Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/0606—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing heteroatoms not provided for by C07K5/06086 - C07K5/06139, e.g. Ser, Met, Cys, Thr
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06078—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06104—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being acidic
  • C07K5/06113—Asp- or Asn-amino acid

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds which diminish the symptoms of dopamine deficiency.
• Dopamine is a substance produced naturally by neurons in the basal ganglia of the brain that allows smooth, co-ordinated control of voluntary movement. Loss of, or impairment of, dopamine-producing neurons in the brain is implicated in Parkinson's disease and related Parkinson-plus syndromes. These conditions respond to dopamine replacement therapy. Other conditions, for example, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) also respond to dopamine replacement therapy.
• RLS Restless Legs Syndrome
• Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects neuronal cells in the substantia nigra in the mid-brain. It is an age-related disorder of the central nervous system primarily attacking people over the age of 60. Approximately one out of every 500 people contract the illness and approximately one out of every 100 people over the age of 60 contract the illness. As indicated above, Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a deficiency of dopamine. The common symptoms include tremor, stiffness (or rigidity) of muscles, slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and loss of balance (postural dysfunction). Parkinson's disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative illnesses. The natural history of the disease is progressive and from 10-15 years from onset of the disease becomes disabling in most patients.
• Parkinson's disease is largely sporadic and referred to as idiopathic in nature. Forms of the illness due to vascular incidents and to toxin exposure also exist. Rare familial forms of the illness also exist.
• L-dopa dopamine precursor levodopa (or L-dopa) or dopaminergic compounds.
• L-dopa is highly effective in reversing the motor symptoms of the illness but on chronic treatment and with disease progression, its effectiveness declines. The duration of drug response is reduced and unpredictable fluctuations in movement occur.
• Treatment is associated with therapy limiting side effects which include involuntary movements (dyskinesia) and psychosis.
• RLS is a neurosensorimotor disorder with parestethesias, sleep disturbances and, in most cases, periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS).
• RLS is characterised by (1) a desire to move the legs, usually associated with paresthesias/dysesthesias, (2) motor restlessness, (3) worsening or exclusive presence of symptoms at rest (i.e. lying, sitting) with at least partial or temporary relief by activity, and (4) worsening of symptoms during the evening or night.
• the present invention provides compounds which are active as dopaminergic compounds or as compounds which or as compounds which diminish the symptoms of dopamine deficiency.
• R 1 is a carboxyl, carboxyl ester, or carboxamide group
• R 7 is (i) optionally substituted phenyl or monocyclic heteroaryl, or (ii) a radical of formula -CHR 4 R 5 ;
• R 4 is (a) optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyloxy, or C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, or
• R 5 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or methyl substituted by 1 , 2 or 3 fluoro atoms; or
• R 4 and R 5 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of 3 to 6 ring atoms, optionally fused to a second, optionally substituted, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring or 3 to 8 ring atoms;
• the compounds of the invention may be regarded as amino acid derivatives of L- dopa (2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid) or L-dopa-like compounds, wherein the former (to the left of the wavy line in formula (IA)) is linked to the latter (to the right of the wavy line in formula (IA)) by a peptide bond (intersected by the wavy
• the amino acid which acylates the amino group of the L-dopa part is characterised by di-substitution on its alpha carbon atom.
• (C a -C b )alkyl wherein a and b are integers refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from a to b carbon atoms.
• a 1 and b is 6, for example, the term includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
• (C a -C b )alkenyl means a straight or branched chain alkenyl moiety having from a to b carbon atoms having at least one double bond of either E or Z stereochemistry where applicable.
• a is 2 and b is 6, the term includes, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1- and 2-butenyl and 2-methyl-2-propenyl.
• C 2 -C 6 alkynyl refers to straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon groups having from a to b carbon atoms and having in addition one triple bond.
• a 2 and b is 6, the term includes, for example,, ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 1- and 2-butynyl, 2-methyl-2-propynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl and 5-hexynyl.
• Carbocyclic refers to a mono-, bi- or tricyclic radical having up to 16 ring atoms, all of which are carbon, and includes aryl and cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic saturated carbocyclic radical having from 3-8 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• aryl refers to a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic carbocyclic aromatic radical, and includes radicals having two monocyclic carbocyclic aromatic rings which are directly linked by a covalent bond.
