WO2007116391A2 - Two-way link aggregation - Google Patents

Two-way link aggregation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007116391A2
WO2007116391A2 PCT/IL2007/000394 IL2007000394W WO2007116391A2 WO 2007116391 A2 WO2007116391 A2 WO 2007116391A2 IL 2007000394 W IL2007000394 W IL 2007000394W WO 2007116391 A2 WO2007116391 A2 WO 2007116391A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
physical links
frame
backplane
communication network
group
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PCT/IL2007/000394
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2007116391A3 (en
Inventor
David Zelig
Ronen Solomon
Uzi Khill
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Orckit Corrigent Ltd
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Orckit Corrigent Ltd
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Priority to JP2009508659A priority Critical patent/JP2009534005A/ja
Priority to EP07736134A priority patent/EP2008387A4/en
Publication of WO2007116391A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007116391A2/en
Priority to IL194652A priority patent/IL194652A/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/24—Multipath
    • H04L45/245—Link aggregation, e.g. trunking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/12—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion
    • H04L47/125—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion by balancing the load, e.g. traffic engineering
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/50—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wire-line communication networks, e.g. low power modes or reduced link rate

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to communication networks, and particularly to methods and systems for link aggregation in network elements.
  • Link aggregation is a technique by which a group of parallel physical links between two endpoints in a data network can be joined together into a single logical link (referred to as the "LAG group"). Traffic transmitted between the endpoints is distributed among the physical links in a manner that is transparent to the clients that send and receive the traffic.
  • link aggregation is defined by Clause 43 of IEEE Standard 802.3ad, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications (2002 Edition), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Clause 43 defines a link aggregation protocol sub-layer, which interfaces between the standard Media Access Control (MAC) layer functions of the physical links in a link aggregation group and the MAC clients that transmit and receive traffic over the aggregated links.
  • the link aggregation sub-layer comprises a distributor function, which distributes data frames submitted by MAC clients among the physical links in the group, and a collector function, which receives frames over the aggregated links and passes them to the appropriate MAC clients.
  • MAC Media Access Control
  • a network element such as an access concentrator or aggregator for obtaining different data services.
  • Embodiments of the present invention that are described hereinbelow provide improved methods and systems for connecting users to a communication network with increased capacity and quality of service.
  • the network element comprises one or more user interface modules (UIMs), each serving one or more user ports.
  • UIMs user interface modules
  • each UIM is connected to the communication network using two or more physical links arranged in parallel, in order to provide sufficient bandwidth at a given quality-of-service (QoS) level.
  • QoS quality-of-service
  • Upstream data frames sent from the user ports to the communication network and downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the user ports are distributed among the parallel physical links, so as to balance the traffic load among the links.
  • the load balancing enables each UIM, and the network element as a whole, to deliver a higher bandwidth at a given QoS or to improve the QoS at a given bandwidth.
  • the UIMs are coupled to a backplane of the network element, and the parallel physical, links comprise backplane ' traces.
  • the physical links are configured as an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
  • Distribution of frames to individual physical links typically comprises applying a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function.
  • the mapping function typically uses frame attributes, such as various header fields of the frame, to determine a physical link over which to send each frame.
  • the load balancing operation in embodiments of the present invention enables statistical multiplexing of the frames, in which there is no direct relationship or connection between user ports and backplane traces.
  • two or more physical user ports are aggregated into a LAG group external to the network element, so as to form an aggregated user port having a higher bandwidth.
  • the frames to and from the aggregated user port are distributed among the physical user ports of the external LAG group to balance the load and enable higher bandwidth and higher QoS.
  • a combined mapping operation for frames addressed to the aggregated user port determines an individual backplane trace and a physical user port over which to send each frame in a single mapping computation.
  • aspects of the present invention are also applicable to link aggregation performed by network elements of other sorts.
  • a method for communication including: coupling a network node to one or more interface modules using a first group of first physical links arranged in parallel; coupling each of the one or more interface modules to a communication network using a second group of second physical links arranged in parallel; receiving a data frame having frame attributes sent between the communication network and the network node; selecting, in a single computation based on at least one of the frame attributes, a first physical link out of the first group and a second physical link out of the second group; and sending the data frame over the selected first and second physical links, hi an embodiment, the network node includes a user node, and sending the data frame includes establishing a communication service between the user node and the communication network.
