a size that facilitates delivery to a host or to a parasite, such as a tick or other arachnid. Desirably, the powder comprises fine particles that coat the host or parasite, e.g. tick, and all of its body parts. The dusting composition can be applied directly to a host.
Formulations suitable for injection are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable solvent and optionally adding further ingredients such as acids, bases, buffer salts, preservatives, and solubilizers. The solutions are filtered and filled sterile.
Suitable solvents are physiologically tolerable solvents such as water, alkanols such as ethanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, N-methyl- pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof. The preparations can optionally be dissolved in physiologically tolerable vegetable or synthetic oils, which are suitable for injection.
Suitable solubilizers are solvents, which promote the dissolution of the active compounds in the main solvent or prevent its precipitation. Examples are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polyoxyethylated sorbitan ester.
Suitable preservatives are benzyl alcohol, trichlorobutanol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and n-butanol.
Oral solutions are administered directly. Concentrates are administered orally after prior dilution to the use concentration. Oral solutions and concentrates are prepared according to the state of the art and as described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
Solutions for use on the skin are trickled on, spread on, rubbed in, sprinkled on or sprayed on.
Solutions for use on the skin are prepared according to the state of the art and according to what is described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.
Further suitable solvents are polypropylene glycol, phenyl ethanol, phenoxy ethanol, ester such as ethyl or butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkyleneglycol alkylether, e.g. dipropylenglycol monomethylether, ketones such as acetone, methylethylketone, aro- matic hydrocarbons, vegetable and synthetic oils, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, transcutol, solketal, propylencarbonate, and mixtures thereof.
It may be advantageous to add thickeners during preparation. Suitable thickeners are inorganic thickeners such as bentonites, colloidal silicic acid, aluminium monostearate, organic thickeners such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohols and their copolymers, acrylates and methacrylates.
Gels are applied to or spread on the skin or introduced into body cavities. Gels are prepared by treating solutions, which have been prepared as described in the case of the in- jection solutions with sufficient thickener that a clear material having an ointment-like consistency results. The thickeners employed are given above.
Pour-on formulations are poured or sprayed onto limited areas of the skin, the active compound penetrating the skin and acting systemically. Pour-on formulations are prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the active compound in suitable skin-compatible solvents or solvent mixtures. If appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesives are added.
Suitable solvents are, e.g. water, alkanols, glycols, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, glycerol, aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, phenoxyethanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkylene glycol alkyl ethers such as dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons, vegetable or synthetic oils, DMF, dimethylacetamide, n-alkylpyrrolidones such as methylpyrrolidone, n- butylpyrrolidone or n-octylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 2,2-dimethyl-4- oxy-methylene-1 ,3-diox- olane and glycerol formal.
Suitable colorants are all colorants permitted for use on animals and which can be dissolved or suspended.
Suitable absorption-promoting substances are, for example, DMSO, spreading oils such as isopropyl myristate, dipropylene glycol pelargonate, silicone oils and copolymers thereof with polyethers, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, fatty alcohols.
Suitable antioxidants are sulfites or metabisulfites such as potassium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherol.
Suitable light stabilizers are, for example, novantisolic acid.
Suitable adhesives are, for example, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, polyacrylates, natural polymers such as alginates and gelatin.
Emulsions can be administered orally, dermally or as injections.
Emulsions are generally of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type.
They are prepared by dissolving the composition of the invention either in the hydrophobic or in the hydrophilic phase and homogenizing this with the solvent of the other phase with the aid of suitable emulsifiers and, if appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, absorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, viscosity- enhancing substances.
Suitable hydrophobic phases (oils) are: liquid paraffins, silicone oils, natural vegetable oils such as sesame oil, almond oil, castor oil, synthetic triglycerides such as caprylic/capric biglyceride, triglyceride mixture with vegetable fatty acids of the chain length C8-Ci2 or other specially selected natural fatty acids, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids possibly also containing hydroxyl groups, mono- and diglycerides of the C8-Ci0 fatty acids, fatty acid esters such as ethyl stearate, di-n-butyryl adipate, hexyl laurate, dipropylene glycol perlargonate, esters of a branched fatty acid of medium chain length with saturated fatty alcohols of chain length Ci6-Ci8, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated fatty alcohols of chain length Ci2-Ci8, isopropyl stearate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, ethyl oleate, ethyl lactate, waxy fatty acid esters such as synthetic duck coccygeal gland fat, dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, and ester mixtures related to the latter, fatty alcohols such as isotridecyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, cetylstearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and fatty acids such as oleic acid and mixtures thereof. Suitable hydrophilic phases are: water, alcohols such as propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol and mixtures thereof.
