Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/56—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
  • A61L27/18—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
  • A61L2430/02—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of bones; weight-bearing implants

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a device for regenerating a bone, in particular by means of three-dimensional distraction, methods for three-dimensional callus distraction and uses of said device.
• Bone losses are today usually filled with bone substitute materials or with auto- or allogenic bone.
• bone substitutes may be inorganic materials such as calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite or bioglasses (these should be replaced after slow absorption with bone, but this is more applicable for smaller defects (otherwise risk of infection due to lack of vascularization)
• Such bone materials ie bone substitute materials, do not release biomechanical impulses and thus do not trigger active regeneration.
• synthetically produced organic materials such as polyesters, polyamino acids, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, polylactides or polyglycolides or allogeneic organic materials, which are of bovine origin, for example.
• combinations of materials from the various types of materials are used as bone substitute composites. Bone substance losses can also be bridged with microvascularly connected autogenous or allogeneic vascularized transplants. The use of an allogenic bone substitute However, it can trigger unwanted immune reactions and transmit infections.
• the materials and techniques used in the prior art often provide insufficient bone quality, so that, for example, implant bearings are not firmly anchored.
• the bone substitute is often not sufficiently vascularized, whereby the risk of infection is increased.
• prior art methods often use growth factors that greatly increase the cost of the methods.
• a bone substitute missing bone substance can also be partially filled by bone regeneration. Segmental interruptions of bony continuity on long bones can thus be treated by distraction osteogenesis.
• WO 01/91663 describes a two-dimensionally oriented bone distraction by means of an artificial interface.
• prior art distraction methods for example in the jaw region, only vertical regeneration is frequently possible.
• bone regeneration by distraction is not applicable to any bone defect.
• the devices used for distraction are complex and distraction procedures take a relatively long time.
• the technical problem underlying the present invention is to provide a device which makes it possible to carry out bone regeneration methods which overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
• the technical problem underlying the invention is also the provision of devices, uses thereof and methods which allow a simple and inexpensive bone regeneration.
• the technical problem underlying the present invention is also the Provision of devices, uses thereof, and methods for regenerating bones of improved quality and sufficiently vascularized.
• the present invention solves the underlying technical problem, in particular by providing devices, methods and uses according to the claims.
• the present invention solves the underlying technical problem in particular by providing a three-dimensional skeleton for regenerating a bone, comprising skeleton fibers from at least one framework material and spaces enclosed by them, wherein the framework material is biocompatible, predefined and controlled in dependence on an internal or external force is stretchable and / or shrinkable, and wherein the framework in dependence of the internal or external force acting predefined and controlled to change its initial volume.
• the volume of the introduced three-dimensional framework changes, for example, increased or decreased, either directly or automatically without further action or after supplying an internal or external force due to its structure and composition.
• This causes that after the introduction of the framework into the bone defect immigrated and adhering to the scaffold fibers osteogenic cells or cell networks slowly and defined, especially
• they if they have a distraction-effective distance to the scaffold, they are exposed to a tension, ie a biomechanical stimulus, so that the precursor of a callus, which only has to ossify, is created in the entire defect by distraction.
• this stimulus will reach substantially all cells simultaneously.
• the framework according to the invention can advantageously be used in processes, preferably processes according to the invention, for bone regeneration, in particular for three-dimensional callus distraction.
• the present teaching covers devices and methods for bone regeneration, wherein preferably bones in the jaw area and / or in the periodontal area are to be regenerated.
• the present invention understands the term "bone regeneration” as the regeneration of bone defects, for example, after cystectomy, tumor surgery or trauma surgery, etc., regardless of the topography, and / or in particular the regeneration of minor bone defects caused, for example, by periodontitis.
• a "scaffold” is understood to mean a three-dimensional body, which comprises scaffold fibers constructed from a framework material also spaces between the framework fibers.
• the framework fibers define the shape, outline, and size of the framework and are constructed and arranged to provide a three-dimensional volume-spanning body, the framework, the interstices, e.g., pores, cavities, gaps, or voids, between the framework fibers contains.
• the volume of the scaffold preferably without altering the structural identity of the scaffold, for example, without scaffolding being removed or added, is changeable by force, for example plastically or elastically changeable.
• Such a framework may, for example, be in the form of a braid, porous pad, spongy body or matrix.
• interspaces of a three-dimensional framework according to the invention are understood as meaning the volume of the framework which is not filled by a solid material, in particular by the framework fibers, and which lies within the total volume of the framework However, they are smaller than the total volume of the scaffold, even in their sum.
• the interspaces can have any shape.
• the interspaces are preferably pores.
• the interspaces, for example pores, preferably have a diameter of 10 .mu.m to 10 mm , preferably from 10 .mu.m to 1000 .mu.m.
• the framework preferably contains interspaces, for example pores having a diameter of at most 100 ⁇ m.
• the framework preferably contains interstices with a diameter of more than 450 ⁇ m.
• the framework contains interspaces with a diameter of less than 100 ⁇ m as well as interspaces with a diameter of more than 450 ⁇ m.
• the framework material from which the scaffold is formed may serve as a support structure for cells. In this case, for example, allows pores with a pore size of below 100 microns, the growth of connective tissue. For pores with a pore size of more than 450 ⁇ m, blood vessels can grow into the framework and thus vascularize the volume that occupies the framework.