  • the second physical links include backplane traces formed on a backplane to which the one or more interface modules are coupled.
  • at least one of the first and second groups of physical links includes an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group.
  • LAG Ethernet link aggregation
  • coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules includes aggregating two or more of the first physical links into an external Ethernet LAG group so as to increase a data bandwidth provided to the network node.
  • coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network includes at least one of multiplexing upstream data frames sent from the network node to the communication network, and demultiplexing downstream data frames sent from the communication network to the network node.
  • selecting the first and second physical links includes balancing a frame data rate among at least some of the first and second physical links.
  • selecting the first and second physical links includes applying a mapping function to the at least one of the frame attributes
  • applying the mapping function includes applying a hashing function.
  • applying the hashing function includes determining a hashing size responsively to a number of at least some of the first and second physical links, applying the hashing function to the at least one of the frame attributes to produce a hashing key, calculating a modulo of a division operation of the hashing key by the hashing size, and selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo.
  • selecting the first and second physical links responsively to the modulo includes selecting the first and second physical links responsively to respective first and second subsets of bits in a binary representation of the modulo.
  • the at least one of the frame attributes includes at least one of a layer 2 header field, a layer 3 header field, a layer 4 header field, a source Internet Protocol (IP) address, a destination IP address, a source medium access control (MAC) address, a destination MAC address, a source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and a destination TCP port.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • MAC medium access control
  • TCP Transmission Control Protocol
  • coupling the network node to the one or more interface modules and coupling each of the one or more interface modules to the communication network include specifying bandwidth requirements including at least one of a committed information rate (CIR), a peak information rate (PIR) and an excess information rate (EIR) of a communication service provided by the communication network to the network node, and allocating a bandwidth for the communication service over the first and second physical links responsively to the bandwidth requirements.
  • CIR committed information rate
  • PIR peak information rate
  • EIR excess information rate
  • a method for connecting user ports to a communication network including: coupling the user ports to one or more user interface modules; coupling each user interface module to the communication network via a backplane using two or more backplane traces arranged in parallel; receiving data frames sent between the user ports and the communication network, the data frames having respective frame attributes; for each data frame, selecting responsively to at least one of the respective frame attributes a backplane trace from the two or more backplane traces; and sending the data frame over the selected backplane trace.
  • Apparatus for connecting a network node with a communication network and for connecting user ports to a communication network are also provided.
  • FIGs. 1 and 2 are block diagrams that schematically illustrate communication systems, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates elements of a communication system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for single-stage hashing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates bandwidth allocation aspects of a communication system, in accordance- with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram that schematically- illustrates a communication system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • System 20 interconnects a plurality of user ports 24 to a communication network 28.
  • Network 28 may comprise a wide-area network (WAN), such as the Internet, a network internal to a particular organization (Intranet), or any other suitable communication network.
  • WAN wide-area network
  • Intranet a network internal to a particular organization
  • a network element 32 such as an access concentrator, connects user ports 24 to a node
  • Node 36 in network 28, typically via a network processor (NP) 38.
  • Node 36 may comprise any suitable network element, such as a switch.
  • the network element enables bi-directional communication in both upstream (i.e., user ports to network 28) and downstream (network 28 to user ports) directions.
  • system 20 provides data services to users via network element 32.
  • the system uses a Layer 2 communication protocol, such as an EthernetTM communication protocol, in which data is transferred among the different system components using Ethernet frames.
  • Layer 2 communication protocol such as an EthernetTM communication protocol
  • services use higher level protocols, such as Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS).
  • MPLS Multi-protocol label switching
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • Network element 32 comprises one or more user interface modules (UIMs) 5 such as line cards 40.
  • Each line card is assigned to process data frames of one or more user ports.
  • the line cards are plugged into, mounted on, or otherwise coupled to a backplane 52, which distributes digital signals carrying the frames to and from line cards 40.
  • Backplane 52 comprises physical links, such as backplane traces 56, typically in the form of printed circuit board (PCB) conductors.
  • backplane trace 56 has a finite bandwidth and can support a certain maximum frame throughput.
  • a multiplexer (MUX) 44 is coupled to backplane traces 56.
  • MUX 44 multiplexes upstream frames coming out of line cards 40 to produce an upstream output.
  • the upstream output is provided to network processor 38.
  • the upstream output is then sent by network processor 38 via a network connection 48 to network 28.