Suitable emulsifiers are: non-ionic surfactants, e.g. polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethyl stearate, alkylphenol polygly- col ether; ampholytic surfactants such as di-sodium N-lauryl-p-iminodipropionate or lecithin; anionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, mono/dialkyl polyglycol ether orthophosphoric acid ester monoethanolamine salt; cation-active surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.
Suitable further auxiliaries are: substances which enhance the viscosity and stabilize the emulsion, such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and other cellulose and starch derivatives, polyacrylates, alginates, gelatin, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride, polyethylene glycols, waxes, colloidal silicic acid or mixtures of the substances mentioned.
Suspensions can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They are prepared by suspending the composition in a suspending agent, if appropriate with addition of other auxiliaries such as wetting agents, colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers.
Liquid suspending agents are all homogeneous solvents and solvent mixtures.
Suitable wetting agents (dispersants) are the emulsifiers given above.
Other auxiliaries, which may be mentioned are those given above. Semi-solid formulations can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They differ from the suspensions and emulsions described above only by their higher viscosity.
For the production of solid formulations, the composition of the invention is mixed with suitable excipients, if appropriate with addition of auxiliaries, and brought into the desired form.
Suitable excipients are all physiologically tolerable solid inert substances. Those used are inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances are, for example, sodium chloride, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, hydrogencarbonates, aluminium oxides, titanium oxide, silicic acids, argillaceous earths, precipitated or colloidal silica, or phosphates. Organic substances are, for example, sugar, cellulose, foodstuffs and feeds such as milk powder, animal meal, grain meals and shreds, starches.
Suitable auxiliaries are preservatives, antioxidants, and/or colorants, which have been mentioned above.
Other suitable auxiliaries are lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, bentonites, disintegration-promoting substances such as starch or crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, binders such as starch, gelatin or linear polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dry binders such as microcrystalline cellulose.
Shampoo formulations, which are a preferred embodiment of the invention, comprise surfactants, typically fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, ether sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, like ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate, and optional components like foam boosters, such as alkanol amides, like lauramide DEA and cocamide DEA, thickeners, like methylcellulose, conditioning agents, such as silicones, preservatives, such as DMDM hydantoin and methyl paraben, modifiers, such as acids or bases, like citric acid or sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH, and/or other special additives like fragrance oils, or other therapeutic compounds, like antimicrobials, ketatolytic agents and antiseborrheic compounds.
It has been found that formulations of the invention are specifically effective if they comprise further surfactants, preferably from the class of polyol fatty acid esters and polyol eth- oxylated polyol fatty acid ester emulsifiers. Such surfactants are commercially available, e.g. as Agridex® from Bayer CropScience, Monheim, Germany.
The formulations used in the invention can comprise:
generally from about 0.001 to 95% of a composition comprising a hops-derivative, generally it is favorable to apply the composition of the invention in total amounts of 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per day, preferably 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg per day.
Ready-to-use formulations contain the compositions acting against parasites, preferably ectoparasites, in concentrations of 10 ppm to 80 per cent by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 65 per cent by weight, more preferably from 1 to 50 per cent by weight, most preferably from 5 to 40 per cent by weight.
Formulations, which are diluted before use, contain the compositions acting against ecto- parasites in concentrations of 0.5 to 90 per cent by weight, preferably of 1 to 50 per cent by weight.
Furthermore, formulations against endoparasites comprise the compositions in concentrations of 10 ppm to 2 per cent by weight, preferably of 0.05 to 0.9 per cent by weight, very particularly preferably of 0.005 to 0.25 per cent by weight.
The invention also provides a composition for treating or preventing a parasite, preferably a mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid infestation, in or on an animal, the formulation comprising an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. the arachnid.
The composition preferably comprises an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. arachnid.
The hop derivative is preferably an alpha acid, beta acid, or combination of an alpha and a beta acid.
Preferably, the hop derivative is formulated in a liquid, a powder, an oil, an emulsion, a capsule, or a vapor.