• At least a part of the intermediate spaces, particularly preferably the pores preferably has a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m.
• at least a part of the intermediate spaces, particularly preferably the pores preferably has a diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
• at least a part of the intermediate spaces, particularly preferably the pores preferably has a diameter of 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• a part of the intermediate spaces preferably has a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, a part of the intermediate spaces has a diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m and a part of the interspaces has a diameter of 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• the invention preferably has a quarter, more preferably a third, most preferably half of the interstices, more preferably the pores, a diameter of 0.5 microns to 5 microns.
• a quarter, more preferably a third, most preferably half of the intermediate spaces, particularly preferably the pores has a diameter of 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
• a quarter, particularly preferably one third, most preferably half of the intermediate spaces, particularly preferably the pores has a diameter of 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• the diameter of the intermediate spaces is preferably at least 450 ⁇ m and at most 5 mm, particularly preferably at least 450 ⁇ m and at most 1000 ⁇ m.
• the framework preferably has open-pore lead structures whose porosity is particularly preferably 50% to 70%, in particular 60%, and which allow the ingrowth of blood vessels.
• the interspaces for example pores, have a size, in particular a diameter, which allows expansion stimuli to cells located in the pores of at least 0.5 ⁇ m, in particular of 1 ⁇ m, more preferably of 2 ⁇ m, most preferably from 10 .mu.m to preferably 100 .mu.m, particularly preferably 1000 .mu.m, more preferably 1 cm, most preferably up to 10 cm to transfer.
• the stretch stimuli are preferably transmitted with a distraction frequency of at most 1 mm / day.
• volume of a three-dimensional framework according to the invention is understood to mean the volume delimited by the framework fibers defining the outer surfaces of the framework
• the volume of the framework is thus determined by the volume of the framework fibers and the volume of the framework fibers
• the three-dimensional framework according to the invention is preferably present in a, preferably original, starting volume which can change to another volume by internal or external force
• a change in volume means a change in the initial volume, either an increase in the starting volume, for example by stretching the framework, or a reduction of the initial volume, for example by compression or shrinkage of the framework.
• the framework material is predefined as a function of an internal, or preferably external, force, and can be stretched and / or shrunk in a controlled manner.
• the material may have plastic or elastic properties.
• predefined and controlled is understood to mean a change in the initial volume, in particular an expansion or a shrinkage that runs over a predetermined distance and / or a predetermined volume and its velocity, ie the strain rate, shrinkage rate or rate of change of volume
• a change in the volume may also merely be a change in the shape of the volume.
• the time of the start of expansion, shrinkage or volume change may also be predetermined, that is to say deliberately selected.
• the initial volume of the three-dimensional framework can be changed by an externally supplied force.
• the force is preferably added by means of a pull rope or tie rod.
• the supplied power heat is preferred.
• the supplied force is ultrasound.
• the force is preferably supplied by a magnet and is therefore an electromagnetic force.
• the force may also be a pressure exerted by, for example, fluid or gas supplied from outside the framework.
• the framework can change its initial volume by diffusing a liquid, in particular an interstitial liquid, into the assembly system on account of the colloid-osmotic pressure.
• a necessary concentration gradient is achieved according to the invention preferably by dextrans and / or hydroxyethyl starch.
• an “elongation” is understood as meaning an enlargement of the framework along at least one spatial axis, preferably along all three spatial axes.
• shrinkage is understood to mean a reduction of the framework along at least one spatial axis, preferably along all three spatial axes. According to the invention, the shrinkage of a framework preferably causes a reduction in the volume of the framework.
• the shrinkage is preferably a compression.
• the framework material is predefined and controlled in dependence on an internal, or preferably external, force compressible, so that in such a way also the volume of the framework can be changed.
• a “compression” is understood as a shrinkage in which the framework is compressed by an external force.
• the starting volume may be increased by filling the interstices of the framework, particularly preferably the pores of the framework, with a liquid, particularly preferably a liquid containing biomolecules and / or cells, most preferably blood, preferably by a liquid applied by the infused liquid Pressure from the inside on the framework fibers.
• the term "filling of the interstices" means an at least partial inflow of a liquid into the interspaces
• the interspaces are preferably filled with the liquid by the filling, most preferably completely.
• the framework preferably has at least one, preferably biodegradable, shaped element.
• the mold element is preferably a casing.
• the molding element is a strapping, for example a thread.
• the molding element is preferably an adhesive.
• the framework preferably has a shaped element, as a result of which the framework is in an expanded initial volume.
• the framework preferably has at least one molding element, as a result of which the framework is in a compressed initial volume.
• the scaffold preferably has a shaped element, as a result of which the scaffold is located in a stretched or compressed initial volume, and wherein the initial volume is determined by separation. Fung of the formula element, preferably inevitably and automatically, can change, especially the scaffolding is no longer stretched or compressed.
• the material of the formula element is preferably selected from the group consisting of fibrin, collagen, at least one polysaccharide and mixtures thereof.
• the biodegradable shaped element is fibrin or contains it.
• the biodegradable shaped element is collagen or contains it.
• the biodegradable molding element is preferably at least one polysaccharide or contains this.
