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  • C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
  • C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
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  • H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
  • H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional [2D] radiating surfaces
  • H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional [2D] radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
  • H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
  • H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
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  • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
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  • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
  • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
  • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers

Definitions

• This invention relates to electroluminescent metal complexes with triazoles, new intermediates for their preparation, electronic devices comprising the metal complexes and their use in electronic devices, especially organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), as oxygen sensitive indicators, as phosphorescent indicators in bioassays, and as catalysts.
• OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
• Organic electronic devices that emit light, such as light-emitting diodes that make up displays, are present in many different kinds of electronic equipment.
• an organic active layer is sandwiched between two electrical contact layers. At least one of the electrical contact layers is light-transmitting so that light can pass through the electrical contact layer.
• the organic active layer emits light through the light-transmitting electrical contact layer upon application of electricity across the electrical contact layers.
• organic electroluminescent compounds As the active component in light-emitting diodes. Simple organic molecules such as anthracene, thiadiazole derivatives, and coumarin derivatives are known to show electroluminescence. Semiconductive conjugated polymers have also been used as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, for example, in US-B-5,247,190, US-B-5,408,109 and EP-A-443 861. Complexes of 8-hydroxyquinolate with trivalent metal ions, particularly aluminum, have been extensively used as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, for example, US-A-5,552,678.
• US20020055014 relates to a light-emitting device comprising a phosphorescent compound.
• Preferred phosphorescent compounds include compounds having a partial structure represented by the formula shown below
• M represents a transition metal
• Q M represents an atomic group necessary for forming a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring
• Q k2 represents an atomic group necessary for forming a 5-or 6-membered aromatic azole ring.
• the 5- or 6-membered aromatic azole ring completed by Q k2 may include triazole, but does not include 1 ,2,3-triazole.
• US20010019782 discloses a light-emitting material comprising a compound having a partial structure represented by the following formula
• Z 11 and Z 12 each represent a nonmetallic atom group required to form a 5- or 6- membered ring with at least one of carbon atom and nitrogen atom, said ring optionally having a substituent or forming a condensed ring with the other ring;
• Ln 1 represents a divalent group;
• Y 1 represents a nitrogen atom or carbon atom; and
• b 2 represents a single bond or double bond.
• the divalent group Ln 1 does not comprise a single bond.
• Phosphorescent bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes containing benzoimidazole-based ligands are described by W.-S. Huang et al. in Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 2480-2488.
• the present invention is directed to compounds (i.e. metal complexes) of the formula
• n1 is an integer of 1 to 3
• ml and m2 are an integer 0, 1 or 2
• M 1 is a metal with an atomic weight of greater than 40
• L 1 is a monodentate ligand or a bidentate ligand
• L 2 is a monodentate ligand
• Q 2 stands for an organic bridging group completing, together with the bonding carbon atoms of the triazole ring, an annellated, carbocyclic or heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, which optionally may be substituted,
• Q 3 represents a group of forming a condensed aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring, which can optionally be substituted, - A -
• OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
• the present invention is directed to metal complexes comprising at least one ligand derived from a triazole annellated via its carbon atoms to a non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, especially a 2,4,5,6,7-pentahydro-benzotriazole.
• the pentahydro-benzotriazole compound in the context of the present invention means a (carbocyclic) benzotriazole or a hetero-benzotriazole.
• the open valences in the moiety represent a covalent bond that is not limited in its substitution.
• the metal complex comprise at least one of the above triazole ligands, i.e. it may comprise two or three or more thereof.
• each open line in the above formulae indicates the position of a bond to another part of the same ligand (including substituents), or further hydrogen atoms.
• inter alia includes
• triazole ligands include those of the formulae:
• R is selected from hydrogen, CrC 8 alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, d- C ⁇ alkoxy, C-i-C ⁇ alkylthio, halogen, halo-CrC ⁇ alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a nitro group or a silyl group.
• Suitable triazole ligands may be prepared, for example, by hydrogenation of their unsaturated precursors (see below formula containing unsaturated ring Q 1 ), following methods known in the art.
• the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives such as triazolopiperazines is described in, or may follow, the procedures described for example by Sato et al., J. Organic Chemistry 1978, 43, 341.
• Analogues of the present triazole ligands containing ring Q 1 (formula: ), wherein Q 1 corresponds to Q 2 in the present ligand except that it is unsaturated (i.e. contains the maximum possible number of ethylenic double bonds in the ring system, as, for example, in the case of benzotriazole), are often known or can be produced according to known procedures (see, for example, WO03/105538, WO05/054212 as well as the references cited therein).
• G 1 and G 2 independently, are hydrogen, CN, halogen, d-C ⁇ alkyl, d-C ⁇ haloalkyl, d- Ci 2 alkoxy, Ci-Ci 2 alkylthio, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkyl, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkoxy, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkylthio, C 6 - Ci 2 aryl, C 2 -Ci 0 heteroaryl, C 7 -Ci 5 arylalkyl, C 6 -Ci 2 aryloxy, C 6 -Ci 2 arylamino; or G 1 and G 2 , bonding to vicinal atoms, together are a group of formula
• a 41 , A 42 , A 43 , A 44 , A 45 , A 46 and A 47 are independently of each other H, halogen, CN, CrC 12 alkyl, CrCi 2 haloalkyl, CrCi 2 alkoxy, Ci-Ci 2 alkylthio, C 6 -Ci 2 aryl;
• G3, G 4 , G 5 and G 6 independently are selected from hydrogen, C 4 -C-i8alkyl, C 1 - C ⁇ perfluoroalkyl, fluoro; and at least one of G 3 , G 4 , G 5 and G 6 is different from hydrogen; especially one of G3, G 4 , G 5 and G 6 being CF 3 or F, the others being hydrogen or F.