Preferably, the formulation further comprises a carrier.
Further preferred is a controlled release composition for treating or preventing a parasitic, preferably mammalian or avian parasitic arachnid, infestation in or on an animal, the formu- lation comprising an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the infestation.
Preferably, the formulation comprises an effective amount of a hop derivative in a suitable form for delivery to the parasite, e.g. tick. Preferred are formulations where the hop derivative is released over the course of at least 14 days, more preferred over the course of at least 30-60 days.
Preferably, the formulation has arachnicidal activity on contact.
Preferred formulations are dusting powder, shampoo, and a dip.
Further provided is a host organism comprising a composition or formulation as described above.
Further provided is a food product derived from an animal hot, preferably a mammalian or avian host, comprising a hop derivative.
Preferably, the food product is meat, eggs, or milk.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compositions of the invention are applied dermally/topically.
In a further preferred embodiment, the topical application is conducted in the form of com- pound-containing shaped articles such as collars, medallions, ear tags, bands for fixing at body parts, and adhesive strips and foils.
Generally it is favorable to apply solid formulations which release a composition in total amounts of 10 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 20 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, most preferably 25 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg body weight of the treated animal in the course of three weeks.
For the preparation of the shaped articles, thermoplastic and flexible plastics as well as elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers are used. Suitable plastics and elastomers are polyvinyl resins, polyurethane, polyacrylate, epoxy resins, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyamides and polyester which are sufficiently compatible with the composition of the invention. A detailed list of plastics and elastomers as well as preparation procedures for the shaped articles is given e.g. in WO 03/086075.
The invention further provides kits for the treatment or prevention of parasite, such as tick or other arachnid, infestation in or on an animal. In one embodiment, the kit includes a composition containing an effective amount of a hop derivative in a form suitable for delivery to a host organism. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a container, which contains a parasiticide, e.g. an arachnicide; such containers can be boxes, ampoules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding parasiticides, such as arachnicides. The kit may comprise a dusting powder, shampoo or dip comprising a hops derivative.
If desired the parasiticide, e.g. arachnicide, of the invention is provided together with in- structions for administering it to a host. The instructions will generally include information about the use of the composition for the treatment or prevention of a parasite, such as an arachnid, infestation. In other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following: description of the parasiticide, e.g. arachnicide; dosage schedule and administration for treatment or prevention of an infestation; precautions; warnings; description of re- search studies; and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container.
The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations and modifications may be made to the invention described herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.
The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or subcombination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent and publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, not to limit it. Those skilled in the art will understand that the specific constructions provided below may be changed in numerous ways, consistent with the above described invention while retaining the critical properties of the compounds or combinations thereof.
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the assay, screening, and therapeutic methods of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Examples
Example 1
Efficacy of formulated hops extract against cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) adults
An emulsion concentration (170 g ai/L, EC) of hops extract was used in the assay.
Treatment solutions of 100, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm were applied (100 μl) to 2.2 cm filter paper discs and allowed to dry for one hour. A second set of treatments was also prepared with the addition of 0.5 % Agridex® surfactant (adjuvant comprising paraffin base petroleum oil and polyol fatty acid esters and poly ethoxylated polyol fatty acid ester emu I- sifier, available from Bayer CropScience, Monheim, Germany). One disc each was placed into 100 ml graduated cylinders and 10 chilled fleas placed into each cylinder. Knockdown and mortality data was collected at 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours post-exposure.
The results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Efficacy of formulated hops extract (with and without Agridex® surfactant) against cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) adults in cylinder assay1' 2' 3
Figure imgf000032_0001
1Filter paper disc (2.2 mm dia) treated with 100 μl solution.
2Each mean is based on 30 insects (10 fleas/replicate, 3 replicates/treatment). 3Fleas demonstrated high excitability.
Hops extract at 10,000 ppm + Agridex® provided high flea knockdown by 2 hours. • Hops extract at 10,000 ppm, with and without Agridex , provided high 24-hour mortality.
• Although hops extract at 100 and 1000 ppm + Agridex® did not provide appreciable efficacy, these treatments at 2 and 4 hours provided high excitability in exposed fleas.
