WO2007105014A1 - Neutralisation of strong winds - Google Patents

Neutralisation of strong winds Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007105014A1
WO2007105014A1 PCT/GB2007/050115 GB2007050115W WO2007105014A1 WO 2007105014 A1 WO2007105014 A1 WO 2007105014A1 GB 2007050115 W GB2007050115 W GB 2007050115W WO 2007105014 A1 WO2007105014 A1 WO 2007105014A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
storm
aerogel
seeding material
seeding
winds
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PCT/GB2007/050115
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Stephen Tew
Henrik Hess-Petersen
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General Applications For Special Materials Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Applications For Special Materials Ltd filed Critical General Applications For Special Materials Ltd
Publication of WO2007105014A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007105014A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G15/00—Devices or methods for influencing weather conditions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the neutralisation of strong winds.
  • the invention relates to the neutralisation of hurricane-force winds (also known as "big winds”) and the inhibition of hurricane formation.
  • Big winds e.g. hurricanes, typhoons
  • Big winds are well known, and are severe storms that form under certain conditions. Such winds usually gather heat and energy through contact with warm waters. Evaporation from the water increases their power. Big winds rotate in a counter-clockwise direction around an "eye”. Big winds generally have winds at least 74 miles per hour. When they come onto land, the heavy rain, strong winds and heavy waves can damage buildings, trees and cars.
  • a hurricane begins its life as a disorganized storm system which forms over warm, tropical waters in the Atlantic. When the storm system becomes more organized, it is classified as a "tropical depression,” and given a number by the National Hurricane Centre. If the winds in a tropical depression grow in intensity to 40mph, it is re- classified as a "tropical storm", and it receives a name. When the winds in the storm reach 75mph (120kph), the storm is upgraded to a hurricane.
  • the winds of a hurricane are structured around a central "eye”, which is an area that is free of clouds and relatively calm. Around this "eye” area, storm clouds wrap in a counter-clockwise motion.
  • a typical hurricane is shown in Figure 1. This "eyewall” of clouds, wind and rain, is the most destructive part of the storm. In fact, it is the eyewall that creates the eye, since the rapidly spinning clouds in the wall reduce the pressure in the eye and suck out any clouds that may be there. Big winds are classified into five categories, based on their wind speeds and potential to cause damage.
  • One known method for weakening big winds is the dropping of silver iodide - a substance that serves as an effective ice nucleus - into the rain band of a storm.
  • Targeted convective clouds just outside the hurricane's eyewall are seeded with silver iodide in an attempt to form a new ring of clouds that competes with the natural circulation of the storm and weakens it.
  • the idea is that the silver iodide enhances the thunderstorms of the rain band by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping the rain band to grow at the expense of the eyewall.
  • the strong inner core winds would also weaken.
  • the clouds must contain sufficient supercooled water (water that has remained liquid at temperatures below the freezing point, 0 0 C)
  • Dyn-O-Gel This is a special powder (produced by Dyn-O-Mat) that absorbs large amounts of moisture and then becomes a gooey gel. It has been proposed to drop large amounts of the substance into the clouds of a hurricane to dissipate some of the clouds, thus helping to weaken or destroy the hurricane. This is described in more detail in US 6,315,213.
  • Dyn-O-Gel A significant problem with the use of Dyn-O-Gel is the amount of material required to have any sort of impact. 2 cm of rain falling over 1 square kilometre of surface deposits 20,000 tonnes of water. The ratio of water to Dyn-O-Gel is suggested as 2000 : 1, and at this ratio each square kilometre would require 10 tonnes of material. A typical eye might be 20 km in radius, surrounded by a 20km thick eyewall (i.e. 3,770 square kilometres in total), and this would require 37,700 tonnes of "Dyn-O-Gel". A C-5A heavy- lift transport airplane can carry a 100 tonne payload. Thus treating the eyewall would require 377 sorties.
  • a typical average reflectivity in the eyewall is about 40 dB(Z), which works out to 1.3 cm/hr rain rate. To keep the eyewall doped it would be necessary to deliver this quantity of "Dyn-O-Gel" every hour-and-a-half or so. If the reflectivity is increased to 43 dB(Z) it would be necessary to repeat the operation every hour. If the eyewall is only 10 km thick, 157 sorties every hour-and-a-half would be required at the lower reflectivity.
