WO2007081774A2

WO2007081774A2 - Platinum and titanium containing electrocatalysts

Info

Publication number: WO2007081774A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/000225
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ting He; Eric Rolland Kreidler
Original assignee: Honda Motor Co., Ltd
Priority date: 2006-01-06
Filing date: 2007-01-05
Publication date: 2007-07-19
Also published as: WO2007081774A3; JP2009522100A; JP5425472B2

Abstract

The present teachings are directed toward electrocatalyst compositions consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, and additional metals, possibly up to five total metals, for use in fuel cells. The electrocatalyst compositions are composed essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal, possibly a fourth or fifth metal in some embodiments, can be present. The possible third metals include at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. Any additional fourth and fifth metals are different from the third metal and each other and can be selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

Description

PLATINUM AND TITANIUM CONTAINING ELECTROCATALYSTS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] The present application claims benefit from earlier filed U.S. Patent

Application No. 1 1/326,350 filed January 6, 2006, Application No. 1 1/370,991 filed March 9, 2006, Application No. 11/429,251 filed May 8, 2006, and Application No. 11/429,252 filed May 8, 2006, all of which are incorporated herein in their respective entirety by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

[002] The present teachings relate to electrocatalyst compositions composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent ₍and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

[003] The present teachings also relate to electrocatalyst compositions composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron.

|004] The present teachings further relate to electrocatalyst compositions composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. [005] The present teachings also relate to electrocatalyst compositions composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and a fifth metal. The platinum can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 30 percent, the fourth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, the fifth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth and fifth metals are different from each other and the third metal and can each be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

Discussion of the Related Art

[006] The desire to reduce the amount of expensive platinum group metals needed to obtain a desired level of performance for an electrocatalyst is an ever present operational parameter for the design of many devices and procedures involving clcctrocatalysts. J007J Enhancement of catalytic performance by combining platinum with various less expensive metals is one of the possible avenues to reduce the amount of platinum required, or increase the efficiency of the catalyzed reaction, or both. One application of interest for Pt-based electrocatalyst is. for instance, the cathode reaction of a typical proton exchange membrane fuel cell ("PEMFC") which can utilize an electrode containing a Pt-based electrocatalyst to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction. [008] A need exists for electrocatalyst compositions and thin film fuel cell electrocatalysts that reduce the amount of platinum needed to achieve a desired performance level.

SUMMARY

[009] The present teachings satisfy the need for electrocatalyst compositions with lower platinum amounts, particularly for fuel cell electrocatalysts, and especially for thin film fuel cell electrocatalysts.

[010] An electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a . third metal is taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

[011] A fuel cell electrocatalyst comprising a composition containing essentially platinum, titanium and a third metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent_^ titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

{012] The present teachings further include a fuel cell assembly comprising at least one thin film electrocatalyst, a membrane, and at least one electrode. The thin film electrocatalyst comprises a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal taught by the present disclosure. The composition "can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

[013] Another electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal is taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron. [014] A fuel cell electrocatalyst comprising a composition containing essentially platinum, titanium and a third metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron. [015] The present teachings further include a fuel cell assembly comprising at least one thin film electrocatalyst, a membrane, and at least one electrode. The thin film electrocatalyst comprises a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron. [016] An additional electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about I percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold.

[017J A fuel cell electrocatalyst comprising a composition containing essentially platinum, titanium and a third metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold.

[018] The present teachings further include a fuel cell assembly comprising at least one thin film electrocatalyst, a membrane, and at least one electrode. The thin film electrocatalyst comprises a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthemram, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold. |019) Yet, another electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and a fifth metal is taught by the present disclosure. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, the fourth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. The frith metal is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

[020] A electrocatalyst comprising a metal composition containing essentially platinum, titanium, a third metal and a fourth metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The metal composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent and the fourth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

|021] The present teachings further include a fuel cell assembly comprising at least an electrocatalyst, a membrane,, and at least one electrode. The electrocatalyst comprises a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and a fifth metal is also taught by the present disclosure. The metal composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about I percent and about 30 percent, the fourth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. The fifth metal is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

