Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
  • A61K51/0455—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

• This invention relates to fluorinated ether compounds related to dihydrotetrabenazine and intermediates useful in the preparation of such fluorinated ether compounds.
• tetrabenazine and structurally related compounds have been widely investigated, and a number of TBZ compounds and derivatives of tetrabenazine have shown promise in the treatment of a variety of conditions affecting human health.
• dihydrotetrabenazine has been identified as an agent for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses (See for example WO 2007017654 Al), and tetrabenazine has shown promise as an agent in the treatment of Huntington's disease (Neurology (2006), 66(3), 366-372).
• the present invention provides both a new class of fluorinated dihydrotetrabenazine derivatives and fluorinated dihydrotetrabenazine analogs and discloses efficient synthetic methodology which may be used to prepare such fluorinated ether compounds in enantiomerically enriched or racemic forms.
• the fluorinated ether compounds provided by the present invention are useful as PET imaging agents, probes for the development of PET imaging agents, and therapeutic agents.
• the present invention provides novel synthetic intermediate compositions which may be used to prepare either or both enantiomers of the subject dihydrotetrabenazine derivatives and dihydrotetrabenazine analogs.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound having structure I
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1 O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides an enantiomeric ally enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure II
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1 O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides an enantiomeric ally enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure III
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1 O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides a PET imaging agent comprising a fluorinated ether compound having structure I
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical comprising at least one fluorine- 18 atom
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• solvent can refer to a single solvent or a mixture of solvents.
• Approximating language may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as "about”, is not to be limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value.
• aromatic radical refers to an array of atoms having a valence of at least one comprising at least one aromatic group.
• the array of atoms having a valence of at least one comprising at least one aromatic group may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, silicon and oxygen, or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• aromatic radical includes but is not limited to phenyl, pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, naphthyl, phenylene, and biphenyl radicals.
• the aromatic radical contains at least one aromatic group.
• the aromatic radical may also include nonaromatic components.
• a benzyl group is an aromatic radical which comprises a phenyl ring (the aromatic group) and a methylene group (the nonaromatic component).
• a tetrahydronaphthyl radical is an aromatic radical comprising an aromatic group (C O H 3 ) fused to a nonaromatic component -(CH 2 ) 4 -.
• aromatic radical is defined herein to encompass a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, haloaromatic groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylphenyl radical is a C 7 aromatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the 2-nitrophenyl group is a C 6 aromatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• Aromatic radicals include halogenated aromatic radicals such as 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(4-phen-l-yloxy) (i.e., -OPhC(CF 3 ) 2 PhO-), 4-chloromethylphen-l-yl, 3-trifluorovinyl-2-thienyl, 3- trichloromethylphen-1-yl (i.e., 3-CCl 3 Ph-), 4-(3-bromoprop-l-yl)phen-l-yl (i.e., 4- BrCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Ph-), and the like.
• halogenated aromatic radicals such as 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, hexafluoroisopropylidenebis(4-phen-l-yloxy) (i.e., -OPhC(CF 3 ) 2 PhO-), 4-chloromethylphen-l-yl, 3-trifluorovinyl-2-thien
• aromatic radicals include 4- allyloxyphen-1-oxy, 4-aminophen-l-yl (i.e., 4-H 2 NPh-), 3-aminocarbonylphen-l-yl (i.e., NH 2 COPh-), 4-benzoylphen-l-yl, dicyanomethylidenebis(4-phen-l-yloxy) (i.e., -OPhC(CN) 2 PhO-), 3-methylphen-l-yl, methylenebis(4-phen-l-yloxy) (i.e., -OPhCH 2 PhO-), 2-ethylphen-l-yl, phenylethenyl, 3-formyl-2-thienyl, 2-hexyl-5- furanyl, hexamethylene-l,6-bis(4-phen-l-yloxy) (i.e., -0Ph(CH 2 ) ⁇ Ph0-), 4- hydroxymethylphen-1-yl (i.e.
• a C 3 - C 1O aromatic radical includes aromatic radicals containing at least three but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• the aromatic radical 1-imidazolyl (C 3 H 2 N 2 -) represents a C 3 aromatic radical.
• the benzyl radical (C 7 H 7 -) represents a C 7 aromatic radical.
• cycloaliphatic radical refers to a radical having a valence of at least one, and comprising an array of atoms which is cyclic but which is not aromatic. As defined herein a “cycloaliphatic radical” does not contain an aromatic group.
• a "cycloaliphatic radical” may comprise one or more noncyclic components.
• a cyclohexylmethyl group C O H 11 CH 2 -
• a cycloaliphatic radical which comprises a cyclohexyl ring (the array of atoms which is cyclic but which is not aromatic) and a methylene group (the noncyclic component).
• the cycloaliphatic radical may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, silicon and oxygen, or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• cycloaliphatic radical is defined herein to encompass a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylcyclopent-l-yl radical is a C 6 cycloaliphatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the 2- nitrocyclobut-1-yl radical is a C 4 cycloaliphatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• a cycloaliphatic radical may comprise one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Halogen atoms include, for example; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• Cycloaliphatic radicals comprising one or more halogen atoms include 2-trifluoromethylcyclohex-l-yl, A- bromodifluoromethylcyclooct- 1 -yl, 2-chlorodifluoromethylcyclohex- 1 -yl, hexafluoroisopropylidene-2,2-bis (cyclohex-4-yl) (i.e., -C O H 1O C(CF S ) 2 C O H 1O -), 2- chloromethylcyclohex-1-yl, 3- difluoromethylenecyclohex-1-yl, A- trichloromethylcyclohex- 1 -yloxy, 4-bromodichloromethylcyclohex- 1 -ylthio, 2- bromoethylcyclopent-1-yl, 2-bromopropylcyclohex-l -yloxy (e.g., CH 3 CHBrCH 2 CoH 1O O-),
• cycloaliphatic radicals include 4-allyloxycyclohex-l-yl, 4-aminocyclohex-l-yl (i.e., H 2 NC O H 1O -), A- aminocarbonylcyclopent-1-yl (i.e., NH 2 COCsH 8 -), 4-acetyloxycyclohex-l-yl, 2,2- dicyanoisopropylidenebis(cyclohex-4-yloxy) (i.e., -OC O H 1O C(CN) 2 C O H 1O O-), 3- methylcyclohex-1-yl, methylenebis(cyclohex-4-yloxy) (i.e., -OC O H 1O CH 2 C O H 1O O-), 1- ethylcyclobut-1-yl, cyclopropylethenyl, 3-formyl-2-terahydrofuranyl, 2-hexyl-5- tetrahydrofuranyl
• a C 3 - C 10 cycloaliphatic radical includes cycloaliphatic radicals containing at least three but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• the cycloaliphatic radical 2-tetrahydrofuranyl (C 4 H 7 O-) represents a C 4 cycloaliphatic radical.
