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  • C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C323/52—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to SHIP 1, a negative regulator of cell proliferation and survival and immune cell activation.
• SHIP 1 selectively hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate from inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate (IP4) and phosphatalidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3).
• IP4 inositol 1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate
• PIP3 phosphatalidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate
• SHIP 1 is an enzyme regulator of signaling pathways that control gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, activation, and metabolism, particularly of the Ras and phospholipid signaling pathways.
• SHIP 1 plays an important role in cytokine and immune receptor signal tansduction.
• SHIP I mast cells are more prone to IgE and Steel factor induced degranulation, while SHIP 1 " B cells are resistant to negative regulation by Fc RIIB. SHIP 1 is also involved in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (Sattler, M. et al. (1999) MoI Cell Biol 19:7473)
• SHIP 1 is expressed only in blood cells and is an important negative regulator of hemopoietic cell growth/survival and immune cell activation. The specialized function of SHIP 1 has been studied in mouse and man.
• Various agonists of SHIP 1 activity are known from WO 2004/035601.
• An example of an agonist is the sesquiterpene compound pelorol, which was first obtained from marine sponge species. Its synthesis is described in WO 2004/035601. The precise structure of pelorol is as follows, with Me representing a methyl group and relative configuration of chiral atoms (C-5, 8, 9 and 10) shown.
• This invention is based, in part, on the discovery that increased SHIP modulating activity is provided by having an -OH moiety on the carbon atom at position 14 of SHIP 1 modulator compounds derived from pelorol.
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OR 1 ', -CHO, -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 R 2 ';
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OR 3 ', -CHO, -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 R 4 ';
• R 1 " and R 2 " is a linear, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated one to ten carbon alkyl group
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of: 0-(Ci-C 1 Q alkyl) and H
• G 2 is H or Ci-C 1O alkyl
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, -OH, Cj-Cio alkyl and 0-(Ci-Ci O alkyl).
• Ri and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of: methyl, ethyl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 ORi', or -CH 2 OR 3 '.
• Ri', R 2 ', R 3 ', and/or R 4 ', in Ri are selected from the group consisting of: methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
• Ri', R 2 ', R 3 ', and/or R 4 ', in R 2 are selected from the group consisting of: methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of: 0-(Ci-C 1O alkyl) and H;
• G 2 is H or Ci-C 1O alkyl
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, -OH, CI-CJO alkyl and O-(C]-Cio alkyl).
• a compound of any formula described herein wherein all of Gi, G 2 and G 3 are H.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any formula described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• a compound of any formula described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of an inflammatory, neoplastic, hematopoetic or immune disorder or condition there is provided a compound of any formula described herein or a pharmaceutical composition described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of an inflammatory, neoplastic, hematopoetic or immune disorder or condition.
• a compound of any formula described herein for the treatment or prophylaxis of an inflammatory, neoplastic, hematopoetic or immune disorder or condition.
• the use may be for the preparation of a medicament.
• a method of prophylaxis or treatment of an immune, hematopoietic, inflammatory or neoplastic disorder or condition comprising administering to a patient in need of said prophylaxis or treatment, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• the neoplastic condition is a blood cancer, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia.
• the immune disorder is an autoimmune disorder.
• composition comprising a compound as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions may comprise previously known compounds of any one of Formulas 1 and 2 which have not been known as particularly efficacious or advantageous.
• a compound described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for modulation of SHIP 1 activity for preparation of agents and medicaments for the modulation of SHIP 1 activity.
• Such modulation may be ex vivo, in vitro or in vivo.
• Agents for in vivo use include a pharmaceutical composition of this invention as well as agents adapted for in vitro use.
• the modulation may be for a treatment or prophylaxis of an immune, inflammatory, or neoplastic condition or disorders as described herein.
• Figure 1 is a graph depicting the results of a cell based assay to test relative inhibition of TNF ⁇ by a prodrug compound, Compound 103, compared to a non-prodrug compound, Compound 100.
• Figure 2 is a graph depicting the results of a cell based assay to test the inhibition of macrophage TNF ⁇ production by varying concentrations of a prodrug, Compound 106.
• Figure 3 is a graph depicting the results of a cell based assay to test the inhibition of calcium influx in mast cells by a prodrug, Compound 106.
• Figure 4 is a graph depicting the results of a cell based assay to test the inhibition of TNF ⁇ production in wild type (WT) and knock-out (KO) macrophages by a prodrug, Compound 108.
• Figure 5A is a graph depicting the results of the ability of Compound 100 at varying concentrations to reduce tumor cell survival in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines.
• Figure 5B is a graph depicting the results of the ability of Compound 100 at varying concentrations to reduce tumor cell survival in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines.
• Figure 5C is a graph depicting the results of the ability of AQX-016A at varying concentrations to reduce tumor cell survival in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines.
• Figure 6A is a graph depicting the results of the ability of compound 100 at varying concentrations to inhibit growth of OPM2 MM cell lines.
• Figure 6B is a graph depicting the results of the ability of compound 100 at varying concentrations to inhibit growth of MM. IS MM cell lines.
• Figure 6C is a graph depicting the results of the ability of AQX-016A at varying concentrations to inhibit growth of RPMI 8226 MM cell lines.
• Figure 6D is a graph depicting the results of the ability of AQX-016A at varying concentrations to inhibit growth of U266 MM cell lines.
• Figure 6E is a graph depicting the results of the ability of AQX-016A at varying concentrations to inhibit growth of LCC6-Her2 MM cell lines.
• Figure 7A is a graph depicting the results of the activation of SHIP enzyme in vitro of Compound 100, AQX-16A and Compound 103.
• Figure 7B is a graph depicting the results of the activation of SHIP enzyme in vitro of Compound 100 and AQX- 16A.
• Figure 7C is a graph depicting the results of Compound 100 inhibiting TNF ⁇ production from LPS stimulated SHIP +/+ but not ⁇ ' ⁇ BMm ⁇ s.
• Figure 7D is a graph depicting the results of Compound 100 inhibiting LPS-induced plasma TNF ⁇ levels in mice.
• Figure 8A is a graph depicting the results of SHIP + + ( ) and SHIP " " (J) macrophages pretreated with AQX-016A or carrier 30 min prior to stimulation with 10 ng/mL of LPS at 37°C for 2 h and TNF ⁇ production determination by ELISA. Absolute TNF ⁇ levels for SHIP +/+ and SHIP " ' " cells were 623 +/- 30 and 812 +/- 20 pg/ml, respectively. Data are expressed as mean +/ SEM and are representative of three independent experiments.