• ligand is intended to mean a molecule, ion, or atom that is attached to the coordination sphere of a metallic ion.
• complex when used as a noun, is intended to mean a compound having at least one metallic ion and at least one ligand.
• group is intended to mean a part of a compound, such a substituent in an organic compound or a ligand in a complex.
• bond is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma 3 b 3 , having octahedral geometry, in which the three "a” groups are all adjacent, i.e. at the corners of one triangular face of the octahedron.
• the term “meridional” is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma 3 b 3 , having octahedral geometry, in which the three "a” groups occupy three positions such that two are trans to each other, i.e. the three "a” groups sit in three coplanar positions, forming an arc across the coordination sphere that can be thought of as a meridion.
• the phrase "adjacent to,” when used to refer to layers in a device, does not necessarily mean that one layer is immediately next to another layer.
• photoactive refers to any material that exhibits electroluminescence and/or photosensitivity.
• the metal is generally a metal M 1 with an atomic weight of greater than 40,
• the metal M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ru, Ni, Co Ir, Pt, Pd, Rh, Re, Os 1 TI, Pb, Bi, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Ag and Au.
• the metal is selected from Ir, Rh and Re as well as Pt and Pd, wherein Ir is most preferred.
• the ligand is preferably a monoanionic bidentate ligand.
• these ligands have N, O, P, or S as coordinating atoms and form 5- or 6- membered rings when coordinated to the iridium.
• Suitable coordinating groups include amino, imino, amido, alkoxide, carboxylate, phosphino, thiolate, and the like.
• Suitable parent compounds for these ligands include ⁇ -dicarbonyls ( ⁇ -enolate ligands), and their N and S analogs; amino carboxylic acids(aminocarboxylate ligands); pyridine carboxylic acids (iminocarboxylate ligands); salicylic acid derivatives (salicylate ligands); hydroxyquinolines (hydroxyquinolinate ligands) and their S analogs; and diarylphosphinoalkanols (diarylphosphinoalkoxide ligands).
• R 11 and R 15 are independently of each other hydrogen, C-i-C 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, C 2 - Cioheteroaryl, or Ci-C 8 perfluoroalkyl,
• R 12 and R 16 are independently of each other hydrogen, or C-i-C 8 alkyl
• R 13 and R 17 are independently of each other hydrogen, CrC 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, C 2 -
• Cioheteroaryl Ci-C 8 perfluoroalkyl, or CrC 8 alkoxy, and
• R 14 is d-C ⁇ alkyl, C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, or C 7 -Cnaralkyl,
• R 19 is CrC 8 alkyl
• R 20 is Ci-C 8 alkyl, or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl,
• R 21 is hydrogen, Ci-C 8 alkyl, or Ci-C 8 alkoxy, which may be partially or fully fluorinated,
• R 22 and R 23 are independently of each other C n (HHF) 2n+I , or C 6 (H+F) 5 R 24 can be the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from H, or C n (H+F) 2n+1 , p is 2, or 3, and
• R 46 is Ci-C 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, or C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, which is substituted by Ci-C 8 alkyl.
• phosphino alkoxide ligands examples include 3-(diphenylphosphino)-1 -oxypropane [dppO] 1 ,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-ethoxide [tfmdpeO].
• hydroxyquinoline parent compounds can be substituted with groups such as alkyl or alkoxy groups which may be partially or fully fluorinated. In general, these compounds are commercially available.
• suitable hydroxyquinolinate ligands, L include: 8-hydroxyquinolinate [8hq] 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinate [Me-8hq] 10-hydroxybenzoquinolinate [10-hbq]
• the bidentate ligand, L , or L' is a ligand of
• the ring A represents an optionally substituted aryl group which can optionally contain heteroatoms
• the ring B represents an optionally substituted nitrogen containing aryl group, which can optionally contain further heteroatoms, or the ring A may be taken with the ring B binding to the ring A to form a ring.
• the preferred ring A includes a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a substituted naphthyl group, a furyl group, a substituted furyl group, a benzofuryl group, a substituted benzofuryl group, a thienyl group, a substituted thienyl group, a benzothienyl group, a substituted benzothienyl group, and the like.
• the substitutent on the substituted phenyl group, substituted naphthyl group, substituted furyl group, substituted benzofuryl group, substituted thienyl group, and substituted benzothienyl group include CrC 24 alkyl groups, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl groups, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, d- C 24 alkoxy groups, CrC 24 alkylthio groups, a cyano group, C 2 -C 24 acyl groups, C r C 24 alkyloxycarbonyl groups, a nitro group, halogen atoms, alkylenedioxy groups, and the like such as CrC 24 haloalkyl.
• the bidentate ligand is preferably a group of formula
• R 206 , R 207 , R 208 , and R 209 are independently of each other hydrogen, CrC 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CrC 24 alkoxy, C r C 24 alkylthio, cyano, acyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, a nitro group, or a halogen atom;
• the ring A represents an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; or the ring A may be taken with the pyridyl group binding to the ring A to form a ring; the alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, alkoxy group, alkylthio group, acyl group, and alkyloxycarbonyl group represented by R 206 , R 207 , R 208 , and R 209 may be substituted.
