Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/39—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
  • A61K31/198—Alpha-amino acids, e.g. alanine or edetic acid [EDTA]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
  • A61K38/1816—Erythropoietin [EPO]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/22—Hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/06—Ointments; Bases therefor; Other semi-solid forms, e.g. creams, sticks, gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/04—Chelating agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone

Definitions

• the present invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to Erythropoietin and Fibronectin compositions and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to the use of same in therapeutic and cosmetic applications.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• connective tissue is a complex structural entity found within the mammalian tissue which surrounds and supports cells.
• the three major classes of ECM biomolecules are the structural proteins (e.g. collagen and elastin), specialized proteins (e.g. fibrillin, fibronectin and laminin) and proteoglycans [e.g. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)].
• Collagen which makes up 75 percent of the skin, is the body's main structural protein and is produced mainly by fibroblasts. Healthy collagen levels are attributed to the smooth, plump appearance of young, healthy skin. However, the breakdown of healthy collagen, the decline in collagen production (e.g. by deceleration in the division rate of skin cells) and the defective cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, leads to the development of skin maladies and conditions including acne, actinic keratoses, photoaged skin, unwanted wrinkles and the appearance of aged skin (e.g. sags, changes in tone and texture). Collagen deposit is also a central event in the process of wound healing and scarring.
• Wound healing is a complex process mediated by interactions between various cells (e.g. keratinocytes, fibroblasts and epidermal microvascular endothelial cells), growth factors, cytokines and mediators. This process is regulated by a pattern of events including inflammation, coagulation, neovascularization, collagen deposit, formation of granulation tissue, epithelialization, and tissue remodeling.
• various growth factors e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, platelets derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor
• wound healing is relatively short, occurs at an optimal rate and depends on the type and size of the wound.
• wound healing is usually delayed or even impaired completely and consequently chronic wounds develop. This impaired process represents a major health-care problem with considerable socioeconomic impact.
• Diabetes caused by hyperglycemia, is a chronic disease that is associated with many complications including chronic wounds.
• the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic-induced damaged wound healing are poorly understood.
• One contributing factor that may play a crucial role is poor subcutaneous blood supply.
• High blood glucose hinders proliferation of cells and decreases new blood vessel formation, thus, contributing to a reduction in the level of numerous mediators, factors and cofactors associated with wound healing (e.g. growth factors).
• fibroblasts fail to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) and keratinocytes fail to induce reepithelialization.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• keratinocytes fail to induce reepithelialization.
• decreased collagen deposit, chemotaxis and the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation may all be associated with impairment of wound healing in diabetes
• EPO Erythropoietin
• the EPO receptor is present on many cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hair follicle cells and keratinocytes, and thereby EPO functions directly to induce proliferation of endothelial cells, angiogenesis, production of extracellular matrix and reepithelialization.
• EPO EPO to stimulate endothelial cell mitosis and motility may be of importance in neovascularization and wound healing [Buemi et al., Acta Derm Venereol. (2002) 82(6):411-7].
• Fibronectin is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein that binds cell membrane integrins and extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, fibrin, elastin and heparin). FN is involved in wound healing by contributing to hemostasis and phagocytosis, assisting in control of infection, promoting fibroblast migration and proliferation, enhancing epithelialization and organization of granulation tissue and, ultimately, by modifying the tensile strength of scar tissue [Grinnell, J Cell Biochem. (1984) 26(2): 107-16]. Plasma FN has been demonstrated to be degraded in diabetic wounds [Wysocki and Grinnell, Lab Invest.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,889 discloses a crosslinkable polymer composition which contains a minimum of three components (a polynucleophilic, a polyelectrophilic, and a nucleophilic component), each of which participates in a reaction that results in a crosslinked matrix.
• the crosslinkable polymer composition may be applied within a wound to promote tissue regrowth.
• the components of the crosslinkable composition are selected so that crosslinking gives rise to a biocompatible, non- immunogenic matrix.
• cytokines such as EPO
• hydrophilic polymers such as fibronectin
• cytokines such as erythropoietin
• Topical application of FN for wound treatment has been described by Qiu et al. in a diabetic rat model [Qiu et al., supra]. According to their teachings, topical application of FN significantly enhanced wound closure. Furthermore, FN-treated wounds showed increased fibroblast vascularization, collagen regeneration, and epithelialization.
• PCT Publication No. WO07055760 discloses protein compositions for promoting wound healing and skin regeneration.
• the protein compositions comprise a combination of lactoferrin and alkaline phosphatase (such as placental alkaline phosphatase) and may include additional wound repair promoters (such as fibronectin) which can promote proliferation and survival of cells.
• the protein compositions may be administered topically, by injection, or by other suitable means, and in addition to improving the quality of skin, may also be effective in reducing inflammation and microbial infection in the skin.
• U.S. Publication No. 20070014777 discloses protein compositions for promoting wound healing, skin regeneration and to enhance the quality of skin. According to the teachings of U.S. Publication No. 20070014777, four proteins [alpha(l)-antitrypsin (AT), human placental alkaline phosphatase (PALP), human transferrin (TF), and alpha- 1 -acid glycoprotein (AGP)] were selected each of which has a different spectrum of cellular action and each positively affects the wound healing process in collaboration with the other proteins. Depending on the nature, size and location of the wound, compositions derived from these proteins can be enhanced by other agents (including FN or EPO) that are known to positively affect skin regeneration, quality of the skin and the wound healing process.
• AT alpha(l)-antitrypsin
• POP human placental alkaline phosphatase
• TF human transferrin
• AGP alpha- 1 -acid glycoprotein
• compositions derived from these proteins can be
• compositions for repairing and rejuvenating mammalian skin contain cell growth enhancers (e.g. EPO or FN) to increase the growth rate of skin cells, nutrients (e.g. carbohydrates) to support log phase growth of skin cells, extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. integrins), stimulators of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. adhesion proteins), and penetration enhancers (e.g. mineral oil).
• cell growth enhancers e.g. EPO or FN
• nutrients e.g. carbohydrates
• extracellular matrix proteins e.g. integrins
• stimulators of extracellular matrix proteins e.g. adhesion proteins
• penetration enhancers e.g. mineral oil
• at least one component of each group must comprise the skin repair composition.
• the compositions are described for repairing wrinkles in the skin, for generating hair growth and for promoting healing of skin that has suffered a wound (such as a sunburn, cut, scrape, or abrasion).
• compositions for repairing and rejuvenating mammalian skin contain cell growth enhancers (e.g. EPO or FN) to increase the growth rate of skin cells, stimulators of cell growth enhancers (e.g. ascorbic acid), nutrients (e.g. carbohydrates) to support log phase growth of skin cells, cell protectors (e.g. insulin) to protect growing cells and enhanced cellular activity, antioxidants (e.g. Vitamin C) to protect rejuvenated cells, extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. adhesion molecules), stimulators of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. adhesion proteins, FN), and penetration enhancers (e.g. lipoproteins).
• cell growth enhancers e.g. EPO or FN
• stimulators of cell growth enhancers e.g. ascorbic acid
• nutrients e.g. carbohydrates
• cell protectors e.g. insulin
• antioxidants e.g. Vitamin C
• penetration enhancers e.g. lipoproteins
• each group must comprise the skin repair composition.
• the compositions are described for repairing wrinkles in the skin, for generating hair growth and for promoting healing of skin that has suffered a wound (such as a sunburn, cut, scrape, or abrasion).
• a method of promoting wound healing or connective tissue reconstruction in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering to the subject about 10-30 ⁇ g per cm 2 wound tissue of Erythropoietin and about 100-300 ⁇ g per cm 2 wound tissue of Fibronectin, thereby promoting wound healing or connective tissue reconstruction in the subject.
• a method of treating ischemia in a subject in need thereof comprising topically administering to the subject about 10-30 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue of
• the connective tissue comprises collagen.
• a dose of the Erythropoietin is about 20 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• a dose of the Fibronectin is about 200 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• administering is effected at least once a day.
• the method further comprising administering a factor selected from the group consisting of an extracellular matrix component, a growth factor, a hormone, an angiogenic factor, a coagulation factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an enzyme, a neurotransmitter, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, an ion, an iron chelator, a fatty acid, an antibiotic, and an amino acid.