• the framework is preferably compressed or shrunk in its starting volume. According to the invention, the framework is stretched or expanded in its initial volume. According to the invention, the framework is held in a compressed or in an extended state by a biodegradable mold element in the respective form.
• the framework according to the invention is preferably first mechanically compressed or expanded after production.
• the compression of the framework preferably takes place by pressure or by drying and shrinkage. Thereafter, in a preferred embodiment, it is provided with the molding element so as to maintain the compressed or expanded initial volume until the beginning of the desired distraction.
• the three-dimensional framework therefore preferably has an elastic restoring force.
• the starting volume of the framework is changed prior to using the framework, in particular special compressed.
• a fixation with a biodegradable mold element, such as an adhesive takes place. If this biodegradable form element, for example the adhesive is decomposed, the volume of the framework changes due to the elastic restoring force, whereby biomechanical stimuli can be triggered.
• the three-dimensional framework preferably contains a spring made of biodegradable material.
• the spring is preferably fixed in a compressed or stretched state with a biodegradable molding element, for example a thread or adhesive.
• a biodegradable molding element for example a thread or adhesive.
• the absorption time of the element is preferably shorter, in particular considerably shorter, than the absorption time of the framework.
• the absorption time of the formula element is at least one day, more preferably at least five days, most preferably at least seven days. According to the invention, the absorption time of the formula element is at most twenty days, more preferably at most fifteen days, in particular ten days, most preferably at most five days.
• the degradation kinetics of the scaffold and of the framework material are preferably matched to the time scheme of a Adapted to the framework according to the invention to be performed Volume distraction adapted.
• the initial volume of the three-dimensional framework preferably changes at a predetermined speed.
• the speed with which the initial volume of the framework can change is at most so great that the cells adhering to the framework are at most 1.5 mm / day, particularly preferably 1.2 mm / day, in particular 1 mm / day, most preferably 0.9 mm / day are distracted.
• the volume may be predefined and controlled to change at a rate at which stretching or shrinkage of a volume of 1000 ⁇ m 3 to 216000 ⁇ m 3 in all three spatial coordinates of at most 0.6 mm per day, more preferably at most 0.577 per day, in particular not more than 0.55 mm per day, most preferably not more than 0.5 mm per day.
• the volume may be predefined and controlled at a rate at which a strain or shrinkage of a volume of 1000 ⁇ m 3 to 216000 ⁇ m 3 in all three spatial coordinates of at least 0.01 mm per day, more preferably at least 0 , 1 mm per day, in particular at least 0.2 mm per day, most preferably at least 0.5 mm per day.
• the volume may change in a pre-defined and controlled manner at a rate at which a stretch or shrinkage of an area between 10 ⁇ m and 60 ⁇ m long of the spatial diagonal of the volume of the framework at most 0.6 mm per day, more preferably at most 0.577 mm per day, in particular at most 0.55 mm per day, most preferably at most 0.5 mm per day.
• the volume may be predefined and controlled to change at a rate at which stretching or shrinking of a section between 10 ⁇ m and 60 ⁇ m long of the volume diagonal of the framework volume of at least 0.01 mm per day is particularly preferred of at least 0.1 mm per day, in particular of at least 0.2 mm per day, most preferably of at least 0.5 mm per day.
• the framework is designed so that the change in the initial volume can take place continuously.
• the framework is preferably designed such that the changes in the initial volume can be discontinuous.
• the framework material is preferred, preferably the framework fibers are non-biogenic, in particular contain no collagen or are free of collagen. According to the invention, the framework material is biogenic.
• the framework material is biocompatible.
• the framework material preferably has at least one cell-adhesive property, that is, it is capable of binding cells, in particular osteoblasts, fibroblasts and / or endothelial cells, preferably binding them specifically and selectively.
• the cell-adhesive property of the framework material is determined by its surface properties.
• the framework material and / or the framework is biodegradable.
• biodegradable means that the material can be degraded or absorbed by hydrolysis, polymer dissolution, enzymatic degradation, and / or dissociation of the material components, preferably into an organism, for example a human or animal organism
• the degradation products of the framework material preferably have a molecular weight of at most 50,000 g / mol, more preferably of at most 40,000 g / mol, and can thus be eliminated in the normal way.
• the biodegradable framework material is degraded in an organism within a resorption time of one year, particularly preferably within two months, in particular within one month, most preferably within two weeks.
• absorption commences after 6 weeks after introduction of the scaffold into an organism.
• the absorption time of the framework material and / or of the framework is at least four weeks, more preferably at least eight weeks, in particular sixteen weeks, most preferably at least thirty-two weeks.
• the absorption time of the framework or of the framework is preferably at most fifty-two weeks, more preferably at most thirty-eight weeks, more preferably at most sixteen weeks, most preferably at most eight weeks.
• the framework material consists of at least one polymer or contains this, preferably of spatially crosslinked polymers. For example, the access of water, blood, or serum forms hydrogen bonds, sulfur bridges, or the like, which spatially alter the polymer structure, creating a three-dimensional motion that provides an impulse for biomechanical transmission of stimuli to the embedded cells.
• the framework material is easy to process. According to the invention, the framework material and / or the framework can be sterilized. According to the invention, the framework can be adapted well to the regeneration geometry. According to the invention, the framework material and / or the framework is readily storable.
