WO2009049120A2 - Interactions vibroniques d'agrégats aqueux et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Interactions vibroniques d'agrégats aqueux et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009049120A2
WO2009049120A2 PCT/US2008/079469 US2008079469W WO2009049120A2 WO 2009049120 A2 WO2009049120 A2 WO 2009049120A2 US 2008079469 W US2008079469 W US 2008079469W WO 2009049120 A2 WO2009049120 A2 WO 2009049120A2
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water
cluster
clusters
terahertz
radiation
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PCT/US2008/079469
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English (en)
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WO2009049120A3 (fr
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Keith Johnson
Matthew Price-Gallagher
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Hydroelectron Ventures Inc.
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Publication of WO2009049120A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009049120A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/005—Systems or processes based on supernatural or anthroposophic principles, cosmic or terrestrial radiation, geomancy or rhabdomancy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H13/00—Means of attack or defence not otherwise provided for
    • F41H13/0043—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target
    • F41H13/005—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target the high-energy beam being a laser beam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
    • F41H13/00—Means of attack or defence not otherwise provided for
    • F41H13/0043—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target
    • F41H13/0075—Directed energy weapons, i.e. devices that direct a beam of high energy content toward a target for incapacitating or destroying the target the high-energy beam being a radiofrequency beam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems of using water clusters and specifically to methods and systems of utilizing water clusters and their vibronic interactions in a plurality of applications.
  • nano-clustered or "restructured” water which affects bio-molecular processes ranging from protein stability to enzyme activity (see Finney et al., "The role of water perturbations in biological processes", Water and Aqueous Solutions, pp. 227-244, 1986).
  • nano-structured water in the form of water clusters has been found to congregate in the confined cavities of proteins and other bio-molecules, as illustrated in FIG. 3, where a cluster of water molecules interacts with a protein amino-acid group.
  • H 2 depicts a protonated water cluster, (H 2 O) 2 iH + , which occurs as the dominant molecular species in a variety of experiments (see, for example, M. Miyazaki et al., Science 304, 1135, 2004). Its clathrate structure - a hydronium ion, H 3 O + , or neutral water molecule plus proton H + trapped in the dodecahedral cage (see, for example, M. Miyazaki et al., Science 304, 1135, 2004) - is the typical protonated water cluster prototype.
  • the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels correspond to the large, delocalized "S"-, "P"-, “Z ) "- and "F'-like cluster wave-functions illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • the iS-like LUMO level is separated from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level by an energy gap of nearly 3 electron-volts (eV).
  • the low-frequency vibrational modes of the (H 2 O) 2 iH + cluster have also been computed, producing, in one embodiment, the spectrum illustrated in FIG.
  • Density-functional calculations for larger water clusters such as that illustrated in FIG. 9, and even for the simple pentamer in FIG. 1 indicate similar manifolds of cluster terahertz vibrational modes, except that they extend to as low as 0.5 THz for the largest clusters.
  • the electronic structure (as illustrated in FIGs. 4 and 5) and vibrational spectrum (as illustrated in FIG. 6) of the (H 2 O) 2I H + and other similar clusters can satisfy the conditions for intense optical absorption and Terahertz emission.
  • the near-ultraviolet optical pumping of an electron from the HOMO to LUMO can put the electron into the bound S-like cluster molecular orbital mapped in FIG. 5. This is a stable excited state of the cluster.
  • Near-infrared absorption can then excite the LUMO S-like electron to the nearby unoccupied /Mike orbital (as illustrated in FIGs. 4 and 5).
  • the ensemble of optically pumped electrons in the LUMO manifolds, loosely bound to the vibrationally activated, positively charged (H 2 O) 2I H + molecular ion "cores”, can effectively constitutes a "plasma”.
  • An alternative scenario is to view an electron in the LUMO manifold "conduction band", responsible for the large dipole moment of the clusters, as oscillating in the reference frame of the (H 2 O) 2I H + ion core.
  • water clusters can have good symmetry (illustrated in FIGs. 1 and 2) and may be present in natural systems or produced in engineered systems.
  • the water clusters' molecular vibrations are coupled to the water clusters' electronic states (hereafter referred to as "vibronic interactions").
  • Embodiments of these water clusters may be promoted for applications in the areas of environmental remediation, clean energy production, terahertz radiation technologies, chemical synthesis and reactivity and pharmaceutical and biomedical technologies.
  • Water clusters include protonated water clusters, negatively charged water clusters, and neutral water clusters. These three species of water clusters are hereinafter generally referred to as "water clusters”.
  • Protonated or positively charged water clusters, and negatively charge water clusters are hereinafter generally referred to as "charged water clusters”.
  • a method for removing at least one water cluster from the atmosphere includes injecting at least one electron into the atmosphere, the atmosphere including a plurality of water clusters, wherein the at least one injected electron interacts with the plurality of water clusters causing at least one water cluster to break down.
  • the method includes injecting at least one electron into the troposphere, the troposphere including the plurality of water clusters. In another embodiment, the method
  • HYDR attorney Docket No.: 2007135-0007
  • a method for removing heat stored in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere includes injecting at least one electron into the atmosphere, the atmosphere including a plurality of water clusters, wherein the at least one injected electron attaches onto at least one of the plurality of water clusters to form at least one charged water cluster; the at least one charged water cluster attracting and absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converting heat stored in the carbon dioxide into radiation.
  • the method includes applying radiation to the plurality of water clusters, the radiation at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz.
  • the method includes injecting at least one electron into the troposphere, the troposphere including a plurality of water clusters, wherein the at least one injected electron attaches onto at least one of the plurality of water clusters to form at least one charged water cluster; the at least one charged water cluster attracting and absorbing carbon dioxide from the troposphere and converting heat stored in the carbon dioxide into radiation.
