WO2007136548A2 - Additif pour combustible hydrocarboné et procédés associés constitués de composés de phosphates à base d'adénosine - Google Patents

Additif pour combustible hydrocarboné et procédés associés constitués de composés de phosphates à base d'adénosine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007136548A2
WO2007136548A2 PCT/US2007/011152 US2007011152W WO2007136548A2 WO 2007136548 A2 WO2007136548 A2 WO 2007136548A2 US 2007011152 W US2007011152 W US 2007011152W WO 2007136548 A2 WO2007136548 A2 WO 2007136548A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
adenosine phosphate
hydrocarbon
additive
fuel additive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/011152
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2007136548A3 (fr
Inventor
Jr. C. Edward Baxter
Robert Ehrlich
Original Assignee
Envirofuels, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Envirofuels, Llc filed Critical Envirofuels, Llc
Publication of WO2007136548A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007136548A2/fr
Publication of WO2007136548A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007136548A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2633—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond)
    • C10L1/2641—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) oxygen bonds only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C10L1/2633—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond)
    • C10L1/2658—Organic compounds containing phosphorus phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) amine salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of fuel additives, in particular, to an additive for hydrocarbon fuels to enhance efficiency and/or reduce pollution.
  • hydrocarbon fuels have been used, each with their own advantages and drawbacks. Examples of such fuels include gasoline, natural gas, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, LPG, heavy distillates, bunker fuel, ethanol, coal, other solid hydrocarbon fuels and the like. Chemical compounds have been used as fuel additives over the past century to improve various parameters, such as octane number, of various fuels. The use, and subsequent banning, of lead in gasoline has been known for a long time. Tetraethyl lead showed a positive effect on octane and a profoundly negative effect on the environment.
  • MTBE Another commonly-used additive in gasoline is MTBE. While this compound boosts octane levels significantly, the compound is thought to be carcinogenic. Also, it mixes easily with water which is hazardous should there be a leak. Gasoline containing MTBE leaking from an underground tank at a gas station could potentially leach into groundwater and contaminate wells. As a result of the helieved negative potential of MTBE on the environment, ethanol is also being evaluated as a gasoline additive to boost octane.
  • Solid hydrocarbon fuels such as coal
  • Coal particularly lignite and other low BTU coals, does not burn very efficiently and generates considerable smoke, NOx, SO 2 , particulate matter and other undesirable emissions including CO.
  • Chemical compounds have been used as combustion improvers to enhance combustion efficiency, of solid fuels.
  • many of these additives contain heavy metallic elements such as manganese, zinc, iron, copper, cerium, calcium and barium. On burning, some of these elements can produce heavy metal solid residues, which are highly undesirable.
  • a fuel additive that includes a combustion catalyst to reduce smoke and particulate emissions from coal fired burners, furnaces and other direct-fired applications would be advantageous.
  • a fuel additive that increases efficiency and/or decreases pollutants for coal and other solid fuels including low quality coal such as lignite, used in these applications would be particularly advantageous. It would also be advantageous to reduce smoke, particulate and nitrogen-containing emissions from fuel applications. In addition to reduction of NO x , reduction or elimination of other toxic pollutants, such as SO2, is highly desirable.
  • An additive that does not result in the formation of heavy metal precipitates and residues during the combustion process would be desirable.
  • the present invention includes a fuel additive and a method of using the fuel additive in relation to hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the fuel additive of the invention includes an adenosine phosphate.
  • a particularly preferred adenosine phosphate is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP can be used alone or in combination with any of its forms or homologs.
  • Cationic salts of the adenosine phosphates are also included within the scope of the invention. Typically, such salts are anhydrous salts of ATP as ATP is highly soluble in water.
  • Preferred cations are the alkali metals or Group IA elements. Ammonium cations are also a preferred class of cations. When ammonium cations are present, there is at most a negligible amount of free ammonia such that the resulting combination of fuel additive and fuel are virtually ammonia free.
  • adenosine phosphate can advantageously be added directly the fuel
  • another preferred embodiment includes creating an adenosine phosphate solution.
  • the adenosine phosphate solution includes dissolving the adenosine phosphate directly into an amount of the fuel or into a hydrocarbon carrier fluid. For example, adding adenosine phosphate into the amount of fuel creates a concentrate suitable for storage or transportation. This adenosine phosphate solution can then be added to a greater quantity of fuel to achieve the desired concentration of adenosine phosphate in fuel.