• Illustrative of such radicals are phenyl, biphenyl and napthyl.
• heteroaryl refers to a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic aromatic radical containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, and includes radicals having two such monocyclic rings, or one such monocyclic ring and one monocyclic aryl ring, which are directly linked by a covalent bond.
• Illustrative of such radicals are thienyl, benzthienyl, furyl, benzfuryl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, benztriazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl and indazolyl.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” includes “heteroaryl” as defined above, and in its non-aromatic meaning relates to a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic non-aromatic radical containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, and to groups consisting of a monocyclic non-aromatic radical containing one or more such heteroatoms which is covalently linked to another such radical or to a monocyclic carbocyclic radical.
• radicals are pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, indolyl, morpholinyl, benzfuranyl, pyranyl, isoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, maleimido and succinimido groups.
• substituted as applied to any moiety herein means substituted with up to four compatible substituents, each of which independently may be, for example, (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 ) cycloalkyl, (CrC 6 )alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, mercapto, mercapto(C 1 - C 6 )alkyl, (CrC 6 )alkylthio, phenyl, monocyclic heterocyclic, benzyl, phenoxy, halo (including fluoro, bromo and chloro), trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, nitrile ( -CN), oxo, -COOH, -COOR A , -COR A , -SO 2 R A , -CONH 2 , -SO 2 NH 2 , -
• salt includes base addition, acid addition and quaternary salts.
• Compounds of the invention which are acidic can form salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, with bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium and potassium hydroxides; alkaline earth metal hydroxides e.g. calcium, barium and magnesium hydroxides; with organic bases e.g. N-methyl-D-glucamine, choline tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane, L-arginine, L-lysine, N-ethyl piperidine, dibenzylamine and the like.
• bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium and potassium hydroxides; alkaline earth metal hydroxides e.g. calcium, barium and magnesium hydroxides; with organic bases e.g. N-methyl-D-glucamine, choline tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane, L-arginine, L-lysine, N-ethyl pipe
• hydrohalic acids such as hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids, sulphuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid and the like
• organic acids e.g. with acetic, tartaric, succinic, fumaric, maleic, malic, salicylic, citric, methanesulphonic, p-toluenesulphonic, benzoic, benzenesunfonic, glutamic, lactic, and mandelic acids and the like.
• carbon atom to which Ri is attached is assymmetric, and the stereochemistry at that centre is as shown in formula (I).
• the compounds of the invention may contain one or more additional chiral centres, because of the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms, and they can exist as a number of diastereoisomers with R or S stereochemistry at each chiral centre.
• the invention includes all such diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
• R 1 may be a carboxyl group (-COOH), a carboxyl ester group or a carboxamide group.
• Compounds wherein Ri is a carboxyl group form one presently preferred subclass.
• Examples of carboxyl ester groups R 1 include those of formula -COOR C wherein R c is a C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl group.
• a presently preferred carboxyl ester group is the methyl ester -COOCH 3 .
• carboxamide groups Ri include those of formula -CONR B (Alk) n R A wherein
• AIk is an optionally substituted divalent Ci-C 6 alkylene, or C 2 -C 6 alkenylene or C 2 -C 6 alkynylene radical,
• n 0 or 1
• R B is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl group
• R A is hydrogen, hydroxy or optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclyl
• N-heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or more additional hetero atoms selected from O, S and N, and which may optionally be substituted on one or more ring C or N atoms.
• R B may be hydrogen or methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, or allyl,;
• R A may be hydroxy or optionally substituted phenyl, 3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, N- piperazinyl, or N-morpholinyl; or R A and R B taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an N-heterocyclic ring which may optionally contain one or more additional hetero atoms selected from O, S and N, and which may optionally be substituted on one or more ring C or N atoms.
• a presently preferred carboxamide group Ri is -CONH 2 .
• R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different
• R 2 and R 3 are each hydrogen.
• R 7 is a radical of formula -CHR 4 R 5
• a particular subclass of compounds of the invention has R 4 as optionally substituted ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, iso- or tert butyl, phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, pyridyl, pyridylmethyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl.