[022] Also included in the present teachings is an electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, cobalt and palladium. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 60 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 30 percent. 1023] The electrocatalyst taught by the present disclosure can be a thin film clectrocatalyst which can also be a supported electrocatalyst which can comprise a powder composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, and any additional metals supported on a high surface area support material. The electrocatalyst can, in some alternative embodiments, be a supported nanoparticle-containing powder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[024] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and together with the detailed description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:

[025] Fig. 1 illustrates the activity relative to a pure platinum thin film at 0.8 V for each of the samples from Table 3 versus the atomic percentage of platinum;

[026] Fig. 2 illustrates the activity relative to a pure platinum thin film at 0.8 V for each of the samples from Table 3 versus the atomic percentage of titanium;

[027] Fig. 3 illustrates the activity relative to a pure platinum thin film at 0.8 V for each of the samples from Table 3 versus the atomic percentage of cobalt; and

[028] Fig. 4 illustrates the activity relative to a pure platinum thin film at 0.8 V for each of the samples from Table 3 versus the atomic percentage of palladium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[029] The present teachings relate to an electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third meta! present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

[030] Λn additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent. Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent. A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent. Another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

|031] Other electrocatalyst compositions taught by the present disclosure can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and nickel, vanadium, or molybdenum as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent. Additional electrocatalyst compositions taught by the present disclosure can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and nickel, vanadium, or molybdenum as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

(032] Also provided by the present teachings is a fuel cell electrocatalyst composed from an electrocatalyst composition, where the composition is composed essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

[033] A fuel cell assembly including a membrane, a thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst, and an electrode which can be different from the thin film electrocatalyst is provided. The thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst can be composed of a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal. The composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum. [034] In additional embodiments of the present fuel cell assembly, the platinum can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent. Further additional embodiments of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent.

J035] Other examples of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent. Still further examples of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atoinic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

[036] Yet other examples of the present fuel cell assembly can have an electrocatalyst composed of a composition composed essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and nickel, vanadium, or molybdenum as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent. Further embodiments of the present foe! cell assembly can have an electrocatalyst composed of a composition composed essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and nickel, vanadium, or molybdenum as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

J037J The present teachings also relate to an electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron. J038} An additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent. Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 90 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 3 percent and about 25 percent, and copper present in an atomic percentage ranging

H between about 5 percent and about 25 percent. A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and copper present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[039] Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and manganese present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 21 percent. A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 36 percent.

J040] Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 25 percent, and iron present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 7 percent and about 22 percent. A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and iron present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 14 percent and about 22 percent.

|04I] Additional electrocatalyst compositions taught by the present disclosure can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and copper, manganese, or iron as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent. [042] Also provided by the present teachings is a fuel cell electrocatalyst composed from an electrocatalyst composition, where the composition is composed essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron.

{043] A fuel cell assembly including a membrane, a thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst, and an electrode which can be different from the thin film electrocatalyst is provided. The thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst can be composed of a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal. The composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between, about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron. ^' [044] In additional embodiments of the present fuel cell assembly, the platinum can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

|045] Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 90 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 3 percent and about 25 percent, and copper present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent. A further additional embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percen.t. titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and copper present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[046] Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and manganese present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 21 percent. A further additional embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 16 percent.

[047] Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 25 percent, and iron present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 7 percent and about 22 percent. A further additional embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and iron present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 14 percent and about 22 percent.

[048] Additional fuel cell assemblies taught by the present disclosure can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and copper, manganese, or iron as a third metal present at atomic percentages ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent.

|049] Furthermore, the present teachings also relate to an electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold.

[050] An additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent. Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 21 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent. A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 2] percent, and cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent. [053] Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

[052] Also provided by the present teachings is a fuel cell electrocatalyst composed from an electrocatalyst composition, where the composition is composed essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold.

[053] A fuel cell assembly including a membrane, a thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst, and an electrode which can be different from the thin film electrocatalyst is provided. The thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst can be composed of a composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal. The composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold.