• the framework material preferably contains a material selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly ( ⁇ -caprolactone), poly ( ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate), poly (p-dioxanone), a polyanhydride or a mixture of these, for Example of a mixture of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid.
• the framework material preferably contains copolymers, in particular of at least two of the abovementioned materials. According to the invention, the framework material preferably contains polymer mixtures.
• the framework material preferably consists of a material selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly ( ⁇ -caprolactone), poly ( ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate), poly (p-dioxanone), a polyanhydride or a mixture of these.
• the framework material consists of copolymers of at least two of the abovementioned materials.
• the framework material preferably consists of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid.
• the polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid are preferably present as copolymer.
• the framework material is or contains polyglycolic acid.
• the framework material is polylactic acid or contains these.
• the framework material is poly ( ⁇ -caprolactone) or contains this.
• the framework material is poly ( ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate) or contains this.
• the framework material is poly (p-dioxanone) or contains this.
• the framework material is preferably at least one polyanhydride or contains this. According to the invention, other suitable materials may also be used.
• the framework material consists of at least one polylactite and at least one polyglycolide.
• copolymers with different physical and mechanical properties can be prepared and used as framework material by the combination and variation of lactitol and glycolide fractions.
• the framework material preferably has certain rubber-elastic properties and is mechanically stable enough to overcome the tissue pressure prevailing in the defect region of the bone.
• the framework material and / or the framework in a preferred embodiment is capable of effective To withstand tissue pressure of the surrounding tissue of up to 9.5 mm Hg.
• the framework material is anisotropic.
• anisotropy is understood to mean the spatial variation of the macroscopic mechanical properties.
• the surface of the framework material in particular by arrangement of contours, is increased. This enlargement not only increases the surface available to the cells, but also affects the organization of cell growth.
• the size and spatial distribution of the intermediate spaces, in particular of the pores, in the framework preferably determine their accessibility for cells and the exchange of nutrients.
• the density of the blood vessels also increases to keep the mass transfer distances by diffusion and osmosis between the active cells and the blood minimal.
• it is preferable to achieve mass transfer by providing suitable vascularized macroporosity. In a fine-pored scaffold, the mass transfer has to overcome great distances, so diffusion becomes a limiting factor.
• the framework fibers preferably have a thickness of 5 to 3000 ⁇ m, preferably 50 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m, preferably 60 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m, in particular 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• the framework material, in particular the framework fibers preferably has a diameter of 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
• the framework material, in particular the framework fibers preferably has a density of 1-5 g / cm 3 .
• the framework material, in particular the framework fibers preferably has a rigidity, ductility, strength of 1000-8000 MPa.
• the framework material, in particular the framework fibers preferably has an E-modulus of 50-500 GPa.
• the framework material, in particular the framework fibers preferably has an elongation at break of 0.2-10%.
• the framework preferably contains cells, in particular endothelial cells and / or osteoblasts and / or fibroblasts, prior to introduction into a defect region of a bone in the interstices.
• the framework material preferably consists of or contains at least one fiber composite material.
• the framework material preferably consists of fibers of a fiber composite material or contains these.
• the framework material is optionally encased in or embedded in a thermoplastic matrix. In accordance with the invention, this provides mechanical protection of the fibers under compressive and shear stress, strength under stress and protection of the recipient tissue from the integrated fiber particles.
• the invention optionally provides sealing of the 3D fiber framework surface.
• the fibers may preferably be embedded in a matrix with, for example, different layer thickness.
• in the framework material fibers of a fiber composite material are embedded in a polymer matrix in whole or in part.
• the framework material is preferably coated.
• the framework material is coated by thin-film technology.
• the framework material is coated by means of vacuum, plasma or ion technology.
• a desired protein adsorption can be influenced in a targeted manner.
• an improvement in blood compatibility can be achieved.
• a thin coating preferred according to the invention a cell adhesion to the framework material and an influence on the cell growth of the adhered cells can be controlled in a targeted manner.
• the electrical properties of the surface of the framework material can be selectively changed.
• the fibers of a fiber composite material can be coated so that the cell adhesion is increased.
• the fibers are preferably coated with titanium.
• the framework material is preferably coated with titanium.
• the fibers are preferably coated with titanium oxide.
• the framework material is coated with titanium oxide.
• the fibers are preferably coated with sodium alginate.
• the framework material is coated with sodium alginate.
• the fibers are coated with a hydrogel.
• the framework material is coated with a hydrogel.
• the hydrogel coating can preferably be used so that the volume of the framework does not change immediately after introduction of the framework into a bone. chende Anlagen changes, but only at a later date, particularly preferably after a week.
• osteoblasts In order to enable the most effective possible use of the scaffold according to the invention, osteoblasts must be able to bind well to the framework fibers. As a result of improved adhesion between scaffold and osteoblasts, when using a scaffold according to the invention, in particular in a method according to the invention, more osteoblasts are activated by the scaffold with one or more biomechanical pulses. Therefore, the scaffold material or the coating of the scaffold material is preferably provided according to the invention be designed so that the best possible osteoblast binding to the framework can be done.
• the adhesion binding of the osteoblasts to the framework is preferably so strong according to the invention that the binding is maintained during part of the volume expansion, particularly preferably throughout the volume expansion, of the framework, in particular when the framework is used in a method according to the invention.