  • network processor 38 of network element 32 accepts a downstream input comprising downstream frames addressed to user ports 24 from node 36 through connection 48.
  • MUX 44 sends each frame to the appropriate user port via the appropriate line-card, using methods which will be explained below.
  • a particular line card is connected to MUX 44 using two or more parallel backplane traces, in order to support the total bandwidth of the user ports assigned to this line card.
  • the statistical distribution of frames sent over different backplane traces may differ significantly from trace to trace, even for traces that belong to the same line card.
  • the bandwidth offered by network element 32 to its users is specified in terms of quality of service (QoS) figures of merit, such as a guaranteed bandwidth (sometimes denoted CIR - Committed Information Rate) and a peak bandwidth (sometimes denoted PIR -
  • QoS quality of service
  • EIR excess information rate
  • each group of backplane traces belonging to a particular line card is configured as an Ethernet link aggregation (LAG) group
  • Each LAG group 58 is considered by the relevant line card and by multiplexer 44 to be a single logical link having an aggregated bandwidth (i.e., capacity) equal to the sum of the bandwidths of the individual backplane traces in the group.
  • aggregated bandwidth i.e., capacity
  • Ethernet frames are statistically multiplexed so as to balance the load among the backplane traces.
  • Ethernet frames are mapped to individual backplane traces in the LAG group in accordance with a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function.
  • the mapping function distributes the frames among the different backplane traces so as to balance the load between the traces.
  • the mapping function hashes one or more frame attributes, such as header fields of the Ethernet frame, to produce a hashing key.
  • the hashing key corresponds to an index of the backplane trace over which the frame is to be sent.
  • Header fields may comprise any suitable layer 2, 3 or 4 headers of the Ethernet frame, such as source Internet Protocol (IP) address, destination IP address, source medium access control (MAC) address, destination MAC address, source Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and destination TCP port, MPLS label, virtual circuit (VC) label, virtual local area network identification (VLAN-ID) tag, as well as any other suitable header field.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • MAC medium access control
  • TCP Transmission Control Protocol
  • MPLS label MPLS label
  • VC virtual circuit
  • VLAN-ID virtual local area network identification
  • each line card 40 performs an upstream mapping of upstream frames to the individual backplane traces in its LAG group using a suitable mapping function.
  • the mapping function typically uses attributes of the upstream frames, as described above.
  • a control module 60 in network element 32 determines a downstream mapping of each downstream frame received through connection 48 to the appropriate backplane trace, using a suitable mapping function.
  • the mapping performed by module 60 should naturally consider the user port to which the frame is addressed, in order to send the frame to the line card serving this user port.
  • Module 60 controls multiplexer 44 in order to send each frame over the appropriate backplane trace.
  • the downstream mapping also balances the load of frames within each
  • LAG group responsively to attributes of the downstream frames.
  • the downstream mapping can be implemented in two sequential stages. First, for each Ethernet frame, module 60 determines the appropriate line card to which the frame should be sent, depending on the destination user port. Then, within the backplane traces belonging to the LAG group of the appropriate line card, module 60 selects a particular trace and controls MUX 44 to send the frame over the selected trace. Alternatively, any other suitable mapping method can be used by module 60.
  • Control module 60 may be implemented in hardware, as software code running on a suitable processor, or as a combination of hardware and software elements. Module 60 may comprise an independent module, or be integrated with other components of network element
  • network element 32 may comprise any number of line cards 40.
  • Each line card may serve any number of user ports 24 and any number of backplane traces 56.
  • Each user port and each backplane trace may have any suitable bandwidth.
  • User ports can have equal or different bandwidths.
  • LAG group 58 can have equal or different bandwidths.
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates communication system 20, • in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • a particular user requires a bandwidth higher than the bandwidth of a single user port 24.
  • a number of user ports 24 are configured to form an aggregated user port 64.
  • User ports 24 forming port 64 are configured as an Ethernet LAG group, referred to as an external LAG group 68.
  • the bandwidth of port 64 is generally equal to the sum of bandwidths of the individual user ports 24 in external LAG group 68, in both upstream and downstream directions.
  • External LAG group 68 may comprise any number of user ports 24, belonging to any number of line cards 40.
  • a particular line card 40 may have some of its user ports 24 assigned to an external LAG group and other user ports 24 used individually or assigned to another external LAG group.