  • adenosine phosphate added to the hydrocarbon carrier fluid to create the adenosine phosphate solution can then be added to fuel.
  • the hydrocarbon carrier fluid is soluble in the fuel.
  • the adenosine phosphate solution created in one of these manners is referred to as hydrocarbon adenosine phosphate solution.
  • adenosine phosphate salts that are not completely soluble in hydrocarbon can be dissolved or at least partially dispersed in water or other appropriate carrier fluid to create the adenosine phosphate solution.
  • ATP for example, is water soluble.
  • ATP in a neutral solution is ionized and is thought to exist mostly as ATP 4" .
  • the water acts as carrier fluid.
  • Other preferred aqueous carrier fluids include alcohols. Water and alcohol are among the carrier fluids that act as solvents that are referred to as volatile components in that they can be removed from the adenosine phosphate solution through the application of heat.
  • adenosine phosphate solution created in one of these manners is referred to as aqueous adenosine phosphate solutions.
  • the adenosine phosphate solution can be added to the hydrocarbon fuel by traditional methods such as spraying or in a slurry.
  • the adenosine phosphate solution is added or mixed with a dispersion fluid to create a treated adenosine phosphate solution.
  • the dispersion fluid is a fluid that is operable to maintain the adenosine phosphate within the dispersion fluid in at least a partially dispersed state and that is at least partially miscible, or capable of being maintained in solution (jointly referred to as "miscible"), in the hydrocarbon fuel.
  • miscible or capable of being maintained in solution (jointly referred to as "miscible"
  • a stable emulsion is also considered to be maintained in solution.
  • the dispersion fluid is a quantity of a target fluid, that is, a fluid that contains the desired fuel.
  • the carrier fluid is largely removed from the treated adenosine phosphate solution through thermal means to create the fuel additive.
  • thermal means to create the fuel additive.
  • the fuel additive is operable to enhance combustion when placed into contact with fuel, particularly in an
  • Typical pollutants can include NOx, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and other recognized pollutants resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. It is noted that different geographical areas focus on minimizing a particular pollutant depending on air characteristics. Reduction of a target pollutant or a combination of pollutants, such as NOx and CO is highly advantageous. Alternately, increased fuel efficiency results in a total lower volume of pollutants, as well as economic advantage.
  • ammonium compounds are defined as those compounds containing NR x groups, where R can be alkyl, aryl or hydrogen or combinations thereof.
  • R can be alkyl, aryl or hydrogen or combinations thereof.
  • a preferred embodiment includes R as hydrogen.
  • the adenosine phosphate solution can be used in either hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments.
  • the carrier fluid is selected to allow for proper dispersion.
  • a commercially available carrier fluid is used.
  • a combination of carrier fluids is used.
  • a dispersant agent used in conjunction with the carrier fluids to create the fuel additive is also encompassed in a preferred embodiment.
  • at least one carrier fluid can preferably be a fluid with a least some hydrophilic character that is miscible with the fuel to act as compatibilizing agent in conjunction with dispersant agent.
  • the fuel additive of the invention is useful to enhance combustion such that more complete combustion is achieved with increased combustion to CO2 and H 2 O as compared to the combustion of the fuel without the fuel additive.
  • the outcome is the reduction of products of partial combustion as well as NO x , thereby increasing fuel efficiency.
  • the fuel additive is used by adding the fuel additive to the fuel in an amount sufficient to increase fuel efficiency or to reduce pollutants.
  • the terms enhanced and enhanced combustion refer to either of these effects.
  • An example of reduced pollutants is a reduction of NOx and CO in an exhaust gas produced from an internal combustion engine.
  • both of these effects are observed though the addition of the fuel additive of the current invention.
  • a preferred embodiment includes the addition of the fueJl additive the fttelio achieve between about 50 and 1 ⁇ 5frppm adenosine phosphate into the ⁇ luel the addition of the fuel additive.
  • Increased amounts of adenosine phosphate are effective as well. It is notable that a very cost-effective solution can be prepared with low weight percent of adenosine phosphate.
  • a preferred embodiment includes adding the fuel additive to the fuel to achieve between around 1 ppm adenosine phosphate and 150 ppm adenosine phosphate in the hydrocarbon fuel.
  • a process for enhancing fuel performance of a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion system including the steps of providing the fuel additive described above in an amount effective to enhance fuel performance to the hydrocarbon fuel and combusting the hydrocarbon fuel with the fuel additive.
  • the combustion system can be any means known to those with ordinary skill in the art for combusting hydrocarbon.
  • the combustion system can include any of various internal combustion engines.
