WO2008028512A1 - Bolometer und verfahren zum herstellen eines bolometers - Google Patents
Bolometer und verfahren zum herstellen eines bolometers Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008028512A1 WO2008028512A1 PCT/EP2006/008790 EP2006008790W WO2008028512A1 WO 2008028512 A1 WO2008028512 A1 WO 2008028512A1 EP 2006008790 W EP2006008790 W EP 2006008790W WO 2008028512 A1 WO2008028512 A1 WO 2008028512A1
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- layer
- contact
- spacer
- membrane
- bolometer
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
- H01L27/14665—Imagers using a photoconductor layer
- H01L27/14669—Infrared imagers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/02—Constructional details
- G01J5/06—Arrangements for eliminating effects of disturbing radiation; Arrangements for compensating changes in sensitivity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/10—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors
- G01J5/20—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using electric radiation detectors using resistors, thermistors or semiconductors sensitive to radiation, e.g. photoconductive devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a bolometer and a method of making a bolometer, and more particularly to a scalable microbolometer structure.
- a bolometer is a device for measuring an electromagnetic radiation intensity of a certain wavelength range (about 3-15 ⁇ m). It comprises an absorber, which converts the electromagnetic radiation into heat, and a device for measuring a temperature increase. Depending on the heat capacity of the material, there is a direct correlation between an amount of absorbed radiation and the resulting increase in temperature. Thus, the temperature increase can serve as a measure of an intensity of a sunken radiation. Particularly interesting are bolometers for measuring infrared radiation, where most bolometers have the highest sensitivity.
- a bolometer may be used in the art as an infrared sensor, night vision imaging imager or thermal imaging camera.
- a bolometer which serves as an infrared sensor comprises a thin layer, which is arranged thermally isolated in the sensor, eg suspended as a membrane. The infrared radiation is absorbed in this membrane, thereby increasing its temperature. If this membrane consists of a metallic or preferably a semiconducting material, then the electrical resistance changes depending on the temperature increase and the temperature coefficient of resistance of the material used. Examples of different materials are in the document: RA Wood: “Monolithic Silicon Microbolometer Arrays," Semiconductor Semimetals, vol. 47, pp. 43-121, 1997. alternative the membrane is an insulator (silicon oxide or silicon nitride) on which the resistor has been deposited as a further thin layer. In other embodiments, insulating layers and an absorber layer are provided in addition to the resistive layer.
- I 0 I 0 * (Exp ⁇ eU D / kT ⁇ -l)
- T is the temperature
- k is the Boltzmann constant
- e is the elementary electric charge
- I 0 and U D are a current and voltage in the diode
- Io is a voltage-independent constant.
- Bolometers can serve as individual sensors, but can also be constructed as rows or 2D arrays. Lines and arrays are typically produced today using microsystem technology in surface micromachining on a silicon substrate. This is called microbolometer arrays.
- a preferred wavelength of the infrared radiation to be detected is 8-14 microns, since in this wavelength range radiates matter that has approximately room temperature (300 K).
- the wavelength range of 3-5 ⁇ m is also interesting because of a permeable atmospheric window.
- thermal bolometers over other (IR) photonic IR (IR) detectors is that they are at room temperature, i. can be operated without cooling.
- the aim of further development is to arrange as many bolometer cells (pixels) as possible in an array.
- pixels bolometer cells
- the array has a higher pixel count and provides a better resolution of an image with the same total area (chip area) of the array. So an arrangement of 160 x 120 pixels is common, 320 x 240 also available, 640 x 480 pixels (VGA resolution) are announced, but only at considerable additional cost soon available. At the same time, it makes sense to minimize the cost of the array in order to open up new markets, such as the automotive sector.
- the usual dimensions of a single pixel in the array include a pixel area of 35 x 35 ⁇ m 2 to 50 x 50 ⁇ m 2 .
- FIG. 5 shows two of a prior art bolometer disclosed in R.A. Wood: “Monolithic Silicon Microbolometer Arrays," Semiconductor Semimetals, vol. 47, pp. 43-121, 1997.
- FIG. 5 a shows a single-level pixel with a sensor 51, electronics 52, which is located on a substrate 54 and has a pixel size 53.