  • a method for clean energy production includes applying laser stimulation to water vapor to generate terahertz radiation energy from at least one water cluster included in the water vapor, and extracting the terahertz radiation energy from the at least one water cluster.
  • the method includes extracting the terahertz radiation energy from at least one water cluster via frequency conversion.
  • a method for clean energy production includes applying stimulation to at least one water cluster to induce vibration of the at least one water cluster at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz and 32 terahertz; and impacting the at least one water cluster on a hydride surface to induce nuclear fusion, the nuclear fusion releasing energy.
  • each of the at least one water cluster is a heavy water cluster comprising Deuterium.
  • the nuclear fusion is selected from the group consisting of Deuterium-Deuterium fusion and Hydrogen-Hydrogen fusion.
  • a method for releasing trapped gas from clathrate hydrate includes applying, to clathrate hydrate, radiation at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz, the clathrate hydrate including trapped gas, and releasing, via energy gap reduction associated with the clathrate hydrate and induced by the radiation, at least a portion of the trapped gas.
  • the trapped gas is methane.
  • a method for producing hydrogen gas from water vapor comprising impacting at least one water cluster onto an electrically-charged palladium surface, the surface catalyzing the dissociation of the at least one water cluster to produce hydrogen gas.
  • a method for generating terahertz radiation comprising applying a laser pulse to water clusters in water vapor.
  • the method includes applying a laser pulse to water clusters in water vapor injected from a gas jet nozzle.
  • a method for using terahertz radiation from water clusters for communications includes generating radiation from water clusters in water vapor, tuning the radiation to a frequency in the range of 1.3 terahertz to 1.5 terahertz; and applying the tuned radiation as a carrier wave for a communications signal.
  • the method includes generating radiation from water clusters in water vapor in the atmosphere.
  • a method for causing malfunction in an electronic system includes generating a laser pulse from a plurality of water clusters at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz, and applying the laser pulse at an electronic system to cause malfunction in the electronic system.
  • the method includes applying the laser pulse at an electronic system, the application being substantially silent, odorless, visually undetectable and harmless to a human body.
  • the method includes deactivating the electronic system.
  • the method includes creating distortion in an electronic system, the electronic system being a radar detection system.
  • a method of increasing reactive behavior in chemical reactions associated with water comprising applying radiation, at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz, to a plurality of water clusters in the chemical reaction.
  • the chemical reaction represents the breakdown of biological material, via interaction with the water clusters, to produce a bio-fuel.
  • a method for imparting a biocidal property against at least one pathogenic agent includes applying at least one negatively-charged water cluster to at least one pathogenic agent.
  • the method includes adding at least one water cluster to the at least one pathogenic agent, the water cluster including a bicatalytic element clathrated by the water cluster.
  • the method includes adding at least one water cluster to the at least one pathogenic agent, the water cluster including silver clathrated by the water cluster.
  • the method includes applying at least one negatively-charged water cluster to at least one pathogenic agent.
  • the method includes adding at least one water cluster to the at least one pathogenic agent, the water cluster including a bicatalytic element clathrated by the water cluster.
  • the method includes adding at least one water cluster to the at least one pathogenic agent, the water cluster including silver clathrated by the water cluster.
  • HYDR attorney Docket No.: 2007135-0007 (HYDR) delivering the at least one water cluster via a delivery medium
  • the delivery medium is selected from the group consisting of a spray, an emulsion, a nano-spray and a nano-emulsion.
  • a method for delivering a chemical to a region of biological tissue comprising combining a chemical with at least one water cluster to form at least one water cluster micelle, and delivering the at least one water cluster micelle to a region of biological tissue.
  • the chemical is a pharmaceutical agent.
  • the region of biological tissue is a region of a brain.
  • the method includes delivering the at least one water cluster micelle across a blood-brain barrier to the region of the brain.
  • a method for transdermal delivery of a chemical includes applying at least one water cluster to clathrate a chemical, and delivering the clathrated chemical through cellular skin.
  • the method includes activating the chemical, via the at least one water cluster, for interaction with receptor sites upon delivery.
  • the method includes activating the chemical, via application of radiation at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz on the at least one water cluster, for interaction with receptor sites upon delivery.
  • the method includes removing free radicals encountered in the skin.
  • the method includes reducing water evaporation through the skin.
  • the method includes comprises deactivating, via additional water clusters, lipid hydrophobes in the skin, the lipid hydrophobes hindering transdermal delivery of the chemical.
  • the chemical is a pharmaceutical compound.
  • a method for promoting proper protein folding in a biomedical treatment includes applying at least one water cluster to clathrate a pharmaceutical compound, delivering the clathrated pharmaceutical compound to a protein, and providing, via the clathrated pharmaceutical compound, a water cluster interface with the protein, and restoring a proper protein folding to the protein.
  • the method includes applying a radiation at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz.
  • the protein is part of a cancer cell.
  • a method for spacecraft propulsion includes extracting a plurality of water clusters, the plurality of water clusters including charged water clusters.
  • the method includes accelerating the charged water clusters.
  • the method includes emitting the charged water clusters to generate thrust for a spacecraft.
  • the method includes extracting the plurality of water clusters
  • the method includes passing water vapor through a plurality of multi-aperture grids.
  • the method includes applying a potential difference between a first grid of the plurality of multi-aperture grids and a second grid of the plurality of multi-aperture grids.
  • the method includes accelerating each of the charged water clusters to an energy level of at least 1 kilo-electron-volt.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a pentagonal cluster of water molecules.
  • FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of a pentagonal dodecahedral (H 2 ⁇ ) 2 iH + cluster.
  • FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a water cluster interacting with a protein amino-acid group.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a density-functional molecular-orbital energies of the
  • FIG. 5 depicts an embodiments of S- like, P- like, D- like, and F-like LUMO wavefunctions of the (H 2 O) 2 iH + cluster.
  • FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment of a computed vibrational spectrum of the (H 2 O) 2 iH + cluster.
  • FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment of a Terahertz vibrational mode of a (H 2 O) 2 iH + cluster.
  • FIG. 8 depicts embodiments of vibrational modes of a pentagonal dodecahedron.
  • FIG. 9 depicts an embodiment of a large water cluster
  • FIG. 10 is a graph depicting an embodiment of a lowering of the energy barrier of a chemical reaction by a water cluster
  • FIG. 11 depicts an embodiment of a water-cluster micelle
  • FIG. 12 is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of steps of a method for using terahertz radiation from water clusters for communications;
  • FIG. 13 is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of steps of a method for promoting proper protein folding in a biomedical treatment.
  • FIG. 14 is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of steps of a method for spacecraft propulsion.
  • the present disclosure discusses certain preferred embodiments of water clusters wherein their molecular vibrations are coupled to the water clusters' electronic states (hereafter referred to as "vibronic interactions").
  • the molecular vibrations are in the 0.5 - 32 terahertz (THz) frequency range.
  • THz terahertz
  • Water clusters characterized by such interactions may be leveraged as active agents in various applications. They can be found in solid, liquid and gaseous states of water, both on earth and in space, and can be distinguished from typical masses or molecules of water by having properties, such as those characterized by vibronic interactions.
  • the water clusters of this disclosure may also be considered as representing a fourth state or phase of water, and is distinguished from a simple collection of water molecules such as a droplet.
  • Water clusters may be found in natural systems, which includes the earth's atmosphere, in biological systems and reservoirs of water. Water clusters may also be produced in engineered systems, including, but not limited to, pressurized water vapor cells, nano- electrospray apparatus, jet nozzle systems, ion mobility drift tube apparatus, water-in-oil nano-emulsion formulations (see, for example, US Patents 5,800,576 and 5,997,590), molecular beam apparatus and supercritical water cells.
  • the water clusters may have high symmetry and possess pentagonal or pentagonal dodecahedral structures, as illustrated in FIGs. 1 and 2 respectively.
  • water clusters are globular clusters containing up to 100 water molecules (as illustrated in FIG. 9).
  • Preferred embodiments of a water cluster may include twenty or twenty-one water molecules.
  • a pentagonal dodecahedral cluster can have a closed, icosahedral symmetry formed by twenty hydrogen-bonded water molecules.
  • the associated oxygen atoms are at the vertices of twelve concatenated pentagons and there are ten free exterior hydrogen atoms.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a protonated
  • FIG. 4 The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels correspond to the large, delocalized "S"-, "F'-, “D”- and “F'-like cluster wave-functions depicted in FIG. 5.
  • the "5"-like LUMO level is separated from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level by an energy gap of nearly 3 eV.
  • the vibrational modes of this cluster have also been computed, an embodiment of the spectrum shown in FIG. 6. Of particular relevance to certain applications of this disclosure is the lowest frequency manifold of cluster modes between 1.5 and 6 THz (about 50 to 200 cm "1 ).
  • FIG. 7 show a typical "squashing" mode of the dodecahedral cluster, with a large-amplitude vibration of the clathrated hydronium oxygen atom coupled to breathing vibrations of the cluster "surface” oxygen atoms.
  • Water-cluster “librational modes” are shown in FIG. 6 to occur at higher frequencies up to 32 THz.
  • the 1.5-32 THz (about 50 to 1060 cm “1 ) manifolds may be characteristic of water molecule clustering.
  • Water clusters containing stable pentagonal dodecahedral water structures may be produced by a variety of methods.
  • pentagonal dodecahedral structures may form transiently, but can be unstable.
  • Liquid water can, in one embodiment, be modeled as a collection of pentagonal dodecahedra in which inter-structure interactions are approximately as strong as, or stronger than, intra-structure interactions.
  • the long-range inter-structure interactions present in liquid water may be disrupted in favor of the intra-structure association.
  • Any of a variety of methods, including physical, chemical, electrical, and electromagnetic methods can be used to accomplish this.
  • a method of isolating a pentagonal dodecahedral water structure is simply to extract twenty or twenty-one water molecules into a single nano-droplet. Water clusters of twenty or twenty- one water molecules are two preferred embodiments.
  • an improved hypersonic nozzling method for preparing pentagonal dodecahedral water structures may include a hypersonic nozzle with a catalytic material such as nickel or a nickel alloy positioned and arranged so that, as water passes through the nozzle, the water comes into contact with reacting orbitals on the catalytic material.
  • the catalytic material may
  • Chemical methods for producing water clusters comprising pentagonal dodecahedral structures can include the use of surfactants and/or clathrating agents. Electrical methods may involve inducing electrical breakdown of inter-cluster interactions by providing an electrical spark of sufficient voltage and appropriate frequency. Electromagnetic methods can include application of microwaves of appropriate frequency to interact with the "squashing" vibrational modes of inter-cluster oxygen-oxygen interactions. Also, since it is known that ultrasound waves can cavitate (produce bubbles in) water, it is predicted that inter-cluster associations can be disrupted ultrasonically without interfering with intra-cluster interactions. Finally, various other methods have been reported for the production of pentagonal dodecahedral water structures.
  • Such methods include ion bombardment of ice surfaces (see Haberland, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ed. by Eichler et al, Elsevier, Ansterdam, pp. 597-604, 1984), electron impact ionization (see, for example, Lin, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44:516, 1973), and near-threshold vacuum-UV photoionization of neutral clusters (see, for example, Shinohara et al. Chem. Phys. 83:4183, 1985).