• the wound is inflicted by diabetes.
• the wound is a chronic wound.
• the wound is an acute wound.
• the wound is selected from the group consisting of an ulcer, a burn and a surgical wound.
• the subject is a human being.
• promoting connective tissue reconstruction is effected in a skin condition or malady.
• the skin condition or malady is selected from the group consisting of a sag, a fine line, a wrinkle, an age spot, a photo damage, a blemish, a dry skin, an acne, a sore and a wart.
• administering of the Erythropoietin and the Fibronectin is effected concomitantly.
• the Erythropoietin and the Fibronectin are administered together.
• Fibronectin are in a co-formulation.
• the Erythropoietin and the Fibronectin are in separate formulations.
• a unit dosage form comprising Erythropoietin at a dose of about 10-30 ⁇ g.
• a unit dosage form comprising Fibronectin at a dose of about 100-300 ⁇ g.
• a unit dosage form comprising Erythropoietin at a dose of about 10-30 ⁇ g and Fibronectin at a dose of about 100-300 ⁇ g.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient about 10-30 ⁇ g per ml Erythropoietin and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for topical administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient about 100- 300 ⁇ g per ml Fibronectin and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for topical administration.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising as an active ingredient about 10-30 ⁇ g per ml Erythropoietin and about 100-300 ⁇ g per ml Fibronectin and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for topical administration.
• the unit dosage form is in a form selected from the group consisting of an adhesive bandage, a non-adhesive bandage, a wipe, a gauze and a pad.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is selected from the group consisting of a cream, a gel, a spray, a lotion, an ointment, an oil, a wash and a spray.
• the unit dosage form or pharmaceutical composition further comprising a factor selected from the group consisting of an extracellular matrix component, a growth factor, a hormone, an angiogenic factor, a coagulation factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an enzyme, a neurotransmitter, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, an ion, an iron chelator, a fatty acid, an antibiotic, and an amino acid.
• a factor selected from the group consisting of an extracellular matrix component, a growth factor, a hormone, an angiogenic factor, a coagulation factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an enzyme, a neurotransmitter, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, an ion, an iron chelator, a fatty acid, an antibiotic, and an amino acid.
• a cosmetic composition comprising as an active ingredient about 10-30 ⁇ g per ml Erythropoietin and a cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a cosmetic composition comprising as an active ingredient about 100-300 ⁇ g per ml Fibronectin and a cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a cosmetic composition comprising as an active ingredient about 10-30 ⁇ g per ml Erythropoietin and about 100-300 ⁇ g per ml Fibronectin and a cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent is selected from the group consisting of a cream, a gel, a spray, a lotion, an ointment, an oil, a wash and a spray.
• the cosmetic composition further comprising a factor selected from the group consisting of an extracellular matrix component, a growth factor, a hormone, an angiogenic factor, a coagulation factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an enzyme, a neurotransmitter, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, an ion, an iron chelator, a fatty acid, an antibiotic, and an amino acid.
• a factor selected from the group consisting of an extracellular matrix component, a growth factor, a hormone, an angiogenic factor, a coagulation factor, a cytokine, a chemokine, an enzyme, a neurotransmitter, a vitamin, a carbohydrate, an ion, an iron chelator, a fatty acid, an antibiotic, and an amino acid.
• the unit dosage form or pharmaceutical composition for promoting wound healing.
• the wound is a chronic wound.
• the wound is an acute wound.
• the wound is inflicted by diabetes.
• the wound is selected from the group consisting of an ulcer, a burn and a surgical wound.
• the unit dosage form or pharmaceutical composition for treating ischemia there is provided a use of the unit dosage form or pharmaceutical composition for treating ischemia.
• a formulation comprising: (i) as an active ingredient Erythropoietin and Fibronectin, wherein a concentration of the Erythropoietin is about 10-30 ⁇ g/mL and a concentration of the Fibronectin is about 100-300 ⁇ g/mL; (ii) about 0.20 % Methyl Paraben; (iii) about 9 % Laureth and Isoparafin and Polyacrylamide; (iv) about 12 % Deionized Water; and (v) up to 100 % Phosphate Buffer Solution.
• FIG. 1 is a line graph depicting quantitative assessment of wound healing and time to complete wound closure in diabetic rats.
• the graph shows the percentage of wound healing in diabetic rats 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days after the beginning of treatment with vehicle alone (depicted by squares), with a cream containing low dose erythropoietin (EPO, depicted by circles) or with a cream containing high dose EPO (depicted by triangles).
• EPO erythropoietin
• FIG. 1 is a line graph depicting quantitative assessment of wound healing and time to complete wound closure in diabetic rats.
• the graph shows the percentage of wound healing in diabetic rats 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days after the beginning of treatment with vehicle alone (depicted by squares), with a cream containing low dose erythropoietin (EPO, depicted by circles) or with a cream containing high dose EPO (depicted by triangles).
• EPO erythropoietin
• FIG. 2 is a bar graph depicting microvessel density (MVD) in wounds of diabetic rats at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows assessment of capillaries in tissue samples from wounds of rats treated with vehicle (left column), with a cream containing low dose EPO (middle column) or with a cream containing high dose EPO (right column) using immunohistochemical staining of CD31.
• FIG. 3 is a bar graph depicting levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in wounds of diabetic rats at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows VEGF content in tissue samples from wounds of rats treated with vehicle (left column), with a cream containing low dose EPO (middle column) or with a cream containing high dose
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• FIG. 4 is a bar graph depicting levels of Hydroxyproline (HP) in wounds of diabetic rats at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows HP content in tissue samples from wounds of rats treated with vehicle (left column), with a cream containing low dose EPO (middle column) or with a cream containing high dose EPO (right column).
• FIGs. 5A-C are photographs showing CDl nude diabetic mice on day 0 of the experiment.
• Figure 5A shows three representative mice on day 0 of the experiment wherein two full-thickness skin wounds (approximately 20 mm in diameter/wound) have been generated in the dorsal skin of the mice;
• Figure 5B shows a representative mouse on day 0 of the experiment treated with a cream containing erythropoietin (EPO) and fibronectin (FN, designated A/B, on its left side) or with a basic cream (vehicle, on its right side);
• Figure 5C shows a representative mouse on day 0 of the experiment treated with a cream containing EPO/FN (designated A/B).
• FIG. 6 is a line graph depicting quantitative assessment of wound healing and time to complete wound closure in diabetic CDl nude mice.
• the graph shows the percentage of wound healing in diabetic CDl nude mice 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days after the beginning of treatment with vehicle alone (depicted by squares), with a cream containing only EPO (depicted by circles), with a cream containing only FN (depicted by upside down triangles) or with a cream containing both EPO and FN (depicted by triangles).
• the results indicate a major difference between wound healing in mice treated with the combination EPO/FN compared to EPO, FN and control mice.
• FIGs. 7A-D are pictures depicting CDl nude diabetic mice on day 4 of the experiment.
• Figure 7A shows three representative mice on day 4 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with a cream containing only FN (middle mouse) or a cream containing both EPO and FN (the other two mice);
• Figure 7B shows a representative mouse on day 4 of the experiment where the wound has been treated with vehicle (V);
• Figure 7C shows a representative mouse on day 4 of the experiment where the wound has been treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN (A/B);
• Figure 7D shows 3 representative mice on day 4 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with a cream containing only FN (middle mouse) or a cream containing both EPO and FN (the other two mice).
• mice marked by A/B treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN
• marked by A marked with a cream containing only EPO
• marked by B marked with a cream containing only FN
• marked by V treated with a cream vehicle
• FIGs. 8A-G are pictures depicting CDl nude diabetic mice on day 8 of the experiment.
• Figure 8A shows three representative mice on day 8 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with vehicle or with a cream containing both EPO and FN (marked A/B);
• Figure 8B shows 3 representative mice on day 8 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with a cream containing only EPO (marked A) or with a cream containing only FN (marked B);
• Figure 8 C shows 3 representative mice on day 8 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with a cream containing only EPO (bottom mouse), a cream containing only FN (middle mouse) and a cream containing both EPO and FN (top mouse);
• Figure 8D shows a wound on day 8 of the experiment treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN (marked A/B);
• Figure 8E shows a wound on day 8 of the experiment treated with a cream containing both
• FIGs. 9A-F are pictures depicting CDl nude diabetic mice on day 12 of the experiment.