• Figure 8B is a graph depicting the results of SHIP + + and SHIP " " mast cells pre-loaded with IgE and Fura-2 and treated for 30 min with 15 ⁇ M AQX-016A or carrier. Cells were then stimulated (as indicated by the arrow) with 0 ( ⁇ ) or 10 (— ) ng/mL DNP-HSA and intracellular calcium levels monitored over time by spectrofluorometry.
• Figure 9 is a graph depicting the results of mice administered 20 mg/kg AQX-016A or 0.4 mg/kg dexamethasone orally 30 min prior to an IP injection of 2 mg/kg LPS. Blood was collected 2 h later for TNF ⁇ determination by ELISA. Each symbol indicates one mouse and data are representative of three independent experiments.
• Figure 1OA is a graph depicting the results of Compound 100 inhibiting DNFB -induced neutrophil-specific myeloperoxidase (MPO) in sensitized mice. P- value ⁇ 0.02 for the Compound 100 vs the vehicle treated groups. All data are representative of three independent experiments. Data are representative of three independent experiments.
• MPO myeloperoxidase
• Figure 1OB is a graph depicting the results of AQX-016A inhibiting mast cell degranulation in CDl mice sensitized to hapten DNP by cutaneous application.
• Figure HA is a graph depicting the results of SHIP enzyme initial velocities at the indicated concentration of inositol- 1,2,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP 4 ) substrate.
• Figure HB is a graph depicting the results of the ability of product PI-3,4-P 2 (20 ⁇ M) or Compound 100 (3 ⁇ M) to activate wild-type (WT) and C2 domain deleted ( ⁇ C2) SHIP enzyme at 30 ⁇ M IP 4 .
• Figure HC is a graph depicting the results of a protein overlay assay in which recombinant C2 domain was pre-incubated for 30 min at 23 0 C with 4. ⁇ M of Compound 100 or EtOH control and allowed to bind to PI-3,4-P 2 immobilized on membrane strips.
• Figure HD is a graph depicting the results of bead associated radioactivity obtained from recombinant C2 domain (10 nM) coated onto Copper chelate (His-Tag) YSi SPA Scintillation Beads in the presence of 0.25% BSA and incubated with 5 ⁇ Ci of [ H]-Compound 100. Data are expressed as mean +/ SEM and are representative of at least three independent experiments.
• Figure HE is a graph depicting the results of bead associated radioactivity obtained from copper chelate (His-Tag) YSi SPA Scintillation Beads coated with either wild-type (WT) or C2 domain deleted ( ⁇ C2) SHIP enzyme in the presence of 0.25% BSA aliquoted into 96 well plates and incubated with 5 ⁇ Ci of [ H]-Compound 100 (42 Ci/mmol) with shaking at 23 0 C in the dark. The amount of [ H] -Compound 100 interacting with the protein coated beads was quantified on a plate scintillation counter.
• Figure 12A is a graph depicting the results of the activity of the enzymes in the presence of Compound 100 compared to that in the vehicle control and expressed as a % change in activity relative to that observed in the vehicle control. Changes in activity of ⁇ 25% were not considered significant.
• Figure 12B is a graph depicting the results of the activity of enzymes affected by Compound 100 by more the 25% as shown in Figure 12 A.
• Figure 13 is a graph depicting the results of the effect of Compound 100 and vehicle control on tumour size in mice.
• Figure 14 is a graph depicting the results of the effect of Compound 100 and vehicle control on tumour volume over time in mice.
• alkyl refers to a molecule comprising hydrogen and carbon having the general formula C n H 2n+I -
• a "C x to C y alkyl” or a “C x -C y alkyl” refers to an alkyl having a number of carbons, the number being from x to y carbons.
• Ci to C 6 alkyl denotes that the alkyl may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons.
• stereo-bonds denote that any one or more of the possible orientations of the bond is/are specifically included or specifically excluded from a particular embodiment and all of the embodiments, when considered together, include all such combinations of inclusion and exclusion of the possible bond orientations.
• stereo-mixture may be a mixture of equal quantities or unequal quantities of two or more different stereoisomers.
• Stereo-mixtures may comprise any particular stereoisomer from 0% to 100% (and all values in between) as a component of the stereo-mixture, provided that at least 2 different stereoisomers are present in the mixture.
• a “racemic mixture” is a stereo-mixture that has equal quantities of each of the stereoisomers contained in the mixture.
• stereo-pure compound refers to a compound having one or more chiral centers wherein each and every molecule of the compound has the same stereochemical structure.
• substantially stereo-pure compound refers to a compound that may be a stereo-pure compound or may be a compound wherein at least 97% of the molecules have the same stereochemical structure.
• substantially stereo-pure compounds may be compounds wherein at least 98% of the molecules have the same stereochemical structure or may be compounds wherein at least 99% of the molecules have the same stereochemical structure.
• Substantially stereo-pure compounds may be compounds wherein at least 99.5% of the molecules have the same stereochemical structure or may be compounds wherein at least 99.9% of the molecules have the same stereochemical structure.
• SHIP 1 Modulating Compounds and Prodrugs comprise a pelorol analog having an -OH moiety attached to the carbon atom at positions 14, which have better activity.
• the -OH on the carbon at position 14 may be replaced by a prodrug moiety that is cleavable such that it provides an -OH moiety on the carbon at position 14 when the prodrug moiety is cleaved.
• Carbon atom position numbering of molecules described herein is exemplified by the following:
• the synthesis of compounds having a single -OH moiety on the carbon atom at position 14 may use a Barton deoxygenation step. Such a step is more efficient for removing a benzylic alcohol generated in a coupling step that may occur earlier in the synthesis. This step may replace a hydrogenolysis that is often used in the synthesis of compounds having an -OH moiety on both the carbon atom at position 14 and the carbon atom at position 15. Additionally, compounds having a total of a single OH moiety may provide additional advantages when making prodrug versions thereof. An OH moiety on a SHIP modulating pelorol analog may be substituted by a prodrug moiety in the preparation of prodrugs.
• Some embodiments of this invention provide compounds of Formula 1 and salts thereof:
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OR 1 ', -CHO, -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 R 2 ';
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 OR 3 ', -CHO, -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 R 4 ';
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of: 0-(Ci-Ci O alkyl) and H;
• G 2 is H or Ci-C 1O alkyl
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, -OH, Ci-Ci 0 alkyl and 0-(Cj-Cio alkyl).
• Gi is selected from the group consisting of -O-methyl and H;
• G 2 is H or methyl; and
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, methyl and O-methyl.