Example 2
Efficacy of formulated hops extract against brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) adults in direct spray assay
Hops extract was formulated as in Example 1
Non-ventilated Petri dishes (100 x 15 mm) were prepared by treating the inside walls with Fluon, allowed to dry, and then fitted with 100 mm diameter filter paper into the bottoms of dishes. Ticks were counted, 10 each, and placed into the Petri dishes and the lids replaced. Solutions for treatment were prepared (100, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm, with and without 0.5 % Agridex®*) in 20 ml scintillation vials. Immediately prior to treatment, the lids were removed from the replicates to be treated and any ticks underneath the paper were moved back to the upper surface of the filter paper. Sprays were applied with a DeVilbiss atomizer at 5 psi and at a rate equivalent to 1 gallon of solution/1000 ft2. Immediately after treatment, the lids were replaced as Fluon does not prevent tick escape from dishes. Ticks were evaluated for treatment effect at 1 , 2, and 3 days post treatment.
The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Efficacy of formulated hops extract (with and without Agridex® surfactant) against brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) adults in direct spray assay1' 2' 3
Treatment Rate Percent knockdown + mortality ppm 1 D 2D 3D
Hops extract 100 3.3 3.3 3.3
1000 66.7 56.7 30.0
5000 86.3 62.3 40.0
10,000 96.7 83.3 83.3
Hops extract + 0.5 % 100 0.0 0.0 0.0
Agridex® 1000 33.3 0.0 6.7
5000 100.0 96.7 76.7
10,000 100.0 100.0 100.0
Figure imgf000034_0001
1Ticks sprayed equivalent to 1 gal solution/1000 ft2. 2Each mean is based on 30 ticks (10 ticks/replicate, 3 replicates/treatment). 3Active ticks appeared intoxicated.
• Hops extract at 10,000 ppm + Agridex® resulted in 100 % efficacy by 1-day post treatment. The 5000 ppm rate also provided 100 % knockdown by 1-day but with some subsequent recovery (76 % efficacy by day 3).
• Hops extract alone provided high tick knockdown by day 1 at 5000 and 10,000 ppm (86 % and 97 %, respectively), but both provided some degree of recovery (40 % and 83 % efficacy by day 3, respectively).
• Although hops extract alone at 1000 ppm provided higher efficacy than hops + Agridex® at the same rate, intoxication was evident with the hops + Agridex® treatment. Additional tick intoxication was also evident with hops alone at 5000 ppm.
Example 3
Efficacy of Betacide® against brown dog ticks {Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in a shampoo assay
A Betacide®formulation was used in this assay.
Wash solutions were prepared by diluting active ingredients and shampoo in water. The final solution contained 2.5 % shampoo and 97.5 % hops extract (10 % active ingredient). Ten brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) were placed each into 20 ml scintillation vials and then the vials capped. Three to five replicates per treatment were used. Vials were tapped on a hard surface to dislodge ticks from the top of the vial, and the vial cap removed. Test solution (445 μl) was added via pipette into each vial, and the vials capped immediately after adding the solution. Vials are placed on a commercial roller (6 rpm) for 5 minutes. After rolling, the vials were opened and the wash solution removed with a pipette. After removing wash solution, 2 ml of water were added to the vials to rinse the ticks, then the rinse water removed with a pipette. A strip of filter paper was added to each vial to absorb residual rinse water, and the vials recapped. The ticks were examined daily for the duration of the test to determine mortality or other effects of the treatment.
The results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Mortality Mortality rate of brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in shampoo assay in percent (3 days)
Figure imgf000035_0001
*Hartz 2in1 Rid Flea Dog Shampoo, 0.045 % pyrethrins, 0.089 % PBO (piperonyl butox- ide), 0.149 % MGK-264 (N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide)
Example 4
The contact flea repellency assay provides data based on the percentage of fleas resting on treated vs. untreated filter paper.