• Figure 9 A shows a comparison between two representative mice on day 12 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with vehicle or with a cream containing both EPO and FN (marked A/B);
• Figure 9B shows a comparison between two representative mice on day 12 of the experiment where the dorsal skin wounds have been treated with vehicle or with a cream containing both EPO and FN (marked A/B);
• Figure 9C shows a wound on day 12 of the experiment treated with a vehicle cream;
• Figure 9D shows a wound on day 12 of the experiment treated with a cream containing only EPO (marked A);
• Figure 9E shows a wound on day 12 of the experiment treated with a cream containing only FN (marked B);
• Figure 9F shows a wound on day 12 of the experiment treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN (marked A/B).
• FIGs. 10A-L are pictures depicting wound closure in CDl nude diabetic mice from day 1 to day 12 of treatment.
• Figure 1OA shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 0;
• Figure 1OB shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 2;
• Figure 1OC shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 4;
• Figure 1OD shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 6;
• Figure 1OE shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 8;
• Figure 1OF shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 10;
• Figure 1OG shows a wound treated with a cream containing both EPO and FN on day 12;
• Figure 1OH shows a wound treated with a vehicle cream on day 0;
• Figure 101 shows a wound treated with a vehicle cream on day 4;
• FIG. 11 is a bar graph depicting microvessel density (MVD) in wounds of diabetic mice at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows assessment of capillaries in tissue samples from wounds of mice treated with vehicle, with a cream containing only EPO, with a cream containing only FN or with a cream containing both EPO and FN using immunohistochemical staining of CD31.
• FIG. 12 is a bar graph depicting levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in wounds of diabetic mice at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows VEGF content in tissue samples from wounds of mice treated with vehicle, with a cream containing only EPO, with a cream containing only FN or with a cream containing both EPO and FN.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• FIG. 13 is a bar graph depicting levels of Hydroxyproline (HP) in wounds of diabetic mice at the end of treatment.
• the graph shows HP content in tissue samples from wounds of mice treated with vehicle, with a cream containing only EPO, with a cream containing only FN or with a cream containing both EPO and FN.
• FIGs. 14A-B depict ⁇ -1 integrin expression levels following in vitro stimuli of
• FIG. 14A shows primary human epidermal microvascular cells (HEMCs) treated with escalating doses of EPO (0.01, 0.1 and l ⁇ g/mL/day) for 3 consecutive days. At the end of day 3, HEMCs were tested for the ⁇ -1 integrin expression by western blot; and Figure 14B shows a densitometer analysis of the western blot.
• HEMCs primary human epidermal microvascular cells
• FIGs. 15A-B depict the effect of EPO with or without FN (as indicated) on cell proliferation.
• Figure 15A depicts the effect of EPO on the proliferation of primary keratinocytes (KRCT); and
• Figure 15B depicts the effect of EPO and FN on the proliferation of primary keratinocytes (fibronectin coated).
• FIGs. 16A-B depict the effect of EPO with or without FN (as indicated) on SOD activity.
• Figure 16A depicts the effect of EPO on SOD activity in primary human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes of adult skin (KRCT) (plates were not coated with FN);
• Figure 16B depicts the effect of EPO and FN on SOD activity in primary human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes of adult skin (KRCT) (plates were not coated with FN);
• Figure 16B depicts the effect of EPO and FN on SOD activity in
• FIGs. 17A-B depict the effect of EPO with or without FN (as indicated) on
• FIG 17A depicts the effect of EPO on AQP3 expression in NHDF and KRCT (plates were not coated with FN);
• Figure 16B depicts the effect of
• FIGs. 18A-B depict the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the anti- apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in wound tissues treated topically with creams containing vehicle, low EPO concentrations (5 ⁇ g/mL) and high EPO concentrations (25 ⁇ g/mL). Proteins from wounded tissues (40 ⁇ g/wound), obtained from six randomly chosen wounds from each group of rats, were loaded for western immunoblots.
• Figure 18A depicts arbitrary units (mean ⁇ S.E.M.) of either Bax (black bars) or Bcl-xL (white bars) expression.
• Figure 18B depicts apoptosis sensitivity as determined by the ratio between mean expression of Bax and Bcl-xL; (Bax/Bcl-xL).
• * depicts PO.05
• ** depicts PO.001; significant difference from the vehicle group.
• the present invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to Erythropoietin and Fibronectin compositions and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to the use of same in therapeutic and cosmetic applications.
• the principles and operation of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions.
• EPO Erythropoietin
• FN Fibronectin
• EPO and FN act synergistically, probably (but not necessarily) through a ⁇ l-integrin pathway (see Example 3 hereinbelow) or erythropoietin receptor pathway, to promote angiogenesis, extracellular matrix (collagen) deposit and wound healing.
• ⁇ l-integrin pathway see Example 3 hereinbelow
• erythropoietin receptor pathway erythropoietin receptor pathway
• topical application of a cream containing EPO or a cream containing both EPO and FN significantly increased micro vessel density (see Figures 2 and 11) and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (see Figures 3 and 12) in wounds of diabetic rats and mice, respectively.
• topical application of a cream containing only EPO or a cream containing only FN resulted in an increase in connective tissue reconstruction ( Figures 4 and 13).
• topical application of a cream containing both EPO and FN significantly accelerated connective tissue reconstruction (see Figure 13), by 2 folds compared to treatment with a cream containing only EPO or only FN and by 5 folds compared to treatment with vehicle.
• connective tissue refers to animal tissue in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) and specifically collagen, forms the major part, which tissue functions to support and bind other body tissues and parts to one another.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• connective tissue reconstruction refers to the restoration of aesthetics, structure, function, and physiology to the damaged or unhealthy tissue. This reconstruction leads to regenerative healing.
• connective tissue reconstruction refers to the increase in collagen production in the healthy tissue. In an exemplary embodiment, reconstruction leads to a halt in tissue deterioration. In other exemplary embodiments connective tissue reconstruction is devoid of fibrosis.
• damaged or unhealthy tissue refers to a deviation from healthy functional tissue.
• a skin that is weaker, less elastic, and is more prone to injury than healthy skin.
• the structure of unhealthy or damaged skin is inferior to that of healthy skin (for example, the dermis and epidermis contain fewer cells and collagen).
• One purpose for treating unhealthy skin is to reduce further deterioration of skin and restore its function to normal or near-normal level.
• healthy tissue refers to skin that is strong, elastic, smooth and plump.
• One purpose of treating healthy skin is to prevent deterioration of skin induced by aging or environmental stress including excessive sunlight and microbial infection.
• promoting in respect to a connective tissue refers to the process of increasing the production of collagen by skin cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes, in a manner that allows tissue regeneration.
• promoting refers to at least about 10 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % increase in tissue regeneration or at least about 10 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % arrest in tissue degradation.
• Those of skill in the art will understand that various methodologies and assays can be used to assess the promotion of tissue regeneration, and similarly, various methodologies and assays may be used to assess the arrest of tissue degradation.
• compositions of some embodiments of the present invention are envisioned to promote connective tissue reconstruction in many skin conditions and maladies including, but not limited to, aging skin, skin exposed to excessive sunlight (e.g. photoaged or photo damaged skin), age spots, unwanted wrinkles, fine lines, appearance of aged skin (e.g. sags, changes in tone and texture), blemish, stressed skin, rough skin, dry skin, cellulitis, irritated skin, scars, saggy lips, acne, actinic keratoses.
• aging skin skin exposed to excessive sunlight (e.g. photoaged or photo damaged skin), age spots, unwanted wrinkles, fine lines, appearance of aged skin (e.g. sags, changes in tone and texture), blemish, stressed skin, rough skin, dry skin, cellulitis, irritated skin, scars, saggy lips, acne, actinic keratoses.
• wound refers broadly to injuries to the skin and subcutaneous tissue as well as internal organs initiated in any one of a variety of ways (e.g., pressure sores from extended bed rest, wounds induced by trauma, wounds received during or following a surgical procedure and the like) and with varying characteristics.