[054] In additional embodiments of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

[055] Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 21 percent, and the third metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

[056] A further additional embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can consist of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 2] percent, and cobalt can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent. Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

[057] The present teachings further additionally relate to an electrocatalyst composition including a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and, optionally, a fifth metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. When the optional fifth metal is present in the electrocatalyst composition, it is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. [058] An additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between aboxit 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal can be nickel present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent. Further examples of the present teachings include an electrocatalyst composition with vanadium as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or an alternative composition with molybdenum as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

[059] Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[060] A further additional embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[061] Yet another example of the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, with iron present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[062] A still further embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, with cobalt present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[063] In another embodiment of the electrocatalyst composition, palladium can be the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, and titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

[064] An additional embodiment of the present teachings is directed to an electrocatalyst composition having a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, cobalt and . palladium. The platinum can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 60 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 4 percent and about 20 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 30 percent. [065] Another electrocatalyst composition embodiment can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 40 percent and about 55 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 13 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 16 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 18 percent and about 26 percent.

[066] Also provided by the present teachings is a fuel cell electrocatalyst composed from an electrocatalyst composition, where the composition is composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and, optionally, a fifth metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. When the optional fifth metal is present in the electrocatalyst composition, it is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper. zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

[067] An additional embodiment of the fuel cell electrocatalyst can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal can be nickel present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent. Further examples of the present teachings include a file] cell electrocatalyst with vanadium as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or an alternative fuel cell electrocatalyst with molybdenum as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

[068] Yet another example of the fuel cell electrocatalyst can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about

10 percent and about 25 percent.

[069] A further additional embodiment of the fuel cell electrocatalyst can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between, about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

{070] Yet another example of the fuel cell electrocatalyst can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, with iron present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

|073] A still further embodiment of the fuel cell electrocatalyst can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent. titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, with cobalt present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[072] In another embodiment of the fuel cell electrocatalyst, palladium can be the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, and titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

[073] The present fuel cell assembly can also utilize an electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 60 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 4 percent and about 20 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 30 percent. In another embodiment of the fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can consist of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 40 percent and about 55 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 13 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and aboxit 16 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 18 percent and about 26 percent.

[074] A fuel cell assembly including a membrane, a thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst, and an electrode which can be different from the thin film electrocatalyst is also provided. The thin film, or supported, electrocatalyst can be composed of a metal composition composed essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and, optionally, a fifth metal. The composition can contain platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal can be present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent. The fourth metal is different from the third metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. When the optional fifth metal is present in the electrocatalyst composition it is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

[075J In additional embodiments of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal can be nickel present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent. Further examples of the present teachings include fuel cell assembly including an electrocatalyst composition with vanadium as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or an alternative composition with molybdenum as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 20 percent.

[076] Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent. [077] A further additional embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocalalyst composition can consist of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese as the third metal and present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[078J Yet another example of the present fuel cell assembly, the electrocatalyst composition can have platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, with iron present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

[079] A still further embodiment of the foel cell assembly can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, with cobalt present as the third metal in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

{080) In another embodiment of the fuel cell assembly, palladium can be the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, with platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, and titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

[081] The electrocatalyst compositions and fuel cell electrocatalysts can be in the form of a supported nanoparticle-containϊng powder. The nanoparticles present in the supported powder can range in size from about 0.5 nm to about 100 ran, and can be composed of nanoparticles of the above described electrocatalyst compositions. {082) The fuel cell electrocatalyst can be in various forms, including, for example, a thin film, a supported powder, or a supported nanoparticle-eontaining powder. The powder electrocatalyst and nanoparticle-eontaining fuel cell electrocatalyst can be supported on a support, such as a high surface area carbon, like carbon black, for instance, or can be unsupported. High surface area electrically conductive support matenal can also be utilized as a support for the fuel cell electrocatalyst. [083] The fuel cell electrocatalyst can be prepared by, for example, physical vapor deposition. The physical vapor can be plasma generated by a suitable means, for example, plasma guns. Further examples of deposition methods include, for instance, ion plating, ion implantation, evaporation, and laser surface alloying.

[084] The fuel cell electrocatalyst can be prepared by, for example, simultaneous deposition of the platinum metal, the titanium metal and any additional metals. •Alternatively, the fuel cell electrocatalyst as a thin film can be prepared by sequential deposition of the various metals, or by various combinations of simultaneous and sequential deposition of the various metals present in the electrocatalyst composition. [085] The supported electrocatalysts can be composed of a powder composition.