  • this process is used with a liquid or liquefied hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the result of adding the fuel additive to the hydrocarbon fuel is an enhanced fuel that has a substantial amount of hydrocarbon fuel suitable for combustion, and an amount of the fuel additive operable to enhance combustion.
  • the enhanced fuel contains adenosine phosphate in an amount operable to reduce emissions or improve efficiency upon combustion of the enhanced fuel as compared to the combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel without the fuel additive. More preferably, the enhanced fuel contains adenosine phosphate of between about 1 and 150 ppm by weight of fuel.
  • An alternate embodiment of the invention includes a process for creating the enhanced fuel for use in a combustion system including the steps of adding the fuel additive to the hydrocarbon fuel in an amount effective to enhance fuel performance.
  • a preferred embodiment of the process for creating the enhanced fuel includes dissolving or dispersing the adenosine phosphate salts in solvent or dispersion fluid to create an intermediate aqueous solution.
  • dispersants can be added to the intermediate aqueous solution.
  • surfactants can be added to the intermediate aqueous solution with or without the dispersants.
  • Water contained in the solved or dispersion fluid is then removed in part or in full by means known in the art. Thermal means for water removal are particularly preferred. Removal of essentially all water is particularly preferred. The resulting dehydrated solution is the fuel additive to be added to the fuel to create the enhanced fuel.
  • dispersants can be added to the enhanced fuel to maintain the adenosine phosphate or the fuel additive in appropriate dispersion within the fuel.
  • exemplary fuels include kerosene, diesel fuel, gasoline and residual fuels.
  • adenosine phosphates useful in the invention include ATP as well as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and the salts of each.
  • Adenosine phosphates can combine with other molecules to create useful compounds that are encompassed within the scope of the invention. Alkyl adenosine phosphates are also useful. Other adenosine phosphates are useful in this invention as well.
  • Examples of preferred carrier fluids include w,ater, liquid hydrocarbon, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol and other alcohols, with cl-c8 alcohols being preferred, glycols, ethyl glycol, propylene glycol, glycol ether EB, other glycol ethers, polyethers.
  • Examples of preferred dispersion fluids include hydrocarbon fluid, other fluids in which the adenosine phosphate is not soluble but is dispersible, higher alkyl polyethers such polybutylene glycols, alkyl phenol polyethers, biodiesel, ethanol, and hydrocarbon blends.
  • Examples of preferred dispersants include alkyl succinimide, branched alkyl benzene sulfonates, linea ⁇ alkyl benzene sulfonates, polyalkyl succinanhydrides (PIBSA), and PIPSA-PAM.
  • PIBSA polyalkyl succinanhydrides
  • PIPSA-PAM polyalkyl succinanhydrides
  • a 12 % aqueous solution of adenosine triphosphate disodium can be prepared by addition of 120 grams of ATP-2Na (on dry basis) to 880 grams of water. The mixture is warmed to 35-40 deg C to effect solution. The resulting solution then has a P content of about 19,000 ppm.
  • other salts of ATP can be used including other alkaline earth metals and ammonium salts.
  • An 800 ml beaker can be charged with 290.6 grams Star 4 base oil, 26.5 grams ATP carrier solution from Example 1 above, 54.6 grams of PIBSA-PAM dispersant solution (2.2% N) and 48.3 grams of kerosene.
  • the mixture can then sheared to form an emulsion with Silverson LR 4TA high shear lab mixer.
  • a suitable emulsion had formed, the mixture can be heated over a period of time, while maintaining the high shear mixing, to remove the water. Heating is continued until the water content is at least lower than about 5,000 ppm.
  • the resulting ATP particle dispersion is useful as a fuel treatment for internal combustion engines to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy.
  • These dispersions can be used for the treatment of fuels for open flames and burners, including turbine engines.
  • the fuel can be any fuel capable of sustaining combustion and can be either liquid, liquefied solid or gaseous.
  • Example 3 Treatment of No 2. Diesel Fuel.
  • Low sulfur No 2 diesel fuel can be treated with 1,000 ppm of the ATP dispersion fluid prepared in Example 2 above resulting in an ATP concentration in the fuel of about 100 ppm.
  • the treated fuel is suitable to fuel a CAT D399 diesel engine gen-set rated at 1,100 hp and 800 kW.
  • the fuel treatment can be expected to result in a reduction in fuel consumption, when compared to the gen-set operated with untreated fuel, of 6-7% and a reduction in the emissions of CO, NOx, and UBHC (uriburned hydrocarbons) of 57%, 13% and 82% respectively.
  • Opacity can be expected to improve by 43% and the exhaust gas temperature reduced by 26%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne le domaine d'additifs de combustibles, notamment, un additif pour des combustibles hydrocarbonés pour améliorer l'efficacité et/ou réduire la pollution. L'additif de combustible selon l'invention comporte des phosphates d'adénosine. L'utilisation de phosphates d'adénosine entraîne une combustion améliorée lorsqu'ils sont combinés avec du combustible hydrocarboné et soumis à la combustion.
PCT/US2007/011152 2006-05-15 2007-05-09 Additif pour combustible hydrocarboné et procédés associés constitués de composés de phosphates à base d'adénosine WO2007136548A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US80047306P 2006-05-15 2006-05-15
US60/800,473 2006-05-15