• Exemplary examples include, but are not limited to, bruises, scrapes, burn wounds, sunburn wounds, incisional wounds, excisional wounds, surgical wounds, necrotizing fascitis, ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, diabetic ulcers, decubitus ulcers, aphthous ulcers, pressure ulcers, scars, alopecia areata, dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, berloque dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, dyshidrotic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, erythema, warts, anal warts, angioma, cherry angioma, athlete's foot, atypical moles, basal cell carcinoma, Bateman's purpura, bullous pemphigoid, Candida, chondrodermatitis helicis, Clark's nevus, cold sores, condylomata, cysts,
• Wounds are typically classified into one of four grades depending on the depth of the wound: (i) Grade I: wounds limited to the epithelium; (ii) Grade II: wounds extending into the dermis; (iii) Grade III: wounds extending into the subcutaneous tissue; and (iv) Grade IV (or full-thickness wounds): wounds wherein bones are exposed (e.g., a bony pressure point such as the greater trochanter or the sacrum).
• Grade I wounds limited to the epithelium
• Grade II wounds extending into the dermis
• Grade III wounds extending into the subcutaneous tissue
• Grade IV or full-thickness wounds
• partial thickness wound refers to wounds that encompass Grades I-III; examples of partial thickness wounds include burn wounds, pressure sores, venous stasis ulcers, and diabetic ulcers.
• Deep wound used herein is meant to include both Grade III and Grade IV wounds.
• chronic wound used herein refers to a wound that has not healed within thirty days.
• healing in respect to a wound refers to the process of repairing a wound such as by scar formation (in exemplary embodiments healing is devoid of fibrotic tissue formation).
• compositions of some embodiments of the present invention promote i.e., accelerate the healing process.
• inducing or accelerating a healing process of a skin wound refers to either the induction of the formation of granulation tissue of wound contraction and/or the induction of epithelialization (i.e., the generation of new cells in the epithelium). Wound healing is conveniently measured by decreasing wound area.
• the present invention contemplates treating all wound types, including deep wounds and chronic wounds.
• compositions can be used for treating ischemia such as by promoting angiogenesis in a wounded tissue.
• ischemia refers to localized tissue anemia due to at least partial obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood.
• exemplary examples of ischemia-related tissue damage include damage and death of skin tissue (e.g. wound) as a result of reduced or interrupted blood flow to the tissue.
• treating refers to preventing, curing, reversing, attenuating, alleviating, minimizing, suppressing or halting the deleterious effects of an ischemic condition, such as by enhancing perfusion.
• Treatment can be evaluated by routine experimentation, such as the models described in the Examples section below.
• Outcome measures such as perfusion and survival, as well as histological and functional criteria, can be employed to assess the efficacy of varying the different parameters, in order to approach optimal efficiency in numbers of cells having maximal therapeutic value in treating an ischemic condition.
• Additional parameters known in the art that can be quantified for determining perfusion in an affected tissue are angiography and MRI, and clinical parameters such as extent of tissue necrosis in the affected area, tissue ulceration in the ischemic area, and amputation of digits and/or limbs.
• wound healing "promoting" refers to the ability to permit or assist wound healing, in a manner that allows treatment thereof.
• promoting refers to at least about 10 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % reduction in time taken to achieve healing or at least about 10 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % increase in wound closure.
• subject refers to any mammal, (e.g., a human being or domesticated animals), male or female at any age that experiences or may experience tissue damage or suffers from a wound or from ischemia, at any stage and/or degree.
• the method according to this aspect of the present invention is achieved by topically administering to the subject the indicated dosages of EPO and FN.
• Erythropoietin refers to a mammalian (e.g., human) Erythropoietin protein (interchangeably used with polypeptide) or mimetics thereof such as set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP 000790. Erythropoietin may be synthesized using recombinant DNA techniques or solid phase technology. Erythropoietin is also commercially available (e.g., Cytolab/Peprotech, Rehovot, Israel; Arenesp, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA; and Epogen, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, Bristol- Myers Squibb, Roche and Sanofi-Aventis).
• Erythropoietin may be used as an entire glycoprotein or as only a protein subunit devoid of the bound sugar. Since the Erythropoietin of the present invention is used for clinical applications, it is preferably sterile or may be purified of possible contaminating factors (e.g., bacteria or bacterial components, such as by filter).
• possible contaminating factors e.g., bacteria or bacterial components, such as by filter.
• Fibronectin refers to a mammalian (e.g., human) Fibronectin protein (interchangeably used with polypeptide) or mimetics thereof such as set forth in GenBank Accession No. NP 002017. Fibronectin may be synthesized using recombinant DNA techniques or solid phase technology. Fibronectin is also commercially available (e.g., Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, CA, USA). Since the Fibronectin of the present invention is used for clinical applications, it is preferably sterile or may be purified of possible contaminating factors (e.g., bacteria or bacterial components, such as by filter).
• contaminating factors e.g., bacteria or bacterial components, such as by filter.
• compositions of the present invention may comprise
• Erythropoietin and Fibronectin in a co-formulation (such as provided in Example 2 further below) or in two separate compositions.
• topically administering refers to applying or spreading the compositions of the present invention onto the surface of the body, i.e. skin, scalp, hair, nails and the like, preferably on the surface of the damaged tissue (e.g., skin), wound or on the surface of an ischemic tissue.
• administration of Erythropoietin and Fibronectin may be effected concomitantly or sequentially.
• Erythropoietin and Fibronectin applied according to the teachings of the present invention may vary.
• Erythropoietin can be administered at a dose between 10-30 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue depending on the severity of the tissue damage or wound to be treated.
• the dose of Erythropoietin is between 15-25 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• the dose of Erythropoietin is about 20 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• Fibronectin can be administered at a dose between 100- 300 ⁇ g per cm tissue depending on the severity of the tissue damage or wound to be treated.
• the dose of Fibronectin is between 150-250 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• the dose of Fibronectin is about 200 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• the dose of Erythropoietin and Fibronectin may vary. Erythropoietin can be administered at a dose between 10-30 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue depending on the severity of ischemia to be treated. In one embodiment the dose of Erythropoietin is between 15-25 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue. In another embodiment the dose of Erythropoietin is about 20 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue. Fibronectin can be administered at a dose between 100-300 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue depending on the severity of ischemia to be treated. In one embodiment the dose of Fibronectin is between 150-250 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue. In another embodiment the dose of Fibronectin is about 200 ⁇ g per cm 2 tissue.
• compositions including Erythropoietin and/or Fibronectin of the present invention can be administered to the subject per se or in a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition.
• a "pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition” refers to a preparation of the active ingredients described herein with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients.
• the purpose of the composition is to facilitate administration of the active ingredients (e.g., EPO and FN) to the subject.
• active ingredient refers to the Erythropoietin and
• Fibronectin compositions accountable for the intended biological effect ⁇ i.e., promoting wound healing, connective tissue reconstruction and treating ischemia).
• physiologically acceptable carrier and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which may be interchangeably used refer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to the subject and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered active ingredients.
• An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
• excipient refers to an inert substance added to the composition (pharmaceutical composition or cosmetic composition) to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient of the present invention.
• the composition may be formulated as a unit dosage form.
• the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredients such as for a single administration.
• the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, for example, an adhesive bandage, a non-adhesive bandage, a wipe, a baby wipe, a gauze, a pad and a sanitary pad.
• the unit dosage form according to the teachings of the present invention may comprise Erythropoietin at a dose of about 10-30 ⁇ g, Fibronectin at a dose of about 100-300 ⁇ g, or both Erythropoietin at a dose of about 10-30 ⁇ g and Fibronectin at a dose of about 100-300 ⁇ g.
• the unit dosage form comprise Erythropoietin at a dose of about 15-25 ⁇ g, Fibronectin at a dose of about 150-250 ⁇ g, or both Erythropoietin at a dose of about 15-25 ⁇ g and Fibronectin at a dose of about 150-250 ⁇ g.
• the unit dosage form comprise Erythropoietin at a dose of about 20 ⁇ g, Fibronectin at a dose of about 200 ⁇ g, or both Erythropoietin at a dose of about 20 ⁇ g and Fibronectin at a dose of about 200 ⁇ g.