• the cyclohexylmethyl radical (C 6 H 11 CH 2 -) represents a C 7 cycloaliphatic radical.
• aliphatic radical refers to an organic radical having a valence of at least one consisting of a linear or branched array of atoms which is not cyclic. Aliphatic radicals are defined to comprise at least one carbon atom. The array of atoms comprising the aliphatic radical may include heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, selenium and oxygen or may be composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
• aliphatic radical is defined herein to encompass, as part of the "linear or branched array of atoms which is not cyclic" a wide range of functional groups such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, haloalkyl groups, conjugated dienyl groups, alcohol groups, ether groups, aldehyde groups, ketone groups, carboxylic acid groups, acyl groups (for example carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters and amides), amine groups, nitro groups, and the like.
• the 4-methylpent-l-yl radical is a C 6 aliphatic radical comprising a methyl group, the methyl group being a functional group which is an alkyl group.
• the A- nitrobut-1-yl group is a C 4 aliphatic radical comprising a nitro group, the nitro group being a functional group.
• An aliphatic radical may be a haloalkyl group which comprises one or more halogen atoms which may be the same or different.
• Halogen atoms include, for example; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• Aliphatic radicals comprising one or more halogen atoms include the alkyl halides trifluoromethyl, bromodifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, hexafluoroisopropylidene, chloromethyl, difluorovinylidene, trichloromethyl, bromodichloromethyl, bromoethyl, 2- bromotrimethylene (e.g., -CH 2 CHBrCH 2 -), and the like.
• aliphatic radicals include allyl, aminocarbonyl (i.e., -CONH 2 ), carbonyl, 2,2- dicyanoisopropylidene (i.e., -CH 2 C(CN) 2 CH 2 -), methyl (i.e., -CH 3 ), methylene (i.e., -CH 2 -), ethyl, ethylene, formyl (i.e., -CHO), hexyl, hexamethylene, hydroxymethyl (i.e., -CH 2 OH), mercaptomethyl (i.e., -CH 2 SH), methylthio (i.e., -SCH 3 ), methylthiomethyl (i.e., -CH 2 SCH 3 ), methoxy, methoxycarbonyl (i.e., CH 3 OCO-), nitromethyl (i.e., -CH 2 NO 2 ), thiocarbonyl, trimethylsilyl ( i.e.
• a C 1 - C 1O aliphatic radical contains at least one but no more than 10 carbon atoms.
• a methyl group i.e., CH 3 -
• a decyl group i.e., CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 -
• CH 3 (CH 2 ) 9 - is an example of a C 1 O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound having structure I
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1 O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• R 1 is suitably selected from C 2 - ⁇ fluoroalkyl, C 1 _ 6 fluoroalkoxy(C 1 _ 6 alkyl), C 2 _ 6 fluorohaloalkyl, and Ci- ⁇ fluoroalkylcarbony ⁇ Ci- ⁇ alkyl);
• R 2 is suitably selected from C ⁇ ⁇ alkyl and C 3 _ 8 cycloalkyl;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl and Ci- ⁇ alkoxy.
• the fluorinated ether compounds provided by the present invention are shown herein to possess a high affinity for Type 2 Vesicular Monoamine Transporters (VMAT-2) a group of biomarkers which are believed to correlate inter alia with diabetic activity in human patients.
• VMAT-2 Type 2 Vesicular Monoamine Transporters
• the discovery that substitution by fluorine is tolerated with respect to VMAT-2 binding in this series of novel fluorinated ether compounds enables the compounds of present invention to be used as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents in studies targeting the VMAT-2 biomarker.
• PET positron emission tomography
• the present invention provides radiolabeled fluorinated ether compounds falling within the scope of generic structure I comprising a fluorine- 18 atom, a radioactive positron emitting isotope of fluorine, which are suitable for use as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) screening of human patients for example, for pathological conditions related to diabetes.
• PET positron emission tomography
• Positron emission tomography has become a medical imaging technique of critical importance to human health.
• the present invention provides fluorinated ether compounds falling within the scope of generic structure I comprising a fluorine- 19 atom, a stable isotope of fluorine.
• the fluorinated ether compounds comprising a fluorine- 19 atom are useful in binding studies which allow the identification of those fluorinated ether compounds possessing optimal affinity for a target biomarker, for example VMAT-2.
• a substantial binding affinity of a given fluorine- 19 containing fluorinated ether compound for a target biomarker such as VMAT-2 is a reliable predictor of utility in PET imaging of the corresponding fluorine- 18 containing fluorinated ether compound.
• fluorinated ether compounds having structure I show substantial binding affinity for VMAT-2.
• fluorinated ether compounds provided by the present invention are useful in the study and treatment of variety of human and animal diseases as imaging agents, as probes for the development of imaging agents, and as therapeutic agents.
• Fluorinated ether compounds having structure I are illustrated in Table I below.
• structure I depicts a fluorinated ether compound in which no absolute or relative stereochemistry is shown.
• structure I is intended to represent a genus of fluorinated ether compounds which includes the racemic fluorinated ether compound Ia (Table 1) having both the R configuration and S configuration at ring positions-2, 3 and 12.
• structure I represents fluorinated ether compound Ib (Table 1) having the R configuration (absolute stereochemistry) at ring positions-2, 3 and 12.
• structure I represents fluorinated ether compound Id (Table 1) having absolute stereochemistry opposite that of fluorinated ether compound Ib.
• DTBZ dihydrotetrabenazine
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound having structure I which may be a racemic mixture (e.g. fluorinated ether compound Ia (Table 1), a single enantiomer (e.g. fluorinated ether compound Ib (Table 1), or a composition enantiomerically enriched in a single principal component enantiomer.
• a fluorinated ether compound having structure I which may be a racemic mixture (e.g. fluorinated ether compound Ia (Table 1), a single enantiomer (e.g. fluorinated ether compound Ib (Table 1), or a composition enantiomerically enriched in a single principal component enantiomer.
• Entries 2a- 2c in Table 2 below illustrate fluorinated ether compounds comprising a principal component enantiomer and at least one minor component enantiomer.
• the fluorinated ether compositions comprise a principal component enantiomer (the structures appearing under the title heading "Structure of Principal Component Enantiomer”) and one or more "Minor Components".
• the mole percentage of the principal component enantiomer is given as "mole%” and refers to the mole percentage of the principal component enantiomer having the structure shown relative to the amounts of all other dihydrotetrabenazine ether components in the composition.
• a dihydrotetrabenazine ether derivative is any compound falling within the scope of generic structure I.
• Entry 2a is a fluorinated ether composition comprising 96 mole% of the R, R, R principal component enantiomer shown and a lesser amount of the S, S, S minor component enantiomer.