Publications (2)

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WO2007136548A2 true WO2007136548A2 (fr) 2007-11-29
WO2007136548A3 WO2007136548A3 (fr) 2008-12-11

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UY (1) UY30348A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007136548A2 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1545330A1 (de) * 1966-06-06 1973-11-29 Max Maier Verfahren zur herstellung eines additivs fuer antreibstoffe fuer verbrennungskraftmaschinen unter verwendung von katalytischen fermenten und nuklein-, purinund pyrimidinbasen als organische katalysatoren
US5520882A (en) * 1994-08-01 1996-05-28 Brown; Kenneth R. Dental handpiece hygienic pharmaceutical sterilization lubricant
EP1498101A1 (fr) * 2002-04-09 2005-01-19 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited Composition de proliferation cellulaire
WO2006037094A1 (fr) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-06 Envirofuels L.L.C. Additif pour bruleurs a mise a feu directe et flammes nues alimentes par un hydrocarbure liquide ou liquefie, et procedes associes

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1545330A1 (de) * 1966-06-06 1973-11-29 Max Maier Verfahren zur herstellung eines additivs fuer antreibstoffe fuer verbrennungskraftmaschinen unter verwendung von katalytischen fermenten und nuklein-, purinund pyrimidinbasen als organische katalysatoren
US5520882A (en) * 1994-08-01 1996-05-28 Brown; Kenneth R. Dental handpiece hygienic pharmaceutical sterilization lubricant
EP1498101A1 (fr) * 2002-04-09 2005-01-19 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited Composition de proliferation cellulaire
WO2006037094A1 (fr) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-06 Envirofuels L.L.C. Additif pour bruleurs a mise a feu directe et flammes nues alimentes par un hydrocarbure liquide ou liquefie, et procedes associes

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
STRUCKMANN P ET AL: "Co-combustion of Secondary Fuels - Prevention or Reduction of Operating Problems" VGB POWERTECH; VGB POWERTECH 2004, vol. 84, no. 1, 2004, pages 72-76+6, XP009091924 *

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Publication number Publication date
UY30348A1 (es) 2008-01-02
WO2007136548A3 (fr) 2008-12-11

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