Treatments are made by diluting active ingredients in acetone (example: 10, 100, 1000 ppm, or 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% solutions). Filter paper discs (100 mm) are treated with 100 μl of the desired acetone treatment. Filter paper treated with 0.5% DEET can be used as positive controls, and untreated filter paper used as negative controls. Filter paper treatment is conducted in a hood and the paper allowed to dry for one hour. After drying, papers are cut in half. Treated pieces are matched against similar half pieces of untreated filter paper and taped together from behind. The combined pieces of filter paper are secured to the inside of a 100 mm (id) plastic lid (40-FL, Packaging Direct) with glue stick adhesive. Adult cat fleas, obtained from an outside source, are chilled for 3 minutes in a laboratory freezer and then immediately transferred to a plastic Petri dish placed on a laboratory chill table (Bio- Quip Corporation). Cat fleas, 20 each, are transferred with soft forceps into 32 oz clear plastic cups (PD 40-32, Packaging Direct, 14 cm tall). While fleas are still inactive from chilling, a lid with attached filter paper is secured to the 32 oz cups. Once fleas have recovered from chilling, the cups are inverted so the filter paper is at the bottom of the cups. The numbers of fleas resting on treated and untreated filter paper sections are recorded at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes post inversion. Treatments are replicated four times. Example 5: Hop beta acids kill ticks
The study consisted of five treatments: BetaCide, a composition comprising as an active ingredient 10% beta acids, was applied to the interior of three Petri dishes at 1 , 10, and 100% volume per volume (v/v); Sevin was applied at 3 fl oz per gal (2.34 % v/v), and an untreated check (UTC) with each treatment replicated three times. For each treatment, the interior of three Petri dishes was sprayed 4-5 times, with five ticks being placed into each dish, with a total of 15 ticks total per treatment. Evaluations determined numbers of ticks that were dead or alive over 7 intervals for the first 32 hours and then daily for days 2-15. Mortality rates were calculated in percent from these counts.
At 12 hours after exposure to the treatments, tick mortality was determined. The following percent mortalities were observed: UTC - 0, BetaCide at 1 % - 6.7%, BetaCide at 10% - 87%, BetaCide at 100% - 100%; and Sevin - 100%. With the exception of BetaCide 1 %, treatments were significantly different from the UTC. For BetaCide 10%, mortality at 24 hours was 93 % and at 32 hours was 100%. Mortality in BetaCide 1%, increased from 6.7% to 20% by day 2 and remained at that level through day 9 until day10 when it increased to 27%. It stayed at that level through day 15, at which point the study was completed. The first mortality in the UTC occurred at day 7 at 12.5% and increased to 37.5% by day 15.
BetaCide, at 10 and 100 %, had good efficacy against the American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Betacide 100% was comparable with Sevin (carbaryl) at 2.3% (3 fl oz/gal).
Evaluations consisted of determining the amount of ticks that were dead and alive over different timed intervals and calculating the mortality rate in percent. Results of these studies are shown in Tables 4-6.
Table 4. Mortality. Mortality rate of American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis) in percent (0-32 Hours).
Mortality Rate of Ticks in %
0 2 4 8 12 24 32
Treatment Rate hours hours hours hours hours hours hours
1 Untreated 0 a 0 b 0 b 0 C 0 b 0 C 0 C
2 Betacide 100 % VA/ 0 a 86.67 a 86.67 a 93.3 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
3 Betacide 10 % VA/ 0 a 20 b 20 b 53.3 b 86.67 a 93.33 a 100 a
4 Betacide 1 % VA/ 0 a 6.67 b 6.67 b 6.67 C 6.67 b 13.33 b 13.33 b
FL
5 SEVIN 3 OZ/GAL 0 a 26.67 b 26.67 b 46.7 b 100 a 100 a 100 a
Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=.05, Student-
Newman-Keuls)
Mean comparisons performed only when AOV Treatment P(F) is significant at mean comparison
OSL.
B07/0621 PC
Table 5. Mortality. Mortality rate of American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis) in percent (Day 2-Day 8).
Mortality Rate of Ticks in %
Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
Treatment Rate 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Untreated 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 12.5 b 12.5 b
2 Betacide 100 % VA/ 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
3 Betacide 10 % VA/ 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
4 Betacide 1 % VA/ 20 b 20 b 20 b 20 b 20 b 20 b 20 b
FL
5 SEVIN 3 OZ/GAL 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=.05, Student- Newman-Keuls)
Mean comparisons performed only when AOV Treatment P(F) is significant at mean comparison OSL.
Table 6. Mortality. Mortality rate of American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis) in percent (Day 9-Day 15).