• the quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted according to the particular application.
• compositions e.g., pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions
• a tissue region e.g. wound
• Suitable routes of administration of the compositions may, for example, include topical (e.g., to a keratinous tissue, such as the skin, hair, nail, scalp) and mucosal (e.g., oral, vaginal, eye) administrations.
• the compositions of the present invention may also be applied via injecting the composition including the active ingredient (e.g., EPO and FN) and a physiologically acceptable carrier.
• the compositions may be injected into the wound, and/or into healthy skin that surrounds the wounded skin, or both.
• compositions of the present invention may be manufactured by processes well known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee- making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
• the active ingredient may also be in a powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution, before use.
• a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution
• Compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into preparations. Proper formulation is dependent upon the administration approach chosen. 5 Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
• the (therapeutically) effective amount or dose can be estimated initially from in vitro assays.
• a dose can be formulated in tissue cultures systems or in animal models to achieve a0 desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately
• ⁇ C ⁇ determine useful doses in humans.
• Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals.
• the data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and5 animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
• the dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
• the exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See, e.g., Fingl, E. et al. (1975), "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics," Ch.
• dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the skin condition is achieved.
• the compositions of the present invention are administered at least once a day.
• compositions to be administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.
• compositions of the present invention may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA-approved kit, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
• the pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
• the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
• the pack or dispenser device may also be accompanied by a notice in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the compositions for human or veterinary administration.
• Such notice for example, may include labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs or of an approved product insert.
• compositions comprising a preparation of the invention formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition, as further detailed above.
• the compositions of the present invention are utilized in vivo, the compositions are preferably of high purity and substantially free of potentially harmful contaminants, e.g., at least National Food (NF) grade, generally at least analytical grade, and preferably at least pharmaceutical grade.
• NF National Food
• synthesis or subsequent purification shall preferably result in a product that is substantially free of any potentially contaminating toxic agents that may have been used during the synthesis or purification procedures.
• Additional factors may be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention (i.e., Erythropoietin and Fibronectin described hereinabove). These include, but are not limited to, extracellular matrix components (e.g. vitronectin, laminin, collagen, elastin), growth factors (e.g. FGF 1, FGF 2, IGF 1, IGF 2, PDGF, EGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SDF-I, GM-CSF, CSF, G-CSF, TGF alpha, TGF beta, NGF and ECGF), hypoxia inducible factors (e.g.
• extracellular matrix components e.g. vitronectin, laminin, collagen, elastin
• growth factors e.g. FGF 1, FGF 2, IGF 1, IGF 2, PDGF, EGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SDF-I, GM-CSF, CSF, G-CSF, TGF alpha, TGF beta, NGF and ECGF
• HIF-I alpha and beta and HIF-2 hormones
• hormones e.g., insulin, growth hormone (GH), CRH, Leptin, Prolactin and TSH
• angiogenic factors e.g., angiogenin and angiopoietin
• coagulation and anticoagulation factors e.g., Factor I, Factor XIII, tissue factor, calcium, vWF, protein C, protein S, protein Z, fibronectin, antithrombin, heparin, plasminogen, low molecular weight heparin (Clixan), high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein, plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1 (PAIl), plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI2), urokinase, thrombomoduline, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), alpha 2-antiplasmin and Protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI)], cytokines (IL-I alpha
• endoglycosidases exoglycosidases, endonucleases, exonucleases, peptidases, lipases, oxidases, decarboxylases, hydrases, chondroitinase, chondroitinase ABC, chondroitinase AC, hyaluronidase, keratanase, heparanases, heparanase splice variance, collagenase, trypsin, catalases), neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine and monoamines), neuropeptides (e.g.
• substance P substance P
• vitamins e.g., D-biotin, Choline Chloride, Folic acid, Myo-inositol, Niacinamide, D- Pantothenic acid, Calcium salts, Pyridoxal.HCl, Pyrodixine.HCl, Riboflavin, Thiamine.HCl, Vitamin B 12, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B 1-6, vitamin K, vitamin A and vitamin PP
• carbohydrates e.g. Mono/Di/Polysacharides including glucose, mannose, maltose and fructose
• ions e.g.
• Fe chelators Fe chelators, Ca chelators
• antioxidants e.g., Vitamin E, Quarcetin, superoxide scavengers, Superoxide dismutase
• H2O2 scavengers free radicals scavengers, Fe scavengers
• fatty acids e.g., Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Cholesterols, free fatty acids and non free fatty acids, fatty alcohol, Linoleic acid, oleic acid and lipoic acid
• antibiotics e.g., Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Tetracyclines
• analgesics anesthetics, antibacterial agents, anti- yeast agents, anti-fungal agents, antiviral agents, pro-biotic agents, anti-protozal agents, anti-pruritic agents, anti-dermatitis agents, anti-emetics, anti-inflammatory agents, anti- hyperkeratolyic agents, antiperspirants, anti-psori
• Calcium Sulfate calcium Sulfate
• steroids e.g., androgens, estrogens, progestagens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
• catecholamines e.g., Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• Nucleosides and Nucleotides e.g., Purins and Pyrimidines
• Prostaglandins e.g. Prostaglandin E2
• Leucotriens Erythropoietins (e.g. Thrombopoietin)
• Proteoglycans e.g. Heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate
• Hydroxyapatites e.g.
• Hydroxyapatite Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 )]
• Haptoglobins HpI-I, Hp2-2 and Hpl-2
• Superoxide dismutases e.g. SOD 1/2/3
• Nitric Oxides Nitric Oxide donors (e.g. nitroprusside, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Glutathione peroxidases
• Hydrating compounds e.g. vasopressin
• cells e.g. Platelets
• cell medium e.g. Ml 99, DMEM/F12, RPMI, Iscovs
• serum e.g.
• human serum fetal calf serum, , fetal bovine serum
• buffers e.g., HEPES, Sodium Bicarbonate
• detergents e.g., Tween
• disinfectants herbs, fruit extracts, vegetable extracts (e.g. cabbage, cucumber), flower extracts, plant extracts, flavinoids (e.g. pomegranate juice), spices, leafs (e.g. Green tea, Chamomile), Polyphenols (e.g. Red Wine), honey, lectins, microparticles, nanoparticles (lyposomes), micelles, calcium carbonate (CaCO3, e.g.
• CaCO3 calcium carbonate
• precipitated calcium carbonate ground/pulverized calcium carbonate, albacar, PCC, GCC
• calcite limestone, crushed marble, ground limestone, lime, chalk (e.g. whiting chalk, champagne chalk, french chalk) and co factors such as BH4 (tetrahydrobiobterine).
• the present composition may also contain ingredients, substances, elements and materials containing, hydrogen, alkyl groups, aryl groups, halo groups, hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, acyl groups, carboxyl groups, carboamido groups, sulfonamide groups, aminoacyl groups, amide groups, amine groups, nitro groups, organo selenium compounds, hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons.
• ingredients, substances, elements and materials containing, hydrogen, alkyl groups, aryl groups, halo groups, hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, acyl groups, carboxyl groups, carboamido groups, sulfonamide groups, aminoacyl groups, amide groups, amine groups, nitro groups, organo selenium compounds, hydrocarbons, and cyclic hydrocarbons.
• the present composition may be combined with substances such as benzol peroxide, vasoconstrictors, vasodilatators, salicylic acid, retinoic acid, azelaic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, pyreuric acid, tannins, benzlidenecamphor and derivatives thereof, alpha hydroxyis, surfactants.
• substances such as benzol peroxide, vasoconstrictors, vasodilatators, salicylic acid, retinoic acid, azelaic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, pyreuric acid, tannins, benzlidenecamphor and derivatives thereof, alpha hydroxyis, surfactants.
• compositions of some embodiments of the present invention may be bioconjugated to polyethylenglycol (e.g. PEG, SE-PEG) which preserves the stability (e.g., against protease activities) and/or solubility (e.g., within a biological fluid such as blood, digestive fluid) of the active ingredients (i.e. EPO and/or FN compositions of the present invention) while preserving their biological activity and prolonging its half-life.
• polyethylenglycol e.g. PEG, SE-PEG
• solubility e.g., within a biological fluid such as blood, digestive fluid
• the compositions of this aspect of the present invention also include a dermatologically acceptable carrier.