  • An external multiplexer (MUX) 72 performs the multiplexing and de-multiplexing
  • MUX 72 is external to network element 32 and is often located in user equipment 76, separate and distinct from network element 32.
  • Aggregated port 64 is typically connected on the downstream side to a user node, such as a layer 2 or layer 3 switch (not shown).
  • MUX 72 multiplexes the downstream frames arriving over the user ports of external LAG group 68 to port 64.
  • MUX 72 applies a suitable mapping function, such as a hashing function, to balance the load of upstream frames sent from port 64 over the different user ports of group 68.
  • the mapping function uses attributes of the upstream frames, as explained above. Such load balancing helps to increase the upstream bandwidth of port 64 and/or its quality of service.
  • each frame is mapped to one of user ports 24 in external LAG group 68. Determining the user port implicitly determines through which line card 40 the frame will pass. Then, the same frame is mapped to one of backplane traces 56 in the appropriate LAG group 58 that serves the selected line card.
  • control module 60 performs a single combined mapping operation that combines the two mapping operations described above.
  • the combined mapping comprises a single hashing operation that determines, for each such downstream frame, both the backplane trace 56 over which the frame is to be sent to one of line cards 40, and the user port 24 to be used within external LAG group 68.
  • Fig. 3 is a block-diagram that. schematically illustrates elements of system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a simplified diagram, shown for the purpose of explaining the single-stage hashing method. As such, system elements unnecessary for explaining the method are omitted from the figure.
  • the exemplary configuration of network element 32 in Fig. 3 comprises four line cards 40. Each line card is connected to MUX 44 using four backplane traces 56. The four backplane traces of each line card are configured as a LAG group. Each line card 40 serves a single user port 24. The four user ports are configured as an external LAG group to form aggregated user port 64, as explained above.
  • Fig. 4 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for single-stage downstream hashing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method can also be applied in any other system configuration comprising two stages of link aggregation, such as the configurations discussed in the descriptions of Figs. 1 and 2 above.
  • control module 60 determining a hashing size parameter denoted Nbpow * at a nas h s i ze definition step 80.
  • Nt ⁇ 0W * s defined as Nb pO w N ex tp"Nbpt, wherein N ex tp denotes the number of user ports in external LAG group 68, and Nbpt denotes the number of backplane traces 56 in each LAG group 58.
  • N ex tp 4
  • the value of hashing size Nt, pow can be hard-wired in the concentrator design.
  • the hashing size can be provided to the network element as part of its configuration, or determined by control module 60 responsively to the configuration setting of network element 32, as detected by module 60.
  • different line cards 40 may comprise different numbers of user ports belonging to external LAG group 68.
  • network element 32 receives downstream frames via network connection 36, at a frame reception step 82.
  • control module 60 calculates a hashing key of the frame, at a hash key calculation step 84.
  • the hashing key is typically calculated by applying a suitable hashing function to the frame attributes of the downstream frame.
  • Module 60 performs an integer modulo-Nt,p OW division of the hashing key, at a mapping calculation step 86.
  • Module 60 divides the hashing key of the downstream frame by Nbpow ⁇ d retains the modulo, or the remainder of the division operation, as a mapping index.
  • Module 60 partitions the binary representation of the mapping index into two parts having Nl and N2 bits.
  • Module 60 uses Nl bits as a user slot/port index, indicating over which user port 24 in external LAG group 68 the frame should be sent.
  • the remaining N2 bits are used as a backplane trace index, indicating over which of the backplane traces of the relevant line card the frame should be sent.
  • the four bit mapping index is partitioned so that two bits encode the user port and two bits encode the backplane trace.
  • the user port index and the backplane trace index jointly define the combined mapping operation for determining how the particular downstream frame is to be handled.
  • module 60 can apply any other suitable method for determining the combined mapping responsively to the frame attributes.
  • module 60 controls MUX 44 so as to send the downstream frame, at a frame sending step 88.
  • MUX 44 sends the frame to the appropriate line card over the appropriate backplane trace, responsively to the user port index and the backplane trace index, respectively.
  • MUX 44 sends the user port index to the line card along with the frame. The line card then selects the user port over which to send the frame to aggregated port 64 responsively to the user port index.
  • Fig. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates bandwidth allocation aspects in communication system 20, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • network element 32 comprises two line cards 100 and 101, each having a similar structure and functionality to line cards 40 of Figs. 1-3 above.
  • Network element 32 connects network 28 with a user node, in the present example comprising a layer-2 switch 102.