• Compounds of Formula 1 have chiral centres at C-5, C-8, C-9 and C-IO and may be chiral at C-4 depending upon whether Ri and R 2 are different. Some embodiments have the same relative configuration of chiral centres as does pelorol or are enantiomers thereof, namely: S, R, R, S; or R, S, S, R (at C-5, 8, 9 and 10 respectively). Some embodiments have the same absolute configuration as pelorol at chiral centres. Some embodiments have the same relative configuration as pelorol at C-5 and C-10 with independently variable configurations at C-8 and C-9. Some embodiments have the same relative configuration as pelorol at C-5, C-8, and C-10 with variable configuration at C-9. hi all cases, the configuration at C-4 (if chiral) may be variable or may be the same relative configuration to the remaining chiral centres as is shown in examples of structures of compounds of Formula 1 illustrated herein.
• the pelorol analog may have more specific limitations with respect to substituents Ri, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 . Any combination of the following limitations is encompassed by this invention.
• Ri and R 2 may be limited to methyl, ethyl, -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 ORi', or -CH 2 OR 3 ';
• R 1 ', R 2 ', R 3 ', and/or R 4 ', in one or both of Ri and R 2 according to Formula 1, or in the limitation of paragraph (a) above, may be limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl;
• Ri and R 2 may be limited to methyl or ethyl
• Rj and R 2 may be limited to methyl
• Some embodiments of this invention provide compounds of Formula 2 and salts thereof:
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of: 0-(Ci-Ci O alkyl) and H;
• G 2 is H or Cj-C 1O alkyl; and G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, -OH, C 1 -Cj O alkyl and 0-(CI-CJO alkyl).
• G 1 is selected from the group consisting of -O-methyl and H;
• G 2 is H or methyl; and
• G 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, methyl and O-methyl.
• the pelorol analog may have more specific limitations with respect to substituents G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 . Any combination of the following limitations is encompassed by this invention. Any combination of the following with paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and/or (d) above is also encompassed by this invention.
• Table 1 Shown below in Table 1 are non-limiting examples of the stereoisomers that are specifically encompassed by any one of Formulas 1 and/or 2 as depicted above. Stereo-mixtures and racemic mixtures of any two or more of the stereoisomers of Table 1, substantially stereo-pure compounds and stereo-pure compounds are also included by Formulas 1 and 2 as depicted above.
• Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , Gi, G 2 , and G 3 as used below in Table 1 may as defined for the respective Formula or as by any of the limitations of paragraphs (a) to (h) above.
• -OH moieties may be replaced by prodrug moieties that are cleavable such that when the prodrug is cleaved an -OH moiety is provided in its place.
• Phosphate prodrugs and solubilizing moieties linked with an ester linking moiety often provide -OH moieties on the core compound when cleaved from the core compound.
• X 5 is termed a prodrug moiety.
• the -OH moiety may be substituted with an X 5 moiety.
• Table I are non-limiting examples of solubilizing moieties.
• each (AA) is independently Wherein each (AA) is independently any neutral amino acid side chain; and any neutral amino acid side chain n is 1 to 10
• each (AA) is independently any neutral amino acid side chain
• each (AA) is independently any neutral amino acid side chain
• n O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
• n O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 TABLE I - SOLUBILIZING MOIETIES
• each R as set out in Table I may be independently selected from H, methyl or acyl.
• Linking moieties may connect the core to a solubilizing moiety.
• a linking moiety is a moiety that is cleaved in vivo such that a compound of the core is produced via cleavage of the linking moiety from the core.
• cleavage of the linking moiety may be related to the stability of the linking moiety under physiological conditions.
• the linking moiety may be cleaved in vivo enzymatically. hi some embodiments, cleavage of the linking moiety in vivo results in the formation of a core comprising an OH moiety where the linking moiety was bonded to the core prior to cleavage.
• Linking moieties comprising an ester moiety may provide formation of a core comprising an OH moiety where the ester linking moiety was bonded to the core prior to cleavage.
• linking moieties are described below In Table II, where 1 represents the point of attachment to the core and 2 represents the point of attachment to a solubilizing moiety:
• the linking moiety and the solubilizing moiety may also be described as a single structure, termed a prodrug moiety or X 5 .
• the prodrug moiety comprises all that is added to the core such that a compound of this invention is formed. Any combination of any linking moiety as described herein bonded to any solubilizing moiety as described herein may comprise a prodrug moiety.
• a prodrug moiety is stable and difficult to remove from the core.
• prodrug moieties may be moieties that may be cleaved in vivo such that a compound of the core is produced via cleavage at the linking moiety thereby separating the prodrug moiety or the solubilizing moiety from the core.
• the linking moiety may be cleaved enzymatically.
• in vivo cleavage of the linking moiety to separate the prodrug moiety or solubilizing moiety from the core results in the formation of a core comprising an OH moiety where the prodrug moiety was bonded to the core prior to cleavage.
• Prodrug moieties comprising an ester moiety may provide formation of a core comprising an OH moiety where the ester prodrug moiety was bonded to the core prior to cleavage. Specific, non-limiting examples of prodrug moieties are described below in Tables III and IV.
• each R as set out in Table III may be independently selected from H, methyl or acyl.
• Pelorol may be obtained from natural sources as taught in the prior art. Solvent fractionation and/or chromatography may be employed. Examples of such derivatization steps as applied to different compounds of Formulas 1 and/or 2 are shown in more detail below.
• the presence of SHIP 1 modulating compounds in a preparation may be determined by use of a variety of assays, including by biological assays which may be readily adapted from known procedures, including cell or animal based assays which monitor changes in: nitric oxide production from activated macrophages; IgE induced mast cell degranulation; LPS induced macrophage activation; TNF- ⁇ expression or activity.
• assays for agents which mediate inflammatory activity in living subjects may be employed. Adaptation of these assays is facilitated by the availability of SHIP 1 and SHIP 1 mice and bone marrow derived macrophages.
• the availability of anti-SHIP 1 antibodies facilitates use of immunoassay formats. Such assays may also be used to assess activity of compounds prepared by total synthesis, as described herein.
• Table 7 provides examples of embodiments, intermediates and precursors of embodiments of such a synthesis with examples of different compounds of the invention which may be prepared, hi the synthesis methods shown in Table 7, compounds of the invention and intermediates of compounds of the invention shown therein may be conveniently based on sclareolide as a starting material. Appropriate derivatives of sclareolide providing desired G n , G x , G y and/or G z substituents may be employed.