• the fibers are smooth.
• the framework material is smooth.
• the coating of the framework material is smooth.
• the fibers are rough. This is preferred according to the invention
• the coating of the framework material is rough.
• rough surface is a larger surface for binding the
• the fibers are preferably coated with hydroxyapatite.
• the framework material hydroxyapatite is preferably coated.
• a preferred coating according to the invention with hydroxylapatite enables a binding-promoting adsorption of proteins.
• the fibers are preferably coated with a hydrogel.
• the framework material is coated with a hydrogel.
• the hydrogel layer is preferably thin.
• the fibers are preferably coated with at least one protein.
• the framework material is preferably coated with at least one protein.
• the at least one protein preferably contains the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, ie RGD.
• the fibers are preferably coated with at least one peptide.
• the framework material is coated with at least one peptide.
• the at least one peptide is preferably a peptide which initiates cell adhesion.
• the at least one peptide is preferably an RGD peptide.
• the at least one peptide is produced synthetically.
• the at least one peptide preferably contains the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, ie RGD. According to the invention, the at least one peptide has the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp, ie RGD.
• the fibers are preferably coated with star-shaped polyethylene-glycol polymers (Star-PEG).
• the framework material is preferably coated with star-shaped polyethylene-glycol polymers (Star-PEG).
• the at least one protein is preferably bound to the polyethylene-glycol polymer coating, particularly preferably covalently.
• the at least one peptide is particularly preferably covalently bonded to the polyethylene-glycol polymer coating.
• the adhesion of osteoblasts is a receptor-mediated contact between the molecules of the extracellular matrix and the actin fibers of the cytoskeleton. This region is also referred to as the focal contact zone. In the focal contacts, both binding molecules and molecules responsible for signal transduction are involved.
• the formation of focal adhesion is mainly due to integrins.
• the integrins differ in their bioaffinity from other cell surface receptors.
• Adhesion proteins in the form of ultrathin coating on the framework facilitate the adhesion of osteoblasts to the framework of the invention.
• Fibronectin is an extracellular adhesion protein with multiple specific binding sites for receptors and thus serves to bind the osteoblasts to the extracellular matrix.
• Fibronectin is a large glycoprotein that exists as a dimer of two nearly identical subunits. Fibronectin consists of about 90 amino acids. The cell-binding site of fibronectin was identified as the tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD).
• the properties of the fiber composites with or without matrix can according to the invention preferably by the fiber volume content and determined by the orientation of the fibers in the fiber architecture. As a result, it is also possible according to the invention to determine the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the framework according to the invention.
• the framework preferably consists of fibers of a fiber composite material or if the framework contains such fibers, then the framework is preferably constructed such that a stress in the fiber direction or perpendicular to the fiber direction can take place. According to the invention, however, the framework can also be constructed in such a way that stresses in different directions with respect to the fiber direction can take place. According to the invention, the fibers are arranged in series at a stress perpendicular to the fiber direction. If, according to the invention, a matrix between the fibers is preferably used, then it is subjected to greater stress.
• the three-dimensional framework preferably consists of a fiber composite of continuous fibers or contains these.
• a framework made of a fiber composite material is preferably constructed from differently oriented layers.
• the layer sequence of the fibers can take place symmetrically to the center plane of the framework or at random or in intermediate stages thereof.
• fibers of a fiber composite material preferably represent the main load-bearing element of a framework with a thermoplastic matrix. Due to their higher modulus of elasticity and higher strength, the fibers further determine the mechanical properties of the composite.
• the framework preferably contains a fiber architecture in the form of a fleece, a 2D framework, a multiaxial framework and / or a 3D braid.
• an undirectional fabric is used as the fiber architecture for the framework.
• the fiber architecture of the framework is preferably a biaxial tissue.
• the fiber architecture of the framework is preferably a knitted fabric.
• the fiber architecture of the framework is preferably a multiaxial, multi-ply woven fabric.
• the framework is distinguished by its biofunctionality.
• biofunctionality the physical, mechanical and / or biological properties in function with the temporal biomechanical stimulus delivery are important.
• the surface of the framework material is chemically modified.
• the surface of the framework material is chemically modified by reactive molecules or molecular groups.
• the molecules or molecule groups with which the surface of the framework material is chemically modified can be labeled with anchor proteins of the extracellular matrix. react to a matrix of cells.
• the surface of the framework material is hydrophilic. Hydrophilic surfaces allow better adhesion to cells than hydrophobic ones. The surfaces of each framework correspond with its polarizability.
• the invention also relates to a three-dimensional scaffold capable of pulsing or vibrating for a given period of time, for example excited by a magnetic field or ultrasound, and thereby capable of delivering biomechanical stimuli to osteogenic cells.
• the structural elements of the framework can be arranged according to a stochastic, fractal or periodic principle.
• the framework is preferably constructed from substructures and from simple subsystems. According to the invention, the complexity of the framework can be improved by a hierarchical sequence of
• Structural elements are increased over several stages, in which the smallest functioning unit to groups and these in turn are combined with other groups of other functionality into larger units.
• a plurality of scaffolds may also be present in the form of granules.
• the individual granulate particles that is to say the individual scaffolds, are preferably fixed to one another with a biodegradable adhesive and can thus be incorporated into the defect.