The powder composition can be prepared by any suitable preparation method, for instance, wet chemical methods. The powder can be supported on a suitable high surface area support. The high surface area support can be, for instance, carbon or alumina. High surface area refers to supports with surface areas of at least about ]00 m /g. The thin film electrocatalyst can be the cathode of a PEJvIFC and can drive the oxygen reduction reaction of the PEMFC.

[086] The electrocatalyst compositions can be in the form of a thin film. The thin film clcctrocatalyst can be a film ranging in thickness from nanometers to micrometers thick and can be prepared by physical vapor deposition, electrochemical plating, or ink coating of the desired components onto a suitable substrate. One possible means of producing the desired thin film is physical vapor deposition. Physical vapor deposition refers to the deposition of the components from component vapors generated through, for instance, heat, plasma, and electron beams. The deposition of the components, in this case, platinum, titanium and additional metals, can occur simultaneously, or sequentially. A suitable preparation method is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005-0150760 Al published July 14, 2005.

|087] The thin fiim eJectrocatalyst can be the cathode of a PEMFC and can drive the oxygen reduction reaction of the PEMFC. [088J For all of the compositions taught herein, the concentrations of the metals present therein can be varied to optimize the performance of the electrocatalyst. The electrocatalyst composition can be varied dependent on such factors as the operating environment and performance requirements.

[089] The composition can, in some embodiments, include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, or in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent. Additionally, the composition can, in some embodiments, include titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, or in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent. Furthermore, the composition can, in some embodiments, include nickel present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or molybdenum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or vanadium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

|090] In other embodiments, the composition can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, or in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent. Additionally, the composition can, in some embodiments, include titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about J 0 percent and about 25 percent, in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] 0 percent and about 20 percent, in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, or in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent. Furthermore, the composition can. in some embodiments, include copper present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or manganese present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent, or iron present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent, between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, or between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

[091J Additionally, the electrocatalyst compositions can, in some further embodiments, include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between a low concentration selected from about 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent and 60 percent, and a high concentration selected from about 55 percent, 60 percent, 65 percent, 75 percent and 85 percent. The electrocatalyst compositions can, in some embodiments, include titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between a low concentration selected from about 5 percent, 8 percent and ] 5 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 21 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. A third metal can be present in the electrocatalyst composition, in some embodiments, at a low concentration selected from about 1 percent, 10 percent and 15 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. The third metal can be at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. In some preferred embodiments, the third metal can be cobalt or palladium. Cobalt can be present in an atomic percentage ranging from a low concentration selected from about 1 percent, 4 percent, 9 percent, 10 percent and 15 percent to a high concentration selected from about 16 percent. 20 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. Palladium can be present in the clcctrocatalyst composition in an atomic percentage ranging from a low concentration selected from about 1 percent, 10 percent, 15 percent and 18 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 25 percent, 26 percent and 30 percent. [092] In yet additional embodiments, the electrocatalyst compositions can include platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between a low concentration selected from about 30 percent, 40 percent, 50 percent, 55 percent and 60 percent and a high concentration selected from about 55 percent, 60 percent, 65 percent, 70 percent, 75 percent, 80 percent and 85 percent. The electrocatalyst compositions can, in some embodiments, include titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between a low concentration selected from about 5 percent, I O percent, 13 percent and 15 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. A third metal can be present in the electrocatalyst composition, in some embodiments, at a low concentration selected from about 1 percent and 10 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. The third metal can be selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold. The fourth and optional fifth metals can be present in atomic percentages ranging from a low concentration of about 1 percent to a high concentration of about 30 percent. The fourth and optional fifth metals can be selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium. The fourth and optional fifth metals are different from the third metal and from one another. Cobalt can be present in an atomic percentage ranging from a low concentration selected from about 1 percent, 4 percent, 9 percent, 10 percent and 15 percent to a high concentration selected from about 16 percent, 20 percent, 25 percent and 30 percent. Palladium can be present in the electrocatalyst composition in an atomic percentage ranging from a low concentration selected from about 1 percent, 10 percent,. 15 percent and 18 percent to a high concentration selected from about 20 percent, 25 percent, 26 percent and 30 percent. |093} The metals in the electrocatalyst compositions can be present in any of several possible oxidation states and structures. The metal oxidation state and structure depend on a number of factors, including, for example, the chemical formulation, heat treatment, and any exposure to hydrogen and/or oxygen-containing environments. The possible metal structures can include, for example, alloys, mixed oxides, hydrous oxides, mixed hydrides, bronzes, perovskites. and so forth. The structure of any metals on the surface of the electrocatalyst can differ from, or can be the same as, the structure of metals located within the bulk of the electrocatalyst. The concentration of any metals on the surface of the electrocatalyst can differ from, or can be the same as, the concentration of metals located within the bulk of the electrocatalyst.

