WO2007048357A1 - Interferon alfa y c-ficocianina para el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes, alérgicas y cáncer - Google Patents
Interferon alfa y c-ficocianina para el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes, alérgicas y cáncer Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the biological sciences, biotechnology and medical sciences, especially with Neurology, Oncology, Internal Medicine and, in general, with the use of the combination therapy of immunomodulatory drugs known as active ingredients of natural products, for the treatment of autoimmune, allergic diseases and cancer.
- the invention is based on obtaining a pharmaceutical compound that due to its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumoral and, in particular, as we demonstrated for the first time in the present invention, regulator T cell inducer, has a beneficial effect in autoimmune diseases (AD) such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), in allergic diseases (EAL) such as brochial asthma (AB), by reducing the number of relapses or seizures in their recurrent clinical forms or stopping Ia progression of the monophasic clinical forms and in cancer (CA) through the arrest of the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, thus preventing the progression of the tumor.
- AD autoimmune diseases
- MS Multiple Sclerosis
- RA Rheumatoid Arthritis
- EAL allergic diseases
- AB brochial asthma
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- MS is common in immigrants from Europe and rare in immigrants from Africa or Asia, on the contrary, in the natives of Israel of European, Asian or African origin, the prevalence of MS is as high as in European immigrants (Leibowitz U, et al. The changing frequency of multiple sclerosis in Israel. (1973 ) Arch Neurol 29: 107-10). It is also notable that the frequency of systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is dramatically lower in East Africans than in American blacks, two populations derived from the same ethnic group but exposed to different environments (Symmons DPM. Frequency of lupus in peopie of African origin (1995) Lupus 4: 176-8).
- SLE systemic Lupus erythematosus
- Cells with regulatory properties can be divided into 2 types: the natural ones; those generated by the thymus as cTr and those induced, those generated by antigenic stimulation under special peripheral conditions, called Th3 ', 1 TrV or' adaptive regulatory cells' (Bluestone JA, et al. Natural versus adaptive regulatory T cells. (2003) Nat Rev Immunol 3: 253-257).
- the suppression mechanisms for induced cTr are fundamentally through the secretion of cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ (Groux H. Type 1 T-regulatory cells: their role in the control of immune responses. (2003) Transplantation 75: 8S-12S), however, for the natural cell-cell contact is preferentially raised.
- Sakaguchi et al were the first to identify the CD5 molecule as a marker of cTr (Sakaguchi S, et al. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases induced in mice by elimination of T cell subset: I. Evidence for the active participation of T cells! n natural self-tolerance; deficit of a T cell subset as a possible cause of autoimmune disease. (1985) J Exp Med 161: 72-87), in addition CD45RB was identified as another marker of cTr (Powrie F, et al. Phenotypically distinct subsets of CD4 + T cells induce or Project from chronic intestinal inflammation in C. B-17 scid mice. (1993) Int Immunol 5. 1461-1471).
- CD25 the main surface marker used is CD25, (Sakaguchi S, at. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. (1995) J Immunol 155: 1151-1164). In mice, about 5-10% of CD4 + cells and 1% of CD8 + cells express CD5 high and CD45RB low , (Itoh M, et al. Thymus and autoimmunity: production of CD25 + CD4 + naturally anergic and suppressive T cells as a key function of the thymus in maintaining immunologic self-tolerance.
- the cTr express high levels of those of CCR5 chemokine receptors and their counterpart in humans (CCR4 and CCR8) (Bystry RS, et al. B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4. (2001) Nat Immunol 2: 1126 1132), this distinctive pattern of chemokine receptor expression suggests that they can be rapidly recruited to the sites of inflammation and therefore efficiently exercise control of the immune response.
- Many groups have reported expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (GITR) in CD4 + CD25 + cells (McHugh RS, et al. CD4 + CD25 + immunoregulatory T cells: gene expression analysis reveal a functional role for the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor .
- GITR glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor
- cTr markers are also found in activated cells makes it difficult to isolate and identify CD25 as a suppressor cell marker (Shevach EM. CD4 + CD25 + suppressor T cells: More questions than answers. (2002) Nat Rev Immunol 2: 389 -400) Recent studies have shown that cTr are enriched in CD25 hl9h cells within CD4 + T cells, which express high levels of the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor. CD4 + CD25 hi9h T cells completely inhibit the proliferation and secretion of cytokines by CD4 + T cells.
- CD4 + CD25 high T cells differ from CD4 + CD25 + T cells in the expression levels of CD45RO and HLA-DR (Baecher-Allan C, et al. CD4 + CD25 h ⁇ gh regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. (2001) J Immunol 167: 1245-1253).