- FIG. 5b shows a two-level pixel where the electronics 52 are mounted below the sensor 51.
- This bolometer also corresponds to the state of the art and has a higher fill factor (ratio of IR-sensitive area to total area) compared to the bolometer shown in FIG. 5a.
- the membrane is produced, for example, by making the resistor or sensor 51 on a wafer surface 55 and then under-etching the region so that a cavity 56 is created.
- a structure of Fig. 5b is more advantageous in which the resistor 51 is mounted in a second plane on a membrane above the read-out circuit 52.
- two contact points are necessary. They can be formed by arranging feed lines on upwardly inclined sections of the membrane. The bevels also serve as spacers for the membrane.
- FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a corresponding structure with a membrane 10 consisting of a carrier 35 and a resistance layer 18.
- a membrane 10 consisting of a carrier 35 and a resistance layer 18.
- the membrane 10 is held by oblique support arms 20 having an electrically conductive layer 32 and a thermal insulating layer 22.
- a contact of the membrane 10 via the support arms 20 has an overlap 33 and the support arms 20 extend into an epitaxial pit 14, where the corresponding circuit (not shown in the figure) is located.
- the epitaxial layer 14 is located between a substrate 12 and an insulating layer 24.
- Fig. 7 shows a perspective view of such a conventional structure with a membrane 10 on two contact plugs 26a and 26b spaced at a distance 72 from one another Underground 73 is held.
- the membrane 10 having a size 75 has a thickness 74 and the substrate 73 comprises a reflector.
- a thermal insulation to the substrate 73 is thereby produced via the bridges 76a, b.
- On the substrate 73 is a ROIC Input Päd 77, via which the bolometer is contacted.
- the contacting of the membrane 10 in this case has an overlap 78 in comparison to a diameter of the contact plugs 26a and 26b. This overlap 78 reduces the fill factor.
- Optimum absorption of the IR radiation is obtained by the membrane 10 corresponding to a sheet resistance a propagation resistance of an electromagnetic wave in air (377 ⁇ / D) and in the amount of ⁇ / 4 (about 2.5 microns at the preferred wavelength ⁇ , for example, 8-14 microns) is disposed over a reflector 73.
- FIG. 8 shows a section.
- FIG. 8 a shows a cross-section through a contacting of the membrane 10, the cross-sectional plane being shown by a dashed-dotted line in FIG. 8 b with a viewing direction 81.
- the contact plug 26b contacts a connection pad 77 and at the same time a contact layer 23.
- Further layers of the bolometer are a reflection layer 21, a sacrificial layer 22, the bolometer or resistance layer 27 and transition layers 24 and 25.
- the electrical contacting of the resistance layer 27 is established via the contact layer 23 and the transition layers 24 and 25 serve for better contacting of the contact layer 23.
- the contact layer 23 extends in a serpentine fashion along the resistance layer 27 from a contact plug 26a to the contact plug 26b.
- the serpentine configuration of the electrode layer 23 is shown by a dashed line 82 in FIG. 8b.
- the serpentine configuration of the electrode layer 23 serves to better absorption of the infrared radiation.
- the contact plug 26b and the membrane 10 has an overlap.
- the overlap of the contact plug 26b is marked with x and the overlap of the membrane 10 with y.
- the sacrificial layer 22 is present only in the intermediate step shown here and will be removed later.
- a sacrificial layer 22 of polyimide is deposited on an integrated circuit disk (eg, CMOS technology not shown in the figure). mid applied as a spacer.
- the sacrificial layer 22 is opened in the form of a contact hole.
- a metallic contact layer 25 is now deposited and patterned, then a contact metal for the contact plugs 2 ⁇ a, b is deposited. This metal is etched so that it overlaps an edge of the contact hole.
- the resistance layer 27 is deposited and patterned.
- the sacrificial layer 22 under the membrane 10 is removed, so that it, held by the contact plugs 26a, b, floats above the reflection layer 21 and thus produces a ⁇ / 4 absorber.
- Fig. 9 shows a conventional contacting as it is also used in the example of Fig. 8.
- the contact plug 26b has an overlap x over a diameter z of the contact plug 26b and the membrane 10 has an overlap by a value y on the contact plug 26b.
- FIG. 10 shows how the prior art bolometers scale to reduce pixel size 75.