• Nu is a nucleophile, often lithium, and G n , G x , G y and/or G z are often an activating group such as -OMe or -NHAc when carbons 15, 14, 13 and/or 12 respectively, are intended for modification. In circumstances where substituents G n , G ⁇ G y and/or G z are not intended for modification each substituent may remain as found in the starting material or be appropriately altered to provide the desired substituents for the end product. Protecting groups may be employed on G n , G x , G y and/or G z .
• Compounds for use in this invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions in any number of ways, which would be known to a person of skill in the art.
• the person of skill in the art may be expected to select appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable salts as well as appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, and carriers.
• Compounds according to the invention can be provided in therapeutically- or prophylactically- acceptable amounts, in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Methods well known in the art for making such pharmaceutical formulations are found in, for example, "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy” (21 st edition), ed. A. Gennaro, 2005, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, incorporated by reference herein. Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated naphthalenes.
• hydrophobic compounds for example, compounds that are substantially insoluble in water, but are freely soluble in solvents such as, for example, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or chloroform, or combinations thereof.
• solvents such as, for example, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or chloroform, or combinations thereof.
• Formulations containing such hydrophobic compounds may be provided using, for example, micelles, which are formed by amphiphilic compounds under certain conditions. In aqueous solutions, micelles are capable of incorporating hydrophobic compounds in their hydrocarbon cores, or within the micelle walls.
• Hydrophobic compounds may also be provided by solubilization in triglycerides (oils), for example, a digestible vegetable oil.
• the solubilized hydrophobic compound in the oil phase may be dispersed in an aqueous solution and stabilized using emulsifying agents, if desired.
• the hydrophobic compound may be provided in oil and delivered, for example, to the gastrointestinal system where bile salts may function as in vivo emulsifiers.
• Hydrophobic compounds may also be provided as microemulsions which, like emulsions, are liquid dispersions of oil and water, but have smaller particles with an oil phase in a micelle-like "core.” Hydrophobic compounds according to the invention may also be provided together with a polymeric carrier, for example, a carbohydrate such as starch, cellulose, dextran, cyclodextrin, methylcellulose, or hyaluronic acid, or a polypeptide, such as albumin, collagen, or gelatin. Other modes of formulation of hydrophobic compounds may include liposomes, natural and synthetic phospholipids, or solvents, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide or alcohols.
• compositions of the invention may be formulated so as to provide controlled release of the active compound(s) over a period of time.
• the formulations could contain, for example, an amount of the compound that would be toxic if administered as a single dose, but whose controlled release does not exceed toxic levels.
• Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, for example, may be used to control the release of the compounds.
• Other potentially useful delivery systems for modulatory compounds according to the present invention include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result using a compound according to the invention.
• a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
• a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result.
• a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, so that a prophylactically effective amount may be less than a therapeutically effective amount.
• Amounts considered sufficient will vary according to the specific compound used, the mode of administration, the stage and severity of the disease, the age, sex, weight, and health of the individual being treated, and concurrent treatments.
• a range for therapeutically or prophylactically effective amounts of the compounds of the invention may be 0. InM-O. IM, 0.1nM-0.05M, O.O5nM-15 ⁇ M, O.OlnM-lO ⁇ M,
• dosage values may vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated.
• specific dosage regimens may be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgement of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
• Dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and do not limit the dosage ranges that may be selected by medical practitioners. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
• Toxicity of the compounds of the invention can be determined using standard techniques, for example, by testing in cell cultures or experimental animals and determining the therapeutic index, i.e., the ratio between the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the LDlOO (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). In some circumstances however, such as in severe disease conditions, it may be necessary to administer substantial excesses of the compositions.
• Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, systemic, parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, transdermal, transmucosal, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, topical, surgical, or oral administration.
• the formulations used may vary according to the chosen route of administration.
• the formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; for inhalants, the formulations may be in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols; for transmucosal administration, the formulations may be nasal sprays or suppositories; for transdermal administration, the formulations may be creams, ointments, salves, or gels; etc.
• Neoplastic diseases include but are not limited to: leukemias, carcinomas, sarcoma, melanomas, neuroblastoma, capillary leak syndrome and hematological malignancies.
• Diseases with an inflammatory component include, but are not limited to: rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Guillan-Barre syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, psoriasis, graft versus host disease, host versus graft, lupus erythematosis, Alzheimer's disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
• Diseases related to inappropriate activation of macrophage-related cells of the reticuloendothelial lineage include osteoporosis.
• Pelorol and other compounds having the structure of Formula 1 exhibit SHIP 1 agonist activity.
• SHIP 1 agonists are particularly useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis/septic shock, colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and those involving macrophage proliferation or activation; neoplastic diseases such as myeloid and lymphoid leukemias; as an immunosuppressive agent such as in transplant rejection; hematopoietic disorders; and for affecting mast cell degeneration such as in the treatment or prophylaxis of allergies.
• Drimane-8oc,ll-diol was prepared according to Kuchkova et al; Synthesis, 1997, 1045
• Bromomethoxytoluene (2) was prepared according to Chan et al; J. Med. Chem. (2001), 44, 1866
• Drimane-8 ⁇ ,ll-diol (17.5g, 72.8mmol) was dissolved in IL CH 2 CI 2 .
• Diisopropylethylamine (50.7mL, 291.2mmol) was added and the solution was cooled to -15°C.
• IM HCl 50OmL
• the organic layer was partitioned. The aqueous layer was washed with an additional 20OmL CH 2 Cl 2 .
• Bromomethoxytoluene (2) (3.64g, 18.29mmol) was dissolved in 35mL dry THF under an argon atomosphere. This solution was cooled to -78 0 C, and tBuLi (21.5mL, 36.6mmol) was added dropwise via syringe. The solution was stirred for 10 min at -78°C, then warmed to RT for 20 min. The solution was re-cooled to -78 0 C, and a solution of aldehyde (1) (1.45g, 6.09mmol) in 6mL dry THF was added via syringe. The solution was stirred at -78 0 C 2h, after which the reaction was quenched with the addition of IM HCl.
• Tetracycle (6) (1.05g, 3.20mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL DCM. To this solution was added a solution of BBr 3 (1.0M in DCM) (3.2OmL, 3.20mmol). The solution was stirred at RT for 2 hours, then concentrated to dryness. The brown residue was dissolved in EtOAc, then washed with H 2 O until the pH of the aqueous layer was neutral. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield Compound 100 (7) (931mg, 2.98mmol, 93% yield) as a white solid.
• Alcohol 12 (450mg, 1.32mmol) was dissolved in 1OmL CH 2 Cl 2 under an argon atmosphere and cooled to -78 0 C. SnCl 4 (ImL) was added and the resulting yellow solution was stirred for
• Compound 125 was fractionally crystallized from the enriched remainder from CH 3 CN.
