Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/64—Cyclic peptides containing only normal peptide links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/50—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
  • C07K7/52—Cyclic peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link with only normal peptide links in the ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an internally constrained cyclic oligopeptide, a pharmaceutical composition comprising such an oligopeptide, uses of such an oligopeptide and pharmaceutical composition in medicine and a method for producing such an oligopeptide.
• Protein receptors are known normally to bind to their target ligands via epitopes, combinations of amino acids, which constitute a small proportion of the total protein molecule.
• Protein receptors on the surface of cells are often triggered to produce a signal within the cell as a result of binding to other proteins, termed protein ligands.
• the portion of the ligand which interacts with the receptor is termed an epitope, and usually constitutes a combination of a small number of amino acids in close proximity with each other, held on the backbone of the peptide chain.
• epitopes are those structures on the surface of proteins which interact with antibodies or T-cell receptors, but in fact any structure on the surface of a protein which is recognised specifically by another can fall within the definition of an epitope.
• the binding of a protein receptor with an epitope can be an important step in the etiology of a disease, or conversely, in the treatment of a disease condition, the identification of functional groups which form epitopes is a potentially fruitful avenue for development of new drugs, where the drug is an agent comprising an epitope which binds to the receptor.
• WO 01/01140 provides an improved way of identifying epitopes.
• a composition is provided for interacting with a ligand.
• the composition comprises a non-covalent assembly of a plurality of distinct conjugates each conjugate comprising a head group and a tail group.
• the tail groups of the conjugates form a hydrophobic aggregation and the conjugates have freedom of motion with respect to each other within the assembly so that, in the presence of a ligand, at least two of the head groups are appropriately positioned to form an epitope capable of interacting with the ligand more strongly than each of the head groups individually.
• the plurality of conjugates which has the desired biological activity may be identified by selecting a set of conjugates with an array of head groups, forming a non-covalent association therefrom, in which the tail groups aggregate hydrophobically and in which the conjugates exhibit freedom of motion with respect to one another and assaying for sufficient interaction between the non-covalent association and the ligand.
• This process may be repeated with a modified array of head groups in order to find sufficient interaction between the non-covalent association and the ligand.
• This process allows for the identification of the most favourable sequence for binding to a specific receptor by relying on the proximity of the head groups to provide association-derived epitopes without the need for the synthesis of hundreds of possible combinations of different groups using traditional combinatorial chemistry. The method simply relies upon proximity of the head groups to provide association-derived epitopes.
• binding site of a protein is constructed of oligo-peptides from different, noncontiguous parts of a protein chain, attempts to reconstruct the binding site by mixing isolated oligopeptides in free solution does not result in the active binding site.
• the present invention aims to provide improved oligopeptides which are capable of forming a desired epitope, which can interact with improved stability and specificity with the target ligand to produce a biological response.
• the invention provides a cyclic oligopeptide comprising a ring of at least six amino acids for specifically binding to a target ligand, wherein the ring comprises a plurality of amino acid domains, each domain comprising at least two epitope-forming amino acids, and two or more associating functional groups positioned so that they form one or more intra-cyclic associations; whereby the cyclic oligopeptide is constrained in a single conformation so that the epitope-forming amino acids form an epitope in each domain, each epitope being capable of specifically binding to a target ligand.
• Cyclic peptides are known in the art to have a conformation which is more restricted than linear oligopeptides.
• the freedom of movement of the ends of the peptide is limited in a cyclic peptide because they have been anchored together chemically.
• cyclic peptides still have a considerable degree of flexibility which makes them unsuitable for participating in stable binding interactions with a target ligand.
• the cyclic oligopeptide is constrained internally in a single conformation. This allows the epitope-forming amino acids in each domain to bind specifically to a target ligand with more stability and specificity than hitherto available.
• the epitope-forming amino acids are able to form a stable epitope for interacting with a ligand to induce a biological response. Because the epitope is stably formed there is improved interaction with the target ligand.
• US 2005/0107289 discloses anti-microbial agents and compositions that include cyclic peptides having an amino acid sequence of alternating D- and L- ⁇ -amino acids or ⁇ -amino acids. This document further discloses that the cyclic peptides are believed to self-assemble into supramolecular structures within or by association with microbial membranes.
• Such supramolecular structures can be, for example, nanotubes. Each nanotube has a pore in the centre of the tube that is surrounded by a series of peptide backbones of the stacked cyclic peptides. Ions and small molecules can travel through the pores of the nanotubes.
• US 2005/0107289 does not disclose that the cyclic peptides comprise epitope-forming amino acids which form epitopes capable of specifically binding to a target ligand. US 2005/0107289 also does not disclose that the cyclic peptides are constrained by intra-cyclic associations in order to allow the formation of such epitopes.
• Cyclic peptide 7, c[(Ile)Oxn-D-(Val)-Thz-(Ile)Oxn-D-(Val)Tnz-] 5 was synthesized and produced a highly constrained pseudoboat or saddle-shaped macrocycle.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises a ring of at least six amino acids, wherein the ring comprises a plurality of amino acid domains, wherein each domain comprising at least two epitope-forming amino acids, and two or more associating functional groups.