  • Port 64 is served by three user ports 24 configured as an external LAG group 68.
  • frames sent between switch 102 and network 28 undergo two stages of link aggregation.
  • network element 32 also supports an independent user port 104 on line card 101. Frames sent between port 104 and network 28 undergo link aggregation only once.
  • Each of user ports 24 and 104 is coupled to a respective queue 106, which queues the frames of this port.
  • each port may have separate queues for upstream and downstream frames.
  • Each line card comprises a link aggregator 108, which performs the aggregation of backplane traces 56 of this line card into the respective LAG group 58 in both upstream and downstream directions.
  • Fig. 5 The configuration shown in Fig. 5 is an exemplary configuration chosen for the sake of simplicity.
  • the bandwidth allocation calculations given below can be used in conjunction with any other suitable configuration of system 20, such as configurations having different numbers and arrangements of line cards, user ports, aggregated user ports and backplane traces.
  • bandwidth allocation of this communication service is commonly specified in terms of CIR and PIR or CIR and EIR figures-of-merit, as explained above.
  • These resources comprise, for example, user ports 24, backplane traces 56 and different queues 106 in line cards 100 and 101.
  • a high quality of service is achieved by defining suitable bandwidth margins for the different physical resources. The following description details an exemplary calculation for allocating sufficient bandwidth to the different resources of system 20. Alternatively, any other suitable bandwidth allocation method can be used.
  • BWgERVICE denote the total bandwidth of the communication service in question.
  • BWSERVICE ma Y re f er to the CIR, EIR or PIR of the service, as applicable.
  • the different bandwidth calculations given throughout the description below may be used to allocate CIR 5 EIR or PIR to the different system resources.
  • Upstream frames belonging to this service originating from switch 102 are mapped and distributed by MUX 72 among the three user ports 24 of external LAG group 68.
  • mapping operation should distribute the frames evenly among the user ports, so that each port receives a bandwidth of BWSERVICE/3-
  • the actual bandwidth distribution may deviate significantly from these values, hi particular, deviations are likely to occur in embodiments in which the mapping operation is a data-dependent operation, such as hashing.
  • each of the three user ports of external LAG group 68 is allocated a higher bandwidth given by:
  • the bandwidth allocated to a particular user port 24 should also be allocated to the respective queue 106 that queues the frames of this port.
  • the upstream frames are processed by one of line cards 100 and 101. As part of this processing, the frames are mapped again by link aggregator 108 in the line card, so as to distribute them among the four backplane traces 56 of LAG group 56. It is thus desirable to allocate sufficient bandwidth on each of backplane traces 56. Assuming an optimal (uniform) distribution among the backplane traces, the bandwidth received by each backplane trace can be written as
  • BWELAGPORT*#PORTS ELAG *MARGINUPBPLAG/#BPT wherein #PORTS E LAG denotes the- number of user ports in the particular line card, hi some cases, however, this bandwidth allocation is greater than BWSERVICE > me tota l bandwidth of the communication service.
  • BW- RPT MmK
  • MARGINUPELAG > the bandwidth margin of the external LAG.
  • #PORTSELAG refers to the specific line card in question.
  • the total bandwidth allocated on LAG group 56 is thus given by
  • BW BPLAG Min ⁇ f BW E E L L A A G G P P O 0 R R T T - #P0RTS E E L L A A G G '1 L #BPT
  • BW BPLAG Mmj y - #BPT l' BW SERVICE J
  • MARGIN ⁇ JNBPLAG denotes a downstream bandwidth margin for the backplane traces, which may be the same as or different from MARGINUPBPLAG-

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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PCT/IL2007/000394 2006-04-07 2007-03-27 Two-way link aggregation Ceased WO2007116391A2 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2009508659A JP2009534005A (ja) 2006-04-07 2007-03-27 双方向リンク集約
EP07736134A EP2008387A4 (en) 2006-04-07 2007-03-27 BIDIRECTIONAL LINK AGGREGATION
IL194652A IL194652A (en) 2006-04-07 2008-10-07 Two-way clustering link

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US11/279,045 2006-04-07
US11/279,045 US7545740B2 (en) 2006-04-07 2006-04-07 Two-way link aggregation

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WO2007116391A2 true WO2007116391A2 (en) 2007-10-18
WO2007116391A3 WO2007116391A3 (en) 2009-04-09

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