• Bromide 9 (6.06 g, 11 mmol) was added portionwise over a period of 30 min. to a solution of HS-PEG (35 g, MW 6000) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.7 mL) in acetonitrile (9OmL) under nitrogen at 0°C. After addition, the ice bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 3-4 hours, 2-propanol (1200 mL) was added over 30 min. After an addition 1.5 h, the resulting solid was collected on a Buchner funnel and washed with 2 X 150 mL of 2-propanol.
• Drimane-8 ⁇ ,l 1-diol was prepared according to Kuchkova et al; Synthesis, 1997, 1045
• Bromomethoxytoluene (2) was prepared according to Chan et al; J. Med. Chem. 44, 1866 Preparation of Aldehyde (1)
• Drimane-8 ⁇ ,l l-diol (17.5g, 72.8mmol) was dissolved in IL CH 2 Cl 2 .
• Diisopropylethylamine (50.7mL, 291.2mmol) was added and the solution was cooled to -15 0 C.
• IM HCl 50OmL
• the organic layer was partitioned. The aqueous layer was washed with an additional 20OmL CH 2 Cl 2 .
• Bromomethoxytoluene (2) (3.64g, 18.29mmol) was dissolved in 35mL dry THF under an argon atmosphere. This solution was cooled to -78 0 C, and tBuLi (21.5mL, 36.6mmol) was added dropwise via syringe. The solution was stirred for 10 min at -78°C, then warmed to RT for 20 min. The solution was re-cooled to -78 C, and a solution of aldehyde (1) (1.45g, 6.09mmol) in 6mL dry THF was added via syringe. The solution was stirred at -78 0 C 2h, after which the reaction was quenched with the addition of IM HCl.
• Tetracycle (6) (1.05g, 3.20mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL DCM. To this solution was added a solution Of BBr 3 (1.0M in DCM) (3.2OmL, 3.20mmol). The solution was stirred at RT for 2 hours, then concentrated to dryness. The brown residue was dissolved in EtOAc, then washed with H 2 O until the pH of the aqueous layer was neutral. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield Compound 100 (7) (931mg, 2.98mmol, 93% yield) as a white solid.
• Example 9 - Compound 103 inhibits TNF alpha production better than Compound 100
• J774.1 macrophage cells were plated at 2X10 cells/well in 24 well plates. The next day the media was changed and Compound 100, Compound 103 or cyclodextrin carrier were added to the wells at the indicated concentrations for 30 min prior to stimulation of the cells with 2 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS activation of macrophages leads to production of TNF alpha which can be detected in the culture supernatant and quantified by ELISA. The results are depicted in a graph in Figure 1.
• Example 10 Compound 106 inhibits macrophage TNFo production
• J2M macrophage cells were plated at 2X10 cells/well in 24 well plates. The next day the media was changed and Compound 106 or PBS carrier were added to the wells at the indicated concentrations for 30 min prior to stimulation of the cells with 2 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS activation of macrophages leads to production of TNFa which can be detected in the culture supernatant and quantified by ELISA. The results are depicted in a graph in Figure 2.
• Example 11 - Compound 106 inhibits calcium influx in mast cells
• Peritoneal macrophages isolated from wild-type (WT) or SHIP knock-out (KO) mice were in 24 well plates in CSF-I containing media. The next day the media was changed and Compound 108 or PBS carrier were added to the wells at the indicated concentrations for 60 min prior to stimulation of the cells with 2 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS activation of macrophages leads to production of TNF alpha which can be detected in the culture supernatant and quantified by ELISA. The results are depicted in a graph in Figure 4.
• Assay 1 In vitro testing in a SHIP enzyme assay. Test compounds were dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g. EtOH, DMSO and others) and diluted into aqueous buffer (20 raM Tris HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 mM MgCl 2 ). SHIP enzyme assays were performed in 96-well microtitre plates with 10 ng of enzyme/well in a total volume of 25 ⁇ L of 20 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 mM MgCl 2 .
• a suitable solvent e.g. EtOH, DMSO and others
• SHIP enzyme was incubated with test extracts (provided in solvent) or vehicle for 15 min at 23°C before the addition of 100 ⁇ M inositol- 1, 3, 4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Echelon Biosciences Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah). After 20 min at 37°C and the amount of inorganic phosphate released assessed by the addition of Malachite Green reagent and absorbance measurement at 650 nm.
• Assay 2 Macrophage TNF- ⁇ production. J774.1a macrophage cells were treated with 10 ⁇ g/mL of test compound dissolved in solvent (e.g. cyclodextran) for 40 minutes prior to the addition of lOOng/mL LPS. Culture supernatants were collected after 2 hr and 5 hr for TNF- ⁇ determination by ELISA.
• solvent e.g. cyclodextran
• Assay 3 Macrophage TNF- ⁇ NO assay. J774.1a macrophage cells were treated with 10 ⁇ g/ml of test compound dissolved in solvent for 40 minutes prior to the addition of LPS. Culture supernatants were collected after 24 hr. for determination of NO concentration using the Griess reagent. Assay 4) Stimulation of mast cells by FcIRI crosslinking. Mast cells were pre-loaded overnight in BMMC medium lacking IL-3 with 0.1 ⁇ g/ml anti-DNP IgE (SPE-7, Sigma, Oakville, Ont).
• DNP-HSA DNP-human serum albumin
• DNFB dinitroflourobenzene
• Assay 7 In vitro Mulitple Myeloma (MM) assay.
• the ability of SHIP activators to reduce tumor cell survival was assessed in MM cell lines treated with the test compound.
• the lines OPMl, 0PM2, MM. IS and RPMI 8226 were plated at a density of 1 x 10 5 cells/mL in 200 ⁇ L of medium with various concentrations of the test compound, and viable cell numbers were determined on day 3 and day 5 by trypan blue exclusion.
• the lines RPMI 8226 and U266 were plated at a density of 1 x 10 cells/mL in 250 ⁇ L of medium with various concentrations of the test compound.
• the medium of each culture was replaced by fresh medium containing the same concentration of test compound.
• the viable cell number of each culture was determined by trypan blue exclusion.
• MM cell lines were cultured in 96 well plates seeded with 3x10 cells suspended in 200 ⁇ L of medium along with various concentrations of test compound (and associated cyclodextran vehicle control), with LY294002 serving as a positive control in the experiments. After 24-48 hrs of culture, 1 Ci of [3H] -thymidine (GE Healthcare, Baie D'Urfe, Canada) being added for the final 8 hours. Cells were harvested and DNA associated radioactivity was measured via liquid scintillation counting using a Wallac Microbeta counter (Perkin-Elmer; Boston, MA).