• keratinous tissue refers to a carrier which is suitable for topical application onto the skin, i.e., keratinous tissue, has good aesthetic properties, is compatible with the active agents of the present invention and any other components, and is safe and non-toxic for use in mammals.
• one or more of a number of agents can be added to the compositions including, but not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, surfactants, azone, alcohol, acetone, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
• the carrier utilized in the compositions of the invention can be in a wide variety of forms. These include emulsion carriers, including, but not limited to, oil-in-water, water- in-oil, water-in-oil-in- water, and oil-in- water-in-silicone emulsions, a cream, an ointment, an aqueous solution, a lotion, a soap, a paste, an emulsion, a gel, a spray or an aerosol. As will be understood by the skilled artisan, a given component will distribute primarily into either the water or oil/silicone phase, depending on the water solubility/dispersibility of the component in the composition.
• emulsion carriers including, but not limited to, oil-in-water, water- in-oil, water-in-oil-in- water, and oil-in- water-in-silicone emulsions, a cream, an ointment, an aqueous solution, a lotion, a soap
• Emulsions according to the present invention generally contain a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent disclosed herein and a lipid or oil.
• Lipids and oils may be derived from animals, plants, or petroleum and may be natural or synthetic (i.e., man-made). Examples of suitable emulsifiers are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,560, issued to Dickert, et al. Aug. 28, 1973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,769, issued to Dixon, et al., Dec. 20, 1983; and McCutcheon's Detergents and
• the emulsion may also contain an anti-foaming agent to minimize foaming upon application to the keratinous tissue.
• Anti-foaming agents include high molecular weight silicones and other materials well known in the art for such use.
• Suitable emulsions may have a wide range of viscosities, depending on the desired product form.
• suitable carriers comprising oil-in- water emulsions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,371 to Turner, D. J. et al., issued Dec. 17, 1991, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,372, to Turner, D. J. et al., issued Dec. 17, 1991 each of which is fully incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• An especially preferred oil-in-water emulsion, containing a structuring agent, hydrophilic surfactant and water, is described in detail hereinafter.
• a preferred oil-in-water emulsion comprises a structuring agent to assist in the formation of a liquid crystalline gel network structure. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the structuring agent assists in providing rheological characteristics to the composition which contribute to the stability of the composition.
• the structuring agent may also function as an emulsifier or surfactant.
• anionic surfactants are also useful herein. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,678, to Laughlin et al., issued Dec. 30, 1975 which is fully incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants are also useful herein.
• compositions of the present invention can be formulated in any of a variety of forms utilized by the pharmaceutical industry for skin application including solutions, lotions, sprays, creams, ointments, salves, gels, oils, wash, etc., as described below.
• compositions of the present invention can be used as a supplement in a variety of cosmetics.
• Cosmetics are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Examples of cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, perfumes, aftershaves, manicures, permanent waves, shaving foams and creams, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products.
• compositions of the present invention may be formulated viscous enough to remain on the treated skin area, does not readily evaporate, and/or is not easily removed by rinsing with water, but rather is removable with the aid of soaps, cleansers and/or shampoos.
• Methods for preparing compositions having such properties are well known to those skilled in the art, and are described in detail in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1990 (supra); and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 6th ed., Williams & Wilkins (1995).
• compositions of the subject invention may comprise a dermatologically acceptable emollient.
• emollient refers to a material useful for the prevention or relief of dryness, as well as for the protection of the skin. Wide varieties of suitable emollients are known and may be used herein. See, e.g., Sagarin, Cosmetics, Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 3243 (1972), which contains numerous examples of materials suitable as an emollient and is fully incorporated herein by reference.
• a preferred emollient is glycerin.
• Lotions and creams according to the present invention generally comprise a solution carrier system and one or more emollients.
• the topically applied composition of the present invention may also include additional components which are added, for example, in order to enrich the compositions with fragrance and skin nutrition factors.
• Such components are selected suitable for use on human keratinous tissue without inducing toxicity, incompatibility, instability, allergic response, and the like within the scope of sound medical judgment.
• such optional components are useful provided that they do not unacceptably alter the benefits of the active compounds of the invention.
• CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook Second Edition (1992) describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic ingredients commonly used in the skin care industry, which are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention.
• these ingredient classes include: abrasives, absorbents, aesthetic components such as fragrances, pigments, colorings/colorants, essential oils, skin sensates, astringents, etc.
• anti-acne agents e.g., clove oil, menthol, camphor, eucalyptus oil, eugenol, menthyl lactate, witch hazel distillate
• anti-acne agents e.g., clove oil, menthol, camphor, eucalyptus oil, eugenol, menthyl lactate, witch hazel distillate
• antimicrobial agents e.g., iodopropyl butylcarbamate
• antioxidants e.g., iodopropyl butylcarbamate
• binders biological additives, buffering agents, bulking agents, chelating agents, chemical additives, colorants, cosmetic astringents, cosmetic biocides, denaturants, drug astringents, external analgesics, film formers or materials, e.g., polymers, for aiding the film-forming properties and substantivity of the composition (e.g., copolymer of
• compositions of the present invention can be applied directly to the skin. Alternatively, it can be delivered via normal skin application by various transdermal drug delivery systems which are known in the art, such as transdermal patches that release the composition into the skin in a time released manner.
• Other drug delivery systems known in the arts include pressurized aerosol bottle, iontophoresis or sonophoresis. Iontophoresis is employed to increase skin permeability and facilitate transdermal delivery.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,667,487 and 5,658,247 discloses an ionosonic apparatus suitable for the ultrasonic-iontophoretically mediated transport of therapeutic agents across the skin.
• liposomes or micelles may also be employed as a delivery vehicle.
• compositions of the present invention further include emollients, surfactants and/or conditioners which are suitable for use on the scalp skin and hair.
• emollients include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon oils and waxes, such as mineral oil, petrolatum, and the like, vegetable and animal oils and fats, such as olive oil, palm oil, castor oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and the like, and lanolin and its derivatives, such as lanolin, lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lanolin alcohols, and the like.
• emollients include esters of fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms, such as including myristic, stearic, isostearic, palmitic, and the like, such as methyl myristate, propyl myristate, butyl myristate, propyl stearate, propyl isostearate, propyl palmitate, and the like.
• Other emollients include fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms, including stearic, myristic, lauric, isostearic, palmitic, and the like.
• Emollients also include fatty alcohols having ten to twenty carbon atoms, such as cetyl, myristyl, lauryl, isostearyl, stearyl and the like.
• An emulsifier/surfactant is preferably utilized when formulating the compositions of the present invention for use on hair.
• surfactants include, but are not limited to, spolyoxyalkylene oxide condensation products of hydrophobic alkyl, alkene, or alkyl aromatic functional groups having a free reactive hydrogen available for condensation with hydrophilic alkylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, polyethylene oxide or polyethylene glycol. Particularly effective are the condensation products of octylphenol with about 7 to about 13 moles of ethylene oxide, sold by the Rohm & Haas Company under their trademark TRITON 100 ® series products.
• composition of the present invention which is formulated for use on hair.
• ingredients such as, fragrances, stabilizing agents, dyes, antimicrobial agents, antibacterial agents, anti agglomerates, ultraviolet radiation absorbers, and the like are also included in the composition of the present invention which is formulated for use on hair.
• a conditioner agent stable to acid hydrolysis such as a silicone compound having at least one quaternary ammonium moiety along with an ethoxylated monoquat is preferably also utilized in order to stabilize and optionally thicken the composition of the present invention which is formulated for use on hair.
• An optional thickener also can be included to improve composition esthetics and facilitate application of the composition to the hair.
• Exemplary thickeners are methylcellulose, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, di (hydrogenated tallow) phthalic acid amide, crosslinked maleic anhydride-methyl vinyl ether copolymer, guar gum, xanthan gum and gum arabic.
• the carrier of the conditioning composition is predominantly water, but organic solvents also can be included in order to facilitate manufacturing of the composition or to provide esthetic properties, such as viscosity control.
• Suitable solvents include the lower alcohols like ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; glycol ethers, like 2- butoxyethanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or monomethyl ether; and mixtures thereof.