- Fig. 10a shows a plan view of the membrane 10 with conventional contacting by the contact plugs 26a and 26b, wherein the membrane 10 is connected via the bridges 76a, b with the contact plugs 26a, b.
- the bridges 76a, b serve for thermal insulation.
- the diaphragm 10 overlaps the contact plug 26b by the value y and the contact plug 26b overlaps the diameter z of the contact plug 26b by the value x.
- the size of the contact plug is not scaled due to technology and accordingly the fill factor decreases.
- the conventional manufacturing process on photosensitive polyimide is biased as a sacrificial layer 22 and therefore limited to a minimum hole size greater than about 3 ⁇ m (further comments below).
- FIG. 10a thus shows that, as can also be seen in FIG. 7, the contact plugs 26a, b with their contact with the membrane 10 are relatively large, but their area proportion is still relatively small with a pixel of approximately 50 .mu.m edge length. However, it can already be seen in FIG. 6 that the actual membrane surface 35 has only a relatively small proportion of the total area of the pixel and the fill factor in this embodiment is less than 50%.
- the contact plug 26b is connected to the membrane 10 via a thin arm 20 or 76b.
- the arm 20 or 76b serves in addition to the mechanical support and the electrical supply in addition to the thermal insulation of the membrane 10 of the contact plug 26b. Its long length and small cross-sectional area provide high thermal resistance between membrane 10 and substrate.
- FIGS. 10a and 10b show that this is only insufficiently solvable with pixels of conventional technology.
- the contact plugs 26a, b occupy a disproportionate amount of the entire pixel area. This is because the metal of the plug is ne opening through the membrane 10 surmounted by x, also the membrane 10 is typically still larger by y than the overlap x. For a given total area, the proportion of an active area on the membrane 10 becomes smaller, the fill factor decreases, and thus also a sensitivity of the pixels for the IR radiation.
- the present invention has the object to provide a bolometer and a method for producing a bolometer, wherein the bolometer has no overlap of the membrane 10 or the contact plug and thereby a reduction (scaling) of the pixel dimensions is possible and in which the active area of the membrane 10 is kept as large as possible.
- the present invention is based on the finding that it is possible to produce a pixel structure using process steps which are customary, for example, in CMOS technology, which allows significant scaling.
- the starting substrate used is, for example, a CMOS wafer which, in the region of the membrane 10 of the bolometer, has a reflector, for example in the form of an Al layer.
- a respective connection pad eg of Al
- CVD c_hemical vapor deposition
- a first protective layer is deposited (eg a thin layer of silicon oxide in the CVD method, approximately 50-200 nm) so that a layer sequence of the first protective layer / sacrificial layer is formed.
- a stress-compensated layer of, for example, oxide and nitride is deposited instead.
- the layer sequence is now opened in the area of the spacers. This can be done, for example, by an etching process, wherein in a phototechnics a small contact opening (for example, approximately 0.5 ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ m 2 to 1.5 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ m 2 ) is exposed in a resist mask.
- the layer sequence with the resist mask is anisotropically, ie vertically etched, so that a hole extends down to the connection pad (metal connection of the readout circuit).
- the sacrificial layer under the first protective layer can be easily undercut so that the first protective layer overhangs slightly.
- a thin intermediate layer for example, of Ti / TiN (eg 20 nm / 80 nm) is sputtered so that a bottom and a perforated wall are at least partially covered.
- a conductive material is deposited (for example, tungsten in the CVD method) until the hole is completely filled up to a surface.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a contact layer for example a thin Ti / TiN layer, is applied to the basic structure and patterned. Then a temperature-sensitive resistive layer (in For example, from a-silicon, optionally also from vanadium oxide (VO x ) or an organic semiconductor) deposited.
- the actual measuring resistor of the bolometer is formed by the resistance layer above a narrow gap (gap) in the contact layer.
- the gap is preferably arranged as centrally as possible between the spacers in the course of this process control.
- the membrane has a sheet resistance of 377 ⁇ / D and is therefore suitable as ⁇ / 4 absorber, regardless of the actually higher resistance of the resistance layer.
- the resistive layer is now also patterned (for example with lithography and etching step).