  • Water cluster vibrational modes such as that illustrated in FIG. 6 may be induced or promoted through application of an external electromagnetic field and/or through the intrinsic action of the dynamical Jahn-Teller (DJT) effect using methods including photoelectric stimulation, addition of electronic charge, exposure to terahertz radiation, design of specific water-in-oil nano-emulsion formulations, design of certain clathrates in water cluster cages (i.e. silver) and contact with certain electron donning materials (i.e. nickel).
  • the Jahn-Teller (JT) effect is known to cause symmetrical structures to distort or deform along symmetry-determined vibrational coordinates (Q s ) as illustrated in FIG. 10.
  • Potential energy minima corresponding to the broken-symmetry forms can arise, and the structure may either settle into one of these minima (static Jahn-Teller effect), or oscillate between or among such minima, such as vibrating along the relevant vibrational coordinates (DJT effect).
  • DJT-induced vibrational oscillations in certain water clusters can significantly lower the energy barrier for chemical reactions involving such clusters (illustrated in FIG. 10).
  • the present disclosure teaches that water clusters (or aggregates thereof) having a ground-state electronic structure characterized by a manifold of fully occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) separated from a manifold of
  • water vapor populated by such water clusters may be strong sources of terahertz radiation between approximately 1.5 and 32 TFIz (as illustrated in FIG. 7).
  • p can approach 50 Debyes, i.e. the effective dipole moment of an optically pumped or negatively-charged water cluster is much larger than that of the ground state. Therefore at Terahertz frequencies, e.g. 1.5 THz, the emission power output of a single water cluster is typically of the order of (converting cgs to MKS units) 10 "21 watt/cluster.
  • Atmospheric water can be a significant contributor to global warming, compared with carbon dioxide and methane.
  • water vapor causes 36-70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth, excluding clouds, while carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) causes only 9-26%, and Methane (CH 4 ), only 4-9%.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • CH 4 Methane
  • increases of CO 2 are known to elevate the greenhouse effect and thus global warming, the contribution of atmospheric water is not as commonly discussed partly because unlike most other gases, the distribution of atmospheric water can vary greatly with altitude, terrestrial location, and across time, and water vapor can change between the liquid and solid phases at terrestrial temperatures. For example, slight increases of ocean temperature may produce significant increases in the evaporation of water molecules into the atmosphere. This is in addition to growing man-made combustion sources of water vapor, such as from industry, terrestrial vehicles, ships and aircraft. Even fuel cells, such as used in "clean energy” vehicles, produces water vapor.
  • Water vapor is typically viewed as a gas comprising distinct H 2 O molecules.
  • atmospheric water vapor can be a natural source of clusters of water molecules, especially protonated water clusters such as (H 2 ⁇ ) 2 iH + .
  • a water cluster such as that illustrated in FIG. 7, may store more heat than the sum total from separate water molecules because of the water cluster's vibrational degrees of freedom, which may be shown by unique cluster "surface" vibration vectors.
  • the heat storage capacities of such clusters can approach that of bulk water.
  • even a modest collection of water clusters in the troposphere can contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect and may explain why water vapor can be a significant greenhouse gas.
  • a method for reducing the greenhouse effect and global warming may involve removing water clusters from the atmosphere.
  • the addition of electrons to water clusters can break the water clusters down into separate water molecules. This can reduce the contribution of water molecule clustering to atmospheric heat storage.
  • a method for removing at least one water cluster from the atmosphere includes injecting one or more electrons into the atmosphere, the atmosphere including a plurality of water clusters. The one or more injected electrons interacts with the plurality of water clusters causing one or more water clusters to break down.
  • Each of these water clusters can be a protonated water cluster or any other embodiment of a water cluster.
  • the method may target the troposphere component of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere including the plurality of water clusters.
  • one or more atmospheric layers in the Earth's atmosphere may be targeted for electron injection.
  • the method includes injecting at least one electron from a photoelectron-emitting material.
  • the photoelectron-emitting material may be mounted on an aircraft, balloon, or any high-altitude structures or media. Any type or form of aircraft, balloon and structures may be located in the appropriate atmospheric layer or layers.
  • the photoelecfron-emitting material releases one or more electrons when subject to radiation.
  • the photoelectron-emitting material may be fabricated as a panel or any form or type of structure or coating.
  • the radiation is solar radiation. This method could be accomplished, for example, safely from the many commercial aircraft flying daily through the troposphere by exposing photoelectron-emitting panels that would release electrons under solar radiation once the aircraft reaches a specific altitude. Ozone may be a byproduct of this process but tropospheric ozone is known to be beneficial. In addition, deployment of Terahertz radiation sources in certain embodiments may also assist in breaking down the atmospheric, heat-storing water clusters.
  • CO2 molecules can directly interact with and be captured by water clusters.
  • a method of reducing heat stored in CO 2 may help reduce the greenhouse effect.
  • the method includes injecting one or more electrons into the atmosphere, the atmosphere including a number of water clusters.
  • the method may specifically focus on the troposphere of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere including the plurality of water clusters.
  • one or more atmospheric layers in the Earth's atmosphere may be targeted for electron injection.
  • the one or more injected electrons may attach onto at least one water cluster to form at least one charged water cluster.
  • a charged water cluster, as formed can attract and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
  • the heat stored in the carbon dioxide can then be converted into Terahertz radiation.
  • heat can be converted vibronically to Terahertz radiation and harmlessly removed from the atmosphere.
  • Terahertz radiation is applied to the plurality of water clusters, the applied radiation at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz.
  • the applied radiation can help CO 2 interact with the water clusters, for example, forming water clusters such as (H 2 O) n CO 2 " .
  • the applied radiation may help activate the removal of heat through Terahertz radiation.
  • the water clusters may be removed.