  • a method for seeding a rain cloud comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the cloud.
  • a method of reducing the force of a storm comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the path of the storm.
  • the seeding material should absorb water, and will therefore need to be highly porous.
  • the seeding material preferably stimulates the formation of rain.
  • the seeding material may be electrically charged, and preferably negatively charged.
  • the seeding material is preferably aerogel.
  • the aerogel may be dispersed into the path of the storm by explosively shattering it into fragments.
  • the aerogel may be in powder form to start with.
  • the aerogel may be released from a missile, or rocket, or from an aircraft or balloon. Other alternatives include release from a boat or water vehicle.
  • a system for neutralising the force of a storm comprising a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio, and a delivery mechanism for introducing the seeding material into the path of the storm.
  • Figure 1 is a photograph of a typical hurricane
  • Figure 2 is a TEM image of aerogel
  • Figures 3 A and 3B are schematic illustrations of the structure of aerogel; and Figure 4 is an SEM image of aerogel following catastrophic shattering.
  • the lack of moisture is at least partly due to dust particles that are picked up from the ground. These attach to the water, causing rain to form. As the moisture dissipates as rain, the wind loses strength and eventually slows down or stops. This effect can be reproduced by introducing aerogel into the rain band of a storm.
  • Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. The result is an extremely low density solid. Aerogel is an amorphous material, usually formed from silica, is a desiccant and has an extremely large surface area per unit mass. The surface area is about 600 m 2 /g. In more detail, aerogel comprises a dendritic microstructure of silica, in which spherical particles of average size 2-5 nm are fused together into clusters. These clusters form a three-dimensional highly porous structure of almost fractal chains, with pores smaller than 100 nm, and it is this which leads to the high surface area.
  • Aerogels are very interesting materials due to their extremely low density, low index of refraction, and reasonably high light transmission properties.
  • the density can be less than 1% of that of ordinary glass, with aerogels still exhibiting glass-like transparency and high monolithicity.
  • Cabot Corporation USA manufacture and distribute an aerogel material under the trade mark NanogelTM.
  • the aerogel production process consists of a sol-gel process followed by a supercritical drying of the gel.
  • the product is a transparent, highly porous, inorganic material in which the solid part is quartz.
  • aerogel is introduced into the rain band as early as possible. This may be achieved, for example, by release from an aeroplane. Because the Aerogel is a desiccant it will absorb water. A small amount of aerogel absorbs a large amount of water resulting in the formation of large droplets, and thus a considerable quantity of rain.
  • Aerogel is a friable product. This means that, if its elastic limit if exceeded, it shatters catastrophically into tiny fragments, as shown in Figure 4. This property may be used for rapid dispersal of the material.
  • One way of exceeding the elastic limit is to subject the material to an explosive charge such as, for example, a Rapid Detonating Explosive (RDX) such as mercury fulminate. This type of detonating explosive creates a shock wave that shatters and disperses the aerogel.
  • RDX Rapid Detonating Explosive
  • Aerogel can thus be dispersed into a storm by detonation in the path of the storm. This may be achieved, for example, by rocket, missile, aircraft or balloon, although it will be appreciated that other delivery mechanisms are also possible. For example, a boat may be used. Once in or near the storm, the aerogel is released or shattered and disbursed.
  • the aerogel may be transported in fine powder form. It would then be possible to disperse the aerogel without the need to exceed its elastic limit.
  • the aerogel could simply be dispersed as a powder spray into the path of a storm. Since aerogel is hygroscopic, it should be enclosed in a sealed container prior to its dispersal.
  • the atmosphere in the storm itself is usually charged as well. Typically the top of a storm is positively charged. If the charge applied to the aerogel is opposite to the charge on the moist air in the storm, then the charged aerogel paricles will repel each other but be attract the charged moist air, thus encouraging the formation of water droplets. Since the moist air at the top of a storm is positively charged, the aerogel should be negatively charged in order to accelerate the formation of water droplets.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Atmospheric Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