- a second protective layer (covering layer, for example of oxide, optionally of an organic material) is deposited and patterned so that all layers above the sacrificial layer are removed between the membranes, for example in a bolometer array, and between the support arms and the associated membrane are.
- the resistive layer remains protected all around by the second protective layer and / or an organic overcoat.
- the sacrificial layer is completely removed through the resulting openings.
- etching with XeF 2 which is described in Chu, PB; JT Chen; R. Yeh; G. Lin; JCP Huang; BA Warneke; KSJ Pister "Controlled Pulse Etching with Xenon Difluoride”; 1997 International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators - TRANSDUCERS '97, Chicago, USA, June 16-19, p. 665-668, which at high rate, isotropic, ie undirected, but with high selectivity, for example, to oxide and organic materials, only the Op- Fer Mrs removed.
- This is particularly effective when the sacrificial layer comprises amorphous silicon.
- the membrane is exposed, only supported and contacted by the spacers.
- the well-protected resistive layer is not etched in this exemplary process.
- the membrane rests on the spacers.
- the material of the spacer does not project beyond the resistance layer.
- a thin resistance layer eg of amorphous silicon, VO x , organic semiconductor
- an insulating layer for example of oxide
- these two layers are structured, so that the spacers, which consist for example of tungsten, are exposed.
- a contact layer for example a thin layer of TiN, 3-15 nm
- a second protective layer which may have, for example, an oxide.
- thermal insulation of the membrane connections to the spacers are now reduced to two narrow webs. This can be done for example by a series of etching steps. In the design of the webs is to make sure that it allows a high fill factor and on the other hand, that the membrane is mechanically stable.
- the contact layer contacts both spacers with a low resistance parallel to actual resistance layer.
- the contact layer is therefore interrupted in two narrow areas (webs) so that a parallel current conduction through the contact layer is prevented. This can be done, for example, in a further etching step.
- the entire structure is now passivated by a thin protective layer (for example, by an oxide layer) to protect the resistive layer.
- a thin protective layer for example, by an oxide layer
- the sacrificial layer is removed, exposing the membrane.
- an i-sotropic etching process with XeF 2 can also be used in this process sequence.
- the sacrificial layer can be removed even before a definition of the webs and the insulation of the contact layer.
- the resistive layer is protected on all sides against attack of the etching process used by way of example with XeF 2 without additional passivation.
- the spacers adjoin or end at the bottom of the contact layer without piercing the contact layer.
- the processing according to the invention allows the production of bolometers or bolometer arrays with a significantly smaller pixel size at lower costs.
- FIGS. 2a-j show steps for producing a bolometer according to process sequence B of the present invention and a plan view of the bolometer;
- 4a shows a plan view of a membrane with contact areas without overlap
- 4b is a plan view of a scaled membrane with contact areas without overlap
- Fig. 4c is a cross-sectional view through a portion of a membrane and a spacer
- FIGS. 5a-b are cross-sectional views through conventional microbolometer structures
- Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a conventional structure with membrane
- FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a conventional structure with a membrane on two contact plugs with metal overlap
- Fig. 8a is a cross-sectional view through a conventional structure having a contact plug and a portion of a membrane and sacrificial layer still present;
- Fig. 8b is a plan view of the conventional structure of Fig. 8a;
- Fig. 10a is a plan view of a membrane with conventional
- Fig. 10b is a plan view of a scaled membrane with conventional contact with contact plug.
- FIG. 1a-h show cross-sectional views of a sequence of steps for a first embodiment of the present invention
- Fig. 1i shows a corresponding plan view with a marked sectional plane 199 of the cross-sectional views.
- Figure 1a shows a cross-section of a substrate 100 (e.g., CMOS wafer) on which a pad 110a and a pad 110b are deposited, and also a reflector 120 has been deposited.
- a connection of the terminal pad 110a and the pad 110b to a underlying CMOS circuit is not shown. Both connection pads 110a, 110b serve for a later contacting of the bolometer.
- a sacrificial layer 130 and a first protective layer 140 are deposited as shown in FIG. 1 b in a subsequent step.
- the sacrificial layer 130 is removed again in a later step and has a layer thickness, so that the bolometer a represents ⁇ / 4 absorber.