• Non-limiting conditioning agents which may be used in opaque conditioners include: stearyltrimethylammonium chloride; behenetrimethylammonium chloride; cetrimonium bromide; soytrimonium chloride; tallowtrimonium chloride; dihyrogenatedtallowdimethylammonium chloride; behentrimethylammonium methosulfate; Peg-2 Oleammonium chloride; dihyrogenatedtallowdimethylammonium bromide; dihyrogenatedtallowdimethylammonium methosulfate; palmityltrimethylammonium chloride; hydrogenated tallowtrimethylammonium chloride; hydrogenated tallowtrimethylammonium bromide; dicetyidimethylammonium chloride; distearyldimethylammonium chloride; dipalmityidimethylammonium chloride; hydrogenated tallowtrimethylammonium methosulfate; cetrimonium tosylate: eicosyltri
• compositions of the invention include fatty esters, opacifying polymers, such as styrene polymers, like OPACIFIER 653TM from Morton, International, Inc.; and fatty alcohols.
• fatty alcohols such as styrene polymers, like OPACIFIER 653TM from Morton, International, Inc.
• fatty alcohols The following is a non-limiting list of fatty alcohols: cetyl alcohol; stearyl alcohol; cetearyl alcohol; behenyl alcohol; and arachidyl alcohol.
• Conditioning compositions of the invention which are not clear also can include Lexamine S- 13, dicetylammonium chloride, and ceteareth-20
• Shampoo formulations are sometimes advantageous for treating scalp skin conditions (e.g. lesions, psoriasis).
• the hair shampoo composition of the present invention may be provided in any form selected from liquid, powder, gel and granule as needed.
• a liquid composition using water or a lower alcohol as a solvent is preferred, with a liquid composition using water being especially preferred.
• Shampoo compositions which may be used according to the teachings of the present invention are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6194363 and U.S. Pat. No. 6007802.
• the Erythropoietin and Fibronectin formulations of the present invention comprise about 10-30 ⁇ g/mL Erythropoietin and about 100-300 ⁇ g/mL Fibronectin, about 0.20 % Methyl Paraben, about 9 % Laureth and Isoparafin and Polyacrylamide, about 12 % Deionized Water, and up to 100 % Phosphate Buffer Solution.
• embodiments of the present invention comprise topical compositions for promoting angiogenesis and wound healing.
• compositions of the present invention can be used in combination with other currently practiced therapies such as, without being limited to, photo/light therapy (e.g., DermanwandTM for Wound Care by National Biological Corp. Beachwood, OH) and ultrasound therapy (see e.g., U.S. Patent Number 6,960,173). It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from this application many relevant Erythropoietin and Fibronectin compositions will be developed and the scope of the term Erythropoietin and Fibronectin compositions is intended to include all such new technologies a priori. As used herein the term "about” refers to ⁇ 10 %.
• composition or method may include additional ingredients and/or steps, but only if the additional ingredients and/or steps do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method.
• a compound or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.
• range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
• a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range.
• the phrases "ranging/ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging/ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.
• the term "method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.
• Topical treatment with Erythropoietin improves angiogenesis and wound healing in cutaneous wounds of diabetic rats
• Diabetes was induced by a single 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), a toxin specific for insulin- producing cells, in saline-sodium citrate buffer (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, pH 4.5). Blood glucose levels were measured using an acute glucometer (FreeStyle, Alameda, CA, USA). Ten days following subjection to STZ, rats exhibiting blood glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic and were further used in the study.
• Diabetic rats with confirmed glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were intraperitoneally anesthetized with Ketamine (100 mg/kg of body weight) and Xylazine (50 mg/kg).
• the dorsal skin of each rat was shaved, cleaned with an iodine solution and two full-thickness skin wounds (approximately 30 mm in diameter/wound) were created on the right and left sides of each rat back.
• Diabetic rats were then randomly divided into three treatment groups comprising 10 rats in each group: Group 1) wounds were treated with a basic cream containing saline (designated control group); Group 2) wounds were treated with a cream containing low Erythropoietin concentration (EPO, 500 U/ml; designated low dose group, Cytolab/Peprotech, Rehovot, Israel); and Group 3) wounds were treated with a cream containing high EPO concentration (3000 U/ml; designated high dose group). All rats were treated once daily (for 12 days) with the appropriate cream.
• EPO Erythropoietin concentration
• Percentage of wound healing 100 - percentage of wound area
• Immunohistochemistry was carried out using procedures previously defined. Briefly, rats were sacrificed on day 12 of the experiment and the tissue samples from each group were collected and fixed in 10 % formalin. Paraffin-embedded tissues were Sectioned (5 ⁇ m) and antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Tissues were treated with a primary antibody anti-CD31 (R&D Systems, MN, USA) and subsequently with an appropriate secondary antibody (R&D Systems, MN, USA). Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with coverslips.
• microvessel density was calculated. Briefly, three areas with the highest visible blood vessel density per section were selected and the number of blood vessels having a visible lumen was counted at high power field (magnification x 40). A total of 10 to 15 fields in six randomly chosen sections were analyzed for each group. Two independent pathologists performed the histological examination in a blinded fashion.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• wound HP found almost exclusively in collagen, was used as an indicator of the amount of collagen present in the wound tissue.
• Wound HP concentration was determined as previously described [Kwon et al., Exp Biol Med (Maywood) (2007) 232(7):935-41]. Briefly, wound tissue (collected from the sacrificed rats on day 12 of the experiment) was hydrolyzed in 2 ml HCL (6 mol/1) for 4 hours at 130 °C. The mixture was then neutralized to pH 7.0 with 2.5 mol/1 sodium hydroxide and was diluted 40-fold with deionized water. Next, 2 ml of the diluted mixture was mixed with 1 ml chloramines-T solution (0.05 mol/1) and was incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature.
• Rat model of diabetes was generated by STZ injection. A gradual increase in blood glucose levels was noted over time and was accompanied by a reduction in body weight. Ten days after subjection to STZ (first day of the study), rats lost 8.7 ⁇ 2.3 g body weight compared to their pre-STZ state, and had further lost weight (lost 19.4 ⁇ 7.1 g body weight compared to their pre-STZ state) 12 days later (as measured on the last day of the study). Blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats used in the present study were consistently higher than 300 mg/dL and did not change by topical application of exogenous cream containing either EPO or vehicle. Furthermore, due to induction of diabetes, mortality assessment was carried out on the day of animal sacrifice. Results had indicated that seven rats died in the course of this experiment: two rats from the control group, three rats from the high EPO group, and two rats from the low EPO group.
• MVD microvessel density
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• Diabetes was induced by a single 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), a toxin specific for insulin- producing cells, in saline-sodium citrate buffer (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA, pH 4.5). Blood glucose levels were measured using an acute glucometer (FreeStyle, Alameda, CA, USA). Five days after STZ injection, mice exhibiting blood glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were defined as diabetic and were further used in the study.
• STZ streptozotocin
• Diabetic mice with confirmed glucose levels above 300 mg/dL were anesthetized with Ketamine (100 mg/kg of body weight) and Xylazine (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally.
• the dorsal skin of each mouse was shaved, cleaned with iodine solution, and 2 full-thickness skin wounds (approximately 20 mm in diameter/wound) were created on the right and left sides of each mouse back (Figure 5A).
• Diabetic mice were then randomly divided into four treatment groups comprising 8 mice in each group: Group 1) wounds were treated with a basic cream containing saline (Control group, Figure 5B); Group 2) wounds were treated with a cream containing Erythropoietin (EPO, 3000 U/mL, Cytolab/Peprotech, Rehovot, Israel); Group 3) wounds were treated with a cream containing Fibronectin (FN, 200 ⁇ g/mL, Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, CA, USA); and Group 4) wounds were treated with a cream containing EPO and FN (3000 U/mL and 200 ⁇ g/mL, respectively, Figures 5B- C). All mice were treated once daily (for 12 days) with the appropriate cream.
• EPO Erythropoietin
• FN Fibronectin
• mice treated with EPO compared to mice treated with FN were not significant (P > 0.05). Whereas, significant statistical difference (P ⁇ 0.05) in the percentage of wound healing was recorded from day 6 to day 12 of the experiment between mice treated by EPO or FN to those treated by vehicle ( Figure 6). However, combination treatment with EPO and FN resulted in significant statistical differences (P ⁇ 0.05) in wound healing as early as 4 days after treatment compared to treatment with EPO, FN or vehicle ( Figures 6 and 7A-D).