• Y is S, O, NR 200 , wherein R 200 is hydrogen, cyano, CrC 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted C 6 -Cioaryl, especially phenyl, -(CH 2 ) r -Ar,
• Ar is an optionally substituted C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, especially
• r' is an integer of 1 to 5
• X z ⁇ is halogen, especially F, or Cl; hydroxy, cyano, -O-Ci-C 4 alkyl, di(Ci-C 4 alkyl)amino, amino, or cyano; a group -(CH 2 ) r OC(O)(CH 2 ) r CH 3 , wherein r is 1 , or 2,
• r" is 0, or 1 ; , -NH-Ph, -C(O)CH 3 , -CH 2 -O-(CH 2 ) 2 -Si(CH 3 ) 3 , or
• Another preferred class of bidentate ligands, L 1 , L' or L", is a compound of formula
• R -.214 is hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; nitro, CrC 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, CrC 4 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C6-Cioaryl, especially phenyl,
• R 215 is hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; CrC 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C6-Cioaryl, especially phenyl, or optionally substituted C6-Cioperfluoroaryl, especially C 6 F 5 ,
• R 216 is hydrogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C6-Cioaryl, especially phenyl, or optionally substituted C ⁇ -Cioperfluoroaryl, especially C 6 F 5 , R -.217 ; is hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; nitro, cyano, CrC 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl,
• R 210 is hydrogen
• R 211 is hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; nitro, cyano, CrC 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, d-
• Cioperfluoroaryl especially C 6 F 5 .
• R 212 is hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; nitro, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, Ci-C 4 alkyl,
• X 20 is halogen, especially F, or Cl; hydroxy, cyano, -O-Cr
• R 213 is hydrogen, nitro, cyano, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, -O-Cr
• C 4 perfluoroalkyl tri(CrC 4 alkyl)silanyl, or optionally substituted C 6 -Cioaryl, especially phenyl.
• bidentate ligands L 1 , L' or L
• X-1 bidentate ligands
• Another preferred class of bidentate ligands, L 1 , L' are of the formula
• the group C represents an acyclic carbene, or a cyclic carbene (ring C), which can optionally contain heteroatoms,
• the ring D represents an optionally substituted aryl group which can optionally contain heteroatoms
• the group represents an acyclic nucleophilic carbene it is preferably a group of the
• X 1 is N, or P and Y 1 is S, or O; >SiX 2 X 3 , or >CZ 5 Z 3 , wherein X 2 and X 3 are independently of each other Ci-C 4 alkyl and R 5 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 are as defined below.
• y is 0, or 1 , especially 0.
• the ring D, ⁇ - - ⁇ is preferably a group of formula wherein R 1 to R 4 are substitutents and can be taken together to form a ring.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently of each other hydrogen, halogen, especially F, or Cl; nitro, cyano, Ci-C 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, or d-C 4 alkoxy, -S-CrC 4 alkyl, -O-Cr C 4 perfluoroalkyl, -SO 2 X 22 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 X 22 , wherein X 22 is C r C 4 alkyl; C 6 H 4 CF 3 , cyclohexyl, optionally substituted C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, especially phenyl, optionally substituted -0-CH 2 -C 6 -CiOaIyI, especially
• R 2 is preferably hydrogen, nitro, cyano, CrC 4 alkyl, CrC 4 perfluoroalkyl, CrC 4 alkoxy, -S-Cr C 4 alkyl, -O-Ci-Qperfluoroalkyl, -SO 2 X 22 , -CO 2 X 22 , wherein X 22 is C r C 4 alkyl; C 6 H 4 CF 3 , or optionally substituted -O-C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, especially phenoxy.
• R 3 is preferably hydrogen, nitro, cyano, CrC 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, CrC 4 alkoxy, -S-Cr C 4 alkyl, or R 4 is preferably hydrogen. Examples that specify the possibilities for the group designated above are as follows:
• yclic carbenes (ring C) are preferred against acyclic carbenes.
• Examples of a ring C are as follows:
• R 5 is a substitutent, especially hydrogen, d-C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 2 - C 24 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, CrC 24 carboxylate, CrC 24 alkoxy, C 2 -C 24 alkenyloxy, C 2 -
• Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 2 -C 24 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, d- C 24 carboxylate, CrC 24 alkoxy, C 2 -C 24 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 24 alkynyloxy, or aryloxy, wherein each of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 and Z 4 optionally being substituted with d-C ⁇ alkyl, halogen, d-C ⁇ alkoxy, or with a phenyl group, which can optionally be substituted with halogen, CrC 8 alkyl, or CrC 8 alkoxy, or
• Z 1 and Z 2 if possible, form an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and/or
• Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 if possible, form an alkyl or heteroalkyl ring.
• the ligand (L 1 ) is preferably a group of formula
• R 1 to R 4 are substitutents and can be taken together to form a ring
• y is 0, or 1 , especially 0,
• the group C is a group (nucleophilic carbene) of the following formula
• R 5 is a substitutent, especially hydrogen, CrC 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 2 -
• Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 2 -C 24 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, d-
• Z 1 and Z 2 if possible, form an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, and/or
• Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 and Z 6 if possible, form an alkyl or heteroalkyl ring.