[094] The metal components of the composition can be present at or on the surface of the electrocatalyst. The metal components, both oxidized and metallic, can be located anywhere in the structure of an electrocatalyst composition according to the present teachings.

{095] The atomic percentages set forth herein were determined by EDX analysis of the thin film electrocatalyst compositions after evaluation by rotating disc electrode as detailed in the Example section below.

[096] All publications, articles, papers, patents, patent publications, and other references cited herein are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.

[097] Although the foregoing description is directed to the preferred embodiments of the present teachings, it is noted that other variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and which may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present teachings.

[098] The following examples are presented to provide a more complete understanding of the present teachings. The specific techniques, conditions, materials, and reported data set forth to illustrate the principles of the present teachings are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present teachings.

EXAMPLES

[099] Thin film samples having compositions of varying ratios of platinum, titanium and any additional metals were prepared by physical vapor deposition of plasma generated metal vapors. A suitable preparation method is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005-0150760 Al published July 14, 2005. [0100] The activity levels for the oxygen reduction reaction of the platinum, titanium and the additional metal-containing electrocatalysts were electrochemically screened using a hydrodynamic rotating disc electrode (RDE) apparatus, which is capable of screening numerous material compositions simultaneously. A suitable screening method is described in pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005-0103645 Al published May 19, 2005.

[0101] Thin film samples were coated onto 5 mm diameter glassy carbon electrodes.

Following electrochemical cleaning, the samples were then used as the working electrodes in oxygen reduction reaction cells, and the results are presented in Tables 1 through 3 below.

[01021 Iⁿ Tables 1 through 3, the atomic percentages of the platinum, titanium and the additional metal components are tabulated. The shifts of half wave potential (ΔE1/2) in mV are also presented, along with the platinum mass-fraction-based activity relative to pure platinum thin film (R-Act) at both 0.7 V and 0.8 V for each sample, in Tables 1 through 3.

|0103] Figs. 1 through 4 present the activity relative to a pure platinum thin film at 0.8

V for each of the samples presented in Table 3 versus the atomic percentage of platinum, titanium, cobalt and palladium present in the evaluated thin film electrode, respectively.

Table 1

Table 1 (continued)

Table 2 (continued)

Table 3

[0104} The foregoing detailed description of the various embodiments of the present teachings has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present teachings to the precise embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present teachings and their practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the present teachings for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated, It is intended that the scope of the present teachings be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

2. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim J , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent.

3. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim ], wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent.

4. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1. wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

5. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic' percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

6. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

7. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

8. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

9. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

10. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

] 1. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

12. A thin film electrocatalyst consisting of the electrocatalyst composition according to claim 1.

13. A fuel cell assembly comprising: an electrocatalyst, a membrane, and an electrode; wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

14. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 25 percent.

15. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 20 percent.

16. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

17. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

18. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13. wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

19. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a thin film electrocatalyst.

20. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a supported nanoparticle-containing powder eJectrocatalyst.

21. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium and a third meta], wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron.

22. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21 , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

23. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim Ti, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 90 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 3 percent and about 25 percent, and copper is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent.

24. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and copper is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

25. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and manganese is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 21 percent.

26. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21 , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 16 percent.

27. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 25 percent, and iron is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 7 percent and about 22 percent.

28. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and iron is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 14 percent and about 22 percent.

29. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein the third metal is copper and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

30. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21, wherein the third metal is manganese and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

31. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21 , wherein the third metal is iron and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

32. A thin film electrocatalyst consisting of the electrocatalyst composition according to claim 21.

33. A fuel cell assembly comprising: an electrocatalyst, a membrane, and an electrode; wherein the clcctrocatalyst comprises a composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 95 percent,, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, manganese and iron.

34. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

35. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 90 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 3 percent and about 25 percent, and copper is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent.

36. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and copper is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

37. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent, and manganese is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 21 percent.

38. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and manganese is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 16 percent.

39. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 25 percent, and iron is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 7 percent and about 22 percent.

40. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and iron is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 14 percent and about 22 percent.

41. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a thin film electrocatalyst.

42. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 33, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a supported nanoparticle-containing powder electrocatalyst.

43. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium and a third metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and a third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and gold.

44. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 43. wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

45. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 44, wherein the third metal is cobalt.

46. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 43, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 21 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

47. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 46, wherein the third metal is cobalt.

48. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 43, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent, and palladium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

49. A thin film electrocatalyst consisting of the electrocatalyst composition according to claim 43.

50. A fuel cell assembly comprising: an electrocatalyst, a membrane, and an electrode: wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, and a third metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold.

51. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 50, wherein the metal composition consists essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent.

52. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 5I ₃ wherein the third metal is cobalt.

53. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 50, wherein the metal composition consists essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 8 percent and about 21 percent, and the third metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent.

54. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 53, wherein the third metal is cobalt.

55. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 50, wherein the metal composition consists essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] 5 percent and about 25 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

56. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 50, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a thin film electrocatalyst.

57. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 50, wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a supported nanoparticle-containing powder electrocatalyst.

58. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal and a fourth metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about I percent and about 30 percent and the fourth metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold, and the fourth metal is different from the third metal and is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

59. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 58, wherein the metal composition further consists essentially of a fifth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the fifth metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and wherein the third, fourth and fifth metals are different metals.

60. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

61. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 60, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

62. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 60, wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about I percent and about 20 percent.

63. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between aboυt 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and aboυt 25 percent.

64. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between aboυt 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is manganese and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

65. The electro catalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is iron and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

66. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is cobalt and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

67. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 59, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is palladium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

68. A thin film electrocatalyst consisting of the electrocatalyst composition according to claim 58.

69. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and a fifth metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, the fourth metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and the fifth metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold, the fourth metal is different from the third metal and is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and the fifth metal is_. different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

70. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

71. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 70, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

72. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 70, wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

73. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

74. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is manganese and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

75. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is iron and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

76. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is cobalt and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

77. J^"he electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium is present in an atorrυc percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is palladium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

78. A thin film electrocatalyst consisting of the electrocatalyst composition according to claim 69.

79. An electrocatalyst composition consisting essentially of: a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, cobalt and palladium, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 60 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 4 percent and about 20 percent, and palladium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 30 percent.

80. The electrocatalyst composition according to claim 79, wherein the metal composition consists essentially of platinum present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 40 percent and about 55 percent, titanium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about ] 3 percent and about 20 percent, cobalt present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 9 percent and about 16 percent, and palladium present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 18 percent and about 26 percent.

81. A fuel cell assembly comprising: an electrocatalyst, a membrane, and an electrode; wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, titanium, a third metal, a fourth metal and a fifth metal, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 85 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 30 percent, the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, the fourth metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, the fifth metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 30 percent, and wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and gold, the fourth metal is different from the third metal and is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and the fifth metal is different from both the third metal and the fourth metal and is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.

82. The fuel eel] assembly according to claim 81 , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent, and the third metal is nickel and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

83. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 82, wherein the third metal is vanadium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

84. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 82, wherein the third metal is molybdenum and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 20 percent.

85. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81 , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 55 percent and about 70 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is copper and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

86. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 80 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is manganese and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

87. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 20 percent, and the third metal is iron and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent. ^{^}

88. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81 , wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 60 percent and about 75 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 5 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is cobalt and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 25 percent.

89. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81, wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 50 percent and about 65 percent, titanium is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 15 percent and about 25 percent, and the third metal is palladium and is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 10 percent and about 30 percent.

90. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 81 , wherein the electrocatalyst comprises a thin film electrocatalyst.