• the cyclic oligopeptide consists of a ring of six amino acids, wherein the ring consists of two amino acid domains, each domain consisting of two epitope-forming amino acids, and two associating functional groups.
• the cyclic oligopeptide consists of a ring of eight amino acids, wherein the ring consists of two amino acid domains, each domain consisting of three epitope-forming amino acids, and two associating functional groups.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises a ring of more than eight amino acids,.
• the ring comprises three associating functional groups, which form intra-cyclic associations to produce three amino acid domains, each domain comprising three epitope-forming amino acids.
• amino acids employed in the cyclic oligopeptide can be any of the natural amino acids, substituted derivatives, analogues, and D- forms thereof.
• epitope-forming amino acids which have alternating stereochemical configurations, i.e. either L-D-L or D-L-D. This is particularly advantageous because it permits the side chains of the epitope-forming amino acids to be orientated in a planar configuration, all facing in the same direction. This allows the epitope-forming amino acids to be in close proximity with each other to form the epitope.
• the cyclic oligopeptide consists of a ring of ten amino acids wherein the ring consists of two amino acid domains, each domain consisting of four epitope- forming amino acids, and two associating functional groups.
• the epitope-forming amino acids may have the same or alternating- stereochemical configurations; -i.erj L-L-L-L 5 D-D-D- D, L-D-L-L, L-L-D-L, L-L-L-D, D-L-L-L 5 L-L-D-D, D-D-L-L, L-D-L-D 5 D-L-D-L, L-D-D- L, D-L-L-D, D-L-D-D, D-D-L-D, D-D-D-L or L-D-D-D.
• the associating functional groups are positioned in the cyclic oligopeptide so that they form one or more intra-cyclic associations whereby the cyclic oligopeptide is constrained in a single conformation so that the epitope-forming amino acids form an epitope in each domain.
• the formation of a single conformation in a cyclic oligopeptide may be measured by a number of different methods, which are well known in the art.
• Standard spectroscopic methods such as 1 H NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, or X- ray crystallography may be used to determine the conformation of the cyclic oligopeptide
• the epitope-forming amino acids form an epitope in each domain because the cyclic oligopeptide are constrained in a single conformation by the one or more intra-cyclic associations.
• the epitopes formed are capable of specifically binding to a target ligand.
• the specific structure of the epitope and target ligand is not limited in the present invention.
• the purpose of this invention is to provide an oligopeptide scaffold which presents a plurality of epitopes comprised of any appropriate combination of at least two epitope-forming amino acids, analogues or derivatives thereof, in such a way that these epitope-forming amino acids are maintained in a stable configuration possessing sufficient rigidity to enable the epitope to bind strongly to a specific target ligand, such as a receptor.
• a specific target ligand such as a receptor.
• the skilled person may know the sequence of epitope-forming amino acids or may use a method such as that disclosed in WO 01/01140 for providing an epitope which interacts with target ligand.
• the skilled person does not need detailed chemical structures of all possible epitopes because he can easily select suitable amino acids to form an epitope.
• any sequence of epitope-forming amino acids may be suitable in any given situation and this will depend upon the target ligand. Further, the order of the amino acids in each domain may determine the activity of the epitope formed and will also depend upon the target ligand. It is not necessary to know the exact chemical structure of the ligand provided that the biological activity of the target ligand is known. Epitope-forming amino acids may be included in the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention without the need for knowledge of the exact chemical structure of the ligand because the biological function associated with the ligand can be measured to determine whether or not epitope ligand interaction has occurred.
• Examples of assays for determining the interaction between the cyclic oligopeptide and the target ligand may include binding assays such as those utilising the ELISA principle for detection of association between antibody and antigen.
• Other suitable in vitro assays include modification of fluorescence of environmentally-sensitive membrane-bound fluorescent probes, precipitation reactions, enhancement or inhibition of enzyme activity etc.
• Assays relying on the ability of materials to alter the behaviour of cells cultured in vitro may also be appropriate, such as assays for cell death, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inhibition or stimulation of cell-to-cell contact, secretion of cytokines or other soluble products, synthesis of specific m-RNA, intracellular vesicular transport, alteration of cell signalling processes etc.
• In vivo assays in whole animals or humans may also be carried out, for example incorporation of radiolabel into the cyclic oligopeptide, followed by investigation of its subsequent distribution after administration by various routes.
• the number of epitopes formed in the cyclic oligopeptide is at least two, preferably two or three.
• the epitopes in the cyclic oligopeptide may be the same or different.
• each domain may have different amino acids or have the same amino acids but in a different order.
• An example of such an epitope is that formed by the combination of the amino acids serine (S), phenylalanine (F) and arginine (R), which bind to a cell surface receptor on macrophages. Binding of the epitope to the cell surface receptor causes TNF secretion to be inhibited.
• the one or more intra-cyclic associations serve to constrain the cyclic oligopeptide in a single conformation with a plurality of amino acid domains.
• the epitope-forming amino acids in each domain are tightly constrained with very limited freedom of motion. This allows the formation of a stable epitope in each domain which can mteractwith improved-stability- and ⁇ specificity with the target ligand to produce a biological response.