• MM In vivo Multiple Myeloma (MM) assay.
• Mice were inoculated with at two sites each with 3 x 10 luciferase expressing 0PM2 cells suspended in 50 ⁇ L of growth medium and 50 ⁇ L of Matrigel basement membrane matrix (Becton Dickenson; Bedford, MA). Tumors were injected subcutaneously in the upper and lower flanks of the mice and allowed to establish for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, a test compound or control vehicle was administered in a subcutaneous oil depot at a dose of 50 mg/kg every 3 days.
• Tumors were measured using bioluminescence imaging on the Xenogen IVIS 200. Mice received intra-peritoneal injections of 200 ⁇ L of D-luciferin at 3.75 mg/mL in sterile PBS. Mice were then anesthetized with isofluorane and imaged 15 minutes post- injection of luciferin. Quantification of tumor size was performed using the Living ImageTM software.
• the ability of SHIP activators to reduce tumor cell survival was assessed in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines treated with Compound 100 or AQX-016A.
• the lines OPMl, OPM2, MM.1S and RPMI 8226 were plated at a density of 1 x 10 cells/mL in 200 ⁇ L of medium with various concentrations of Compound 100, and viable cell numbers were determined on day 3 and day 5 by trypan blue exclusion.
• the lines RPMI 8226 and U266 were plated at a density of 1 x 10 cells/mL in 250 ⁇ L of medium with various concentrations of AQX-016 A. At day 4, the medium of each culture was replaced by fresh medium containing the same concentration of AQX-016 A.
• Proliferation DNA synthesis assays. Proliferation was measured by measuring incorporation of [ H]-thymidine into cells. MM cell lines were cultured in 96 well plates seeded with 3x10 cells suspended in 200 ⁇ L of medium along with various concentrations of Compound 100 or AQX-016 A (and associated cyclodextran vehicle control), with LY294002 serving as a positive control in the indicated experiments. After 24-48 hrs of culture, 1 ⁇ Ci of [ H]-thymidine (GE Healthcare, Baie D'Urfe, Canada) being added for the final 8 hours. Plates were frozen, which also aided in cell lysis, to terminate the experiments.
• AQX-016A and Compound 100 were dissolved in EtOH and diluted into aqueous buffer (20 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 mM MgCl 2 ). The actual concentration of drug in solution was determined by optical density measurement at 280 nm ( ⁇ max for both compounds) after high speed centrifugation at 14 000 X g for 30 min to remove precipitated drug.
• compounds were formulated in the carrier cyclodextrin (Cyclodex Technologies, High Springs, FL) at 6 mM (2 mg/mL).
• cremophore EL For oral administration to animals, compounds were dissolved in 100% cremophore EL (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakville, Ontario) at 150 mM (50 mg/mL) prior to dilution to 6 mM in phosphate buffer saline.
• cremophore EL For oral administration to animals, compounds were dissolved in 100% cremophore EL (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakville, Ontario) at 150 mM (50 mg/mL) prior to dilution to 6 mM in phosphate buffer saline.
• cremophore EL for oral administration to animals, compounds were dissolved in 100% cremophore EL (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakville, Ontario) at 150 mM (50 mg/mL) prior to dilution to 6 mM in phosphate buffer saline.
• these compounds caged in cyclodextrin or formulated in cremophore EL micelles were
• SHIP enzyme assays were performed in 96-well microtitre plates with 10 ng of enzyme/well in a total volume of 25 ⁇ L of 20 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 Mm MgCl 2 .
• SHIP enzyme was incubated with test extracts (provided in DMSO) or vehicle for 15 min at 23°C before the addition of 100 ⁇ M inositol-l,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Echelon Biosciences Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah). After 20 min at 37°C and the amount of inorganic phosphate released assessed by the addition of Malachite Green reagent and absorbance measurement at 650 nm.
• SHIP2 enzyme was purchased from Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, Utah) and an equivalent amount of inositol phosphatase activity was used in the in vitro enzyme assay. Enzyme data are expressed as the mean of triplicates +/- SEM. Experiments were performed at least 3 times. ( Figures 7 A and 7B).
• Compound 100 is as biologically active as AQX-016A at lower concentratons
• AQX-016A was substantially more active on SHIP + + than SHIP " " cells indicates that AQX-016 A specifically targets SHIP.
• the presence of a catechol moiety within AQX-016A ( Figure 7A) was potentially problematic since catechols can exhibit activities independent of their specific protein pocket binding interaction For example, catechols can bind metals or be oxidized to an ortho-quinone which can lead to covalent modification of proteins through redox reactions.
• a non-catechol version of AQX-016A designated Compound 100 (Nodwell M. and Andersen RJ, manuscript in preparation). Analogous to AQX-016 A, Compound 100 enhanced SHIP enzyme activity in vitro ( Figure 7 A and 7B).
• Compound 100 Like AQX-016 A, Compound 100 also selectively inhibited TNF ⁇ production from SHIP +/+ but not SHIP "7" macrophages (Figure 7C). The EC50 for this inhibition was 0.3 - 0.6 ⁇ M. Oral administration of Compound 100 also efficiently inhibited the LPS-induced elevation of plasma TNF ⁇ levels in the mouse endotoxemia model ( Figure 7D).
• Bone marrow cells were aspirated from 4 to 8 week old C57B16 x 129Sv mixed background mice and SHIP and SHIP mast cells prepared as described previously. Bone marrow derived macrophages from SHIP and SHIP mice were obtained and maintained in IMDM supplemented with 10% FCS, 150 ⁇ M MTG, 2% C127 cell conditioned medium as a source of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (macrophage medium)
• M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor
• LPS stimulation of macrophages For the analysis of LPS -stimulated TNF ⁇ production, 2 x 10 cells were plated the night before in 24 well plates in macrophage medium. The next day, the medium was changed and AQX-016A or carrier was added to cells at the indicated concentrations for 30 min prior to the addition of 10 ng/mL LPS. Supernatants were collected for TNF ⁇ determination by ELISA (BD Biosciences, Mississauga, ON, Canada). For analysis of intracellular signaling, 2 xlO cells were plated the night before in 6 cm tissue culture plates.
• the cells were cultured in macrophage medium without M-CSF for 1 hr at 37°C and then pretreated with AQX-016 A or carrier for 30 min prior to the addition of 10 ng/mL LPS for 15 min.