• L a , L b and L c are alike or different from each other and each of L a , L b and L c has the structure (Ilia), (MIb), or (IV) below:
• n 0, 1 or 2, especially 1 ;
• a 12 , A 14 , A 16 A 21 , A 22 , A 23 and A 24 are independently of each other hydrogen, CN, halogen, C r C 24 alkyl, Ci-C 24 alkoxy, Ci-C 24 alkylthio, Ci-C 24 perfluoroalkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, which is optionally substituted by G; -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , or C 2 -Cioheteroaryl, which is optionally substituted by G; or C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkyl, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkoxy, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkylthio, each
• a 23 , A 24 ; or A 18 , A 22 ; or A 23 , A 19 , bonding to vicinal atoms, together are a group of formula
• a 4J , A 44 , A 4S , A 4b and A 4/ are independently of each other H, halogen, CN, d-C 24 alkyl, Ci-C 24 perfluoroalkyl, CrC 24 alkoxy, CrC 24 alkylthio, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , or
• E 1 is O, S, or NR 25 ,
• R 25 and R 26 are independently of each other Ce-C-i ⁇ aryl, C 7 -Ci 8 aralkyl, or CrC 24 alkyl or C 5 -
• Ci 2 cycloalkyl R 27 is CrC 24 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, or C 7 -Ci 8 aralkyl;
• Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are independently of each other a group of formula
• R 41 is the bond to M 2 .
• R 71 is the bond to M 2 .
• R 42 is hydrogen, or Ci-C 24 alkyl, CN, Ci-C 24 alkyl, which is substituted by F, halogen, especially
• R 43 is hydrogen, CN, halogen, especially F, Ci-C 24 alkyl, which is substituted by F, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl,
• E z is -S-, -O-, or -NR -, wherein Fr 5 is Ci-C 24 alkyl, or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl,
• R 110 is H, CN, Ci-C 24 alkyl, Ci-C 24 alkoxy, C 1 -C 24 alkylthio, -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , or
• R and R are a group of formula A 4J , A 4
• a V 4 4 5 3 , A v 4 4 6 b and A 47 are independently of each other H, halogen, CN, Ci-C 24 alkyl, C r C 24 perfluoroalkyl, Ci-C 24 alkoxy, CrC 24 alkylthio, C6-Ci8aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , or C 2 -Ci 0 heteroaryl; especially
• R -.44 is hydrogen, CN or CrC 24 alkyl, CrC 24 alkyl, which is substituted by F, halogen, especially F, C 6 -Ci8-aryl, C 6 -Ci 8 -aryl which is substituted by CrCi 2 alkyl, or CrC 8 alkoxy
• R 45 is hydrogen, CN or CrC 24 alkyl, CrC 24 alkyl, which is substituted by F, halogen, especially F, C 6 -Ci8-aryl, C 6 -Ci 8 -aryl which is substituted by CrCi 2 alkyl, or CrC 8 alkoxy
• a 1 A . 12 1 A ⁇ 13 , and A i 14 are independently of each other H 1 halogen, CN, C r C 24 alkyl, C r
• R 68 and R 69 are independently of each other CrC 24 alkyl, especially C 4 -Ci 2 alkyl, especially hexyl, heptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and octyl, which can be interrupted by one or two oxygen atoms,
• R 70 , R 72 , R 73 , R 74 , R 75 , R 76 , R 90 , R 91 , R 92 , and R 93 are independently of each other H, halogen, especially F, CN, Ci-C 24 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, Ci-C 24 alkoxy, C r C 24 alkylthio, -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , wherein R 25 , R 26 and R 27 are
• G is d-Ci ⁇ alkyl, -OR 305 , -SR 305 , -NR 305 R 306 , -CONR 305 R 306 , or -CN, wherein R 305 and R 306 are independently of each other Ce-C-i ⁇ aryl; Ce-C-i ⁇ aryl which is substituted by C-i-C-i ⁇ alkyl, or Cr Ci 8 alkoxy; CrCi 8 alkyl, or CrCi 8 alkyl which is interrupted by -O-; or
• R 305 and R 306 together form a five or six membered ring, in particular or
• the central metal atom e.g. M 1 , or M 2 or M 3 ; especially Ir
• the complex contains 1 bidentate ligand and 4 monodentate ligands, or the complex contains 2 bidentate ligands and 2 monodentate ligands, or, preferably, the complex contains 3 bidentate ligands and no monodentate ligand.
• the central metal atom e.g. M 1 , or M 2 or M 3 ; especially Pd, Pt
• the central metal atom e.g. M 1 , or M 2 or M 3 ; especially Pd, Pt
• the complex contains 1 bidentate ligand and 2 monodentate ligands, or the complex contains 2 bidentate ligands and no monodentate ligand.
• ⁇ 46 A 4b and A 47 are independently of each other H, halogen, CN, Ci-C 24 alkyl, Ci-C 24 perfluoroalkyl, Ci-C 24 alkoxy, CrC 24 alkylthio, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, which may optionally be substituted by G, -NR 25 R 26 , -CONR 25 R 26 , or -COOR 27 , or
• C 2 -Cioheteroaryl especially ⁇ , or while each of A 11 , A 13 , A 15 , A' 21 , A' 22 , A' 23 and A' 24 independently is hydrogen or Ci-C 24 alkyl;
• L' is a bidentate ligand selected from
• R 11 and R 15 are independently of each other hydrogen, CrC 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, C 2 - Cioheteroaryl, or Ci-C 8 perfluoroalkyl
• R 12 and R 16 are independently of each other hydrogen, or d-C 8 alkyl
• R and R are independently of each other hydrogen, C-i-C 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, C 2 - Cioheteroaryl, Ci-C 8 perfluoroalkyl, or CrC 8 alkoxy, and R 14 is d-C ⁇ alkyl, C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, or C 7 -Cnaralkyl,
• R j1 I 8 H is C 6 -Cioaryl
• R ⁇ a is CrC 8 alkyl
• R 20 is CrC 8 alkyl, or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl
• R 21 is hydrogen, Ci-C 8 alkyl, or Ci-C 8 alkoxy, which may be partially or fully fluorinated
• R 22 and R 23 are independently of each other C n (H+F) 2n +i, or C6(H+F) 5
• R 24 can be the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from H, or C n (H+F) 2n+ i, p is 2, or 3
• R 42 is H, F, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl
• R 43 is H, F, CrC 4 alkyl, C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl
• R 44 is H, F, Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, C 7 -Ci 5 phenylalkyl, Ci-C 8 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl
• R 45 is H, F, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl
• R 46 is Ci-C 8 alkyl, C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, which is substituted by C r C 8 alkyl
• the bidentate ligand L' is a ligand of formula (L"), very especially a compound (X-1 ) to (X-47) as described above.