- the sacrificial layer 130 comprises amorphous silicon and the first protective layer 140 comprises an oxide.
- through holes 150a 'and 150b' are formed through the protective layer 140 and the sacrificial layer 130 in a next step.
- the passage opening 150a ' is positioned such that it ends on the connection pad 110a, and the passage opening 150b' is analogously positioned so that it ends on the connection pad 110b.
- the passage opening 150a 'and the passage opening 150b' is filled up with a conductive material and excess material is removed, so that a flat surface 142 is formed.
- a contact layer 160 is deposited on the surface 142 in a subsequent step.
- the contact layer 160 is patterned and a resistance layer 170 is deposited.
- the structured contact layer 160 has a gap 162 which separates a first part 160a from a second part 160b of the contact layer 160.
- the minimum distance from the first spacer 150a to the gap 162 should be as close as possible to a minimum distance from the second spacer 150b to the gap 162.
- the gap 162 preferably has a width such that the measuring resistance of the bolometer is in a range of, for example, 0.1 k ⁇ to 1 G ⁇ and preferably between 1 k ⁇ and 100 M ⁇ .
- the resistive layer 170 is then patterned and a second protective layer 180 is applied. This is shown in Fig. If. As shown in FIG. In the subsequent step, the surface of the bolometer is structured such that the second protective layer 180 and the contact layer 160 are substantially flush with the spacers 150a and 150b. The patterned resistive layer 170 extends to an interior region of a later-developed membrane surface 192 such that the patterned resistive layer 170 is out of contact with an edge region 190a and 190b. In this step, the first protective layer 140 is also patterned such that the first protective layer 140 is located between the contact layer 160 and the sacrificial layer 130.
- the sacrificial layer 130 is removed.
- the resulting bolometer has a membrane 10 which has a layer sequence with the first protective layer 140, the contact layer 160 with the first part 160a and the second part 160b, the resistance layer 170 and the second protective layer 180.
- the bolometer has a surface 192 which is substantially flush with the spacers 150a and 150b.
- the spacers 150a and 150b have a height 198 which is selected such that the membrane 10 is maintained at a distance 198 and the distance 198 ideally corresponds to one fourth of the wavelength to be detected.
- Fig. Ii shows a plan view of the surface 192 of the bolometer with contact surfaces at which the spacers 150a and 150b contact the membrane 10.
- a dashed line 199 marks the cross-sectional plane which passes through the gap 162 and which is shown in FIGS. 1a to 1h in a viewing direction 81.
- Figs. 2a to 2g show a second embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 a to 2 f show cross-sectional views with reference to a sequence of steps for the manufacture of a bolometer
- FIG. 2 g shows a corresponding plan view with a marked sectional plane 230 the cross-sectional views.
- the first steps of the second embodiment correspond to a sequence of steps that have been described in Fig. Ia to Ic. A repetition of the explanations for the individual steps is here omitted.
- FIG. 2 a further shows the substrate 100, the first connection pad 110 a with the first spacer 150 a, the second connection pad 110 b with the second spacer 150 b, the reflector 120, the sacrificial layer 130 and the first protective layer 140.
- the resistive layer 170 and the insulating layer 210 are then patterned and the result is shown in FIG. 2b.
- the structuring takes place in such a way that the resistive layer 170 has no contact with the spacers 150a and 150b, and furthermore the insulating layer 210 does not completely cover the resistive layer 170, so that a first contact point 175a and a second contact point 175b remain free.
- a contact layer 160 is applied thereon, which makes contact between the resistive layer 170 and the spacers 150a and 150b.
- the contact layer 160 is first patterned, wherein in particular the contact layer 160 is severed twice by gaps 250 a and 250 b.
- the contact layer 160 is divided into a layer 160a having contact with the spacer 150a as well as the resistive layer 170, a layer 160b in contact with the spacer 150b and the resistive layer 170 as well as a layer 160c extending from the layers 160a and the layer 160b is separated. Consequently, the layers 160a and 160b are separated, so that an electric current from the an electric current from the first spacer 150a to the second spacer 150b passes through the resistive layer 170.
- the layer 160c further has no contact with the resistance layer 170 and has the task of adjusting a sheet resistance of the membrane 10 in accordance with the characteristic impedance of an electromagnetic wave in air.