  • One method of removing such clusters is the method of injecting electrons into water clusters to break up the clusters, as discussed above. Some of these water clusters may absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere if they remain in sufficient concentration in the atmosphere.
  • a water cluster can store more energy than do the separate water vapor molecules because of the many vibrational degrees of freedom.
  • the water cluster may be in a 1.5 THz mode, as shown in FIG. 7, with large-amplitude excursions of the "surface oxygen" atoms. It is possible to identify the significant vibrational energy exchange between such clusters and their ambient surroundings, as well as the catalytic vibronic energy exchanges that occur when such clusters chemically interact with other molecules and at material interfaces.
  • water-cluster orbitals on the cluster surface oxygen atoms can overlap with the reactive fuel carbon (e.g. p ⁇ ) orbitals, promoting oxidation. Because of the potentially significant displacements (large Q s ) of water-cluster surface
  • Water clusters may also be used to catalyze the breakdown of biological material, such as switchgrass cellulose.
  • the water clusters' vibronic interactions may be activated to allow for the efficient breakdown of bio-fuel stocks, or more generally, biological material. This method can be a more efficient process for producing bio-fuels.
  • a system and method for producing hydrogen fuel from water involves nano-electrolysis.
  • experiments performed at McGiIl University indicates that mass-spectrometrically selected protonated water clusters impacting thin, negatively charged metallic membranes can strip hydrogen from the clusters.
  • the water-cluster and membrane interface represents part of a nano-electrolytic system for the nano-electrolysis.
  • a method for producing hydrogen gas from water vapor includes impacting at least one water cluster onto an electrically-charged palladium surface, the surface catalyzing the dissociation of the at least one water cluster to produce hydrogen gas.
  • the water cluster may be a protonated water cluster or any other type of water cluster.
  • the hydrogen gas may pass through the membrane and be collected. The collected hydrogen gas can then be used as fuel.
  • a method for clean energy production includes applying laser stimulation to water vapor to generate Terahertz radiation energy from at least one water cluster included in the water
  • HYDR HYDR 4379139vl Attorney Docket No.: 2007135-0007 (HYDR) vapor, and extracting the Terahertz radiation energy from the at least one water cluster.
  • the Terahertz radiation energy from the water clusters may be extracted either directly or through frequency conversion, and utilized. Any form or type of frequency conversion process may be used, for example, four wave mixing. In particular, non-degenerate four-wave mixing (ND-FWM) may be used.
  • a method for clean energy production includes applying stimulation to at least one water cluster to induce vibration of the at least one water cluster at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz and 32 terahertz.
  • each of the water clusters is a heavy water cluster with Deuterium instead of Hydrogen.
  • ordinary hydrogen water clusters may be replaced with their heavy-water counterparts such as (D 2 O) 2 iD + .
  • the water clusters do not include Deuterium.
  • Conditions for the water clusters may be induced, for example, to undergo significant low energy nuclear reactions. The conditions may include, for example, temperature, radiation and use of a catalyst.
  • the nuclear water cluster Terahertz vibrations may be internally or externally stimulated.
  • water clusters can be impacted onto a hydride surface to induce nuclear fusion.
  • the impacted water clusters may be protonated water clusters. Energy released from the nuclear fusion may then be collected and utilized as a clean energy.
  • the fusion may be either Deuterium-Deuterium fusion or Hydrogen-Hydrogen fusion. Such a use of water clusters may be a practical method of inducing nuclear fusion.
  • Gas hydrates also referred to as clathrate hydrates, are crystalline combinations of one or more gases such as methane, natural gas and other hydrocarbon gas molecules of small linear dimension (i.e., C i -C 4 or larger carbon containing molecules which have a maximum linear dimension of about 10 nanometers (100 Angstroms) such as neopentane) and water formed into a substance that may look like ice but can be unstable at standard temperature and pressure.
  • the gas hydrate also may contain other light gases (CO 2 , H 2 S 5 N 2 , etc.).
  • the gas molecules may be physically entrapped or engaged in the expanded lattice of the water network comprising hydrogen bonded molecules.
  • the structure may be stable due to weak Van der Waals bonding between the gas and the water molecules and hydrogen-bonding between water molecules within the cage structure.
  • Gas hydrates may be found under the ocean floor and in permafrost. Gas hydrate is increasingly being considered as a source of fuel to be tapped. Gas hydrates may occur abundantly in nature, both in Arctic regions and in marine sediments. Methane hydrate can be stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters and, where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick.
  • Natural gas may be produced economically from the methane and other gas hydrates on a large scale.
  • the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that the methane hydrates beneath U.S. waters can hold some 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and may be enough to supply all the nation's energy needs for more than 2,000 years at current rates of use.
  • USGS U.S. Geological Survey
  • Supplying heat as steam at the bottom of a drill hole can be inefficient because of heat loss to the wall of the hole.
  • Supplying electrical heat can also be inefficient because transmission of that heat to the water-hydrate interface would require a higher temperatures in the area of the heater.
  • Physically mining the deposits and releasing/capturing the gas at the surface may be technically possible but can be economically prohibitive. Since the days of plentiful oil and gas may be numbered, and countries will require new energy sources to keep their economies moving, gas hydrates could be an answer. The worldwide amounts of carbon-based fuel bound in gas hydrates is estimated to total twice the amount of carbon-based fuel found in other known fossil fuels on Earth. This estimate was made with available information from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other studies. Extraction of methane from hydrates could provide a useful energy resource. Additionally, other conventional gas resources currently trapped beneath methane hydrate layers in ocean sediments may yet be released.
  • Microwave radiation which has a wavelength in the 0.1 mm to 1 mm range, is widely used to transfer energy to materials containing liquid water (e.g., as in a conventional microwave oven wherein food is heated by the resultant heating of the aqueous component of the food).