A method for neutralising strong winds by seeding the rain band of a storm is provided. The method includes introducing a material with a high surface area : mass ratio, such 5 as aerogel, into the path of the storm.

Description

NEUTRALISATION OF STRONG WINDS
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the neutralisation of strong winds. In particular, the invention relates to the neutralisation of hurricane-force winds (also known as "big winds") and the inhibition of hurricane formation.
Background to the Invention
Big winds (e.g. hurricanes, typhoons) are well known, and are severe storms that form under certain conditions. Such winds usually gather heat and energy through contact with warm waters. Evaporation from the water increases their power. Big winds rotate in a counter-clockwise direction around an "eye". Big winds generally have winds at least 74 miles per hour. When they come onto land, the heavy rain, strong winds and heavy waves can damage buildings, trees and cars.
Big winds are part of a family of weather systems known as "tropical cyclones".
A hurricane begins its life as a disorganized storm system which forms over warm, tropical waters in the Atlantic. When the storm system becomes more organized, it is classified as a "tropical depression," and given a number by the National Hurricane Centre. If the winds in a tropical depression grow in intensity to 40mph, it is re- classified as a "tropical storm", and it receives a name. When the winds in the storm reach 75mph (120kph), the storm is upgraded to a hurricane. The winds of a hurricane are structured around a central "eye", which is an area that is free of clouds and relatively calm. Around this "eye" area, storm clouds wrap in a counter-clockwise motion. A typical hurricane is shown in Figure 1. This "eyewall" of clouds, wind and rain, is the most destructive part of the storm. In fact, it is the eyewall that creates the eye, since the rapidly spinning clouds in the wall reduce the pressure in the eye and suck out any clouds that may be there. Big winds are classified into five categories, based on their wind speeds and potential to cause damage.
■ Category One — Winds 74-95 miles per hour
■ Category Two — Winds 96-110 miles per hour
■ Category Three — Winds 111-130 miles per hour
■ Category Four — Winds 131-155 miles per hour
■ Category Five — Winds greater than 155 miles per hour These big winds cause massive destruction, even death.
Hurricane Katrina, a category 5 hurricane and the most expensive natural disaster in US history, caused $81.2 billion worth of damage. It formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding there, before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico and becoming one of the strongest hurricanes on record while at sea. The storm weakened before making its second and third landfalls as a Category 3 storm on the morning of August 29 in southeast Louisiana and at the Louisiana/Mississippi state line, respectively. The storm surge caused severe and catastrophic damage along the Gulf coast, devastating the cities of Bay St. Louis, Waveland, Biloxi/Gulfport in Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and Slidell, Louisiana and other towns in Louisiana. At least 1,836 people lost their lives.
Methods for reducing the power of such storms are therefore extremely desirable.
One known method for weakening big winds is the dropping of silver iodide - a substance that serves as an effective ice nucleus - into the rain band of a storm. Targeted convective clouds just outside the hurricane's eyewall are seeded with silver iodide in an attempt to form a new ring of clouds that competes with the natural circulation of the storm and weakens it. The idea is that the silver iodide enhances the thunderstorms of the rain band by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping the rain band to grow at the expense of the eyewall. With a weakened convergence to the eyewall, the strong inner core winds would also weaken. For cloud seeding to be successful, the clouds must contain sufficient supercooled water (water that has remained liquid at temperatures below the freezing point, 00C)
Another method used involves the use of "Dyn-O-Gel". This is a special powder (produced by Dyn-O-Mat) that absorbs large amounts of moisture and then becomes a gooey gel. It has been proposed to drop large amounts of the substance into the clouds of a hurricane to dissipate some of the clouds, thus helping to weaken or destroy the hurricane. This is described in more detail in US 6,315,213.
One possible way that "Dyn-O-Gel" could weaken a hurricane has been attempted. An effect was seen but it was small (~1 m/s). The argument was that the gel would make raindrops lumpy (i.e., non-aerodynamic), they would fall more slowly and increase condensate loading, thus weakening the eyewall updraft. If, by contrast, one increases the fall speed of the hydrometeors, the storm strengthens (again by only ~1 m/s). In the numerical experiments "decrease" meant reduce the fall velocity to half the real value, and "increase" meant double the real value. The foregoing effect is larger than anything one could hope to produce in the real atmosphere.