• the number of associating functional groups in each cyclic oligopeptide and the type of associating functional groups selected will depend upon the epitope forming amino acids and the target ligand. The number and nature of the associating functional groups may affect the biological activity of the cyclic oligopeptide. The skilled person can easily select the most effective number or type of associating functional groups to use by testing for the desired activity.
• the one or more intra-cyclic associations are formed by two or more appropriately positioned associating functional groups. At least one associating functional group is preferably positioned between each of the amino acid domains.
• the one or more intra-cyclic associations may be covalent or non-covalent.
• the associating functional groups in the cyclic oligopeptide may be the same or different.
• the associating functional groups may be borne on associating amino acids.
• the associating functional groups are the side chains of the associating amino acids or the modified side chains of the associating amino acids or the groups added onto the side chain of the associating amino acids.
• An example of this embodiment is depicted in structure I below.
• the associating functional groups may be borne on the nitrogen atoms of peptide linkages in the cyclic oligopeptide ring by substitution of the hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen.
• An example of this embodiment is depicted in structure II below.
• the associating functional groups may be borne on other suitable groups positioned within the oligopeptide ring, which are not amino acids.
• suitable groups positioned within the oligopeptide ring, which are not amino acids.
• An example of such a group is an alpha hydroxy carboxylic acid, where the hydroxy group participates in an ester linkage; instead of a peptide linkage;
• the intra-cyclic association is non-covalent: o the associating functional groups are two pendant groups from the oligopeptide ring borne on associating amino acids within the ring, which associate to form the non-covalent association; o the associating functional groups are two pendant groups from the oligopeptide ring borne on nitrogen atoms of peptide linkages within the ring, which associate to form the non-covalent association; o the associating functional groups are two pendant groups from the oligopeptide ring borne on other suitable groups positioned in the ring, which associate to form the non-covalent association; or • where the intra-cyclic association is covalent: o the associating functional groups are two groups borne on associating amino acids within the ring, which are bonded together to form the covalent association either directly or via a linker, such as a bi-functional group; o the associating functional groups are two groups borne on nitrogen atoms of peptide linkages within the ring, which are bonded together to to
• the wording "borne on” means that the associating groups are either directly bonded or attached via a suitable linker to the associating amino acids, nitrogen atoms or other suitable groups.
• the one or more intra-cyclic associations between the associating functional groups are non-covalant.
• Non-covalent intra-cyclic associations are particularly preferred in the present invention because they allow the cyclic oligopeptide to have the right balance between rigidity and flexibility.
• the cyclic oligopeptide is rigid enough to keep the peptide backbone in one conformation and ensure that the epitope-forming amino acids are positioned close enough together and correctly to form an epitope capable of specifically binding to a target ligand.
• the cyclic oligopeptide is also flexible enough to allow sufficient movement of the side chains of the epitope-forming amino acids to adapt to the precise structure of the target ligand to which they can bind.
• cyclic oligopeptides of the present invention comprising non-covalent intra-cyclic associations can interact with improved stability and specificity with a target ligand to produce a biological response.
• the intra-cyclic associations are hydrophobic.
• non-covalent intra-cyclic associations is advantageous because it allows intra-cyclic associations to be formed from interactions between three or more associating functional groups. This permits the formation of three or more amino acid domains, which is difficult when covalent intra-cyclic associations are used.
• the cyclic oligopeptide may comprise three or more associating functional groups which form intra-cyclic associations to produce three or more amino acid domains.
• lipophilic associating functional groups to form non-covalent intra-cyclic associations by hydrophobic interactions is particularly advantageous when the cyclic oligopeptide is large.
• the associating functional groups which position to form the non-covalent one or more intra- cyclic associations, may comprise any molecule which is borne on a suitable group of appropriate stereochemistry which forms part of the cyclic oligopeptide ring.
• the associating functional groups are preferably borne on associating amino acids or analogues thereof, examples of which are cited below, although other groups capable of insertion in the cyclic oligopeptide ring may be employed. It is generally preferred that the groups on which the associating functional groups are borne are linked" in the" ring ⁇ by peptide "bondsr In - arr alternative embodiment, one or more of the peptide bonds may be replaced by other types of linkage. Examples of such linkages are ester linkages, ether linkages, thio ester linkages and thio ether linkages. This may be desirable on occasion in order to limit attack by proteases in biological fluids.
• the associating amino acids may comprise natural amino acids bearing the associating functional groups.
• the associating amino acids are lipidic amino acid analogues.
• the associating amino acids may comprise from cysteine, glycine, lysine, aspartic acid or glutamic acid.
• the associating functional group may be an aliphatic group added onto the side chain of the cysteine via the sulphydryl functionality. Lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid may also be employed in this way, by adding the associating functional group onto the side chain.
• the associating amino acid may alternatively be an amino acid in which the side chain residue is a single aliphatic group, which constitutes the associating functional group.
• the alpha hydrogen of the glycine may be replaced by an aliphatic group, which constitutes the associating functional group.
• the aliphatic group referred to above which may form the associating functional group, is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain preferably having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms and more preferably comprises from 10 to 16 carbon atoms, most preferably 10 or 12 carbons and may be saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched chain and unsubstituted or substituted either wholly or partially, for example with halogen atoms.