• a 11 and A 12 independently are hydrogen or CrC 4 alkyl, especially hydrogen
• a 13 is hydrogen
• a 14 is hydrogen
• a 15 is hydrogen and A 16 is hydrogen, or A 15 and A 16 together are oxo,
• a 17 is hydrogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl
• a 21 is hydrogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, phenyl, phenylamino and A' 21 is hydrogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl, or A 21 and A' 21 together are oxo, hydroxyimino or Ci-C 4 alkoxyimino,
• a 22 is hydrogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, phenylamino or C 6 -Cioaryl,
• A' 22 is hydrogen
• a 23 is hydrogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, phenylamino or C 6 -Cioaryl,
• A' 23 is hydrogen or d-C 4 alkyl
• a 24 and A' 24 each is hydrogen
• R 42 is H, F, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl,
• R 43 is H, F, CrC 4 alkyl, C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl,
• R 44 is H, F, CrCi 2 alkyl, C 7 -Ci 5 phenylalkyl, CrC 8 alkoxy, or Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl,
• R 45 is H, F, CrC 4 alkyl, C r C 8 alkoxy, or C r C 4 perfluoroalkyl.
• mixtures of isomers are obtained. Often the mixture can be used without isolating the individual isomers.
• the metal complexes of the present invention can be prepared according to usual methods known in the prior art.
• a convenient one-step method for preparing iridium metal complexes of formula lr(L a ) 3 comprises reacting commercially available iridium trichloride hydrate with an excess of L a H in the presence of 3 equivalents silver trifluoroacetate and optionally in the presence of a solvent (such as halogen based solvents, alcohol based solvents, ether based solvents, ester based solvents, ketone based solvents, nitrile based solvents, and water).
• a solvent such as halogen based solvents, alcohol based solvents, ether based solvents, ester based solvents, ketone based solvents, nitrile based solvents, and water.
• the tris-cyclometalated iridium complexes are isolated and purified by conventional methods. In some cases mixtures of isomers are obtained. Often the mixture can be used without
• the iridium metal complexes of formula lr(L a ) 2 L' can, for example be prepared by first preparing an intermediate iridium dimer of formula
• the iridium dimers can generally be prepared by first reacting iridium trichloride hydrate with HL a and adding NaX and by reacting iridium trichloride hydrate with HL a in a suitable solvent, such as 2-ethoxyethanol.
• X stands for halogen such as Cl or OR# such as OH, OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 etc., and all other symbols are as defined above.
• Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• CrC 24 alkyl is a branched or unbranched radical such as for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, 1- methylpentyl, 1 ,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl, 3-methylheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1 ,1 ,3-trimethylhexyl, 1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, 2-
• Ci-C 24 perfluoroalkyl is a branched or unbranched radical such as for example -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 -CF(CF 3 ), -(CF 2 ) 3 CF 3 , and -C(CF 3 ) 3 .
• CrC 24 alkoxy radicals are straight-chain or branched alkoxy radicals, e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, n- propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy or tert-amyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, isooctyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, tetradecyloxy, pentadecyloxy, hexadecyloxy, heptadecyloxy and octadecyloxy.
• C 2 -C 24 alkenyl radicals are straight-chain or branched alkenyl radicals, such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3-methyl-but-2- enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, n-dodec-2-enyl, isododecenyl, n-dodec-2-enyl or n-octadec-4-enyl.
• alkenyl radicals such as e.g. vinyl, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3-methyl-but-2- enyl, n-oct-2-enyl, n-d
• C 2-24 alkynyl is straight-chain or branched and preferably C 2-8 alkynyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted, such as, for example, ethynyl, 1-propyn-3-yl, 1-butyn-4-yl, 1-pentyn-5-yl, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-yl, 1 ,4-pentadiyn-3-yl, 1 ,3-pentadiyn-5-yl, 1-hexyn-6-yl, cis-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1 -yl, trans-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1 -yl, 1 ,3-hexadiyn-5-yl, 1-octyn-8-yl, 1-nonyn-9-yl, 1-decyn-10-yl, or 1-tetracosyn-24-yl.
• C 4 -Ci 8 cycloalkyl is preferably C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkyl or said cycloalkyl substituted by one to three CrC 4 alkyl groups, such as, for example, cyclopentyl, methyl- cyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, trimethyl- cyclohexyl, tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, 1-adamantyl, or 2-adamantyl. Cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl and cyclopentyl are most preferred.
• C 4 -Ci 8 cycloalkyl which is interrupted by S, O, or NR 25 , are piperidyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl.
• C 2 -C 24 alkenyl is for example vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, or octenyl.
• Aryl is usually C6-C3oaryl, preferably C6-C 24 aryl, which optionally can be substituted, such as, for example, phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, naphthyl, biphenylyl, 2-fluorenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl, tetracyl, pentacyl, hexacyl, terphenylyl or quadphenylyl; or phenyl substituted by one to three CrC 4 alkyl groups, for example o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, 2,3- dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 3,4- dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl or 2,6-diethylphenyl.