- cTr Natural cTr derived from thymus have been described in mice and humans. In mice, the absence of cTr causes organ-specific autoimmunity. Recently, it has been shown that the transcriptional factor Foxp3 is important for the function of cTr in mice. It has been shown that Foxp3 expression is typical of CD4 + CD25 + cells and correlates with the suppressive activity of these cells. These data suggest that the failure in the generation of cTr may contribute to AD and suggest a therapeutic role for Foxp3 in the treatment of such diseases (Walker MR, et al. Induction of Foxp3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4 + CD25- T cells. (2003) J Clin lnvest 112: 1437-1443).
- the Foxp3 transcriptional factor encoding the Scurfin protein appears to be a somewhat more exclusive marker of Tr (Brunkow ME, et al. Disruption of a new forkhead / winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. (2001) Nat Genet 27: 68-73), although the possibility of its expression in other activation conditions and other cell populations is not excluded (Morgan ME, et al. Expression of FOXP3 mRNA is not confined to CD4 (+ ) CD25 (+) T regulatory cells in humans. (2005) Hum Immunol. 1: 13-20).
- induced cTr involves TGF- ⁇ (Nakamura K, et al. CeII contact-dependent immuno-suppression by CD4 (+) CD25 (+) regulatory T cells is mediated by cell surface-bound transforming growth factor beta (20019 J Exp Med 194: 629-44) NK cells that have properties of NK cells and T cells can contribute to this immunoreaction (Bendelac A, et al. Mouse CD1-specific NK1 T cells: development, specificity, and function. (1997) Annu Rev Imunol 15: 535-62).
- IL-10 Th2 cytokine, produced by induced cTr, monocytes and macrophages, slows the progression of AD and EAL in experimental models (Moore KW, et al. Lnterleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. (2001) Annu Rev Immunol 19: 683-765).
- IL-10 can also play a role in EALs by decreasing the survival of activated eosinophils (Takanashi S, et al. Lnterleukin-10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide -induced survival and cytokine production by human peripheral blood eosinophils (1994) J Exp Med 180: 711-5).
- IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ produced by cTr can inhibit both responses (Th 1 and Th2) being the mediators of this regulation.
- the cTr cells play an important role in the control of the immune response, for example the cTr could limit the immune response to microorganisms or anti-tumor.
- a strategic manipulation of cTr could be performed to increase or decrease the immune response when required.
- Autoimmune diseases are disorders of the immune system (Sl) where the cells responsible for the identification and destruction of harmful invading microorganisms mistakenly identify as foreign tissues of the body itself and attack them.
- Some researchers offer alternative explanations, viral or bacterial causes such as: Human herpes virus 6, Epstein-Barr virus and Clamydia pneumonia bacteria.
- Infectious agents can induce AD in different experimental conditions, some of which have their clinical counterpart.
- a variety of mechanisms have been evoked to explain these observations, including molecular mimicry and an increase in the immunogenicity of autoantigens caused by inflammation in the white organ (Olson JK, et al. Virus-induced autoimmunity: potential role of viruses in initiation, perpetuation, and progression of T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. (2001) Viral Immunol 14: 227-250).
- infectious agents can also suppress allergic and autoimmune disorders.
- EAE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- CNS central nervous system
- TNF- ⁇ Tumor Necrosis Factor- ⁇
- the levels of oxidative stress were determined through the analysis of immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, nitrotyrosine and malonyldealdehyde, as well as through the expression of tissue protective antioxidant factors: metallothionein l + ll (MT-l + ll). Also, they determined the number of cells that develop apoptosis through the use of the TUNNEL technique.
- the levels of oxidative stress, MT-l + ll and apoptotic cell death by EAE were significantly increased in all mice (IFN-gamma R (- / -) and wild strain), but even higher in IFN-gamma R mice ( - ⁇ -). These data support the hypothesis that IFN- ⁇ plays a protective role against EAE.
- MS is a demyelinating disease of an autoimmune nature that primarily affects young adults.
- MS is a CNS disease that compromises the brain and spinal cord. It has 2 fundamental characteristics that are: demyelination and axonal loss. The symptoms, severity and clinical course vary widely depending on the location sites of the plaques and the extent of demyelination, in this way it can be classified into 2 main categories: relapse-remission and chronic progressive forms.
- MS is referred to as an EA. Theoretically, this condition develops when the immune system is damaged by genetic or environmental factors or both, causing the attack on their own tissues, in the case of MS, the tissue is myelin.