• Entry 2c is a fluorinated ether composition comprising a principal component enantiomer having the structure shown and three minor components having structures shown. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the composition illustrated in Entry 2c of Table 2 represents an example of a diastereomeric mixture.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound represented by structure I which is enantiomerically enriched and is comprised of at least 95 mole percent (mole %) of an enantiomer having the R configuration at ring position- 12.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound represented by structure I which is enantiomerically enriched and is comprised of at least 95 mole percent (mole %) of an enantiomer having the R configuration at ring position-3.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound having structure I in which the fluorinated ether moiety at ring position-2 (-O-R 1 ) has an anti configuration relative to the group R 2 at ring position-3.
• the principal component enantiomers of Entries 2a- 2c of Table 2 illustrate fluorinated ether compounds in which the fluorinated ether moiety at ring position-2 (-0-R 1 ) has an anti configuration relative to the group R at ring position-3.
• Entry Ia of Table 1 represents a racemic fluorinated ether compound in which each of the component enantiomers is characterized by an anti-relationship between the fluorinated ether moiety at ring position-2 and the group R 2 at ring position-3.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure II (H)
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1 O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising at least 80 mole percent of an enantiomer having structure II, for example a fluorinated ether composition comprising the compound of Entry 3 a (Table 2) wherein the R, R, R enantiomer shown represents at least 80 mole percent relative to the amounts of all other dihydrotetrabenazine ether components in the composition.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound which is comprised of at least 95 mole % of an enantiomer having structure II, for example a fluorinated ether composition comprising the compound of Entry 3b (Table 2) wherein the R, R, R enantiomer shown represents at least 95 mole percent relative to the amounts of all other dihydrotetrabenazine ether components in the composition.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure II wherein R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical; R 2 is isobutyl; and R 3 and R 4 are methoxy groups and which are illustrated in Table 4 below.
• Table 4 Principal Component Enantiomers Having Structure II Wherein R 1 Is A C 2 -C 1O Fluorinated Aliphatic Radical; R 2 Is Isobutyl; And R 3 And R 4 Are Methoxy Groups
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure III
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising at least 80 mole percent of an enantiomer having structure III, for example a fluorinated ether composition comprising the compound of Entry 5a (Table 5) wherein the S, S, S enantiomer shown represents at least 80 mole percent relative to the amounts of all other dihydrotetrabenazine ether components in the composition.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising at least 95 mole percent of an enantiomer having structure III, for example a fluorinated ether composition comprising the compound of Entry 5b (Table 5) wherein the S, S, S enantiomer shown represents at least 95 mole percent relative to the amounts of all other dihydrotetrabenazine ether components in the composition.
• the present invention provides an enantiomeric ally enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure III wherein R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical; R 2 is isobutyl; and R 3 and R 4 are methoxy groups, and which are illustrated in Table 6 below.
• the fluorine- 18 labeled compounds of formula (I), (II) and (III) have use as PET imaging agents for the VMAT-2 biomarker. Therefore, according to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for detection of VMAT-2 in a subject, comprising :
• Such a method provides information and data having utility in the diagnosis and clinical research of VMAT-2 related disorders, for example by providing a method for determining beta cell mass.
• the subject is a mammal, most suitably a human who has or is suspected of having a VMAT-2 related disorder.
• a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) as defined above, or a salt thereof may also be used to image VMAT-2 in healthy human volunteers for example for clinical research purposes.
• the imaging of VMAT-2 may be carried out quantitatively such that the amount or change in amount of VMAT-2 may be determined so as to diagnose or track progress of a disease. Alternatively the imaging of VMAT-2 may be used to locate VMAT-2.
• VMAT-2 related disorder means a VMAT-2 related disease in the brain such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, or schizophrenia, or of the pancreas such as beta cell associated disorder including an insulinoma or other neuroendocrine tumour, or diabetes (for example type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or preclinical type 1 diabetes).
• the VMAT-2 related disorder is diabetes.
• the VMAT-2 related disorder is schizophrenia.
• a fluorine- 18 labeled compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof in the manufacture of a radiopharmaceutical for the in vivo PET diagnosis or imaging of a VMAT-2 related disorder.
• a fluorine- 18 labeled compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof for use in the in vivo PET diagnosis or imaging of a VMAT-2 related disorder.
• a method for the in vivo diagnosis or imaging of a VMAT-2 related disorder in a subject comprising administration of a fluorine- 18 labeled compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof and detecting the uptake of said compound by an in vivo PET imaging technique.
• the method is especially preferred for the in vivo diagnosis or imaging of diabetes.
• the method comprises detecting the uptake of a fluorine- 18 labeled compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof by an in vivo PET imaging technique in a subject, preferably a human to whom said compound has been pre-administered.
• the invention further provides a method of monitoring the effect of treatment of a subject, preferably a human with a drug to combat a VMAT-2 related disorder, said method comprising administering to said subject a fluorine- 18 labeled compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof and detecting the uptake of said compound by an in vivo PET imaging technique, said administration and detection optionally but preferably being effected repeatedly, e.g. before, during and after treatment with said drug.
• a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof is preferably administered for in vivo use in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, such formulations thus form a further aspect of the invention.
• a “pharmaceutical formulation” is defined in the present invention as a formulation comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof in a form suitable for administration to a mammal, suitably a human.
• the "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” is a suitably a fluid, especially a liquid, in which the compound of formula (I), (II), or (III) or a salt thereof can be suspended or dissolved, such that the formulation is physiologically tolerable, ie. can be administered to the mammalian body without toxicity or undue discomfort.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is suitably an injectable carrier liquid such as sterile, pyrogen-free water for injection; an aqueous solution such as saline (which may advantageously be balanced so that the final formulation for injection is isotonic); an aqueous solution of one or more tonicity-adjusting substances (for example, salts of plasma cations with biocompatible counterions), sugars (for example, glucose or sucrose), sugar alcohols (for example, sorbitol or mannitol), glycols (for example, glycerol), or other non-ionic polyol materials (for example, polyethyleneglycols, propylene glycols and the like).
• the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is pyrogen-free water for injection or isotonic saline.
• the pharmaceutical formulation may optionally contain additional excipients such as an antimicrobial preservative, pH-adjusting agent, filler, stabiliser or osmolality adjusting agent.
• an antimicrobial preservative is meant an agent which inhibits the growth of potentially harmful micro-organisms such as bacteria, yeasts or moulds.
• the antimicrobial preservative may also exhibit some bactericidal properties, depending on the dosage employed.
• the main role of the antimicrobial preservative(s) of the present invention is to inhibit the growth of any such micro-organism in the pharmaceutical formulation.