  • materials containing liquid water e.g., as in a conventional microwave oven wherein food is heated by the resultant heating of the aqueous component of the food.
  • sufficient microwave exposure can impart energy to the water molecules and cause the breaking of the hydrogen bonds of the water in the clathrate structure in addition to heating the water molecules.
  • Energy of a targeted wavelength may be applied to release a contained gas within a gas hydrate by electromagnetically inducing collective vibrational modes of the gas hydrate.
  • a method is provided for selectively releasing trapped gas molecules from their hydrate cages and harvesting the released gas molecules.
  • the trapped gas in the gas hydrate may be methane or any other gas, including hyrocarbons.
  • Sub-millimeter wavelength radiation in the 0.5 - 32 THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum may be applied to the gas hydrate. At least a portion of the trapped gas is released, via energy gap reduction associated with the clathrate hydrate and induced by the radiation. The released gas may then be harnessed as fuel energy.
  • sub-millimeter radiation in the 0.5 - 32 THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum may be applied to methane or other trapped hydrocarbon gas hydrate to excite the large-amplitude gas-hydrate vibrations (i.e., instead of simply imparting heat energy directly to the water molecules). In one embodiment, this directly impacts the hydrogen-bonding between the water molecules in the hydrate.
  • the vibrations induced by the electromagnetic radiation can cause the energy gap between the highest-energy occupied gas-hydrate bonding molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest-energy, otherwise unoccupied gas- hydrate anti-bonding molecular orbitals (LUMOs) to close.
  • HOMOs highest-energy occupied gas-hydrate bonding molecular orbitals
  • LUMOs lowest-energy, otherwise unoccupied gas- hydrate anti-bonding molecular orbitals
  • This vibronic process can be more efficient in releasing the gases from the clathrate structure than broad frequency microwave or other electromagnetic heating process.
  • Gridded electrostatic ion thrusters for interplanetary and interstellar spacecraft propulsion typically utilize xenon gas as a source for ions. This gas has no charge and is ionized by bombarding it with energetic electrons. The electrons are provided from a hot cathode filament and accelerated in the electrical field between a cathode and an anode. In another embodiment, the electrons may be accelerated by the oscillating electric field induced by an alternating magnetic field of a coil, which results in a self-sustaining discharge (radiofrequency ion thruster). Positively charged water cluster ions, such as occurring naturally in water vapor or harvested from interstellar space (see W. W. Duley, Molecular Clusters in Interstellar Clouds, Astrophys. J. 471, L57, 1996), may be used instead of ionized xenon.
  • the positively charged water cluster ions are extracted by a system consisting of a plurality of multi-aperture grids. After entering the grid system via the plasma sheath, the cluster ions are accelerated due to the potential difference between the first and second grids.
  • the first grid is referred to as a screen and the second grid referred to as an accelerator grid.
  • the water cluster ions can be accelerated to an ion energy of at least one keV, generating the thrust. This embodiment of an ion thruster emits a beam of positive charged water cluster ions.
  • a cathode placed near the engine emits additional electrons (the electron current is basically the same as the ion current) into the ion beam. This also prevents the beam of ions from returning to the spacecraft and thereby canceling the thrust. Therefore, neutral water clusters may also emitted can contribute to the thrust.
  • negatively charged water clusters are harvested or generated and used in place of the positively charged water clusters.
  • the system of multi-aperture grids are similarly used to extract and accelerate the negatively charged water clusters, by adjusting the potential differences between the grids.
  • This embodiment of an ion thruster emits a beam of negatively charged water cluster ions.
  • an anode may be placed near the engine. Therefore, neutral water clusters may also emitted can contribute to the thrust.
  • water can, in some embodiments, be a barrier due to radiation absorption in the Terahertz frequency range. Water clusters, however can also be used in the generation of intense broadband Terahertz radiation.
  • the laser pulse may be of any intensity necessary to activate the vibronic properties, notably the terahertz-frequency vibrations and the large electric dipole moments of water clusters of the water clusters.
  • the water vapor may be contained in a gas cell or injected from a gas jet nozzle.
  • the large oscillating electric dipole moments of water clusters present in the water vapor in either systems can significantly contribute to the generation of intense Terahertz radiation.
  • the peak power levels and broadband frequency range of the Terahertz radiation generated from these systems can then be applied to non-linear spectroscopy, imagining, communications, and biomedical diagnostics and treatments.
  • Terahertz communications can mean effective data rates exceeding 1 Terabit per second (usually on an optical carrier), or communication with a Terahertz carrier wave. Although greater bandwidths may be obtained at optical wavelengths with point-to-point optical communications, a number of reasons can make communications at Terahertz frequencies attractive. One reason may be the availability of the frequency band and the communications bandwidth. Frequencies above 300 GHz are currently unallocated by the Federal Commission. Terahertz communications is in the early stages of development, with first data transmission in this frequency range reported in the last few years. The disadvantages of communications at Terahertz frequencies arise through strong absorption through the atmosphere caused by water vapor as well as low efficiency and relatively low power available from currently available sources.
  • Water vapor can be a strong emitter of Terahertz radiation, as discussed in US Patent
  • Terahertz radiation can be generated from water clusters present in the atmosphere and space and then tuned to specific frequencies that match up with the known "atmospheric windows" in the water vapor spectrum, around the 1.3 THz and 1.5 THz frequencies.
  • the Terahertz radiation can be of varying intensity, and may be controlled, for example, by stimulation of water clusters' vibronic properties.
  • Such terahertz frequencies do not suffer from strong absorption through the atmosphere and can be utilized to produce astronomical data from ground based Terahertz telescopes. These frequencies can also function as the carrier frequencies for communications signals over long distances.