• the invention also relates to the use of at least one three-dimensional framework according to the invention described in the context of the present teaching, optionally in a preferred embodiment containing a spring, for producing a kit for bone regeneration.
• the invention also relates to the use of a granular granule according to the invention for producing a kit for bone regeneration.
• the said kits preferably comprise at least one surgical instrument, more preferably at least one applicator, for example a syringe, and a capsule for receiving the scaffold, for example the scaffold in granular form.
• the kit preferably contains an instruction manual.
• the kit preferably contains a packaging, particularly preferably a packaging which allows sterile storage of the framework.
• the kit preferably contains an adhesive, in particular an adhesive for fixing the framework in a bone defect.
• this relates to the use of a three-dimensional framework according to the invention for producing a kit for bone regeneration, wherein the kit additionally comprises a molding element of the aforementioned type, for example a sheath, an adhesive or a lacing.
• a molding element of the aforementioned type for example a sheath, an adhesive or a lacing.
• the invention also relates to the use of a biocompatible scaffold which is predefined and controlled in dependence on an internal or external force expansion and / or shrinkable and has a cell-adhesive property, for producing a three-dimensional scaffold, comprising a framework material and spaces enclosed by this, for regeneration a bone, wherein the three-dimensional framework can be introduced into a defect area of a bone.
• the invention also relates to the provision of a method for producing a three-dimensional framework for the regeneration of a bone, which consists of a biocompatible scaffold material which is predefined and controlled in dependence on an internal or external force expansion and / or shrinkable and has a cell-adhesive property Scaffolding is formed, which can be predefined depending on the internal or external force and controlled to change its initial volume.
• the invention relates to a method for producing a three-dimensional scaffold according to the invention, wherein scaffold fibers are formed from at least one non-biogenic scaffold material in a extrusion process to form a scaffold, wherein the scaffold material is biocompatible, predefined and controlled depending on a force expansion and / or is shrinkable and has a cell-adhesive property.
• the interspaces enclosed by the framework material can be prepared by dissolving salts of salt-polymer mixtures.
• felts of polymer fibers can be stabilized by bonding the fibers in the framework material to produce the framework fibers.
• the framework material in particular a polymer, can be foamed by thermally activated foaming agent or by pressure expansion.
• the intermediate spaces are preferred by enclosed in the framework material, produced by a sol-gel process.
• the invention solves the underlying technical problem and therefore also relates to the provision of a method for regenerating a bone, wherein at least one aforementioned three-dimensional framework, in particular comprising a scaffolding fiber-forming framework material and spaces enclosed by the scaffold fibers, is introduced into a defect area of a bone wherein the framework material is biocompatible, predefined and controlled as a function of a force expansion and / or shrinkable and has a cell adhesive property, in particular for osteoblasts, fibroblasts and / or endothelial len, and wherein the framework of an inner or outer Force is exposed and changes the initial volume of the scaffold in dependence of the force predefined and controlled.
• a three-dimensional framework is introduced into a defect region of a bone.
• the scaffold is enclosed by a blood clot, that is, the surfaces of the scaffold contact both the inside of the scaffold as well as on the outer surfaces of the autologous cells contained in the blood clot.
• the interspaces enclosed by the framework material are, according to the invention, preferably filled at least partially, particularly preferably for the most part, in particular completely filled by the blood clot. Since the framework is constructed in three dimensions, the framework surface in the entire space, which is filled by the framework, with the in the Blood clot contained in autologous cells come into contact.
• the force is preferably applied within the body, in particular within the bone defect.
• the force is preferably applied to a shaped element, for example an adhesive or a thread, which fixes the three-dimensional framework in a compressed and / or stretched state.
• the mold element for example the adhesive or the thread, is destroyed by an external force, in particular biodegraded.
• the volume of the framework is changed as a function of an external force.
• the external force preferably takes place outside the body.
• the external force is preferably effected by cables and / or rods.
• the force is preferably effected by at least one magnet.
• the force is preferably applied by ultrasound.
• the volume change of the framework may be in different orders of magnitude. It is preferably about 10% of the elongation of the enclosed cells or cell groups.
• the daily spatial strain distance is preferably at least 1 micron (lower limit), about 10% of the cell size.
• a pore size of 100-1000 ⁇ m preferably mixed cell colonies are enclosed in the pores, for example osteoblasts, fibroblasts, etc. Preferred is then a daily stretch of 10 to 100 microns, also about 10%, here the colony size.
• a pore size of 1000 ⁇ m-10 mm it is preferable to use contiguous tissue cells of connective tissue, callus, precursor of callus, or the like. locked in.
• the daily spatial strain increase is preferably 0.3-1 mm (upper limit), also about 10%, here the tissue size.
• the change in the elongation distance is preferably at least 0.5 ⁇ m, particularly preferably at least 1 ⁇ m, more preferably at least 10 ⁇ m, even more preferably at least 100 ⁇ m, very preferably at least 1000 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably at least 10 mm, most preferably at least 100 mm.
• the change in the elongation distance is preferably at most 100 mm, particularly preferably at most 10 mm, more preferably at most 1000 ⁇ m, even more preferably at least 100 ⁇ m, very preferably at most 10 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably at most 1 ⁇ m, most preferably at most 0 , 5 ⁇ m.