- a second protective layer 180 is then applied on the contact layer 160.
- the result is shown in Fig. 2e. Further structuring of the protective layer 180 defines a surface 192 of the membrane 10 of the bolometer.
- the columns 220a and 220b shown in Fig. 2g are generated.
- the gaps 220a and 220b sever the membrane 10 with the first protective layer 140, the resistive layer 170, the insulating layer 210, the contact layer 160, and the second protective layer 180. Since a sectional plane associated with the cross-sectional views 2a to 2f does not include the gaps 220a and 220b 220b, columns 220a and 220b are not shown in the cross-sectional views of Figs. 2a to 2f. In the plan view of FIG. 2g, the sectional plane is indicated by the dashed line 230. The arrows 240 show the viewing direction on the cutting plane.
- the first and second protective layers (140, 180) are patterned such that the surface 192 of the membrane 10 terminates substantially flush with the spacers 150a and 150b, and finally the sacrificial layer 130 becomes away.
- the structuring of the contact layer 160 takes place asymmetrically, ie the contact layer is only separated by a gap.
- the steps are all the way to the structure 2c, identical to the embodiment described above, and a repetition of the description is omitted here.
- the structure shown in Fig. 2c is structured in this embodiment as shown in Fig. 2h, i. In particular, only a gap 250 is created, which cuts through the contact layer 160. This results in a layer 160 a, which has contact with the spacer 150 a as well as the resistance layer 170, a layer 160 b, which has contact with the spacer 150 b and the resistance layer 170. Consequently, the layers 160a and 160b are also separated here so that an electric current from the first spacer 150a to the second spacer 150b passes through the resist layer 170.
- the sheet resistance of the diaphragm 10 according to the characteristic impedance of an electro-magnetic wave in air can be made by adjusting, for example, the layer 160b or the layer 160a.
- FIG. 2i shows the steps shown in FIG. 2i (deposition of the second protective layer 180 and structuring) again correspond to the steps described in FIG. 2e.
- FIG. 2j shows the resulting booter with the membrane 10 and the asymmetrical gap 250.
- the specified sequence of steps is only an example and can be changed in further embodiments.
- the generation of the gaps 220a and 220b or the formation of the webs 76a and 76b can also take place at the end.
- the gaps 220a, b are formed such that the largest possible area of the resistive layer 170 is thermally insulated from the spacers 150a, b, and thus the fill factor is as large as possible. At the same time they should provide sufficient support for the membrane 10.
- the structure shown in FIG. 3 a corresponds to the structure shown in FIG. 1 c and has the first protective layer 140 as the uppermost layer.
- the contact layer 160 is now deposited and structured as the first further layer.
- the result is shown in Fig. 3b.
- the structuring takes place in such a way that on the one hand the contact layer 160 is substantially flush with the spacers 150a and 150b and on the other hand has a gap 250 which separates the contact layer 160 into the layer 160a and the layer 160b.
- the layer 160a is in contact with the spacer 150a and the layer 160b with the spacer 150b.
- the insulating layer 210 is deposited thereon and patterned so that the insulating layer substantially fills the gap 250 and also exposes the first pad 175a to the layer 160a and the second pad 175b to the layer 160b.
- the resistive layer 170 is deposited thereon and patterned so that the resistive layer 170 terminates substantially flush with the standoffs 150a and 150b.
- the second protective layer 180 is again applied and patterned on it, so that the Membrane 10 is defined with the surface 192.
- the result is shown in Fig. 3f.
- the sacrificial layer 130 is removed, so that the structure of FIG. 3g is formed.
- FIG. 4 a shows a plan view of the membrane 10 with contact surfaces, where the spacers 150 a and 150 b contact the membrane 10.
- Fig. 4b shows the scaled membrane 10, i. a correspondingly reduced membrane 10.
- the contact surfaces 150a and 150b also corresponding to a size of the membrane 10.
- the membrane 10 shows no overlap over contact surfaces where the spacers 150a and 150b, the membrane 10 contact.
- Fig. 4c shows a scaled contact between the membrane 10 and the spacer 150b.
- the membrane 10 lies without overlapping on the spacer 150b.
- a method according to the invention is advantageous in several respects compared with the prior art.