Mortality Rate of Ticks in %
Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
Treatment Rate 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15
1 Untreated 25 b 25 b 25 b 25 b 25 b 25 b 37.5 b
2 Betacide 100 % VA/ 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
3 Betacide 10 % VA/ 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
4 Betacide 1 % VA/ 20 b 26.67 b 26.67 b 26.7 b 26.67 b 26.67 b 26.67 b
FL
5 SEVIN 3 OZ/GAL 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a
Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=.05, Student- Newman-Keuls)
Mean comparisons performed only when AOV Treatment P(F) is significant at mean comparison OSL.

Claims

Claims
1. A composition comprising a hops derivative for use in a method for controlling parasites in or on an animal.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , comprising one or more hops acid derivatives.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 2, comprising one or more hops-derivatives selected from alpha acids, reduced derivatives of alpha acids, oxidized derivatives of alpha acids, iso-alpha acids, reduced derivatives of iso-alpha acids, oxidized derivatives of iso-alpha acids, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, reduced derivatives of humulinic acids, oxidized derivatives of humulinic acids, dehydrated humulinic acids, beta acids, reduced derivatives of beta acids, and oxidized derivatives of beta acids.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 3, where the hops acid derivatives are one or more beta acid derivatives.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 4, where the beta acid derivatives are selected from lupulones, hexahydrolupulones, deoxy-humulones, deoxytetrahydrohumulones, hulupones, dihydrohulupones, tetrahydrohulupones, hexahydrohulupones, hulupinic acids, lupoxes, lupdoxes, lupdeps, lupdols, and tricyclo-oxylupulones.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 3, where the hops acid derivatives are one or more alpha acid derivatives.
7. The composition as claimed in claim 6, where the alpha acid derivatives are selected from humulones (alpha acids), dihydrohumulones, tetrahydrohumulones, humulohy- droquinones, humuloquinones, humulinones, tricyclodehydro-isohumulones, abeo- isohumulones, isohumulones, dihydroisohumulones, tetrahydroisohumulones, hexa- hydroisohumulones, allo-isohumulones, humulinic acids, isomers of humulinic acids, dihydrohumulinic acid and derivatives, oxyhumulinic acids, dehydrohumulinic acids and derivatives, and dehydrated humulinic acids.
8. The composition as claimed in claim 3, 5 or 7, where the hops acid derivatives are a mixture of alpha acid derivatives and beta acid derivatives.
9. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, where the parasites are selected from the Siphonaptera and Ixodida orders.
B07/0621PC
10. The composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, where the animal is a cat or dog.
1 1. The use of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 for the manufacture of a veterinary medicament for the control of parasites in or on an animal.
12. The use as claimed in claim 11 , where the veterinary medicament is formulated as a shampoo
13. A veterinary medicament for controlling parasites in or on an animal comprising a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 and a veterinary acceptable carrier.
14. A method for controlling parasites in or on an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with a parasiticidally effective amount of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10.
15. A method for repelling parasites from an animal, comprising the step of treating the animal with an effective amount of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10.
PCT/EP2009/051392 2008-02-08 2009-02-06 The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals WO2009098300A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US6510408P 2008-02-08 2008-02-08
US61/065,104 2008-02-08
US9387508P 2008-09-03 2008-09-03
US61/093,875 2008-09-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009098300A2 true WO2009098300A2 (en) 2009-08-13
WO2009098300A3 WO2009098300A3 (en) 2009-12-10

Family

ID=40792617

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2009/051392 WO2009098300A2 (en) 2008-02-08 2009-02-06 The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AR (1) AR070600A1 (en)
UY (1) UY31648A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2009098300A2 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2858656A4 (en) * 2012-06-07 2015-11-18 Haas Inc John I Compositions and methods for controlling a tropilaelaps parasitic mite
EP3098214A1 (en) * 2014-02-19 2016-11-30 Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd Hexahydrocolupulone monoester, inner complex salt or monoester salt, and application thereof as animal feed additive
US9545110B2 (en) 2013-01-07 2017-01-17 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite infestation
WO2019222214A1 (en) * 2018-05-14 2019-11-21 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite infestation

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19729852A1 (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-09-09 Feil Mosquito repellant comprising beer, effective against malarial mosquitos