• the antimicrobial preservative may, however, also optionally be used to inhibit the growth of potentially harmful micro-organisms in one or more components of kits used to prepare said pharmaceutical formulation prior to administration.
• Suitable antimicrobial preservative(s) include: the parabens, ie. methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl paraben or mixtures thereof; benzyl alcohol; phenol; cresol; cetrimide and thiomersal.
• Preferred antimicrobial preservative(s) are the parabens.
• the term "pH-adjusting agent” means a compound or mixture of compounds useful to ensure that the pH of the pharmaceutical formulation is within acceptable limits (approximately pH 4.0 to 10.5) for human or mammalian administration. Suitable such pH-adjusting agents include pharmaceutically acceptable buffers, such as tricine, phosphate or TRIS [ie.
• the pH adjusting agent may optionally be provided in a separate vial or container, so that the user of the kit can adjust the pH as part of a multi-step procedure.
• filler is meant a pharmaceutically acceptable bulking agent which may facilitate material handling during production and lyophilisation.
• suitable fillers include inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, and water soluble sugars or sugar alcohols such as sucrose, maltose, mannitol or trehalose.
• the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention are typically supplied in suitable vials or vessels which comprise a sealed container which permits maintenance of sterile integrity and/or radioactive safety, plus optionally an inert headspace gas (eg. nitrogen or argon), whilst permitting addition and withdrawal of solutions by syringe or cannula.
• suitable vials or vessels which comprise a sealed container which permits maintenance of sterile integrity and/or radioactive safety, plus optionally an inert headspace gas (eg. nitrogen or argon), whilst permitting addition and withdrawal of solutions by syringe or cannula.
• an inert headspace gas eg. nitrogen or argon
• a preferred such container is a septum-sealed vial, wherein the gas-tight closure is crimped on with an overseal (typically of aluminium).
• the closure is suitable for single or multiple puncturing with a hypodermic needle (e.g. a crimped-on septum seal closure) whilst maintaining sterile integrity.
• a hypodermic needle e.g. a crimped-on septum seal closure
• Such containers have the additional advantage that the closure can withstand vacuum if desired (eg. to change the headspace gas or degas solutions), and withstand pressure changes such as reductions in pressure without permitting ingress of external atmospheric gases, such as oxygen or water vapour.
• Preferred multiple dose containers comprise a single bulk vial (e.g. of 10 to 30 cm 3 volume) which contains multiple patient doses, whereby single patient doses can thus be withdrawn into clinical grade syringes at various time intervals during the viable lifetime of the preparation to suit the clinical situation.
• Pre-filled syringes are designed to contain a single human dose, or "unit dose” and are therefore preferably a disposable or other syringe suitable for clinical use.
• the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention preferably have a dosage suitable for a single patient and are provided in a suitable syringe or container, as described above.
• the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention may be prepared under aseptic manufacture (ie. clean room) conditions to give the desired sterile, non-pyrogenic product. It is preferred that the key components, especially the excipients plus those parts of the apparatus which come into contact with the pharmaceutical formulation (for example, vials) are sterile.
• the components of the pharmaceutical formulation can be sterilised by methods known in the art, including: sterile filtration, terminal sterilisation using, for example, gamma-irradiation, autoclaving, dry heat or chemical treatment (for example, with ethylene oxide). It is preferred to sterilise some components in advance, so that the minimum number of manipulations needs to be carried out. As a precaution, however, it is preferred to include at least a sterile filtration step as the final step in the preparation of the pharmaceutical formulation.
• an "effective amount" of a compound of formula (I), (II) , (III) or a salt thereof means an amount which is effective for use in in vivo PET imaging or for use in therapy and will vary depending on the exact compound to be administered, the weight of the subject or patient, and other variables as would be apparent to a physician skilled in the art.
• the fluorine- 18 labeled compounds of this invention may be administered to a subject for PET imaging in amounts sufficient to yield the desired signal, typical radionuclide dosages of 0.01 to 100 mCi, preferably 0.1 to 50 mCi will normally be sufficient per 70kg bodyweight.
• the fluorinated ether compounds I, II and III provided by the present invention may comprise a fluorine- 18 atom in the fluorinated ether moiety -OR 1 .
• such fluorinated ether compounds comprising a fluorine- 18 atom are useful as PET imaging agents.
• the present invention provides a PET imaging agent comprising a fluorinated ether compound having structure I
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical comprising at least one fluorine- 18 atom
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides a PET imaging agent comprising an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure II
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical comprising at least one fluorine- 18 atom
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides a PET imaging agent comprising an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure III
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 1O fluorinated aliphatic radical comprising at least one fluorine- 18 atom
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical.
• PET imaging agent refers to a composition comprising a fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound which may be administered to a patient in order to perform a PET scan.
• the imaging agent is presented to the patient in the form of an aqueous formulation containing a sufficient amount of fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound to conduct the PET scan.
• the amount of fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound presented to a patient corresponds to a weight of the fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound on the order of nanograms.
• the PET imaging agent typically has a specific activity in a range from about 1 to about 99 percent. In one embodiment, the PET imaging agent has a specific activity in a range from about 10 to about 95 percent. In another embodiment, the PET imaging agent has a specific activity in a range from about 20 to about 90 percent.
• the aqueous formulation containing the fluorine- 18 fluorinated ether compound is typically administered intravenously and may contain various agents which promote the dispersal of the PET imaging agent in water.
• the PET imaging agent may be administered to a patient in an aqueous formulation comprising ethanol and the fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound.
• the PET imaging agent may be administered to a patient as an aqueous formulation comprising dextrose and the fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound.
• the PET imaging agent may be administered to a patient as an aqueous formulation comprising saline and the fluorine- 18 labeled fluorinated ether compound.
• Such a formulation may optionally contain further excipients as described above, more typically including one or more excipients such as buffers; pharmaceutically acceptable solubilisers (e.g. cyclodextrins or surfactants such as Pluronic, Tween or phospholipids); pharmaceutically acceptable stabilisers or antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, gentisic acid orp ⁇ ra-aminobenzoic acid.
• excipients such as buffers; pharmaceutically acceptable solubilisers (e.g. cyclodextrins or surfactants such as Pluronic, Tween or phospholipids); pharmaceutically acceptable stabilisers or antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid, gentisic acid orp ⁇ ra-aminobenzoic acid.
• the present invention provides a PET imaging agent comprising a fluorinated ether compound having structure [ 18 F]IV.
• the fluorinated ether compounds provided by the present invention are believed to possess therapeutic utility in the treatment of diseases such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease.
• the present invention provides a fluorinated ether compound having structure I which is useful in treating a pathological condition in a patient.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound having structure II which is useful in treating a pathological condition in a patient.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorinated ether compound having structure III which is useful in treating a pathological condition in a patient.