• R 5 may be hydrogen.
• R 7 is a radical of formula -CHR 4 R 5
• another subclass of compounds of the invention has R 4 and R 5 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached forming an optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or piperidinyl ring.
• R 7 is an optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, or pyrrolyl ring.
• variable substituents in compounds (I) of the invention may be selected from , for example, methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyclopropyl, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, mercapto, oxo, -NH 2 , -NHR A , or -NR A R B wherein R A and R B are independently methyl or ethyl.
• the stereochemical orientation of the bond marked * is S.
• the compounds of the invention are accessible by well known methods of peptide synthesis whereby an acylating derivative of an amino acid (II) is reacted with the amino group of an amino acid of formula (III)
• P is a protected amino group and R 1 -R? are as defined in relation to formula (I) above, to form the desired peptide bond between the two reactants, and the protected amino group of reactant (II) is deprotected.
• L-dopa itself is metabolised in the gut, the gut membrane, plasma, kidney and the liver and this significantly reduces its bioavailability and increases intersubject variability in the resulting blood levels of L- dopa.
• the present compounds have a different pharmacokinetic profile from L-dopa itself, due to the time over which cleavage occurs and L-dopa is released.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in a method of treatment of a condition associated with impaired dopaminergic signalling in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an amount of the compound effective to reduce such impairment.
• the compounds are also useful in the preparation of a composition for treatment of a condition associated with impaired dopaminergic signalling. Examples of such conditions include Parkinson's disease, or Restless Legs Syndrome, as well as Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, generation of pituitary tumours,, a parkinson-plus syndrome, levodopa responsive dystonia, dyskinesia, periodic movements in sleep, dysphagia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
• Parkinson's disease which can be treated with the compounds of the invention include sporadic Parkinson's disease, familial forms of Parkinson's disease and post-encephalitic Parkinsonism.
• Parkinson-plus syndromes which can be treated with the compounds of the invention include progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy.
• the dyskinesia is L-dopa-induced dyskinesia.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered in a variety of dosage forms. Thus, they can be administered orally, for example as tablets, capsules, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules.
• the compounds can be administered in a sublingual formulation, for example a buccal formulation.
• the compounds of the invention may also be administered parenterally, whether subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intrasternally, transdermal ⁇ , by inhalation (e.g. intranasally) or by infusion techniques.
• the compounds may also be administered as suppositories.
• the compounds of the invention are administered orally or by inhalation (e.g. intranasally).
• the compounds of the invention are administered orally. More preferably, the compounds of the invention are administered as a tablet or capsule.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• solid oral forms may contain, together with the active compound, diluents, e.g. lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch; lubricants, e.g. silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycols; binding agents; e.g. starches, arabic gums, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; disaggregating agents, e.g.
• diluents e.g. lactose, dextrose, saccharose, cellulose, corn starch or potato starch
• lubricants e.g. silica, talc, stearic acid, magnesium or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycols
• binding agents e.g. starches, arabic gums, gelatin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose or polyvinyl pyrroli
• Such pharmaceutical preparations may be manufactured in known manner, for example, by means of mixing, granulating, tableting, sugar coating, or film coating processes.
• Liquid dispersions for oral administration may be syrups, emulsions and suspensions.
• the syrups may contain as carriers, for example, saccharose or saccharose with glycerine and/or mannitol and/or sorbitol.
• Suspensions and emulsions may contain as carrier, for example a natural gum, agar, sodium alginate, pectin, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or polyvinyl alcohol.
• the suspension or solutions for intramuscular injections may contain, together with the active compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. sterile water, olive oil, ethyl oleate, glycols, e.g. propylene glycol, and if desired, a suitable amount of lidocaine hydrochloride.
• the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the form of a capsule or tablet.
• Solutions for injection or infusion may contain as carrier, for example, sterile water or preferably they may be in the form of sterile, aqueous, isotonic saline solutions.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be administered with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.
• the present invention therefore provides a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is carbidopa or benserazide.
• the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is carbidopa.
• a product comprising (a) a compound of the formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above and (b) a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor as defined above, for simultaneous separate or sequential use in the treatment of the human or animal body.
• said medicament is typically for co-administration with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor defined above.