  • the delivery of the Terahertz radiation pulses may be silent, invisible, smokeless and odorless.
  • the short pulse radiation may be used to destroy enemy weapon systems, command and control structures and bases.
  • By adjusting the frequency of the Terahertz radiation human beings may be unharmed.
  • An embodiment of such a defense system may be implemented to emit Terahertz radiation from any vantage point, such as from space satellites, from aircraft, or from a tower. Beaming the short- pulse radiation at terahertz frequencies from a vantage point can provide an electronic shield for or against an advancing army, airforce or navy.
  • the electronic shield may create a zone within which electronic devices are disabled or partially disabled.
  • the zone may also prevent enemy transport vehicles and projectiles to advance past the zone by disabling any electronic devices on board the vehicles or projectiles.
  • the vehicles or projectiles may not be fully disabled but enemy activities can be disrupted.
  • Another embodiment of the same technology may be used to create distortions in the radar detection systems of an enemy.
  • Application of the technology can be made possible from a distance away, based in part on relatively low atmospheric absorption described above.
  • This application can also be adapted to counter- terrorism, for example, for use in the airport or other public areas. For example, using terahertz radiation pulses to disable electronic devices suspected to be involved in terror acts may be safer than conventional methods.
  • the water clusters described in this patent can have highly reactive oxygen components.
  • HYDR clusters can be employed in any oxidative reaction, including but not limited to the combustion applications mentioned in the clean energy production applications.
  • the water clusters in combination with any appropriate reaction partner, can increase chemical reaction rates and chemical synthesis.
  • a method of increasing reactive behavior in chemical reactions associated with water includes applying radiation, at a frequency in the range of 0.5 terahertz to 32 terahertz, to a plurality of water clusters in the chemical reaction.
  • other types of stimulus to activate the vibronic interactions of water clusters can also improve reactive behavior in chemical reactions.
  • Negatively charged water clusters and water clusters clathrating biocatalytic elements such as silver (Ag) in the form of nano-sprays and nano-emulsions can exhibit biocidal activity. For example, they may kill pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, E. CoIi, as well as the spore-forming bacterium. Bacillus Anthracis, responsible for Anthrax.
  • a bicatalytic element can disable an enzyme of a bacteria, virus, fungi, or any other form and type of pathogenic agent. When clathrated by water clusters, the vibronic interactions helps to activate the bicatalytic element's catalytic interaction with the enzyme of a pathogenic agent, disabling the pathogenic agent.
  • biocidal formulations may be delivered via various media and using various methods.
  • an oil-based medium may be used to deliver a biocidal emulsion.
  • the emulsion can be injected or directly applied to a mass afflicted with a bacteria for example.
  • nano-emulsions of silver-clathrated water clusters can be applied directly to the skin and function as an "over-the-counter" antiseptic.
  • a method for imparting a biocidal property to a water-based spray or emulsion against a pathogenic agent includes applying at least one negatively-charged water cluster to a pathogenic agent.
  • a method for imparting a biocidal property against a pathogenic agent includes clathrating a bicatalytic element with a water cluster. The negatively-charged water cluster or clathrated bicatalytic element is then applied to the pathogenic agent to kill or disable the pathogenic agent.
  • the bicatalytic element is silver. The negatively-charged water cluster or clathrated bicatalytic element may be further stimulated by radiation to improve the biocidal activity.
  • Water cluster vibronic interactions may be used to design novel drugs that accelerate electron-transfer, proton transfer and chemical reactions. These vibronically active water clusters may be present within the body naturally or delivered in water vapor or water-in-oil nano-emulsions. Such water clusters can lower the energy barrier for the reactions along the cluster Terahertz-frequency vibrational modes. This method may be used in conjunction with stimulated Terahertz radiation to further enhance drug-biomolecule resonance.
  • a method of delivering pharmaceuticals to diseased cells and bio-molecules includes using water-cluster micelles of the type shown schematically in FIG. 11. A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid, in this case, water clusters.
  • the unique THz-frequency vibrations of these water cluster (or nano-cluster) micelles can facilitate their resonance interaction with diseased cell and other biomolecules, including DNA and proteins.
  • Stabilizing surfactants for the micelle can include fatty acid and alcohol ethoxylates.
  • Transdermal drug delivery systems provide for the controlled release of drugs directly into the bloodstream through intact skin. Transdermal drug delivery can be an attractive alternative when oral drug treatment is not possible or desirable. In particular, with transdermal administration, therapeutic activity may be prolonged and controlled activity can be achieved.
  • compositions that can be transdermally delivered by nano-emulsions include FDA-approved transdermally deliverable "classic" drugs such as hormonally active testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol, glycyril trinitrate (e.g., for treatment of angina), hyoscine (e.g., for seasickness), nicotine (e.g., for smoking cessation); prostaglandin El (e.g., for treatment of erectile dysfunction); proteins and peptides; DNA and oligo-nucleotides (e.g., for gene therapy; DNA vaccines).
  • FDA-approved transdermally deliverable "classic" drugs such as hormonally active testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol, glycyril trinitrate (e.g., for treatment of angina), hyoscine (e.g., for seasickness), nicotine (e.g., for smoking cessation); prostaglandin El (e.g., for
  • a method of delivering such agents across the blood-brain barrier includes using water-cluster micelles of the type shown schematically in FIG. 11.
  • a micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid, in this case, water clusters.
  • the unique THz-frequency vibrations of these water cluster (or nano-cluster) micelles can facilitate their penetration through the blood-brain barrier.
  • Such micelles can deliver pharmaceuticals, such as antineoplastic drugs, to brain tumors and other disorders.
  • Stabilizing surfactants for the micelles can include fatty acids and alcohol ethoxylates.