• the amount of the fluorinated ether compound administered to a patient is on the order of milligrams.
• fluorinated ether compounds such as fluorinated ether compounds falling within the scope of generic structure I, or generic structures II or III may under a variety of conditions form salts which are useful as PET imaging agents, probes for the discovery and development of imaging agents, and/or as therapeutic agents.
• the present invention provides a host of novel and useful fluorinated ether compounds and their salts.
• Suitable salts according to the invention include (i) physiologically acceptable acid addition salts such as those derived from mineral acids, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids, and those derived from organic acids, for example tartaric, trifluoroacetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycollic, gluconic, succinic, methanesulphonic, and para-toluenesulphonic acids; and (ii) physiologically acceptable base salts such as ammonium salts, alkali metal salts (for example those of sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salts (for example those of calcium and magnesium), salts with organic bases such as triethanolamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, piperidine, pyridine, piperazine, and morpholine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.
• the present invention provides the hydrochloride salt of the novel
• the fluorinated ether compounds of the present invention may be prepared by a variety of methods including those provided in the experimental section of this disclosure.
• the fluorinated ether compound is prepared by reaction of a dihydrotetrabenazine having structure V
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R 3 hydrogen or is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 2O aliphatic, a C 3 -C 2O cycloaliphatic, or a C 3 -C 2O aromatic radical comprising at least one functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion or an electrophilic fluorinating agent;
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1O cycloaliphatic radical;
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical;
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• Fluorophilic compounds having structure VI are illustrated in Table 7 below.
• the fluorophilic compounds provided by the present invention include both racemic mixtures, for example the compositions of Entries 7a, 7c, 7g, 7i, and 7j; and enantiomerically enriched compositions, for example a composition comprising a principal component enantiomer having the structure shown in Entry 7b.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI, wherein R 1 is a C 2 -C 2 O aliphatic radical, a C 3 -C 2 O cyclo aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 2O aromatic radical comprising at least one functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion.
• the functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion is an aromatic sulfonate ester (e.g. tosylate, benzenesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate).
• the functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion is an aliphatic sulfonate ester (e.g. methane sulfonate, trifluoromethane sulfonate). In one embodiment, the functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion is selected from the group consisting of tosylate, mesylate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, and p-nitrobenzoate groups.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one tosylate group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion.
• the tosylate group is an aromatic radical and the group R 1 comprising the tosylate group is also an aromatic radical.
• the group R 1 comprising the tosylate group is a Cg aromatic radical which upon displacement with fluoride ion becomes a C 2 fluorinated aliphatic radical.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one mesylate group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion.
• the mesylate group is an aliphatic radical and the group R 1 comprising the mesylate group may be an aliphatic, a cycloaliphatic or an aromatic radical depending on the overall structure of the group R 1 .
• the group R 1 is a cycloaliphatic radical.
• the group R 1 is an aromatic radical. It is helpful to bear in mind that the definitions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic radicals provided in this disclosure establish a hierarchy in which aliphatic radicals (non-cyclic arrays of atom(s)) must be free of cycloaliphatic groups (a cyclic array of atoms which is not aromatic) and aromatic groups (a cyclic array of atoms which is aromatic), cycloaliphatic radicals must be free of aromatic groups, and aromatic radicals must simply comprise an aromatic group.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one trifluoromethane sulfonate (triflate) group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion. See for example Entry 7b of Table 7.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one p-nitrobenzoate group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion. See for example Entry 7c of Table 7.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one methane sulfonate group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion. See for example Entry 7d of Table 7.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one epoxy group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion. See for example Entry 7i of Table 7.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI wherein the group R 1 comprises at least one cyclic sulfate group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion. See for example Entry 71 of Table 7.
• the present invention provides a fluorophilic compound having structure VI, wherein R 1 is a C 2 -C 2O aliphatic radical comprising at least one functional group susceptible to reaction with an electrophilic fluorinating agent, for example fluorine gas, perchloryl fluoride, mercuric fluoride, and phenyl selenenyl fluoride.
• an electrophilic fluorinating agent for example fluorine gas, perchloryl fluoride, mercuric fluoride, and phenyl selenenyl fluoride.
• the functional group susceptible to reaction with an electrophilic fluorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• Entries 7e, 7f, 7g and 7h of Table 7 illustrate compounds falling within the scope of generic structure VI which are susceptible to reaction with an electrophilic fluorinating agent.
• Fluorophilic tetrabenazine compounds VI may be prepared in enantiomerically enriched or racemic forms.
• a fluorophilic tetrabenazine compound VI may be enriched in the R, R, R-enantiomer shown in Entry 7b of Table 7.
• a fluorophilic tetrabenazine compound may be enriched in an enantiomer having absolute stereochemistry opposite that of Entry 7b of Table 7, for example the S,S,S-enantiomer of Entry 7d.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorophilic compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure VII
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 2 O aliphatic, a C 3 -C 2 O cycloaliphatic, or a C 3 -C 2 O aromatic radical comprising at least one functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion or an electrophilic fluorinating agent;
• R is a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical;
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical;
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• Principal component enantiomers VII are illustrated by Entries 7b, 7e, 7h, 7k, and 71 of Table 7.
• the present invention provides an enantiomerically enriched fluorophilic compound comprising a principal component enantiomer having structure VIII
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 2 O aliphatic, a C 3 -C 2 O cycloaliphatic, or a C 3 -C 2 O aromatic radical comprising at least one functional group susceptible to reaction with nucleophilic fluoride ion or an electrophilic fluorinating agent;
• R is a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 Q cycloaliphatic radical;
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 Q aliphatic radical;
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1O aliphatic radical.
• Principal component enantiomers VIII are illustrated by Entry 7d of Table 7.
• Dihydrotetrabenazine compounds having structure V are readily prepared from the corresponding tetrabenazine (TBZ) having structure IX
• R is a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical, or a C 3 -C 1 O cycloaliphatic radical
• R is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 1 O aliphatic radical.
• Tetrabenazine compounds having structure IX are known in the chemical literature, and the preparation of both racemic and enantiomerically enriched tetrabenazine and dihydrotetrabenazine compositions have been described.
• Co-pending International Patent Application PCT/US2008/065738 disclose methods for the preparation of racemic and enantiomerically enriched tetrabenazine compositions.
• the Examples Section of the present disclosure provides detailed experimental descriptions of the preparation and characterization of tetrabenazine compounds IX and dihydrotetrabenazine compounds V.
• tetrabenazine compounds IX can be prepared by reacting a nucleophilic alkenyl species with an aldehyde compound having structure X
• R 3 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 2 O aliphatic radical
• R 4 is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 2 O aliphatic radical
• P 1 is a protecting group
• Aldehyde compounds X may be prepared from intermediates prepared using methodology described by Sasamoto et al. (Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, 14010-14011, 2006).