• C 7 -C 24 aralkyl radicals are preferably C 7 -Ci 5 aralkyl radicals, which may be substituted, such as, for example, benzyl, 2-benzyl-2-propyl, ⁇ -phenethyl, ⁇ -methylbenzyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl, ⁇ -phenyl-butyl, ⁇ -phenyl-octyl, ⁇ -phenyl-dodecyl; or phenyl-CrC 4 alkyl substituted on the phenyl ring by one to three CrC 4 alkyl groups, such as, for example, 2-methylbenzyl, 3- methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2,4-dimethylbenzyl, 2,6-dimethylbenzyl or 4-tert-butylbenzyl.or 3-methyl-5-(1 ',1 ',3',3'-tetramethyl-butyl)-benzyl.
• Heteroaryl is typically C 2 -C 2 6heteroaryl, i.e. a ring with five to seven ring atoms or a condensed rig system, wherein nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur are the possible hetero atoms, and is typically an unsaturated heterocyclic radical with five to 30 atoms having at least six conjugated ⁇ -electrons such as thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, dibenzo[b,d]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furfuryl, 2H-pyranyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, phenoxythienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, triazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indo
• C6-Ciecycloalkoxy is, for example, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy or cyclooctyloxy, or said cycloalkoxy substituted by one to three CrC 4 alkyl, for example, methylcyclopentyloxy, dimethylcyclopentyloxy, methylcyclohexyloxy, dimethylcyclohexyloxy, trimethylcyclohexyloxy, or tert-butylcyclohexyloxy.
• C6-C 24 aryloxy is typically phenoxy or phenoxy substituted by one to three CrC 4 alkyl groups, such as, for example o-, m- or p-methylphenoxy, 2,3-dimethylphenoxy, 2,4-dimethylphenoxy, 2,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2,6-dimethylphenoxy, 3,4-dimethylphenoxy, 3,5-dimethylphenoxy, 2- methyl-6-ethylphenoxy, 4-tert-butylphenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy or 2,6-diethylphenoxy.
• C 6 -C 24 aralkoxy is typically phenyl-CrC 9 alkoxy, such as, for example, benzyloxy, ⁇ - methylbenzyloxy, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyloxy or 2-phenylethoxy.
• CrC 24 alkylthio radicals are straight-chain or branched alkylthio radicals, such as e.g. methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, pentylthio, isopentyl- thio, hexylthio, heptylthio, octylthio, decylthio, tetradecylthio, hexadecylthio or octadecylthio.
• Ci-C 24 alkylselenium and Ci-C 24 alkyltellurium are CrC 24 alkylSe- and CrC 24 alkylTe-, respectively.
• Possible substituents of the above-mentioned groups include CrC 8 alkyl, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, CrC 8 alkoxy, CrC 8 alkylthio, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkyl, C 5 -Ci 2 cycloalkoxy, C 5 - Ci 2 cycloalkylthio, halogen, halo-CrC ⁇ alkyl, a cyano group, an aldehyde group, a ketone group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a nitro group or a silyl group.
• haloalkyl means groups given by partially or wholly substituting the above-mentioned alkyl group with halogen, such as trifluoromethyl etc.
• the "aldehyde group, ketone group, ester group, carbamoyl group and amino group” include those substituted by an d-C 24 alkyl group, a C 4 -Ci 8 cycloalkyl group, an C 6 -C 3 oaryl group, an C 7 -C 24 aralkyl group or a heterocyclic group, wherein the alkyl group, the cycloalkyl group, the aryl group, the aralkyl group and the heterocyclic group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• silica group means a group of formula -SiR 105 R 106 R 107 , wherein R 105 , R 106 and R 107 are independently of each other a CrC 8 alkyl group, in particular a CrC 4 alkyl group, a C 6 -C 24 aryl group or a Cy-C ⁇ aralkylgroup, such as a trimethylsilyl group.
• the present invention is also directed to an electronic device comprising the metal complex and its fabrication process.
• the electronic device can comprise at least one organic active material positioned between two electrical contact layers, wherein at least one of the layers of the device includes the metallic complex compound.
• the electronic device can comprise an anode layer (a), a cathode layer (e), and an active layer (c). Adjacent to the anode layer (a) is an optional hole-injecting/transport layer (b), and adjacent to the cathode layer (e) is an optional electron-injection/transport layer (d). Layers (b) and (d) are examples of charge transport layers.
• the active layer (c) can comprise at least approximately 1 weight percent of metal complex previously described.
• the active layer (c) may be substantially 100% of the metal complex because a host charge transporting material, such as AIq 3 is not needed.
• a host charge transporting material such as AIq 3
• substantially 100% it is meant that the metal complex is the only material in the layer, with the possible exception of impurities or adventitious by-products from the process to form the layer.
• the metal complex may be a dopant within a host material, which is typically used to aid charge transport within the active layer (c).
• the active layer (c), including any of the metal complexes, can be a small molecule active material.
• the device may include a support or substrate (not shown) adjacent to the anode layer (a) or the cathode layer (e). Most frequently, the support is adjacent the anode layer (a).
• the support can be flexible or rigid, organic or inorganic. Generally, glass or flexible organic films are used as a support.
• the anode layer (a) is an electrode that is more efficient for injecting holes compared to the cathode layer (e).
• the anode can include materials containing a metal, mixed metal, alloy, metal oxide or mixed-metal oxide. Suitable metal elements within the anode layer (a) can include the Groups 4, 5, 6, and 8-11 transition metals.