• the aliphatic group may be composed of silane moieties.
• the associating amino acid is glycine, in which the alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a C 10 hydrocarbon chain.
• non-covalent intra-cyclic associations such as hydrophobic associations, may be brought about by substituting the hydrogen atoms on the nitrogens of the peptide linkages by the associating functional groups such as, for example, the aliphatic group, as defined above.
• Substitution of a hydrogen atom on a nitrogen of a peptide linkage in the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention by an associating functional group may be made by first substituting the hydrogen atom with a methylene groups bearing a suitable functional group such as, for example, -SH 5 -OH or -NH 2 , subsequently followed by derivatisation with the associating functional group, such as an aliphatic group as defined above.
• a suitable functional group such as, for example, -SH 5 -OH or -NH 2
• the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention may have the following structure II:
• A, B 3 C, X, Y and Z represent the epitope-forming amino acids
• N represents the nitrogen of peptide linkages between B/Z and C/Y
• ⁇ represents the associating functional groups, such as an aliphatic group as defined above, attached to nitrogen.
• a further advantage of using non-covalent, particularly hydrophobic, associating functional groups is that this may allow inter-molecular interactions, where the hydrophobic associating functional groups from different cyclic oligopeptides associate with each other to produce dimers or oligomers containing a multiplicity of repeated epitopes oriented in different directions.
• the extent to which such interactions take place depends on the sequence structure of the cyclic oligopeptide, which determines the relative hydrophilicity of the amino acid domains. This may further be controlled by judicious choice of the associating functional group, where the chirality and bulkiness may be varied to control the precise amount of hydrophobic surface of the oligopeptide exposed.
• This may be advantageous in modulating intermolecular interactions with other internally-constrained cyclic oligopeptides, or interactions with other molecules such as proteins or cyclodextrins. This may be advantageous in creating small multimeric structures comprising two or more cyclic oligopeptides of the present invention, which can bind to two or more cell-surface receptors at the same time, thereby cross-linking the receptors in such a way that a strong im ' tiation trigger is presented to the cell, resulting in a signal cascade.
• cyclic oligopeptides of the present invention may be advantageous in creating multimeric structures which possess multiple functionality by virtue of the different epitpoes contributed to the structure by the different oligopeptides.
• one oligopeptide may comprise one or more epitopes which bind to receptors which allow the multimeric structure to be internalised, while a second oligopeptide within the multimeric structure may comprise one or more epitopes which can interact with components of a signalling cascade inside the cell, after internalisation.
• Binding of cyclodextrins to the cyclic oligopeptides of this invention may help reduce the level of interactions between the hydrophobic parts of different oligopeptides, and thus prevent the formation of large aggregates, whose activity may be reduced compared with mononers or oligomers because of steric hindrance of epitopes in these large aggregates.
• one or more of the cyclic oligopeptides of the invention may bind to the surface of the protein as a result of association of the lipophilic moieties of the hydrophobic associating functional groups in the peptide with regions of the protein which possess an affinity for alkyl or acyl hydrocarbon chains.
• Such binding of one or more cyclic oligopeptides of the present invention on the surface of a large protein is one way of arranging that a multiple array of epitopes on the cycli ⁇ oligopreptides is presented" in such a way that triggering signalling interactions in cells is maximised.
• the one or more intra-cyclic associations between the associating functional groups are covalent.
• the associating functional groups may also be borne on associating amino acids.
• the associating functional groups may be the side chains of cysteines (associating amino acids) and the association is formed by an intra-cyclic di-sulphide bond between these side chains.
• the associating amino acids may be lysine and glutamic acid, which can associate covalently by formation of a peptide linkage through the terminal groups on their side chains (associating functional groups), or glutamic acid and serine, which can react to form an ester linkage. Analogues of these amino acids bearing the same functional moieties can also be used.
• a covalent intracyclic association may be achieved by substituting hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atoms of peptide linkages in the ring with the associating functional groups, which form covalent associations.
• the associating functional groups may be thiols, or other chains bearing functional groups at their termini which can form a covalent association.
• Substitution of a hydrogen atom on a nitrogen of a peptide linkage in the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention by an associating functional group may be made by first substituting the hydrogen atom with a methylene group bearing a suitable functional group such as, for example, -SH, -OH or -NH 2 , subsequently followed by a second step of linking the functional group to a bi-functional reagent.
• the covalent association is formed by additionally substituting a second hydrogen atom (on a nitrogen of a peptide linkage situated at a suitable position within the cyclic oligopeptide) with a second methylene group bearing a suitable functional group and the above bi-functional reagent is additionally linked to the functional group of this second methylene group to create a covalent linkage between two nitrogen atoms of peptide linkages in the cyclic oligopeptide.
• bifunctional reagents would be those which comprise a short chain in which each of the termini possesses a functional group selected from, but not limited to the following list: carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, sulphydryl, bromo, iodo, cyano, azo and boronic acids groups.