• Cells were washed with 4°C PBS and resuspended in lysis buffer (50 raM Hepes, 2 mM EDTA, ImM NaVO 4 , 100 mM NaF, 50 mM NaPPi and 1%NP4O) supplemented with Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche, Montreal, Canada). Lysates were rocked at 4°C for 30 min and clarified by centrifuging 20 min at 12000 x g.
• lysis buffer 50 raM Hepes, 2 mM EDTA, ImM NaVO 4 , 100 mM NaF, 50 mM NaPPi and 1%NP4O
• Lysates were then made 1 x in Laemmli's buffer, boiled 2 min and loaded onto 7.5% SDS polyacrylamide cells. Immunoblot analysis for phospho PKB (Cell Signalling, Mississauga, Ont), SHIP and actin (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA) were carried out as described previously.
• BMMC medium lacking IL-3 with 0.1 ⁇ g/ml anti-DNP IgE SPE-7, Sigma, Oakville, Ont.
• SPE-7 fura 2-acetoxymethyl ester
• LY294002 or AQX-016A 30 min prior to stimulation with the indicated concentration of DNP-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA).
• DNP-HSA DNP-human serum albumin
• cells were pre-loaded with anti-DNP IgE as above, pre-treated with AQX-016A or buffer control for 30 min at 37°C and stimulated with 20 ng/ml DNfP-HSA for 5 min.
• Total cell lysates were then prepared and analyzed for phospho-PKB, phospho-p38 phospho-MAPK, Grb-2 (Cell Signalling, Mississauga, Ont) and SHIP by immunoblot analysis.
• AQX-016A inhibits macrophage and mast cell activation
• AQX-016A The target specificity and biological efficacy of AQX-016A were assessed by comparing AQX-016A's effects on PI3K-regulated processes in primary SHIP vs SHIP macrophages and mast cells. Both LPS-induced macrophage and IgE-induced mast cell activation involve activation of PI3K-dependent pathways which have previously been shown to be negatively regulated by SHIP. LPS stimulation of macrophages is associated with a PFP3 -dependent release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF ⁇ . The action of AQX-016A on SHIP + + vs SHIP " " bone marrow derived macrophages was examined.
• Activation of mast cells via IgE + antigen crosslinking of their IgE receptors results in elevation of intracellular calcium levels.
• AQX-016A selectively inhibited IgE + antigen- induced calcium entry to a substantially greater degree in SHIP +/+ than in SHIP "7" bone marrow derived mast cells whereas LY294002 inhibited both SHH° +/+ and SHIP " mast cells to the same extent.
• AQX-016A The ability of AQX-016A to inhibit activation of PIP 3 -dependent downstream signalling proteins in SHIP +/+ vs SHIP "7" cells was assessed. LPS stimulation of macrophages results in PKB phosphorylation. AQX-016 A preferentially inhibited, in a dose dependent manner, LPS-stimulated PKB phosphorylation in SHIP + + but not in SHIP " " macrophages. Similarly, AQX-016A inhibited the phosphorylation of PKB, p38 M ⁇ PK and ERK in SHIP +/+ but not in SHIP " " mast cells. Similar protein loading was confirmed by reblotting with either antibodies to PKB or Grb2.
• AQX-016A had no effect at doses up to 60 ⁇ M. Thus, AQX-016A inhibits PDVregulated intracellular signal transduction events in SHIP expressing hematopoietic cells, but not in SHIP-deficient hematopoietic or non-hematopoietic cells.
• AQX-016 A' s ability to provide protection by inhibiting inflammatory reactions in vivo was assessed in mouse models.
• the mouse model of endotoxic shock involves intraperitoneal (IP) injection of bacterial LPS and measurement of serum TNF ⁇ levels 2 hrs later.
• IP intraperitoneal
• AQX-016A or the steroidal drug dexamethasone was administered to mice 30 min prior to the LPS challenge.
• AQX-016A reduced the level of serum TNF ⁇ and did so to the same extent as dexamethasone (Figure 9).
• mice 6-8 week old CDl mice (University of British Columbia Animal Facility, Vancouver, BC) were sensitized to the hapten DNP by cutaneous application of 25 ⁇ L of 0.5% dinitroflourobenzene (DNFB) (Sigma, Oakville, Ont) in acetone to the shaved abdomen of mice for two consecutive days. 24 hrs later, test substances (dissolved in 10 ⁇ L of 1:2 DMSO:MeOH) were painted on the right ear while the left ear received vehicle control. 30 min after drug application, DNFB was applied to both ears to induce mast cell degranulation. A 6 mm punch was taken from the ear and immediately frozen on dry ice for subsequent determination of neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Compound 100's ability to inhibit cutaneous anaphylaxis was assessed.
• DNFB dinitroflourobenzene
• Anaphylactic or allergic responses are mediated by allergen-induced degranulation of pre-sensitized mast cells.
• the mouse ear edema/cutaneous anaphylaxis model involves pre-sensitization of mice with the haptenizing agent dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB).
• DNFB dinitrofluorobenzene
• One week later the allergic reaction is elicited by painting DNFB onto the ears of the mice.
• the efficacy of potential anti-inflammatory compounds is tested by topical application of the test substance to one ear and comparing the resulting ear edema or inflammation of the two ears.
• Figure 1OA topically applied Compound 100 dramatically inhibited allergen- induced inflammation compared to the vehicle control-treated ear.
• AQX-016A was also able to inhibit DNFB -induced inflammation in this model.
• AQX-016A inhibited mast cell degranulation in CDl mice sensitized to hapten DNP by cutaneous application of 25 ⁇ L of 0.5% (DNFB) in acetone to the shaved abdomen of mice for two consecutive days was also shown ( Figure 10B).
• 20 ⁇ Ci of tritiated thymidine [ H]-Tdr (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) was injected IP one week after the first DNFB application.
• [ H]-Tdr labels rapidly dividing cells of the mouse, including neutrophils (30).
• test substances dissolved in 10 ⁇ L of 1:2 DMSO:MeOH
• DNFB was applied to both ears to induce mast cell degranulation.
• the resulting inflammatory cell infiltration was quantified by taking a 6mm diameter punch from the ear 1 hr later for dissolution in Solvable (Perkin Elmer-Packard, Woodbridge, Ont) and liquid scintillation counting as described.
• the ability of test substances to inhibit mast cell degranulation was then determined by calculating the ratio of [ H]-Tdr in the test (right) ear vs the control (left) ear as described (30).
• One group of mice had DNFB applied only to the left ear leaving the right ear noninflamed, in order to control for basal [ H]-Tdr incorporation into ear parenchymal cells.
• a His6 tagged SHIP ⁇ C2 domain deletion mutant (deleting residues 725 to 863) in the mammalian expression vector pME18S was generated by a standard PCR-based methodology.