• Sasamoto et al. disclose the preparation of enantiomerically enriched tetrahydroquinoline malonate compounds which may be converted as shown in the present disclosure to aldehyde compound X by selective hydrolysis of one of the ester moieties of the tetrahydroquinoline malonate and decarboxylation followed by reduction of the resultant tetrahydroisoquinoline monoester to aldehyde compound X as depicted in Scheme 1.
• DM-SEGPHOS 2 mole percent DM-SEGPHOS shown in Scheme 1 represents a chiral catalyst responsible for the enantiomeric enrichment of the product aldehyde X, and further that the use of DM-SEGPHOS of opposite chirality as the chiral catalyst will afford a product aldehyde X enantiomerically enriched in the "S" enantiomer (aldehyde compound X having the S configuration at ring position- 12 (See for example Entry 8b of Table 8).
• Suitable chiral catalysts include those disclosed by Sasamoto et al.
• racemic aldehyde compound X may be separated into its constituent enantiomers by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on a chiral hplc column.
• enantiomeric ally enriched compositions include conversion of a racemic fluorinated ether compound having structure I compound into an adduct comprising a mixture of diastereomers which are then separated by fractional crystallization.
• a racemic fluorinated ether compound having structure I may be reacted with (-)-tartaric acid to form an adduct (ammonium tartarate salt) of the racemic fluorinated ether compound, said adduct comprising a mixture of diastereomeric ammonium tartarate salts which are then separated by fractional crystallization.
• the dihydroisoquinoline 1 (1.0 eq.) and Boc anhydride (1.5 eq.) were dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 at room temperature to provide a 1.5 M solution with respect to the dihydroisoquinoline.
• the mixture was allowed to stir for 30 min. Following the allotted time, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 0 C and then diisopropylmalonate (1.5 eq.) followed by a pre-chilled solution of the Pd catalyst (0.008 eq.) in dichloromethane were added successively to the reaction mixture to provide a final reaction concentration of 0.84 M with respect to the starting dihydroisoquinoline.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to continue stirring at -2.5 0 C for 15 h.
• the starting material 2 was taken up in isopropanol to provide a 0.2 M solution of 2. To this solution was added IM aqueous NaOH solution bringing the final concentration of the reaction mixture to 0.1M with respect to the malonate 2. The reaction mixture was heated to and maintained 70 0 C for 22 min. (timing was started when the temperature of the reaction mixture temp exceeded 65 0 C). Following the allotted time the reaction mixture was quickly cooled to 0 0 C. The reaction mixture carefully acidified with 2M aqueous HCl and extracted with three portions of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the isolated material was taken up in THF to provide a 0.1 M solution (based on the original quantity of 2 used in the reaction mixture) and triethylamine (1.0 eq) was added to the reaction mixture at room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was heated to its reflux temperature and maintained at this temperature for 90 min.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in a minimal quantity of CH 2 Cl 2 and was immediately purified by column chromatography on SiO 2 (15-40% EtOAc-hexanes; 40%, the eluant was monitored at 284 nm).
• the product 3 existed as a mixture of rotamers at room temperature and was a colorless foam 79%: [Ci] 26 D -82 ( c 0.24, CH 2 Cl 2 ); 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 1.19-1.25 (m, 6H), 1.43-1.49 (m, 9H), 2.58-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.77 (m, IH), 2.78-2.92 (m, IH), 3.13-3.43 (m, IH), 3.81-3.85 (m, 6H), 3.86-4.01 (m, IH), 4.91-5.05 (m, IH), 5.38-5.61 (m, IH), 6.56- 6.61 (m, IH), 6.64-6.70 (s, IH); 13 C NMR (CDCl 3 ) ⁇ 21.75, 21.90, 27.93, 28.08, 28.44, 37.53, 38.75, 42.22, 42.81, 51.11, 51.87, 55.92, 56.02
• the combined organic extracts were washed with two portions of 2 M aqueous HCl solution, brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the crude product was subjected purification on SiO 2 (15-35% EtOAc-hexanes; Elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the isolated product aldehyde compound 4 was a colorless foam.
• reaction mixture was diluted with 1:1 EtOAc-hexanes and an aqueous 0.5 M EDTA solution (pH 9) was added and the entire mixture was allowed to stir for 1.5 h.
• aqueous layer was extracted with three portions of EtOAc, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a green oil.
• the crude material was subjected to column chromatography on SiO 2 (35% EtOAc-hexanes; elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the product allylic alcohol 6 was a pale yellow oil isolated in 53% yield as a mixture of diastereomers which was taken on to the next step without additional characterization or analysis.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with 1:1 EtOAc-hexanes and an aqueous 0.5 M EDTA solution (pH 9) was added and the entire mixture was allowed to stir for 1.5 h.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with three portions of EtOAc, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a green oil.
• the crude material was subjected to column chromatography on SiO 2 (20% EtOAc -hexanes to 35% EtOAc- hexanes; elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the product allylic alcohol 8 was a pale yellow oil isolated in 54% yield as a mixture of diastereomers which was taken on to the next step without additional characterization or analysis.
• reaction mixture was diluted with DMF to bring the final reaction concentration to 0.36 M.
• the reaction mixture was deep green in color and was permitted to continue stirring at room temperature for 14h. Following the allotted time, the reaction mixture was diluted with
• the crude material was purified by column chromatography on SiO 2 (10-30% EtOAc -hexanes, elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the crude material was purified by column chromatography on SiO 2 (10-50% EtOAc- hexanes, elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the crude material was purified by column chromatography on SiO 2 (10-50% EtOAc -hexanes, elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• First intermediate 12 (1.0 eq) was dissolved in 10% Me 2 S-dichloromethane to provide an 82 rnM solution. The solution was cooled to 0 0 C and triisopropylsilane (1.1 eq.) followed by TFA (precooled to 0 0 C) was added to the reaction mixture to provide a final concentration of 41 mM. The reaction mixture was permitted to stir at 0 0 C for 1 h. Following the allotted time the reaction mixture was quenched at 0 0 C by the addition of saturated aqueous potassium carbonate solution and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the majority of the dimethylsulfide.
• the mixture was extracted with five portions of dichloromethane, and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the crude product as a yellow solid.
• the crude product was recrystallized from 3.5% dimethoxyethane in hexanes.
• the first intermediate starting material 13 (1.0 eq) was dissolved in 10% Me 2 S- dichloromethane to provide an 26 mM solution. The solution was cooled to 0 0 C and triisopropylsilane (1.1 eq.) followed by TFA (precooled to 0 0 C) was added to the reaction mixture to provide a final concentration of 13 mM. The reaction mixture was permitted to stir at 0 0 C for 1 h. Following the allotted time the reaction mixture was quenched at 0 0 C by the addition of saturated aqueous potassium carbonate solution and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the majority of the dimethylsulfide.