• the cyclic Oligopeptide comprises two amino acid domains and two associating functional groups, each borne on an associating amino acid, and an epitope is formed from three epitope-forming amino acids in each domain
• the cyclic oligopeptide may have the following structure:
• A, B, C, X 5 Y and Z represent the epitope-forming amino acids;
• a and X represent D amino acids and B, C, Y and Z represent L amino acids or
• a and X represent L amino acids and B, C, Y and Z represent D amino acids;
• one epitope is formed from the domain C-A-B and one epitope is formed from the domain Z-X-Y; and each ⁇ represents an associating amino acid bearing an associating functional group.
• the Z-X-Y and/or the C-A-B domain may be selected from the amino acid sequences RFS, RSF, FSR, FRS, SRF, SFR QLS, QSL, SQL, SLQ, LQS or LSQ and each ⁇ is a lipidic amino acid with a C 10 linear hydrocarbon side chain as the associating functional group.
• the Z-X-Y domain is RFS in which it is preferred that phenylalanine is of D configuration, serine is of L configuration, arginine is of L configuration and each lipidic amino acid is of L configuration.
• the Z-X-Y domain and/or the C-A-B domain selected from the sequences above each form an epitope capable of suppressing TNF secretion. Accordingly, these sequences may be useful in the treatment of a disease wherein TNF is an exacerbating factor for example, a disease is selected from cancer, obesity, cardiac disorders, autoimmune disease and inflammatory diseases. Theses sequences may be used to treat an autoimmune disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
• the domain C-A-B may be the same as or different from the domain Z- X-Y.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises three amino acid domains and an epitope is formed from the three epitope-forming amino acids in each domain and preferably the oligopeptide comprises three associating functional groups.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises two domains and an epitope is formed from four epitope-forming amino acids in each domain.
• the cyclic oligopeptide has the following structure:
• A, B 5 C, D, W, X, Y and Z represent the epitope-forming amino acids; one epitope is formed from the domain D-C-A-B and one epitope is formed from the domain Z-X-Y-W; and each ⁇ represents an associating amino acid.
• A, B, C, D, W, X, Y and Z represent the epitope-forming amino acids; one epitope is formed from the domain D-C-A-B and one epitope is formed from the domain Z-X-Y-W; each N represents the nitrogen of peptide linkages between B-Z and C-Y and each ⁇ represents an associating functional group attached via the nitrogen.
• the Z-X-Y-W domain and/or the D-C-A-B domain may be selected from the amino acid sequences YEKA, YEAK, YAKE, YAEK, YKAE, YKEA, EYKA 5 EYAK 5 EKAY 5 EKYA, EAKY, EAYK 5 KAYE 5 KAEY, KYAE 5 KYEA, KEAY, KEYA, AKEY, AKYE 5 AYEK 5 AYKE, AEYK or AEKY and each ⁇ is a lipidic amino acid with a linear hydrocarbon side chain associating functional group comprising a hydrocarbon chain between 8 and 20 carbons in length.
• the Z-X-Y-W domain is YEKA and the D-C-A-B domain is EYAK.
• the Z-X-Y-W domain and/or the D-C-A-B domain selected from the sequences above each form an epitope capable of inhibiting proteolytic activity. Accordingly, these sequences may be used for treating a disease wherein protease activity is an exacerbating factor such as cardiovascular disease, circulation disorders and HIV.
• the domain D-C-A-B is the same as the domain Z-X-Y-W.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the cyclic oligopeptide as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or adjuvant.
• the excipient is preferably selected from transcutol, poloxamer block-copolymers, cyclodextrins, non-ionic surfactants or bile salts. If the excipient is a non-ionic surfactant it is preferably selected from acyl esters of polyethylene glycol or aliphatic ethers of polyethylene glycol.
• inter-cyclic associations may form between separate cyclic oligopeptides where hydrophobic associating functional groups from different cyclic oligopeptides associate with each other to produce dimers or oligomers containing a multiplicity of repeated epitopes oriented in different directions.”
• the extent of inter-cyclic interactions can be modified by co-mixing with excipients which assist in solubilisation of hydrophobic moieties in aqueous media.
• the present invention provides a cyclic oligopeptide as defined above or a composition as defined above, for use as a medicament, a prophylactic or a diagnostic.
• the present invention also provide the use of a cyclic oligopeptide as defined above or a composition as defined above for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease wherein TNF is an exacerbating factor.
• the disease is selected from obesity, cardiac disorders, autoimmune disease and inflammatory diseases. More preferably the disease is rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease.
• the cyclic oligopeptide as defined above may be used to treat cancer wherein TNF is an exacerbating factor.
• the cancer may be benign or malignant.
• the cancer is preferably a solid tumor. Such cancers include but are not limited to ovarian cancer, breast cancer, skin cancers and epithelial cancers.
• each domain in the cyclic oligopeptide comprises epitope-forming amino acids SRER, SERE, EYKA, YEAK, SFR or RFS, which were shown in example 7 to inhibit thrombin proteolytic activity.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises the amino acids serine, phenylalanine and arginine as the epitope-forming amino acids in at least one of the domains. These oligopeptides have been shown to display activity in inhibition of secretion of TNF from macrophages.
• the associating functional groups are lipidic amino acids with C 12 hydrocarbon side chains and the epitope-forming amino acids are selected from RFS, FSR or SRF, where the central amino acid is in the D form, and the outer two amino acids are in the L form.