A significant problem with the use of Dyn-O-Gel is the amount of material required to have any sort of impact. 2 cm of rain falling over 1 square kilometre of surface deposits 20,000 tonnes of water. The ratio of water to Dyn-O-Gel is suggested as 2000 : 1, and at this ratio each square kilometre would require 10 tonnes of material. A typical eye might be 20 km in radius, surrounded by a 20km thick eyewall (i.e. 3,770 square kilometres in total), and this would require 37,700 tonnes of "Dyn-O-Gel". A C-5A heavy- lift transport airplane can carry a 100 tonne payload. Thus treating the eyewall would require 377 sorties. A typical average reflectivity in the eyewall is about 40 dB(Z), which works out to 1.3 cm/hr rain rate. To keep the eyewall doped it would be necessary to deliver this quantity of "Dyn-O-Gel" every hour-and-a-half or so. If the reflectivity is increased to 43 dB(Z) it would be necessary to repeat the operation every hour. If the eyewall is only 10 km thick, 157 sorties every hour-and-a-half would be required at the lower reflectivity.
Thus there are still significant problems with known methods of reducing the power of hurricanes.
Summary of the Invention
It is an object of this invention to slow down or stop a big wind, and overcome the problems identified above.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for seeding a rain cloud, comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the cloud.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of reducing the force of a storm, comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the path of the storm. The seeding material should absorb water, and will therefore need to be highly porous. The seeding material preferably stimulates the formation of rain. The seeding material may be electrically charged, and preferably negatively charged.
The seeding material is preferably aerogel. The aerogel may be dispersed into the path of the storm by explosively shattering it into fragments. Alternatively, the aerogel may be in powder form to start with. The aerogel may be released from a missile, or rocket, or from an aircraft or balloon. Other alternatives include release from a boat or water vehicle.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for neutralising the force of a storm, comprising a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio, and a delivery mechanism for introducing the seeding material into the path of the storm.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a photograph of a typical hurricane; Figure 2 is a TEM image of aerogel;
Figures 3 A and 3B are schematic illustrations of the structure of aerogel; and Figure 4 is an SEM image of aerogel following catastrophic shattering.
Detailed Description
It is known that a big wind over land weakens rapidly. This does not occur because of friction, but because the storm lacks the moisture and heat sources previously provided by the ocean provided. The depletion of moisture and heat reduces the production of thunderstorms near the storm centre. Without the convection inherent in thunderstorms, the storm rapidly fills.
The lack of moisture is at least partly due to dust particles that are picked up from the ground. These attach to the water, causing rain to form. As the moisture dissipates as rain, the wind loses strength and eventually slows down or stops. This effect can be reproduced by introducing aerogel into the rain band of a storm.
Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. The result is an extremely low density solid. Aerogel is an amorphous material, usually formed from silica, is a desiccant and has an extremely large surface area per unit mass. The surface area is about 600 m2/g. In more detail, aerogel comprises a dendritic microstructure of silica, in which spherical particles of average size 2-5 nm are fused together into clusters. These clusters form a three-dimensional highly porous structure of almost fractal chains, with pores smaller than 100 nm, and it is this which leads to the high surface area. The structure of aerogel is visible in the TEM image of Figure 2, and is illustrated schematically in Figures 3A and 3B. Aerogels are very interesting materials due to their extremely low density, low index of refraction, and reasonably high light transmission properties. The density can be less than 1% of that of ordinary glass, with aerogels still exhibiting glass-like transparency and high monolithicity. Cabot Corporation (USA) manufacture and distribute an aerogel material under the trade mark Nanogel™. Explained simply, the aerogel production process consists of a sol-gel process followed by a supercritical drying of the gel. The product is a transparent, highly porous, inorganic material in which the solid part is quartz.