• An N-terminal His6 C2 domain construct was also generated by PCR inserted into the pET28C bacterial expression vector using EcoRI and Ndel restriction sites.
• PLO Protein lipid overlay
• PVDF membranes (Millipore, Missisauga, Ont) were initially wetted in methanol for 1 minute, and washed 3 X 5 min with water, and gently agitated in TBST buffer (20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl (TBS) with 0.05% Tween 20) at 23°C overnight. Treated membranes were air-dried and dilutions of reconstituted lipids were spotted in 1 ⁇ l aliquots to give the indicated amount of PIP2 per membrane spot.
• TBST buffer 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl (TBS) with 0.05% Tween 20
• Membranes were dried completely and blocked with blocking buffer (3% BSA in TBS with 0.05% NaN3) for 1 h at 23°C. Purified, recombinant C2 domain was diluted into blocking buffer (5 ⁇ M final) and treated with 4 ⁇ M Compound 100 or EtOH control for 30 min at 23 0 C prior to overnight incubation with the PIP2 spotted membranes. Membranes were washed 10 times over 50 min in TBST buffer at 23 0 C and incubated with anti-His 6 mouse IgG (Qiagen, Missisauga, Ont) for 1 h at 23 0 C.
• blocking buffer 3% BSA in TBS with 0.05% NaN3
• Purified, recombinant C2 domain was diluted into blocking buffer (5 ⁇ M final) and treated with 4 ⁇ M Compound 100 or EtOH control for 30 min at 23 0 C prior to overnight incubation with the PIP2 spotted membranes.
• Membranes were washed 10 times over 50 min in TBST
• Membranes were washed as above and incubated with Alexa Fluor 660 anti-mouse goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen, Burlington, Ont) for 1 h at 23 0 C. After washing, bound proteins were detected and quantified on a Li-Cor Odyssey scanner (Lincoln, NE).
• SHIP is an allosterically activated enzyme
• the SHIP protein contains a C2 domain located at the carboxyterminal end of its phosphatase domain.
• C2 domains were first described in the protein kinase C family where it serves to bind Ca + , but C2 domains have since been identified in other proteins where they have been shown to bind to a variety of ligands including lipids.
• SHIP lacking its the C2 domain was prepared.
• ⁇ C2 SHIP was as active as the wild-type SHIP, its activity could not be enhanced by the addition of either PI-3,4-P 2 or Compound 100. This suggests that the C2 domain may be required for the allosteric activation of SHIP activity and that it may be the binding site for its allosteric activators such as PI-3,4-P 2 and Compound 100.
• Compound 100 was radiolabeled with tritium by GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ) to a specific activity of 42 Ci/mmole. Copper chelate (His-Tag) YSi SPA Scintillation Beads (GE ealthcare, Piscataway, NJ) were diluted in 0.25% BSA/TBS to 1.5 mg/mL and recombinant, His 6 -tagged protein added at the indicated concentrations: wild-type (1 pM), ⁇ C2 SHIP enzyme (1 pM) or C2 domain (10 nM). Protein was allowed to bind 1 h at 23 °C, and 250 ⁇ g of beads were aliquoted per well of a 96- well plate. 5 ⁇ Ci of [ H] -Compound 100 was added per well, the plate gently agitated for 30 min and the amount of bead associated radioactivity quantified by counting in a Wallac BetaPlate plate scintillation counter.
• Isolated recombinant, His 6 -tagged C2 domain was expressed and its PI-3,4-P 2 binding ability was determined using protein lipid overlay assays. Purified C2 domain was incubated with membrane strips spotted with PI-3,4-P 2 and bound protein detected using an anti-His6 antibody. As shown in Figure 11C the C2 domain bound PI-3,4-P 2 and this binding was inhibited by Compound 100, consistent with both Compound 100 and PI-3,4-P 2 interacting with the C2 domain at a common binding site.
• Compound 100 was verified to directly bind the C2 domain using scintillation proximity assays (SPAs) in which SPA beads were coated with either the C2 domain or control protein (BSA) prior to incubation with [ H]-Compound 100. As shown in Figure 1 ID, the C2 domain did interact with [ H]-Com ⁇ ound 100. In complementary studies, [ 3 H]-Compound 100 bound to wild-type SHIP but not to SHIP lacking its C2 domain ( Figure HE). Together, these data are consistent with Compound 100 directly binding to SHIP'S C2 domain, resulting in allosteric activation of the enzyme.
• SPAs scintillation proximity assays
• BSA control protein
• SHIP is a particularly good target for immune/hematopoietic disorders because of its restricted expression to hematopoietic cells. Because the relative activity of phosphatases present in a cell will influence the efficacy of kinase inhibitors, as discussed by Knight and Shokat, SHIP agonists may also be used to potentiate the activation of PBK inhibitors and promote tissue targeting of PBK inhibitors to the ematopoietic/immune cell compartment. Initial toxicology studies suggest both AQX-016A and Compound 100 are well tolerated and do not significantly affect peripheral blood cell counts or bone marrow progenitor numbers (data not shown).
• Compound 100 exhibits efficacy at a submicromolar EC50 (Figure 7C) and this suggests that it possesses a low likelihood of off-target effects based on calculations by Knight and Shokat. Compound 100 had minimal off-target effects on a screen of 100 other kinases and phosphatases ( Figures 12A and 12B).
• Compound profiling activity was undertaken using 100 protein kinase and phosphatase targets by SignalChem (Richmond, BC, Canada. www.signalchem.com) against compound Compound 100 (2 ⁇ M final concentration). Protein kinase assays were performed in the presence of 50 ⁇ M ATP at 3O 0 C for 15 min. Protein phosphatase activites were determined using pNPP as substrate and were also performed at
• mice were inoculated with at two sites each with 3 x 10 6 luciferase expresseing OPM2 cells suspended in 50 ⁇ L of growth medium and 50 ⁇ L of Matrigel basement membrane matrix (Becton Dickenson; Bedford, MA). Tumors were injected subcutaneously in the upper and lower flanks of the mice and allowed to establish for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, Compound 100 or control vehicle was administered in a subcutaneous oil depot at a dose of 50 mg/kg every 3 days.
• Tumors were measured using bioluminescence imaging on the Xenogen IVIS 200. Mice received intra-peritoneal injections of 200 ⁇ L of D-luciferin at 3.75 mg/mL in sterile PBS. Mice were then anesthetized with isofluorane and imaged 15 minutes post- injection of luciferin. Quantification of tumor size was performed using the Living ImageTM software. The results are illustrated graphically in Figures 13 and 14.

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