• Each epitope in the cyclic oligopeptide may be the same or different.
• these oligopeptides may have efficacy in treatment of such diseases as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease, Multiple Sclerosis obesity, cardiac disorders, autoimmune disease, and other ailments where inflammatory process are involved.
• these oligopeptides may also have efficacy in treatment of cancer wherein TNF is an exacerbating factor.
• the cancer may be benign or malignant.
• the cancer is preferably a solid tumor.
• Such cancers include but are not limited to ovarian cancer, breast cancer, skin cancers and epithelial cancers.
• the cyclic oligopeptide comprises the amino acids A, K, E and Y as the epitope-forming amino acids in at least one of the domains. These oligopeptides have been shown to display activity in inhibition of secretion of TNF from macrophages.
• the associating functional groups are lipidic amino acids with C 10 hydrocarbon side chains and the epitope-forming amino acids are selected from YEKA and EYAK. Each epitope in the cyclic oligopeptide may be the same or different.
• Copaxone a random copolymer comprising amino acids A, K, E and Y
• the efficacy of Copaxone is considered to be reflected by the ability of this compound to down- regulate TNF secretion in vitro.
• the cyclic oligopeptide cyclo(- A-K- ⁇ -Y-E-K-A- ⁇ -E-Y) tested in example 6 will also be useful in treatment of multiple sclerosis, since it comprises the same amino acids in a non-random configuration and displays the same effect on TNF secretion by macrophages.
• Other sequences arrangments of A, K, E and Y in cyclic oligopeptides according to the present invention may also be used to treat Multiple Sclerosis.
• An advantage of the invention is that strong specific binding interactions can be achieved with the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention in comparison to conventional biological receptors.
• the cyclic oligopeptide may be relatively small, preferably comprising no more than 6 or 8 amino acids. Accordingly, the cyclic oligopeptide according to the present invention can be made far less immunogenic than their protein counterparts.
• the cyclic oligopeptide of the present invention be formulated to interact with a ligand in vitro but also the composition can be used in vivo.
• the cyclic oligopeptide or composition according to the present invention may be administered via any route appropriate to the disease in question, including, but not limited to, oral, nasal, rectal, buccal, sub lingual, pulmonary, vaginal, topical, ocular, otic, subcutaneous, intra-dermal, intra-articular, intra-thecal, intra-muscular, intra-cerebral, intracranial and intravenous routes of administration.
• the cyclic oligopeptides may be administered in free aqueous solution, or in conjunction with pharmaceutical excipients in the composition of the present invention.
• the cyclic oligopeptide or composition may also be co-mixed with other active molecular principles to synergise with, or otherwise enhance their activity as medicinal therapeutic agents.
• the oligopeptides or composition When administered by certain routes, eg oral or rectal, the oligopeptides or composition may be formulated as solids, semi-solids or liquids and filled into capsules, or as solids compressed into tablets, or extruded in pellets.
• the capsules, tablets or pellets may be enteric coated, if the final route of administration is to be oral.
• formulation as a gel, a paste or an oil is particularly suitable, while for pulmonary or nasal administration the oligopeptide may be in the form of an aerosol.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a cyclic oligopeptide as defined above, comprising: i) selecting the epitope-forming amino acids; ii) producing a cyclic oligopeptide incorporating the epitope-forming amino acids.
• epitope-forming amino acids may be selected by a variety of different methods known to the person skilled in the art.
• WO 01/01140 provides a method for determining molecules which form an epitope capable of interacting with a desired ligand which uses a non-covalent assembly of a plurality of distinct conjugates.
• each conjugate comprises a head group and a tail group, wherein the tail groups of the conjugates form a hydrophobic aggregation and the conjugates have freedom of motion with respect to each other within the assembly so that, in the presence of a ligand, at least two of the head groups (which are the same or different) are appropriately positioned to form an epitope capable of interacting with the ligand more strongly than each of head groups individually.
• the head groups are typically hydrophilic and the tail groups typically hydrophobic, eg lipophilic, composed of hydrocarbon chains, halophilic, constructed of fluorocarbon chains, or silane based.
• the tail groups can associate to form a hydrophobic aggregation which is typically a supramolecular assembly such as a micelle, a lamellar structure, a liposome or other lipid structure, in which the conjugate are oriented whereby the head groups are brought into close proximity when in an aqueous phase.
• the conjugates are movable within the assembly, the head groups are able to adopt a number of different positions within the assembly.
• the head groups which are typically non-identical, are therefore free to move within the assembly and, surprisingly, to interact cooperatively to induce biological consequences which the head groups on their own are not capable of eliciting.
• the method disclosed in WO 01/01140 is used to select the epitope-forming amino acids, wherein this method comprises:
• each conjugate comprising a head group and a tail group, with an array of head groups, wherein each head group-comprises' an-amina-acid; -
• tail groups aggregate hydrophobically and in which the conjugates are movable;
• step (d) optionally repeating steps (a) to (c) using a set of conjugates with a modified array of head groups; and (e) on finding sufficient interaction in step (c) selecting the amino acids of the head groups of the set of conjugates as the epitope-forming amino acids in step (a).