• the rate of change of the volume is at least so high that cells adhering to the framework are distracted at least 1 ⁇ m / day.
• the rate of change of the volume is at most such that cells or osteogenic, callus-forming tissue adhering to the framework are distracted a maximum of 1 mm / day.
• a faster distraction frequency than 1 mm / day leads to the differentiation of connective tissue instead of bone.
• the scaffold transmits biomechanical stimuli to the cells contained in the blood clot and attached to the framework material, including the interior of the scaffold, which trigger the body's own regenerative forces, thereby forming new autologous bone material. This does not differ from the original bone material surrounding the defect.
• the change in volume of the three-dimensional framework results in a biomechanical transmission of stimuli throughout the entire space occupied by the framework, so that a biomechanical stimulus is transmitted to substantially more cells than in the case of distraction osteogenesis of the prior art.
• the biomechanical stimulus is transferred from the framework directly to osteoblasts.
• the biomechanical stimuli according to the invention can preferably be applied not only directly to osteotomies.
• oblasts which attach to the framework material, but are also indirectly transmitted by fibroblasts.
• Fibroblasts adhering to the framework according to the invention preferably transmit the distraction stimulus to osteoblasts in a metered manner.
• the fibroblasts after completion of the distraction, the fibroblasts also become osteoblasts in the so-called null zone and also form bones.
• the distraction rate decreases, the number of fibroblasts upstream of the osteoblasts changes.
• distraction osteogenesis of the prior art transmits biomechanical stimuli via a two-dimensional interface of bone or other material only to those cells which directly contact this two-dimensional interface.
• the invention thus provides a method in which a three-dimensional framework is introduced into a bone defect and the three-dimensional framework in the bone defect changes its volume.
• the change in volume transfers biomechanical stimuli to cells, especially osteoblasts, which reside in the volume of the three-dimensional framework, stimulating the cells to form bone.
• the three-dimensional framework thus transmits biomechanical stimuli for the utilization of the body's own regenerative forces.
• a "three-dimensional distraction” is understood to mean a distractive bone regeneration in which biomechanical stimuli are not only located at the interface to a bone fragment, ie two-dimensional distraction. mensional, but a transmission of stimuli over a certain volume, ie three-dimensional takes place.
• the method according to the invention uses the body's wound healing mechanisms. Bone formation thus occurs under natural conditions, so that the necessary aspects such as growth factors, hormones, cell composition are implicitly taken into account.
• the method according to the invention overcomes both problems that can arise due to the highly complex control in a bone regeneration, as well as the problems of slow and complicated bone regeneration by distraction from the prior art.
• the bone defect is preferably refreshed before the scaffold is introduced.
• this defect is surgically refreshed, in particular produces a hemorrhage. Due to the surgical refresher and the generated bleeding, a blood clot forms in the defect.
• a scaffold in particular a scaffold according to the invention, is preferably introduced into the bone defect according to the invention.
• the framework material of the introduced framework is enclosed by the blood clot formed, in particular completely enclosed, that is to say, in particular the interstices, very preferably pores, of the framework are filled, particularly preferably completely, with the blood clot.
• the framework thus preferably changes its volume after a defined time.
• the framework after one day preferably changes its volume.
• the framework preferably changes its volume after one week.
• the shape and / or size of the intermediate spaces, in particular pores, of the framework preferably changes according to the invention, so that the framework in all directions, ie three-dimensionally, simultaneously and / or successively stimulates the cells distributed over the space to the framework emits.
• the blood clot does not shrink, but increases in accordance with the volume increase of the framework.
• the scaffold-activated cells can transform into proliferating osteoblasts, produce the extracellular matrix, and a callus can emerge, which then ossifies. If the framework according to the invention is preferably biodegradable, this is then resorbed and / or metabolized.
• the bone defect can fill with bone tissue, which according to the invention is preferably formed by the described biomechanical stimuli of the framework.
• bone tissue which according to the invention is preferably formed by the described biomechanical stimuli of the framework.
• the newly formed bone material differs neither histologically nor in its biological or medical value from the original bones surrounding it.
• the space that results from the degradation of the scaffold can be used for the extracellular matrix.
• the degradation of the scaffold may preferably be adjusted according to the invention After just a few weeks, after the biomechanical stimuli have been released, the framework is degraded and the resulting space is taken up by the extracellular matrix.
• a framework whose framework material has cell-adhesive properties is preferably used in the context of the method according to the invention.
• the surface of the framework material particularly preferably has cell-adhesive properties.
• the surface of the framework in the scaffold plays a major role in the ingrowth of cells from the blood coagulate.
• a preferred adhesion of the cells to the framework material according to the invention can be influenced by its surface chemistry and surface physics as well as by the surface topography.
• the surface of the framework material is hydrophilic. For the ingrowing cells, the interaction between the negatively charged cell membrane and the electrical properties of the framework material surface is preferred according to the invention.
• a biodegradable scaffold is preferably introduced into the defect region of a bone.
• the absorption of the framework material begins after 6 weeks after the introduction of the framework into a defect area of a bone.
• the invention relates to a further method according to the invention for bone regeneration, in particular a further three-dimensional distraction method, wherein in particular an aforementioned three-dimensional framework is introduced into a defect region of a bone and moved there.