In order to reduce the power of a storm, aerogel is introduced into the rain band as early as possible. This may be achieved, for example, by release from an aeroplane. Because the Aerogel is a desiccant it will absorb water. A small amount of aerogel absorbs a large amount of water resulting in the formation of large droplets, and thus a considerable quantity of rain.
A number of delivery mechanisms may be used to introduce the aerogel into a storm. Aerogel is a friable product. This means that, if its elastic limit if exceeded, it shatters catastrophically into tiny fragments, as shown in Figure 4. This property may be used for rapid dispersal of the material. One way of exceeding the elastic limit is to subject the material to an explosive charge such as, for example, a Rapid Detonating Explosive (RDX) such as mercury fulminate. This type of detonating explosive creates a shock wave that shatters and disperses the aerogel.
Aerogel can thus be dispersed into a storm by detonation in the path of the storm. This may be achieved, for example, by rocket, missile, aircraft or balloon, although it will be appreciated that other delivery mechanisms are also possible. For example, a boat may be used. Once in or near the storm, the aerogel is released or shattered and disbursed.
In an other example, the aerogel may be transported in fine powder form. It would then be possible to disperse the aerogel without the need to exceed its elastic limit. The aerogel could simply be dispersed as a powder spray into the path of a storm. Since aerogel is hygroscopic, it should be enclosed in a sealed container prior to its dispersal.
It is important to ensure that the aerogel particles separate from each other, and attach to the water in the storm. One way of ensuring this is to apply a charge to the aerogel. This charge could be a positive or negative electrical charge. When the aerogel is shattered, the particles repel each other since they all have the same charge. Effectively, molecules within the structure are ionised.
The atmosphere in the storm itself is usually charged as well. Typically the top of a storm is positively charged. If the charge applied to the aerogel is opposite to the charge on the moist air in the storm, then the charged aerogel paricles will repel each other but be attract the charged moist air, thus encouraging the formation of water droplets. Since the moist air at the top of a storm is positively charged, the aerogel should be negatively charged in order to accelerate the formation of water droplets.
It will be appreciated that variations from the above described embodiments may still fall within the scope of the invention, which is defined in the claims.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A method of seeding a rain cloud, comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the cloud.
2. A method of reducing the force of a storm, comprising introducing a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio into the path of the storm.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the seeding material absorbs water.
4. A method of reducing the force of a storm, comprising introducing a highly porous, low density seeding material into the path of the storm.
5. A method as claimed in claim 2, 3 or 4, wherein the seeding material stimulates the formation of rain.
6. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the seeding material is electrically charged.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the seeding material is negatively charged.
8. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the seeding material is aerogel.
9. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising releasing the seeding material from an aircraft.
10. A method as claimed in claim 8, comprising releasing the aerogel by explosively shattering it into fragments.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the aerogel is released from a missile.
12. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the aerogel is in powder form.
13. A method of reducing the force of a storm, comprising introducing aerogel into the path of the storm.
14. A system for neutralising the force of a storm, comprising: a seeding material having a high surface area : mass ratio; and a delivery mechanism for introducing the seeding material into the path of the storm.
15. A system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the seeding material is aerogel.
16. A system as claimed in claim 14 or 15, wherein the delivery mechanism includes an explosive charge.
17. A system as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein the delivery mechanism includes an aeroplane.
18. A system as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein the delivery mechanism includes a missile.
19. A system as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein the delivery mechanism includes a boat.
PCT/GB2007/050115 2006-03-14 2007-03-08 Neutralisation of strong winds WO2007105014A1 (en)