- the body also exerts corrective actions to "turn off" the effects of the destruction of myelin-producing cells (oligodendrocytes), for example, researchers have observed an increase in the density of sodium channels that carry electrical charges, which increase their number so that nerve cells can continue to communicate despite the loss of myelin, on the other hand, the nerves retain some remyelination capacity.
- Multiple infectious organisms have been proposed as causative agents or co-factors in the development of MS (Johnson RT. Possible viral cause of multiple sclerosis (1998) In: Viral infections of nervous system 2 nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott- Raven 248- 258), HIV-1 infections (Blanche P, al. Devic's optic neuromyelitis and HIV-1 infection (2000) J Neuro!
- CD4 + T cells polarized to Th2 must be regulatory or anti-inflammatory in the lesion of MS.
- the CD4-Th1 model must explain the variability observed in the clinical and pathological characteristics of MS.
- the process must be clearly autoimmune, that is, it must give evidence that the host's CNS was healthy before the autoimmune attack by CD4-TM mediated mechanisms.
- IL-4 cytokine T-secretory cells
- TGF- ⁇ Th3
- TM IL-10
- the blood-brain barrier provides an effective separation between blood cells and myelin in such a way that it is irrelevant if some white cells were programmed incorrectly, therefore, a malfunction of the BHE during attacks is postulated. in the MS.
- MMPs Metalloproteinases
- the MS plate contains a large number of macrophages which seem to destroy myelin by digesting its proteins and lipids. Inhibitors of these enzymes responsible for this digestion can reduce the destruction of myelin or interfere with the movement of macrophages to tissues.
- the principle of drugs used in this disease to treat acute exacerbations are based on their anti - inflammatory properties (WA Sibley and the Therapeutic Claims Committee of the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies, Therapeutic Claims in Multiple Sclerosis, 3rd Edition, 1992).
- immunosuppressive drugs such as Mitoxantrone and Cyclosphosamide
- Beta interferons and peptide binding peptides Main Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) that attach to the T-cell receptor (TCR), Glatiramer Acetate (GA).
- MHC Main Histocompatibility Complex
- Interferon Beta-1 b (Betaseron) in 1993
- Interferon Beta-1a (Avonex) in 1996
- Copaxone (GA or copolymer 1) in 1996 and are highly expensive.
- IFN- ⁇ has had a great impact in the treatment of relapse-remission MS, although it is not known whether it can prevent the transition to progressive secondary MS.
- the mechanism of action of IFN- ⁇ is unclear, probably involving alterations of a number of different mechanisms that include induction of IL-10 and inhibition of T-cell traffic by blocking metalloproteinases (Stuve, O., et al. Interferon beta-1b decreases the migration of T lymphocytes in vitro: effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (1996) Ann. Neurol. 40: 853-863).
- Clinical trials are beginning that block the common p40 chain of IL-12 and IL-23 and blockade of co-stimulatory signals through B7-CD28 interactions with CTLA-4 Ig.
- the survival of GA-reactive T cells exhibits a high degree of degeneration, measured by their ability to cross react with a wide variety of peptides.
- RA is another autoimmune inflammatory disease that causes a high degree of disability. It is estimated that 50 to 90% of patients affected by RA have a severe disability 10 years after the diagnosis. (Markenson JA. (1991).
- RA is a symmetric polyarticular inflammation that primarily affects the small joints of the hands and feet.
- the tissue mass called pannus invades and destroys local joint structures.
- CD4 + T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrate the synovium and are sometimes organized into discrete lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers.
- the hyperplasia of the intimate layer is the result of a marked increase in synovial fibroblast type and macrophage type.
- Degenerative enzymes expressed locally, including metalloproteinases, serum proteases and aggreganases digest the extracellular matrix and destroy the joint structure. (Firestein GS. Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. (2003) Nature 423: 356-61).
- the "epitope sharing" could function as a binding site for arthritogenic peptides or perhaps for autoantigens that mimic an exogenous antigen (molecular mimicry).
- Some infectious agents are proposed as possible triggers of RA (Feldmann M, et al. Role of cytokines ⁇ n RA. (1996) Annu Rev Immunol 14: 397-440), particularly Parvovirus B 19 of which capacity has been demonstrated on the part of the virus inducing invasive properties in normal human synovial fibroblasts by changing the physiological phenotype (Ray NB, et al. Induction of an invasive phenotype by human parvovirus B19 in normal human synovial fibroblasts.
- innate immunity plays an important role.
- Mast cells are the main mediators of allergic reactions and their activation is a sufficient and necessary condition for the rapid development of microvasculature permeation and tissue edema in sensitized individuals exposed to allergens.