• Examples of assays for "sufficient interaction" may include binding assays such as those utilising the ELISA principle for detection of association between antibody and antigen.
• Other suitable in vitro assays include modification of fluorescence of environmentally- sensitive membrane-bound fluorescent probes, precipitation reactions, enhancement or inhibition of enzyme activity etc.
• Assays relying on the abilty of materials to alter the behaviour of cells cultured in vitro may also be appropriate, such as assays for cell death, cell proliferation, apoptosis, inhibition or stimulation of cell-to-cell contact, secretion of cytokines or other soluble products, synthesis of specific m-RNA, intracellular vesicular transport, alteration of cell signalling processes etc.
• In vivo assays in whole animals or humans may also be carried out, for example incorporation of radiolabel into the supramolecular assemblies, followed by investigation of its subsequent distribution after administration by various routes.
• a combinatorial approach is used in which a range of different supra-molecular assemblies (or "probes") is prepared, each containing a different combination of conjugates selected from a pre-synthesised bank.
• Selection of the appropriate conjugates may be based on known properties of the target ligand or may simply involve the use of a very wide range of head groups to increase the probability that two or more of the head groups will form an epitope for the ligand.
• the combination of conjugates found to be most effective may be modified by adding further head groups, removing some head groups, or both, and assaying the resultant probes once again for sufficient interaction.
• the most favourable combination of head groups may be identified and selected for use as the epitope-forming amino acids.
• Example 1- dose response of cyclic oligopeptide in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a macrophage cell line.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• a cyclic octapeptide with the structure: cyclo(-DF-S- ⁇ -R-DF-S- ⁇ -R-) was synthesised using standard methods based on the Merrifield resin-based technique, followed by solution-phase cyclisation.
• the purified peptide was prepared as a solution in distilled water at a concentration of lmg/ml.
• R, F and S represent the epitope-forming amino acids and ⁇ represents the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid wherein the associating amino acid is an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group is a side- chain residue consisting of a straight aliphatic chain containing ten carbon atoms.
• J774A.1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of a 24-well cluster plates at a seeding density of 5 " x 10 5 cells/ml/weir (ImI' RPMI T640 ' culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• step 3 the solution from step 1 was administered to fifteen wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 or 3.125 ug/ml. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC.
• Lipopolysaccharide (from E. coli strain 0111 B4) was added to the wells receiving the octapeptide solution, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide. The final concentration of lipopolysaccharide was 0.625ug/ml. 5. The plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernatants were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.
• Example 2 the effect of cyclic oligopeptides with varying associating functional groups in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by cholera toxin B (CTB) fragment in a macrophage cell line.
• CTB cholera toxin B
• Cyclic oligopeptides were prepared with the following structures:
• S, F and R represent the epitope-forming amino acids
• ⁇ represents the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid
• ⁇ 10 represents a racemic associating amino acid which is an aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting of an unbranched -CioH 21 and ⁇ 4 indicates norleucine, wherein the associating functional group is the side chain of four carbons.
• cyclic oligopeptides were prepared as solutions in transcutol at a concentration of 5mg/ml, then diluted to a concentration of lmg/ml by addition of distilled water.
• J774A.1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of a 24- well cluster plates at a seeding density of 3 x 10 5 cells/ml/well (ImI RPMI 1640 culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 0 C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• step 3 The following day, the solutions from step 1 were administered to twelve wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 12.5 ug/ml. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC.
• Cholera toxin B (CTB) fragment was added to the wells receiving the octapeptide solutions, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide.
• the concentration of cholera toxin B fragment was lOug/ml.
• the plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernatants were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.
• Example 3 the effect of cyclic oligopeptides with varying epitope-forming amino acids and stereochemical configurations of the associating amino acids in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a macrophage cell line.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• E L represents an associating amino acid which is an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid in which the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting of an unbranched -C 10 H 21
• S D represents an associating amino acid which is a D-alpha aminocarboxylic acid in which the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting an unbranched -C 10 H 21 .
• J774-1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of a 24-well cluster plates at a seeding density of 3 x 10 5 cells/ml/well (ImI RPMI 1640 culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 0 C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• step 3 The following day, the solutions from step 1 were administered to eighteen wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 50 ug/ml. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC.
• Lipopolysaccharide (from E. coli strain 0111 B4) was added to the wells receiving the octapeptide solutions, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide.
• the concentration of lipopolysaccharide was 1.25ug/ml.
• the plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernata ⁇ ts were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.
• results obtained demonstrate that cyclic oligopeptides containing amino acids in the order R-DF-S have high activity in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by LPS , and that the presence of at least one associating amino acid which is L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid with an associating functional group which is a side-chain residue consisting of an unbranched -C 10 H 21 is required, the other associating amino acid being the same aminocarboxylic acid in either the L or D form.
• Example 4 dose related effect of an internally constrained cyclic oligo peptide formulated with hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, and containing epitopes formed from the epitope- forming amino acids R-DF-S, in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by lipopolysccharide (LPS) in a macrophage cell line over a wide range of cyclodextrin concentrations.