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing treatment. Optimum dose levels and frequency of dosing will be determined by clinical trial. However, it is expected that a typical dose will be in the range from about 0.001 to 50 mg per kg of body weight.
• the system used to obtain LC-MS data comprised a Waters Alliance 2695 quaternary HPLC, Waters 996 Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector and Waters ZQ 2000 single quadrupole mass spectrometer.
• the ZQ can acquire data simultaneously in positive and negative electrospray ionisation modes.
• the reverse phase separation was carried out on a Zorbax XDB C8 150 x 4.6mm with 5 ⁇ m silica from Agilent for both the low and neutral pH methods.
• Step 1 The product of Step 1 (0.4Og) was suspended in dichloromethane (5mL) and the suspension cooled in an ice-water bath. A solution of HCI in dioxane (4M, 2.OmL) was added and the mixture stirred at 20 0 C for 5h. Ether was added and the mixture stirred for a further 1h. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to afford a colourless solid (0.135g). HPLC retention time 6.12min. Mass spectrum (ES+) m/z 365 (M+H).
• Example 2 Mass spectrum (ES+) m/z 365 (M+H).
• Example 1 Step 1 The product of Example 1 Step 1 (0.01Og) was treated with acetic acid (3mL) and heated to 4O 0 C. HCI (g) was bubbled through the solution. Acetyl chloride (2mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was cooled to 2O 0 C and stirred for 16h. Ether was added and the precipitate was collected by filtration to afford a colourless solid (0.08Og). HPLC retention time 7.25min. Mass spectrum (ES+) m/z 449 (M+H).
• 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (15.0 g, 0.076 mole) was suspended in benzyl alcohol (381 mL). This suspension was then cooled with an ice bath to 5 0 C and treated with thionyl chloride (76.2 mL). The resulting solution was heated to between 95 0 C and 100 0 C for 5 h, in a nitrogen atmosphere. The suspension was cooled to 2O 0 C and diluted with 1.5 L of dry ether to yield a solid precipitate. The suspension was stirred at 2O 0 C temperature for 16h, filtered, and then washed with ether and dried in a vacuum oven to afford a colourless solid (7.7 g) .
• Step 1 The product of Step 1 (1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml.) and 10% Pd/C (50% wet, 600mg) was added. The resulting suspension was hydrogenated at 1 atm H 2 for 24 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 5% MeOH/ dichloromethane. The product was dissolved in dioxane (10 m!_), cooled to 15 0 C and saturated with HCI (g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h after which the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10% MeOH/ dichloromethane to afford a brown solid (0.11Og). HPLC retention time 5.43min. Mass spectrum (ES+) m/z 395 (M+H).
• Step 1 The product of Step 1 (1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml_) and 10% Pd/C (50% wet, 600mg) was added. The resulting suspension was hydrogenated at 1 atm H 2 for 24 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 10% MeOH/ dichloromethane. The product was dissolved in MeCN: H 2 O (1:1) and lyophilized to afford a light brown solid (0.10Og). HPLC retention time 4.68min. Mass spectrum (ES-) m/z 353 (M-H).
• reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water, dried and evaporated in vacuo to give a yellow oil which was purified by flash column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :2) to afford a colourless solid (0.23g).
• Step 2 An analogous procedure to Example 1 Step 2 was followed starting from the product of Step 1 (0.23g, 0.487mmol) which afforded an off-white solid (0.23g). HPLC retention time 5.77min. Mass spectrum (ES+) m/z 373 (M+H).
• reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water, dried and evaporated in vacuo to give a yellow oil which was purified by flash column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :2) to afford a colourless oil (0.26g).
• the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (8 ⁇ g free base in 4 ⁇ l_ of 0.9% saline containing 0.05% ascorbic acid) was injected into the left median forebrain bundle at a constant rate over 4 min (1 ⁇ l/min) using a 10- ⁇ L Hamilton syringe lowered to -8 mm below the dura. The needle remained in place for a further 4 min before being removed, and the wound cleaned and sutured.
• Flunixin hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, Dunlop's Veterinary Supplies, Dumfries, UK) was administered for pain relief and a rehydration treatment of 5% glucose in 0.9% saline (up to 5ml ip) was given prior to recovery from the anaesthetic.

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• 2006
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