US20020051804A1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2002-05-02 Gene Probasco Pesticides made from hop extracts
US20070232188A1 (en) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-04 Gene Probasco Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19729852A1 (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-09-09 Feil Mosquito repellant comprising beer, effective against malarial mosquitos
US20020051804A1 (en) * 2000-05-18 2002-05-02 Gene Probasco Pesticides made from hop extracts
US20070232188A1 (en) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-04 Gene Probasco Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
FROELICH SONJA ET AL: "In vitro antiplasmodial activity of prenylated chalcone derivatives of hops (Humulus lupulus) and their interaction with haemin" JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY, vol. 55, no. 6, June 2005 (2005-06), pages 883-887, XP002550545 ISSN: 0305-7453 *
GERHAEUSER CLARISSA: "Broad spectrum antiinfective potential of xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in comparison with activities of other hop constituents and xanthohumol metabolites" MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH, vol. 49, no. 9, September 2005 (2005-09), pages 827-831, XP002550546 ISSN: 1613-4125 *
JONES G ET AL: "REPELLENT AND OVIPOSITION-DETERRING EFFECTS OF HOP BETA-ACIDS ON THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE" PESTICIDE SCIENCE, ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHER. BARKING, GB, vol. 47, no. 2, 1 June 1996 (1996-06-01), pages 165-169, XP000629094 ISSN: 0031-613X *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2858656A4 (en) * 2012-06-07 2015-11-18 Haas Inc John I Compositions and methods for controlling a tropilaelaps parasitic mite
US9295252B2 (en) 2012-06-07 2016-03-29 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a tropilaelaps parasitic mite
US9545110B2 (en) 2013-01-07 2017-01-17 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite infestation
EP3098214A1 (en) * 2014-02-19 2016-11-30 Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd Hexahydrocolupulone monoester, inner complex salt or monoester salt, and application thereof as animal feed additive
EP3098214A4 (en) * 2014-02-19 2017-01-04 Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd Hexahydrocolupulone monoester, inner complex salt or monoester salt, and application thereof as animal feed additive
WO2019222214A1 (en) * 2018-05-14 2019-11-21 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite infestation
US11229211B2 (en) 2018-05-14 2022-01-25 John I. Haas, Inc. Compositions and methods for controlling a honey bee parasitic mite infestation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2009098300A3 (en) 2009-12-10
AR070600A1 (en) 2010-04-21
UY31648A1 (en) 2009-08-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP1841317B1 (en) The use of n-arylhydrazine derivatives for combating pests in and on animals
WO2018037361A1 (en) Miticidal, insecticidal and nematocidal compositions containing plants extracts from bulnesia sp and humulus sp
EP1089625B1 (en) Ectoparasiticide agents
WO2009098300A2 (en) The use of hops-derivatives for controlling parasites in and on animals
CN101836643B (en) Pesticide preparation for controlling vegetable pests of diamondback moth and the like
CN102763669A (en) Insecticidal pesticide composition
CA2710171C (en) The use of 6-halogeno-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-a]-pyrimidine compounds for combating pests in and on animals
CN115812726B (en) Insecticidal composition containing fluxapyroxad
CN107410334A (en) A kind of Pesticidal combination and its application containing jervine and sulfoxaflor
CN102217633B (en) Pesticide composition containing sulfoxaflor
CN106689186A (en) Efficient insecticidal composition containing bifenthrin and pyriproxyfen
CN101473835B (en) Composition with function for killing sigatoka pathogen and other harmful fungi
NO324071B1 (en) Solution for direct application on the skin to control cattle and sheep parasites and their use.
CN104542647B (en) A kind of miticide composition comprising ivermectin and cyflumetofen
CN104996438A (en) Miticidal composition
JPWO2019131576A1 (en) Pest control composition and its uses
CN103651444A (en) Pesticide combination
CN109006855A (en) A kind of Pesticidal combination containing sulfoxaflor and carvacrol
CN118140927A (en) Sterilization insecticidal composition containing quinolone compounds and application thereof
MXPA06005335A (en) The use of n-arylhydrazine derivatives for combating pests in and on animals
KR20220087615A (en) Insecticidal and Miticidal Composition of Red Poultry Mite Using 2,3-dihydroxypropyl docosanoate
CN117796410A (en) Insecticidal composition
CN115281199A (en) Insecticidal composition for preventing and treating spinach plutella xylostella
CN108739843A (en) A kind of Pesticidal combination containing methoxyfenozide and Acetamiprid
CN112514910A (en) Insecticidal composition containing sulfoxaflor and bistrifluron

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
DPE1 Request for preliminary examination filed after expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 09708276

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 09708276

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2