- a process according to the invention with the spacers 150a and 150b, which preferably have tungsten, and with the sacrificial layer 130, which preferably comprises amorphous silicon (a-Si) permits a reduction of the IR-sensitive pixel.
- a conventional process with photosensitive polyimide has a minimum hole size that must be greater than about 3 microns. Even if smaller holes in the polyimide would be possible (eg by a multi-layer mask of photoresist and oxide on the polyimide, which can then be opened with an anisotropic etching process with oxygen plasma), these can not or insufficiently filled, for example, with tungsten.
- tungsten deposition in the CVD process typically requires temperatures above 45O 0 C, at which the polyimide is no longer stable.
- use of a-Si as the sacrificial layer 130 is temperature-resistant and allows spacers 150a and 150b to be deposited, for example, from tungsten in good quality, as is customary in CMOS technology in multilayer metallization.
- holes of very small diameter and high aspect ratio (depth / diameter) can be etched in the a-Si layer, as known from the production of trenches in DRAMs.
- the a-Si layer is stable, so that a relatively strong etching-back process, eg with Ar ions, is possible before the deposition of the contact layer 160 (for example by sputtering of Ti / TiN). This lowers a contact resistance between the spacers 150a, b and the contact layer 160 and improves the adhesion of the contact layer 160 to the spacer 150a, b.
- the resulting structure with membrane 10 overlying spacers 150a, b can be scaled to a small size because the stated process steps (except for the deposition and isotropic removal of exemplary a-Si sacrificial layer 130) can be taken from an advanced CMOS process.
- a 0.25 .mu.m process allows a diameter for the spacers 150a, b which is smaller than 0.5 .mu.m, the holding arms can be as wide as a diameter of the spacers 150a, b and have a distance of 0.25 .mu.m from the membrane 10.
- Substantial advantages of a processing according to the invention are thus that the spacers 150 a, b can be scaled to significantly smaller dimensions and still have sufficient adhesion to the membrane 10. Therefore, it is not necessary to pass the spacers 150a, b through the membrane 10 and overlap by the values x and y, as was the case with the plugs 26a, b.
- the processing according to the invention allows the production of bolometers or bolometer arrays with a significantly smaller pixel size at lower costs.
- the distance between the membranes 10 in a bolometer array can be 0.5 ⁇ m, for example, so that a pixel pitch (distance from center of the pixel to the center of the pixel) can also be 15-20 ⁇ m.
- CMOS membrane e.g. made of thin Al (e.g., 100-200 nm, therefore only small)
- Tungsten CVD method for filling through holes 150a 'and 150b' CMP process for removing the tungsten and Ti / TiN from the surface
- Etching the contact layer 160 by means of photo technology removing TiN below the actual resistance, forming a gap 162
- second protective layer 180 (about 30 nm)
- CMOS membrane e.g. made of thin Al (e.g., 100-200 nm, therefore only small)
- second protective layer 180 (about 30 nm)
- Contact layer 160 a-Si (resistance layer 170) and again oxide (first protection layer 140).
- the above materials are only examples that allow very good process control.
- some alternatives include the following substitutions.
- the sacrificial layer 130 of a-Si can be etched with an alternative ClF 3 (Clorfluorid) or with an isotropic SF 6 plasma (pivoting ⁇ felfluorid plasma).
- the sacrificial layer 130 may also include a temperature resistant polymer (eg, polyimide).
- the through holes 150a 'and 150b' for the spacers 150a and 150b can then be etched with anisotropic O 2 plasma, the sacrificial layer 130 can then also be removed by a 0 2 ⁇ plasma.
- the sacrificial layer 130 When the sacrificial layer 130 is removed in an etching step, it is important to protect the resistive layer 170 and / or the contact layer 160 during the etching step. For this, the presence of the protective layer 140 is advantageous.
- the material is preferably selected such that it is not or hardly attacked during the step of removing the sacrificial layer 130.
- the first protective layer 140 may be dispensed with in another embodiment.