• MVD microvessel density
• VEGF angiogenic factor
• Samples collected from control mice treated with vehicle or mice treated with a cream containing FN exhibited very low levels of VEGF (0.31 ⁇ 0.08 or 0.39 ⁇ 0.12 pg/mg protein, respectively) compared to samples collected from mice treated with a cream containing EPO or EPO and FN (0.74 ⁇ 0.15 or 0.87 ⁇ 0.13 pg/mg protein, respectively, P ⁇ 0.001).
• No significant statistical difference was marked between control mice and mice treated with a cream containing FN (P > 0.05).
• no significant statistical difference was marked between mice treated with a cream containing EPO and mice treated with a cream containing EPO and FN (P > 0.05).
• HP was used as an indicator of the amount of collagen present in the wound tissues.
• topical treatment with a cream containing only EPO or only FN equally enhanced HP content in the wounds tissue (44 ⁇ 6.1 or 45.3 ⁇ 7.2 ⁇ g/wound, respectively) and was significantly higher compared to treatment with vehicle (16.2 ⁇ 4.7 ⁇ g/wound, P ⁇ 0.001).
• topical treatment with a cream containing both EPO and FN significantly increased HP content in the wound tissue (81 ⁇ 8.8 ⁇ g/wound; P ⁇ 0.001).
• HEMCs Primary human epidermal microvascular cells
• PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
• HEMCs were maintained in human epidermal microvascular endothelial medium (PromoCell, GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany), a modified and optimized DMEM/F-12 (1:1) supplemented with 15 mM HEPES, 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), growth factor (acidic FGF stabilized with Heparin) and 1 % antibiotic solution containing streptomycin, neomycin and penicillin (Biological Industries, Beit Haemek, Israel). All experiments were performed in passages 3-6.
• HEMCs were seeded in culture dishes coated with fibronectin (10 ⁇ g/ml, Chemicon International, Temecula, CA, USA). Cultured HEMCs were detached by trypsinization and reseeded in fibronectin coated 24 x well plates (2.5 x 10 5 cells/well) in triplicates. These cultured HEMCs were treated with escalating doses of EPO (0.01, 0.1 and 1 ⁇ g/ml/day) for 3 consecutive days with the culture media replaced on a daily basis. At the end of day 3, HEMCs were detached by trypsinization and tested for expression of ⁇ -1 integrin by western blot.
• EPO escalating doses of EPO
• the membranes After being washed in TBS 0.15 % Tween, the membranes were incubated with an appropriate secondary antibody (R&D Systems, MN, USA) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, the membranes were analyzed by the enhanced chemiluminescence's system according to the manufacturer's protocol (Amersham, UK).
• NHDF primary human dermal fibroblasts
• KRCT keratinocytes of adult skin
• Cells were seeded into 60 mm plates at a density of 1 x 10 7 cells/ml and cultured for 12 days in FGM-2 or KGM, each supplemented with 15 % FBS, sodium penicillin G and streptomycin sulfate, in a humidified incubator at 5 % CO 2 and 95 % air at 37 0 C. The medium was changed every day and the cells were allowed to replicate 3 times. On day 8, all non-adherent cells were removed from the culture and the adherent cells were grown for an additional period of up to 4 days. In the subsequent experiments, the beginning of culture was defined as day 0. On the day of the experiment, cells were lysed by RIPA buffer and lysates were collected for protein expression determination.
• NHDF and KRCT cells were seeded into 6-well plates, coated with or without fibronectin (10 ⁇ g/ml), at a density of 1 x 10 7 cells/ml and grown for 5 days to reach 60-70 % confluence (in FGM-2 and KGM culture mediums, respectively, each supplemented with 15 % FBS).
• the cells were treated with EPO (1, 5 and 10 ⁇ g/ml) for 48 hours. 24 hours prior to experimentation, cultures were placed in phenol red-free growth media supplemented with 0.1 % FBS. After 24 hours, the cells were placed in phenol red-free growth media containing 7.5 % dextran-charcoal stripped FBS.
• the cells in each well were labeled with 10 ⁇ Ci of [3 H] -thymidine (Shanghai, China) for the last 24 hours of incubation. Cells were then rinsed 3 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 5 minutes each rinse, followed by an additional rinse with 10 % trichloroacetic acid, for 30 minutes. Finally, the cells were dissolved in 0.2 ml of 0.2 mol/1 NaOH and left overnight at 4 °C. Radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• Proteins were analyzed by PAGE under non-reducing conditions and electroblotted onto polyvinyldifluoride membranes (Millipore, Molsheim, France). The membranes were incubated for 2 hours with AQP3 antibodies diluted 1:200 (Calbiochem, Nottingham, UK) or actin antibodies diluted 1:1000 (Calbiochem) in 0.1 M Tris-buffered saline containing 5 % non-fat dry milk and 0.05 % Tween 20. The membranes were then rinsed in Tris-buffered saline/non-fat dry milk/Tween 20 and incubated for 1 hour with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Igs diluted 1 :2000 (R&D systems).
• the membranes were rinsed in Tris buffered saline and the reaction product was detected using a chemiluminescence detection kit (Amersham Biosciences, Freiburg, Germany). The resulting signals were analyzed by densitometry and the results were expressed as the ratio of the optical density of the AQP3- corresponding band to that of actin.
• Keratinocytes of adult skin were treated with erythropoietin (EPO) with or without fibronectin (FN) to assess its effect on cell proliferation.
• EPO erythropoietin
• FN fibronectin
• Superoxide dismutase is a membrane enzyme that scavenges the free radicals superoxide anions in the intra or extracellular space. Reducing the superoxide anions in the epidermis and dermis layers is essential to preserve skin from damage and aging. SOD can be a major factor in attenuating these detrimental effects induced by the accumulation of superoxide anions.
• NHDF primary human dermal fibroblasts
• KRCT cells KRCT cells with EPO upregulates SOD (antioxidant activity). Additions of FN to the cell cultures synergistically upregulates
• EPO upregulates Bcl-xL expression and decreases apoptosis sensitivity
• Fractionated proteins in gels were either stained with Coomassie Blue R-250 or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes to perform Western blots.
• 5 % low fat milk in TBS-T buffer 50 mM Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, 175 mM NaCl, adjusted to pH 7.5 with HCl and supplemented with 0.1 % Tween 20 was used as blocking solution.
• Membranes were incubated with mouse monoclonal anti Bax (Clone YTH6A7) and mouse monoclonal anti BCI-X L (Clone YTH2H12) primary antibodies both from (R&D Systems). Antibodies were diluted 1/500 in blocking solution. Conditions of incubation were optimized for each antibody.
• IgG donkey anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled R&D Systems was diluted 1/2000 in blocking solution. Incubations were performed for 1 hour at room temperature. Results were expressed as mean ⁇ S.E.M Arbitrary Units (AU) obtained from the ratio between the densitometric units of the protein under study and total ⁇ g of proteins loaded.
• HRP horseradish peroxidase
• EPO inhibits apoptosis by up-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL [Dolzing (2001)].
• previous studies have shown that alterations in the ratio between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, rather than the absolute expression level of any single member, determines apoptotic sensitivity [Zhang (2000)].
• Apoptotic sensitivity was determined by the ratio between the mean of pro-apoptotic protein expression Bax and the mean of anti-apoptotic protein expression Bcl-xL. As depicted in Figure 18B, apoptosis decreased significantly and dose dependently following EPO treatment, ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences between the three groups (PO.05).
• A Erythropoietin (EPO)
• B Fibronectin (FN)
• cream A 25 ⁇ g/g (2.50 mg % of final preparation)
• cream B 250 ⁇ g/g (25 mg % of final preparation)
• cream A/B (combination cream): 25 ⁇ g/g (2.50 mg % of final preparation) and 250 ⁇ g/g (25 mg % of final preparation)
• a white, opaque, semi-solid preparation is obtained.
• the pH of the obtained preparations is about 6.40. Preparation may be used fresh.

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