• the mixture was extracted with five portions of dichloromethane, and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide an orange oil.
• the isolated material was immediately subjected to purification by flash chromatography on SiO 2 (20-30% EtOAc-hexanes, elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• the semipure product (existed as a mixture of diastereomers heavily favoring the desired product) was subjected to crystallization from 3.5% dimethoxyethane in hexanes over several days.
• the starting material 14 (1.0 eq) was dissolved in 10% Me 2 S-dichloromethane to provide a 176 mM solution of the starting material. The solution was cooled to 0 0 C and triisopropylsilane (1.1 eq.) followed by TFA (precooled to 0 0 C) was added to the reaction mixture to provide a final concentration of 88 mM. The reaction mixture was permitted to stir at 0 0 C for 1 h. Following the allotted time the reaction mixture was quenched at 0 0 C by the addition of saturated aqueous potassium carbonate solution and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the majority of the dimethylsulfide.
• the mixture was extracted with five portions of dichloromethane, and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow foam.
• the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on SiO 2 (0.2% triethylamine-10% EtOAc-89.8% hexanes to 0.2% triethylamine-50% EtOAc-49.8% hexanes, elution was observed at 285 nm and 228 nm).
• a mixture of DTBZ compound having structure V (1 equiv.) and NaH (5.0 equiv.) in DMF (0.1M) is heated at 60 0 C for 3 hours (h).
• the mixture is cooled to 0 0 C and the appropriate alkylating agent (e.g. a fluoroalkyl tosylate, an allyl halide, or a benzyloxyalkyl tosylate) is added and the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature (RT).
• the reaction mixture is then heated at 60 0 C for 14 h and cooled to RT.
• the reaction mixture is quenched by addition of water and extracted three times with an organic solvent (e.g. EtOAc, toluene, diethyl ether).
• the combined organic extracts are washed successively with water and brine, dried over a drying agent (e.g. Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , CaCl 2 ), filtered and concentrated.
• a drying agent e.g. Na 2 SO 4 , MgSO 4 , CaCl 2
• the residue may be purified by chromatography to afford the product ether compound.
• a mixture of DTBZ (18) (1 equiv.) and NaH (5.0 equiv.) in DMF (0.1M) is heated at 60 0 C for 3 hours (h).
• the mixture is then cooled to 0 0 C and treated with 3- benzyloxypropyltosylate and allowed to warm to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture is then heated at 60 0 C for 14 h and cooled to ambient temperature.
• the reaction mixture is quenched by addition of water and the mixture is extracted three times with Et 2 O (3x).
• the combined organic extracts are washed successively with water and brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the residue is purified by chromatography to afford the DTBZ ether compound having structure 24.
• a TEFLON-lined reaction vial contained in a shielded hood and fitted with a nitrogen purge inlet and magnetic spin bar, is added about 1 milliliter of an aqueous acetonitrile solution F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate (about 1 mg), and Kryptofix 221 (about 10 mg).
• F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate about 1 mg
• Kryptofix 221 about 10 mg.
• the vial is heated at 100°C under a stream of nitrogen to effect the azeotropic removal of water. Additional dry acetonitrile (1 mL) is added and evaporated. This azeotropic drying protocol is repeated three times.
• a mixture of dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile (about 1 mL) containing DTBZ ether tosylate 26 (2 mg) is added and the vial is sealed.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 100°C for 10 minutes and then is cooled to room temperature.
• the product mixture comprising the starting tosylate ether 26 and the product F- 18 fluorinated ether compound 27 is diluted with water (10 mL) and applied to a Sep-Pak cartridge. The cartridge is then washed with water (3x) to remove unreacted fluoride ion and other water soluble components of the product mixture.
• radiolabled fluorinated ether compound 27 and starting tosylate 26 are then eluted from the cartridge with acetonitrile. Most of the acetonitrile is then evaporated and the residue is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and subjected to preparative reverse phase HPLC to afford an aqueous formulation comprising PET imaging agent 27.
• a mixture of DTBZ (18) (1 equiv.) and NaH (5.0 equiv.) in DMF (0.1M) is heated at 60 0 C for 3 h.
• the mixture is then cooled to 0 0 C and a solution containing ethylene oxide in tetrahydrofuran is added and allowed to warm to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture is then heated at 60 0 C for 24 h and cooled to ambient temperature.
• the reaction mixture is quenched by addition of water and the mixture is extracted three times with Et 2 O (3x).
• the combined organic extracts are washed successively with water and brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the residue is purified by chromatography to afford the hydroxyethyl DTBZ ether compound having structure 28.
• a TEFLON-lined reaction vial contained in a shielded hood and fitted with a nitrogen purge inlet and magnetic spin bar, is added about 1 milliliter of an aqueous acetonitrile solution F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate (about 1 mg), and Kryptofix 221 (about 10 mg).
• F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate about 1 mg
• Kryptofix 221 about 10 mg.
• the vial is heated at 100°C under a stream of nitrogen to effect the azeotropic removal of water. Additional dry acetonitrile (1 mL) is added and evaporated. This azeotropic drying protocol is repeated three times.
• a mixture of dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile (about 1 mL) containing DTBZ ether tosylate 29 (2 mg) is added and the vial is sealed.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 100°C for 10 minutes and then is cooled to room temperature.
• the product mixture comprising the starting tosylate ether 29 and the product F- 18 fluorinated ether compound 30 is diluted with water (10 mL) and applied to a Sep-Pak cartridge. The cartridge is then washed with water (3x) to remove unreacted fluoride ion and other water soluble components of the product mixture.
• the radiolabled fluorinated ether compound 30 and starting tosylate 29 are then eluted from the cartridge with acetonitrile. Most of the acetonitrile is then evaporated and the residue is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and subjected to preparative reverse phase HPLC to afford an aqueous formulation comprising PET imaging agent 30.
• a TEFLON-lined reaction vial contained in a shielded hood and fitted with a nitrogen purge inlet and magnetic spin bar, is added about 1 milliliter of an aqueous acetonitrile solution F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate (about 1 mg), and Kryptofix 221 (about 10 mg).
• F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate about 1 mg
• Kryptofix 221 about 10 mg.
• the vial is heated at 100°C under a stream of nitrogen to effect the azeotropic removal of water. Additional dry acetonitrile (1 mL) is added and evaporated. This azeotropic drying protocol is repeated three times.
• a mixture of dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile (about 1 mL) containing ethylene glycol bistosylate (2 mg) is added and the vial is sealed.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 100°C for 10 minutes and then is cooled to room temperature.