- the temperature-dependent resistance layer 170 may comprise, for example, another semiconductor material (VO x , GaAs, organic semiconductor or the like). Instead of the silicon oxide layers, it is also possible to use layers of silicon nitride (or a combination of both).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN2006800557856A CN101512308B (zh) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | 测辐射热仪和制造测辐射热仪的方法 |
US12/440,274 US8080797B2 (en) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Bolometer and method of producing a bolometer |
PCT/EP2006/008790 WO2008028512A1 (de) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Bolometer und verfahren zum herstellen eines bolometers |
DE112006004013.8T DE112006004013B4 (de) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Bolometer und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Bolometers |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/EP2006/008790 WO2008028512A1 (de) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Bolometer und verfahren zum herstellen eines bolometers |
Publications (1)
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WO2008028512A1 true WO2008028512A1 (de) | 2008-03-13 |
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ID=37964644
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PCT/EP2006/008790 WO2008028512A1 (de) | 2006-09-08 | 2006-09-08 | Bolometer und verfahren zum herstellen eines bolometers |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US8080797B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN101512308B (de) |
DE (1) | DE112006004013B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008028512A1 (de) |
Cited By (5)
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WO2009147085A1 (de) * | 2008-06-06 | 2009-12-10 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Multispektraler sensor |
CN102169919A (zh) * | 2011-03-17 | 2011-08-31 | 上海集成电路研发中心有限公司 | 探测器及其制造方法 |
EP3124926A1 (de) * | 2015-07-29 | 2017-02-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Mikroelektromechanische vorrichtung |
DE102015220310A1 (de) | 2015-10-19 | 2017-04-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Strahlungssensoranordnung und Gasdetektoranordnung |
DE102017207967A1 (de) * | 2017-05-11 | 2018-11-15 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Mikrobolometer und Verfahren zum Ermitteln einer physikalischen Größe |
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US8486287B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2013-07-16 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods for fabrication of positional and compositionally controlled nanostructures on substrate |
US8043950B2 (en) | 2005-10-26 | 2011-10-25 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
EP2015046A1 (de) * | 2007-06-06 | 2009-01-14 | Infineon Technologies SensoNor AS | Vakuumsensor |
FR2941297B1 (fr) * | 2009-01-19 | 2011-02-11 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'un detecteur bolometrique |
US8545289B2 (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2013-10-01 | Nanya Technology Corporation | Distance monitoring device |
US9354216B2 (en) * | 2011-11-07 | 2016-05-31 | Brian Harold Sutton | Infrared aerial thermography for use in determining plant health |
US9698281B2 (en) | 2012-08-22 | 2017-07-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | CMOS bolometer |
US9368658B2 (en) | 2012-08-31 | 2016-06-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Serpentine IR sensor |
US10234439B2 (en) | 2012-11-07 | 2019-03-19 | Airscout Inc. | Methods and systems for analyzing a field |
US9199838B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2015-12-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Thermally shorted bolometer |
KR101570445B1 (ko) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-11-20 | 한국과학기술원 | 적외선 검출기 |
US20150362374A1 (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2015-12-17 | The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Oxide for Microbolometer and Imager |
WO2020185969A2 (en) | 2019-03-11 | 2020-09-17 | Flir Commercial Systems, Inc. | Microbolometer systems and methods |
US20160079306A1 (en) * | 2014-09-12 | 2016-03-17 | Excelitas Technologies Singapore Pte. Ltd. | Surface Micro-Machined Infrared Sensor Using Highly Temperature Stable Interferometric Absorber |
US9726547B2 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2017-08-08 | Globalfoundries Inc. | Microbolometer devices in CMOS and BiCMOS technologies |
KR101842955B1 (ko) | 2017-09-28 | 2018-03-29 | ㈜시리우스 | 선택식각 공정을 이용한 마이크로 볼로미터 제조방법 및 이에 따라 제조된 마이크로 볼로미터 |
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- 2006-09-08 CN CN2006800557856A patent/CN101512308B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP3124926A1 (de) * | 2015-07-29 | 2017-02-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Mikroelektromechanische vorrichtung |
DE102015220310A1 (de) | 2015-10-19 | 2017-04-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Strahlungssensoranordnung und Gasdetektoranordnung |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101512308A (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
DE112006004013B4 (de) | 2014-07-10 |
DE112006004013A5 (de) | 2009-06-18 |
US8080797B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 |
US20090321644A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
CN101512308B (zh) | 2012-03-28 |
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