  • Water clusters' vibration frequencies extend into the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as the 1.5 Terahertz vibrational mode shown in FIG. 7 for the cluster by the oxygen atomic displacement vectors.
  • Water cluster "surface" Terahertz vibrational modes like the one shown in FIG. 7 can be important because they couple or "resonate” with Terahertz-frequency vibrations of the amino-acid residues in proteins. This property may be key to optimizing the delivery of drugs to and their interaction with drug-receptor sites, where Terahertz vibrations of water clusters clathrating the drug in our proprietary nano-emulsions may provide the resonance need to restore the interfacial water restructuring necessary for proper protein folding.
  • nanobots to restructure water near cancerous tissue, which is known to harbor more "liquid-like” water, can possibly complement drug treatment.
  • skin or sub-coetaneous tumors may treated with an intense external Terahertz radiation source, alone or in combination with a water-in-oil nanoemulsion formulation to restructure the bulk water-like properties of cancerous tissue into vibronically active water clusters, restoring healthy cell and tissue functioning.
  • an intense external Terahertz radiation source other stimuli may be applied to promote the vibronic interactions of water clusters.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés dans lesquels les vibrations moléculaires d'agrégats aqueux situées dans la plage de fréquence de 0,5 à 32 térahertz (THz) sont couplées aux états électroniques des agrégats, en général appelés « interactions vibroniques », pour promouvoir les agrégats aqueux en tant qu'agents actifs dans une plage d'applications. La présente invention concerne également les divers systèmes naturels et mis au point où ces agrégats aqueux se trouvent et/ou sont produits et dont les interactions vibroniques uniques peuvent être activées pour réaliser les applications souhaitées. En outre, elle concerne des procédés et des systèmes d'utilisation des interactions vibroniques des agrégats aqueux, y compris des applications pour la réparation des dommages causés à l'environnement, la production d'énergie propre, les technologies de rayonnement aux térahertz, la synthèse et la réactivité chimique et les technologies pharmaceutiques et biomédicales.
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WO2010108090A1 (fr) * 2009-03-20 2010-09-23 Hydro Electron Ventures Agrégats aqueux confinés dans des nano-environnements
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CN104016531A (zh) * 2014-06-25 2014-09-03 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种铁阳极耦合钯催化加氢的地下水修复方法
CN104525051A (zh) * 2014-12-25 2015-04-22 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 一种水分子簇氢键活化反应器及一种活化水分子簇氢键的方法
WO2016085521A1 (fr) * 2014-11-27 2016-06-02 Upendra Wickrema Singhe Production de méthane à partir de gisements d'hydrate abondant
WO2016089375A1 (fr) * 2014-12-02 2016-06-09 Wickrema Singhe Upendra Production de méthane à partir de gisements d'hydrate abondants
CN105726343A (zh) * 2016-02-24 2016-07-06 上海尚雪实业有限公司 一种提升化妆品活性的小水分子团簇tmw的制备方法
CN110482643A (zh) * 2019-08-23 2019-11-22 吴思远 一种修复干细胞的方法及应用
CN111032565A (zh) * 2017-08-10 2020-04-17 爱尔兰国立大学都柏林大学学院 用于氢气可控储存的方法和装置
CN111307754A (zh) * 2020-03-13 2020-06-19 中国科学院上海高等研究院 一种基于太赫兹技术检测气体效应的方法
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CN113443856A (zh) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-28 泉州慈光科技有限公司 太赫兹波共振陶瓷材料、其制备方法及应用其的净水器

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Cited By (15)

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US8193251B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2012-06-05 D&Y Laboratories, Inc. Method for producing products with water clusters
US8383688B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2013-02-26 D & Y Laboratories Products with water clusters
WO2010108090A1 (fr) * 2009-03-20 2010-09-23 Hydro Electron Ventures Agrégats aqueux confinés dans des nano-environnements
CN104016531B (zh) * 2014-06-25 2015-06-10 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种铁阳极耦合钯催化加氢的地下水修复方法
CN104016531A (zh) * 2014-06-25 2014-09-03 中国地质大学（武汉） 一种铁阳极耦合钯催化加氢的地下水修复方法
WO2016085521A1 (fr) * 2014-11-27 2016-06-02 Upendra Wickrema Singhe Production de méthane à partir de gisements d'hydrate abondant
WO2016089375A1 (fr) * 2014-12-02 2016-06-09 Wickrema Singhe Upendra Production de méthane à partir de gisements d'hydrate abondants
CN104525051A (zh) * 2014-12-25 2015-04-22 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院 一种水分子簇氢键活化反应器及一种活化水分子簇氢键的方法
CN105726343A (zh) * 2016-02-24 2016-07-06 上海尚雪实业有限公司 一种提升化妆品活性的小水分子团簇tmw的制备方法
CN111032565A (zh) * 2017-08-10 2020-04-17 爱尔兰国立大学都柏林大学学院 用于氢气可控储存的方法和装置
WO2020149844A1 (fr) * 2019-01-16 2020-07-23 Shui Yin Lo Composition de particules d'eau solides et procédés d'utilisation pour améliorer des articles cosmétiques et des liquides consommables
CN110482643A (zh) * 2019-08-23 2019-11-22 吴思远 一种修复干细胞的方法及应用
CN111307754A (zh) * 2020-03-13 2020-06-19 中国科学院上海高等研究院 一种基于太赫兹技术检测气体效应的方法
CN111977738A (zh) * 2020-06-29 2020-11-24 郑州爱博贝文化科技有限公司 一种有持续抑菌能力的太赫兹清洗用水的生产系统及生产方法
CN113443856A (zh) * 2021-07-21 2021-09-28 泉州慈光科技有限公司 太赫兹波共振陶瓷材料、其制备方法及应用其的净水器

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