• LPS lipopolysccharide
• a cyclic octapeptide with the structure cyclo(-DF-S- ⁇ -R-DF-S- ⁇ -R-) was prepared as a solution in transcutol at a concentration of 5mg/ml, where ⁇ represents the associating amino acid as an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid as a side-chain residue consisting of a straight aliphatic chain containing ten carbon atoms.
• step 2 Six separate aliquots of 200ul of the solution in step 1 were transferred to fresh 8ml vials and mixed with slow vortexing with 800ul of a solution of hydroxy-propyl beta cyclodextrin at a concentration 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 or 1.5625mg/ml in distilled water
• J774A.1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of a 24-well cluster plates at a seeding density of 5 x 10 5 cells/ml/well (ImI RPMI 1640 culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 0 C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• each of the solutions from step 1 were administered in appropriate volumes to wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 8, 4, or 2 ug/ml. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC. Lipopolysaccharide (from E. coli strain 0111 B4) was added to the wells receiving the octapeptide solution, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide. The final concentration of lipopolysaccharide was 0.625ug/ml.
• the plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernatants were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.
• Example 5 effect of an internally constrained cyclic oligo peptide formulated with hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, and containing epitopes formed from the epitope- forming amino acids R-DF-S, in suppressing TNF secretion stimulated by lipopolysccharide (LPS) in rats.
• LPS lipopolysccharide
• Rats weighing 25Og were injected i.p. with ImI of peptide solution (lmg peptide per rat).
• a second group of rats received 1 ml of the transcutol/cyclodextrin vehicle containing no peptide.
• the rats were further injected with lmg of lipopolysaccharide (from Salmonella abortus equ ⁇ ).
• Example 6 suppression of IWF secretion by a cyclic analogue of Copaxone (Glatiramer acetate).
• A, K, Y and E represent the epitope-forming amino acids and ⁇ represents the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid wherein the associating amino acid is an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting of a straight aliphatic chain containing ten carbon atoms.
• cyclic oligopeptides were prepared as solutions in hexafiuoro-isopropanol (HFIP) at a concentration of 10mg/ml, then mixed with equal volumes of HFIP solution containing beta-hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin at a concentration of 50mg/ml.
• HFIP hexafiuoro-isopropanol
• the organic solutions were then dried down under nitrogen, and the peptide/cyclodextrin complex redissolved in distilled water to give a final concentration of cyclic oligopeptide of lmg/ml.
• Wt '4A.1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of a 24-well cluster plate at a seeding density of 3 x 10 5 cells/ml/well (ImI RPMI 1640 culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• step 1 the solutions from step 1 were administered to wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 12.5 ug/ml of peptide. Additional wells containing cyclodextrin alone at 62.5ug/ml were also prepared. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC.
• Lipopolysaccharide (from E. coli strain 0111 B4) was added to the wells receiving the cyclic oligopeptide solution, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide. The final concentration of lipopolysaccharide was 0. lug/ml.
• the plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernatants were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.
• Cyclic oligopeptides of the following structures were synthesised as previously described, and prepared in complexed form with cyclodextrin at concentration of lmg/ml on Hanks Balanced Salts Solution using the procedure outlined in example 6.
• R, E, S 5 Y 5 K and A represent the epitope-forming amino acids
• ⁇ represents the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid wherein the associating amino acid is an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting of a straight aliphatic chain containing ten carbon atoms and C represents cysteine, wherein the cysteines in each ring are oxidised to form an internal bridge.
• cyclic oligopeptides according to the present invention which have an effect inhibiting thrombin proteolytic activity may be used to treat diseases wherein protease activity is an exacerbating factor, including cardiovascular disease, circulation disorders and HIV.
• Example 8 suppression of TNF secretion by cyclic oligopeptides containing two different epitopes.
• Q 5 L, S, R and F represent the epitope-forming amino acids and ⁇ represents the associating functional group borne on the associating amino acid wherein the associating amino acid is an L-alpha aminocarboxylic acid and the associating functional group is a side-chain residue consisting of a straight aliphatic chain containing ten carbon atoms.
• cyclic oligopeptides were prepared as solutions in transcutol/cyclodextrin, as described in example 4, to give a final concentration of peptide of lmg/ml, and cyclodextrin at 20mg/ml.
• J774A.1 cells (a macrophage cell line) were plated out in all the wells of three 24-well cluster plates at a seeding density of 3 x 10 5 cells/ml/well (ImI RPMI 1640 culture medium per well), and incubated overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 /air.
• step 3 the solutions from step 1 were administered to wells containing cells in step 2, to give three wells each with a final concentration of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 or 3.125 ug/ml of cyclic oligopeptide. Additional wells containing cyclodextrin at 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625 mg/ml were also prepared. The remaining wells were left untreated. The plate was incubated for a further four hours at 37 degC.
• Lipopolysaccharide (from E. coli strain 0111 B4) was added to the wells receiving the octapeptide solution, as well as three of the wells receiving no peptide. The final concentration of lipopolysaccharide was 0. lug/ml.
• the plate was incubated overnight, and the following day the supernatants were assayed for TNF using a commercial ELISA kit.

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