• the product mixture comprising the starting bistosylate and the product F- 18 fluorinated monotosylate is diluted with water (10 mL) and applied to a Sep-Pak cartridge. The cartridge is then washed with water (3x) to remove unreacted fluoride ion and other water soluble components of the product mixture.
• the radiolabled fluorinated monotosylate and starting bistosylate are then eluted from the cartridge with acetonitrile. Most of the acetonitrile is then evaporated and the residue is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and subjected to preparative reverse phase HPLC to afford a purified F- 18 fluorinated monotosylate.
• the purified F- 18 fluorinated monotosylate is dried by azeotropic removal of water with acetonitrile. The dried F- 18 fluorinated monotosylate is then reacted with approximately 2 mg of the sodium salt of DTBZ at 60°C.
• the product mixture comprising radiolabled fluorinated ether compound 30 and the sodium salt of DTBZ is quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride and subjected to preparative HPLC to afford an aqueous formulation comprising PET imaging agent 30.
• the F- 18 fluorinated monotosylate may be prepared and purified as described in J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 2006; 49: pp 177-195.
• DTBZ (18) is reacted in dimethyl formamide (DMF) with sodium hydride and allyl bromide following the general procedure to afford DTBZ allyl ether 31 (See Method 21 below for structure) as a synthetic intermediate which is purified by column chromatography.
• the intermediate DTBZ allyl ether is treated overnight in tetrahydrofuran at room with one third of an equivalent of 1 molar borane (BH 3 ) in
• DTBZ allyl ether 31 (500 mg) is reacted in methylene chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ) at O°C with excess ozone for 1 hour.
• the reaction mixture is quenched at O°C by the addition by the addition of an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride followed by a volume of methanol equal to the volume of methylene chloride.
• the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and the methanol and methylene chloride are removed on a rotary evaporator.
• the crude product is dissolved in ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and washed with saturated ammonium chloride solution, water, and brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered.
• the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure to provide hydroxyethyl DTBZ ether 28 which may be purified by column chromatography on silica gel.
• a TEFLON-lined reaction vial contained in a shielded hood and fitted with a nitrogen purge inlet and magnetic spin bar, is added about 1 milliliter of an aqueous acetonitrile solution F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate (about 1 mg), and Kryptofix 221 (about 10 mg).
• F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate about 1 mg
• Kryptofix 221 about 10 mg.
• the vial is heated at 100°C under a stream of nitrogen to effect the azeotropic removal of water. Additional dry acetonitrile (1 mL) is added and evaporated. This azeotropic drying protocol is repeated three times.
• a mixture of dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile (about 1 mL) containing ether tosylate 32 (2 mg, prepared analogously to compound 29) is added and the vial is sealed.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 100°C for 10 minutes and then is cooled to room temperature.
• the product mixture comprising the starting tosylate ether 32 and the product F- 18 fluorinated ether compound 33 is then treated with octadecyl amine 5mg and potassium carbonate (2 mg) for 5 minutes at 60°C to convert unreacted ether tosylate to the corresponding octadecyl amine 34.
• the product mixture is then diluted with water (10 mL) and applied to a Sep-Pak cartridge.
• the cartridge is then washed with water (3x) to remove unreacted fluoride ion and other water soluble components of the product mixture.
• the radiolabled fluorinated ether compound 33 and the corresponding octadecyl amine adduct 34 are then eluted from the cartridge with acetonitrile. Most of the acetonitrile is then evaporated and the residue is dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile and subjected to preparative reverse phase HPLC to provide purified PET imaging agent 33.
• a TEFLON-lined reaction vial contained in a shielded hood and fitted with a nitrogen purge inlet and magnetic spin bar, is added about 1 milliliter of an aqueous acetonitrile solution F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate (about 1 mg), and Kryptofix 221 (about 10 mg).
• F- 18 fluoride ion, potassium carbonate about 1 mg
• Kryptofix 221 about 10 mg.
• the vial is heated at 100°C under a stream of nitrogen to effect the azeotropic removal of water. Additional dry acetonitrile (1 mL) is added and evaporated. This azeotropic drying protocol is repeated three times.
• a mixture of dimethyl formamide and acetonitrile (about 1 mL) containing ether tosylate 35 (2 mg, prepared analogously to compound 29) is added and the vial is sealed.
• the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 100°C for 10 minutes and then is cooled to room temperature.
• an amount of aminopropyl functionalized silica comprising approximately 10 equivalents of primary amine groups amine based on the number of moles of starting tosylate 35.
• the mixture is warmed to effect reaction between the aminopropyl functionalized silica and unreacted tosylate 35 and then filtered through a bed of diatomaceous earth.
• the bed of diatomaceous earth is rinsed with additional acetonitrile and the combined column effluent is concentrated to dryness in a sample preparation vial.
• Ethanol and water are added to the vial to provide an aqueous formulation of the PET imaging agent 36.
• the aqueous formulation comprising compound 36 is assayed by HPLC using a gamma ray detector capable of detecting fluorine- 18 radiodecay.
• VMAT-2 binding affinities were measured for fluorinated DTBZ ether compounds 22 and 23 provided by the present invention.
• VMAT-2 binding affinity measurements were carried out by Novascreen Biosciences Corporation (Hanover, Maryland, USA) using protocol Cat. No. 100-0751.
• Novascreen, Inc. is a commercial provider of biological assays for the pharmaceutical industry. Binding affinity data are presented in Table 9 and illustrate very high binding affinity for the fluorinated ether compounds of the present invention (compounds 22 and 23) relative to a DTBZ control (Comparative Example 1).
• the data obtained for fluorinated ether compounds 22 and 23 reveal an unexpected tolerance of replacement of the hydroxyl group at ring position-2 by a fluoroaliphatic radical, a structural change which combines a change in the size and lipophilicity of the group at ring position-2 in DTBZ with the uncertainty which arises whenever a hydrogen in a biologically active molecule is replaced by fluorine.
• the binding constants Ki expressed in nano-molar (nM) concentration units indicate a very high affinity of the fluorinated ether compounds of the present invention for the VMAT-2 biomarker.
• Table 9 VMAT-2 Binding Affinity of Fluorinated ether compounds 22 and 23
• the word "comprises” and its grammatical variants logically also subtend and include phrases of varying and differing extent such as for example, but not limited thereto, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, those ranges are inclusive of all sub-ranges there between. It is to be expected that variations in these ranges will suggest themselves to a practitioner having ordinary skill in the art and where not already dedicated to the public, those variations should where possible be construed to be covered by the appended claims. It is also anticipated that advances in science and technology will make equivalents and substitutions possible that are not now contemplated by reason of the imprecision of language and these variations should also be construed where possible to be covered by the appended claims.

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