• the scaffold of a blood clot is inserted. that is, the surfaces of the scaffold contact the autologous cells contained in the blood clot.
• the interspaces enclosed by the framework material are, according to the invention, preferably at least partially, particularly preferably for the most part, in particular completely filled by the blood clot. Since the framework is constructed in three dimensions, the framework surface in the entire space, which is filled by the scaffold, can come into contact with the autologous cells contained in the blood clot.
• the framework After placing the framework in the defect area of a bone, the framework is moved in the bone defect.
• the movement takes place in a controlled and directed manner, ie in a predefined direction with a defined speed.
• the framework transmits biomechanical stimuli to the cells contained in the blood clot and adhered to the framework material, which trigger the body's own regenerative forces, thereby forming new autologous bone material. This does not differ from the original bone material surrounding the defect.
• the movement of the three-dimensional framework results in such a biomechanical stimulus transmission over the entire space occupied by the framework, so that a biomechanical stimulus is transmitted to substantially more cells than in the case of distraction osteogenesis from the prior art.
• the invention thus provides a method in which a three-dimensional scaffold is introduced into a bone defect and the three-dimensional scaffold is moved in the bone defect.
• a volume change of the framework is not necessary in this embodiment, but possible.
• biomechanical stimuli are transmitted to cells, in particular osteoblasts, which are located in the volume of the three-dimensional framework, whereby the Cells are stimulated for bone formation.
• the three-dimensional framework thus transmits biomechanical stimuli for the utilization of the body's own regenerative forces.
• a method for the regeneration of a bone wherein at least one three-dimensional framework, comprising framework material forming skeleton fibers and interstices enclosed by the framework fibers, is introduced into a defect area of a bone, the framework material being biocompatible and having a cell-adhesive property, and wherein the framework after the introduction into the defect area in dependence of a force acting predefined and controlled in the bone defect is moved.
• the framework is preferably moved at a rate of at least 1 ⁇ m / day and / or at most 1.5 mm per day, particularly preferably at most 1 mm per day. According to the invention, the movement preferably takes place continuously or discontinuously.
• a biodegradable scaffold is preferably introduced into the defect region of a bone.
• the resorption of the framework material begins after 6 weeks after the introduction of the framework into a defect region of a bone.
• the three-dimensional framework used is preferably a three-dimensional framework according to the invention.
• the volume of the three-dimensional framework preferably does not change in the method during the movement of the framework.
• the method according to the invention for stimulus transmission by volume change of a three-dimensional scaffold can preferably be combined with the method according to the invention for stimulus transmission by means of movement of a three-dimensional scaffold.
• the disclosed preferred features of the method according to the invention for stimulus transmission by means of volume change are, in particular, also preferred features of the method according to the invention for transmission of stimuli by means of movement.
• the movement of the three-dimensional framework can be carried out by at least one externally supplied force.
• the force is preferably added by means of a pull rope or tie rod.
• the supplied force is ultrasound.
• the force is preferably supplied by a magnet.
• the invention also relates to the use of a biocompatible scaffold, which is predefined and controlled in dependence on an internal or external force expansion and / or shrinkable and has a cell adhesive property for producing a three-dimensional scaffold, comprising scaffold fibers from the framework material and enclosed by these Gaps, for the regeneration of a bone, wherein the three-dimensional framework is introduced into a defect area of a bone or can be.
• FIG. 1 shows a kit comprising three-dimensional frameworks in an applicator in the form of a syringe.
• FIG. 2 schematically shows a three-dimensional framework introduced into a bone defect before and after volume change.
• FIG. 1 shows a kit 100 comprising an applicator syringe 10 made of sterilizable metal, at the open end 20 of which a disposable capsule 30, for example made of plastic, is attached.
• the disposable capsule 30 is provided with a protective cap 40 towards the outside.
• a plurality of three-dimensional frameworks 50 in the form of granules. These are injected by means of the syringe in a bone defect, not shown, for example, in the jaw area.
• the kit 100 according to the invention serves to inject the granules from the three-dimensional frameworks 50 into a bone defect. After introduction into the bone defect, due to the structure and composition of the framework material according to the invention, the volume of the three-dimensional framework 50 changes and distracts the bone cells temporarily stored in the framework for the regeneration of the bone.
• FIG. 2 a shows a resorbable scaffold 50 made of an elastic polymer in a bone defect 200, specifically immediately after introduction of this scaffold 50 into the bone defect 200, for example by means of a kit 100.
• the scaffold 50 is constructed of scaffold fibers 60 and interspaces 70.
• the scaffold 50 made from the elastic polymer was first mechanically compressed after its preparation and before introduction into the defect 200, and then by immersion in a bath of a bioresorbable crosslinking solution , for example another polymer, fixed in this compressed form. After introduction into the defect 200, the bioabsorbable crosslinking is absorbed in a constant and predefined manner, as a result of which, as schematically represented by the arrows in FIG.
• the framework 50 expands spatially in all three dimensions, that is to say enlarged, so that, as is apparent from FIG. 2b shows that a volume-enlarged framework 50 results as soon as the bioabsorbable crosslinking has been completely absorbed.
• the increase in volume leads to a distraction of the cells 80 stored and adhered in the framework 50.

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• 2006
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