• anode layer (a) is to be light transmitting
• mixed-metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 metals such as indium-tin-oxide
• materials for anode layer (a) include indium-tin-oxide (“ITO"), aluminum-tin-oxide, gold, silver, copper, nickel, and selenium.
• the anode layer (a) may be formed by a chemical or physical vapor deposition process or spin-cast process. Chemical vapor deposition may be performed as a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition ("PECVD”) or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (“MOCVD”).
• PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
• MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
• Physical vapor deposition can include all forms of sputtering (e. g., ion beam sputtering), e- beam evaporation, and resistance evaporation.
• physical vapor deposition examples include rf magnetron sputtering or inductively- coupled plasma physical vapor deposition("ICP- PVD"). These deposition techniques are well-known within the semiconductor fabrication arts.
• a hole-transport layer (b) may be adjacent the anode. Both hole transporting small molecule compounds and polymers can be used.
• hole transporting polymers are polyvinylcarbazole, (phenylmethyl) polysilane, poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and polyaniline.
• Hole-transporting polymers can be obtained by doping hole-transporting molecules such as those mentioned above into polymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate.
• the hole-injection/transport layer (b) can be formed using any conventional means, including spin-coating, casting, and printing, such as gravure printing.
• the layer can also be applied by ink jet printing, thermal patterning, or chemical, or physical vapor deposition.
• the anode layer (a) and the hole-injection/transport layer (b) are patterned during the same lithographic operation.
• the pattern may vary as desired.
• the layers can be formed in a pattern by, for example, positioning a patterned mask or resist on the first flexible composite barrier structure prior to applying the first electrical contact layer material.
• the layers can be applied as an overall layer (also called blanket deposit) and subsequently patterned using, for example, a patterned resist layer and wet-chemical or dry-etching techniques. Other processes for patterning that are well known in the art can also be used.
• the anode layer (a) and hole injection/transport layer (b) typically are formed into substantially parallel strips having lengths that extend in substantially the same direction.
• the active layer (c) may comprise the metal complexes described herein. The particular material chosen may depend on the specific application, potentials used during operation, or other factors.
• the active layer (c) may comprise a host material capable of transporting electrons and/or holes, doped with an emissive material that may trap electrons, holes, and/ or excitons, such that excitons relax from the emissive material via a photoemissive mechanism.
• Active layer (c) may comprise a single material that combines transport and emissive properties. Whether the emissive material is a dopant or a major constituent, the active layer may comprise other materials, such as dopants that tune the emission of the emissive material.
• Active layer (c) may include a plurality of emissive materials capable of, in combination, emitting a desired spectrum of light.
• phosphorescent emissive materials include the metal complexes of the present invention.
• fluorescent emissive materials include DCM and DMQA.
• host materials include AIq 3 , CBP and mCP. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in US-B-6, 303,238, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• the active layer (c) can be applied from solutions by any conventional technique, including spin coating, casting, and printing.
• the active organic materials can be applied directly by vapor deposition processes, depending upon the nature of the materials.
• Optional layer (d) can function both to facilitate electron injection/transport, and also serve as a buffer layer or confinement layer to prevent quenching reactions at layer interfaces. More specifically, layer (d) may promote electron mobility and reduce the likelihood of a quenching reaction if layers (c) and (e) would otherwise be in direct contact.
• materials for optional layer (d) include metal-cheated oxinoid compounds (e. g., AIq 3 or the like); phenanthroline-based compounds (e. g., 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline (“DDPA”), 4,7-diphenyl-1 ,10-phenanthroline (“DPA”), or the like; azole compounds (e.
• optional layer (d) may be inorganic and comprise BaO, LiF, Li 2 O, or the like.
• the electron injection/transport layer (d) can be formed using any conventional means, including spin-coating, casting, and printing, such as gravure printing.
• the layer can also be applied by ink jet printing, thermal patterning, or chemical or physical vapor deposition.
• the cathode layer (e) is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting electrons or negative charge carriers.
• the cathode layer (e) can be any metal or nonmetal having a lower work function than the first electrical contact layer (in this case, the anode layer (a)).
• Materials for the second electrical contact layer can be selected from alkali metals of Group 1 (e. g., Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs), the Group 2 (alkaline earth) metals, the Group 12 metals, the rare earths, the lanthanides (e. g. , Ce, Sm, Eu, or the like), and the actinides.
• Materials, such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, yttrium, and magnesium, and combinations thereof, may also be used.
• Li-containing organometallic compounds, LiF, and Li 2 O can also be deposited between the organic layer and the cathode layer to lower the operating voltage.
• Specific non- limiting examples of materials for the cathode layer (e) include barium, lithium, cerium, cesium, europium, rubidium, yttrium, magnesium, or samarium.
• the cathode layer (e) is usually formed by a chemical or physical vapor deposition process.
• the cathode layer will be patterned, as discussed above in reference to the anode layer (a) and optional hole injecting layer (b). If the device lies within an array, the cathode layer (e) may be patterned into substantially parallel strips, where the lengths of the cathode layer strips extend in substantially the same direction and substantially perpendicular to the lengths of the anode layer strips.
• Additional layer (s) may be present within organic electronic devices.
• a layer (not shown) between the hole injecting layer (b) and the active layer (c) may facilitate positive charge transport, band-gap matching of the layers, function as a protective layer, or the like.
• additional layers (not shown) between the electron injecting layer (d) and the cathode layer (e) may facilitate negative charge transport, band- gap matching between the layers, function as a protective layer, or the like.