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GB0605087A GB2436197A (en) 2006-03-14 2006-03-14 Neutralisation of strong winds
GB0605087.6 2006-03-14

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104106436A (en) * 2013-02-08 2014-10-22 美国政府（由美国商务部长代表） Technique to mitigate storms using arrays of wind turbines
WO2020014099A1 (en) * 2018-07-09 2020-01-16 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Aerial electrostatic system for weather modification

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GB201574A (en) * 1922-07-29 1924-10-30 Luke Francis Warren Improvements in or relating to condensing, coalescing and precipitating atmospheric moisture
DE1083733B (en) * 1959-03-11 1960-06-15 Ruggieri Ets Means for triggering or increasing precipitation and processes for the production of such means
US3690552A (en) * 1971-03-09 1972-09-12 Us Army Fog dispersal
US3785557A (en) * 1972-12-21 1974-01-15 Colspan Environmental Syst Inc Cloud seeding system
FR2283920A1 (en) * 1974-09-04 1976-04-02 Ciba Geigy Ag Highly dispersed powder mixt. of silver halide and polymer - for nucleating clouds, in photography and water disinfection
FR2468300A1 (en) * 1979-11-02 1981-05-08 Anvar Artificial atmospheric precipitation - by dispersing di:methyl:sulphoxide compsn. as micro-droplets in e.g. cloud or fog
US5441200A (en) * 1993-08-20 1995-08-15 Rovella, Ii; Ernest J. Tropical cyclone disruption
US6315213B1 (en) * 2000-06-21 2001-11-13 Peter Cordani Method of modifying weather

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US3659785A (en) * 1970-12-08 1972-05-02 Us Air Force Weather modification utilizing microencapsulated material
FR2199565B1 (en) * 1972-09-15 1975-03-14 France Etat
RU1166360C (en) * 1983-09-15 1994-06-15 Центральная аэрологическая обсерватория Method of dispersing clouds and fog
WO2001036560A1 (en) * 1999-11-12 2001-05-25 Moeller Detlef Method for dissolving fog and/or clouds

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB201574A (en) * 1922-07-29 1924-10-30 Luke Francis Warren Improvements in or relating to condensing, coalescing and precipitating atmospheric moisture
DE1083733B (en) * 1959-03-11 1960-06-15 Ruggieri Ets Means for triggering or increasing precipitation and processes for the production of such means
US3690552A (en) * 1971-03-09 1972-09-12 Us Army Fog dispersal
US3785557A (en) * 1972-12-21 1974-01-15 Colspan Environmental Syst Inc Cloud seeding system
FR2283920A1 (en) * 1974-09-04 1976-04-02 Ciba Geigy Ag Highly dispersed powder mixt. of silver halide and polymer - for nucleating clouds, in photography and water disinfection
FR2468300A1 (en) * 1979-11-02 1981-05-08 Anvar Artificial atmospheric precipitation - by dispersing di:methyl:sulphoxide compsn. as micro-droplets in e.g. cloud or fog
US5441200A (en) * 1993-08-20 1995-08-15 Rovella, Ii; Ernest J. Tropical cyclone disruption
US6315213B1 (en) * 2000-06-21 2001-11-13 Peter Cordani Method of modifying weather

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104106436A (en) * 2013-02-08 2014-10-22 美国政府（由美国商务部长代表） Technique to mitigate storms using arrays of wind turbines
WO2020014099A1 (en) * 2018-07-09 2020-01-16 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture Aerial electrostatic system for weather modification

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GB2436197A (en) 2007-09-19

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