• Layers that are known in the art can be used. Some or all of the layers may be surface treated to increase charge carrier transport efficiency. The choice of materials for each of the component layers may be determined by balancing the goals of providing a device with high device efficiency with the cost of manufacturing, manufacturing complexities, or potentially other factors.
• the charge transport layers (b) and (d) are generally of the same type as the active layer (c). More specifically, if the active layer (c) has a small molecule compound, then the charge transport layers (b) and (d), if either or both are present, can have a different small molecule compound. If the active layer (c) has a polymer, the charge transport layers (b) and (d), if either or both are present, can also have a different polymer. Still, the active layer (c) may be a small molecule compound, and any of its adjacent charge transport layers may be polymers.
• Each functional layer may be made up of more than one layer.
• the cathode layer may comprise a layer of a Group 1 metal and a layer of aluminum.
• the Group 1 metal may lie closer to the active layer (c), and the aluminum may help to protect the Group 1 metal from environmental contaminants, such as water.
• the different layers may have the following range of thicknesses: inorganic anode layer (a), usually no greater than approximately 500 nm, for example, approximately 50-200 nm; optional hole-injecting layer (b), usually no greater than approximately 100 nm, for example, approximately 50-200 nm; active layer (c), usually no greater than approximately 100 nm, for example, approximately 10-80 nm; optional electron- injecting layer (d), usually no greater than approximately 100 nm, for example, approximately 10-80 nm; and cathode layer (e), usually no greater than approximately 1000 nm, for example, approximately 30-500 nm.
• the thickness of such layer may not exceed approximately 100 nm.
• the location of the electron-hole recombination zone in the device, and thus the emission spectrum of the device, can be affected by the relative thickness of each layer.
• a potential light-emitting compound, such as AIq 3 is used in the electron transport layer (d)
• the electron-hole recombination zone can lie within the AIq 3 layer.
• the thickness of the electron-transport layer should be chosen so that the electron-hole recombination zone lies within the light-emitting layer (i. e., active layer (c)).
• the desired ratio of layer thicknesses can depend on the exact nature of the materials used.
• the efficiency of the devices made with metal complexes can be further improved by optimizing the other layers in the device.
• more efficient cathodes such as Ca, Ba, Mg/Ag, orUF/AI can be used.
• Shaped substrates and hole transport materials that result in a reduction in operating voltage or increase quantum efficiency are also applicable.
• Additional layers can also be added to tailor the energy levels of the various layers and facilitate electroluminescence.
• the active layer (c) can be a light- emitting layer that is activated by a signal (such as in a light-emitting diode) or a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied potential (such as detectors or voltaic cells).
• a signal such as in a light-emitting diode
• a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied potential (such as detectors or voltaic cells).
• Examples of electronic devices that may respond to radiant energy are selected from photoconductive cells, photoresistors, photoswitches, phototransistors, and phototubes, and photovoltaic cells. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will be capable of selecting material (s) that for their particular applications.
• OLEDs electrons and holes, injected from the cathode (e) and anode (a) layers, respectively, into the photoactive layer (c), form negative and positively charged polarons in the active layer (c). These polarons migrate under the influence of the applied electric field, forming a polaron exciton with an oppositely charged species and subsequently undergoing radiative recombination.
• a sufficient potential difference between the anode and cathode usually less than approximately 20 volts, and in some instances no greater than approximately 5 volts, may be applied to the device. The actual potential difference may depend on the use of the device in a larger electronic component.
• the anode layer (a) is biased to a positive voltage and the cathode layer (e) is at substantially ground potential or zero volts during the operation of the electronic device.
• a battery or other power source (s) may be electrically connected to the electronic device as part of a circuit.
• the phosphorus-containing metal complex compound can be used as a charge transport material in layer (b) or (d).
• the compound does not need to be in a solid matrix diluent (e. g., host charge transport material) when used in layer (b) (c), or (d) in order to be effective.
• a layer greater than approximately 1 % by weight of the metal complex compound, based on the total weight of the layer, and up to substantially 100% of the complex compound can be used as the active layer (c).
• Additional materials can be present in the active layer (c) with the complex compound. For example, a fluorescent dye may be present to alter the color of emission.
• a diluent may also be added.
• the diluent can be a polymeric material, such as poly (N-vinyl carbazole) and polysilane. It can also be a small molecule, such as 4,4'-N, N'-dicarbazole biphenyl or tertiary aromatic amines.
• the complex compound is generally present in a small amount, usually less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the layer.
• the metallic complexes may be used in applications other than electronic devices.
• the complexes may be used as catalysts or indicators (e. g., oxygen-sensitive indicators, phosphorescent indicators in bioassays, or the like).
• An organic luminescence device having a single organic layer is prepared in the following manner: On a glass substrate, a 100 nm thick ITO film is formed by sputtering and subsequently patterned. Onto the oxygen-plasma treated ITO film, a hole-injection layer of 80 nm thickness is formed by spin-coating using PEDOT:PSS (Baytron P), followed by heating at 200°C (5 minutes). A solution of 5 mg of complex 2 (Example 14) and 95 mg of polyfluorene (average molecular weight 140 000) in 10 g of toluene are applied by spin coating (2000 rpm.; 10 seconds) to obtain a thickness of 80 nm.
• the substrate thus treated is placed in a vacuum deposition chamber, and a cathode having a two-layer electrode structure is formed by depositing a 50 nm layer of barium followed by a 100 nm layer of aluminum.
• a clear bright white emission (CIE 0.30, 0.33) is observed.

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