- Mast cells are the main source of mediators of allergic inflammation, which include: histamine, neutral proteinases, proteoglycans, prostaglandin D 2 , leukotriene C 4 and some cytokines (Parikh SA, et al. Preformed enzymes in mast cell granules and their potential role in allergic nhinitis. (2003) Curr Asthma Rep 3: 266-272).
- Bronchial asthma is a manifestation of chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, possibly secondary to allergen hypersensitivity, therefore one of the pathways for the management of this disease is the control to minimize the inflammatory response related to allergen stimulation and the administration of anti-inflammatory therapy to resolve inflammation and prevent disease progression (Craig ML. Diversity of asthma: evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. (2005) J Allergy Clin Immunol 115: S526-31)
- Bronchial hyperreactivity is the pathophysiological framework of asthma but also occurs in individuals without asthma and can be found in 10-15% of the general population.
- Asthma is currently conceived as a disease of genetic-environmental interaction with a complex immunobiology. It begins early in life by the release of allergens to the airways. The first stage in the immune recognition of asthma is the entry of the antigen into the immune cells. APCs, including dendritic cells, incorporate foreign proteins that can serve as antigens, hydrolyze them to small polypeptides and these can be expressed on their surface in the context of MHC class II.
- This presentation is accompanied by expression of accessory molecules on the surface of the APC, a process that can occur near the surface of the airways and is followed by the migration of these cells, which carry the CCR7, to the iinfoide tissue, under the influence of the ligands of CCR7, EBI-1 and tissue chemokines of secondary lymphoid tissue, which also attract memory and "naive" T lymphocytes that carry CCR7.
- the activation of the T cells by the antigen loaded in the APC occurs.
- the local expression of cytokines can have a profound effect on the response of T lymphocytes to the antigen presentation, a process referred to as immune deviation.
- these cells In the presence of IL-12 these cells have a Th1 phenotype that expresses IFN- ⁇ . Under the influence of IL-10, these cells can develop a regulatory phenotype, which may be important in limiting the progression of asthma.
- the influence of IL-4 and IL-13 allows the development of a Th2 phenotype that is required for the appearance of asthma.
- the combined action of IL-4, IL-13, CD40 and an enzyme called activation-induced citidine deaminase produces a change Deletion in the recombination of B lymphocytes and the production of allergen-specific IgE, whose levels are increased in atopic asthma. It is this ability of the IgE to specifically bind allergens and receptors on the effector cells of the allergic response, including mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, which allows the release of mediators that cause asthma symptoms.
- the effector molecules in asthma include histamine, platelet activating factor, proteases and metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA).
- Prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT) which are metabolites of AA that are produced enzymatically during allergic and asthmatic reactions and are present in restricted sites within the microenvironment of the respiratory tract and influence the cells resident in the lungs and act on specific receptors (Drazen JM. Leokotrienes in asthma. (2003) Adv Exp Med Biol 525: 1-5).
- Inflammatory effector cells in asthma produce leukotrienes, and structural lung cells produce prostaglandins (Holgate ST, et al. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation.
- PG and LT can also be formed as a result of oxidative stress.
- the activation of granulocytes of the respiratory tract containing peroxidase is associated with the generation of oxidants at that level.
- peroxidation of lipid membranes can occur. This process results in the formation of isoprostanes, oxidative stress markers.
- the availability of polymorphic markers and phenotypically well characterized families with several members suffering from asthma, has allowed the identification of genetic variants associated with the disease.
- asthma A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . (1992) Am Rev Resp Dis 145: 1251-8). From this episodic release of procontractable mediators of the eosinophils and mast cells of the respiratory tract, asthma symptoms result.
- the emerging concept is asthma, a disease of infectious agents, allergens and environmental toxins that, over time, leads to changes in the cellular composition and structure of the airways.
- different subtypes of regulatory or suppressive cells have been described that can prevent the activation of effector cells "in vitro" and "in vivo" in animal models.
- Epigenetic re-programming results in: hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes involved in the beginning of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis, hypomethylation of proto-oncogenes associated with persistent proliferative activity, global genome demethylation and activation of repeated sequences of DNA.
- the sustained proliferation and signaling in an SSE environment that can be produced by the continuous production of cytokines in a tissue subject to permanent aggression, for example, the result of exposure to a carcinogen.
- a signaling associated with similar stress can be induced by other physiological and environmental factors including cancer inducers well known as inflammation, hormones and viral infections. The involvement of hormones in the origin and development of cancer is well documented.
- the lymphocytotoxic response by CD8 + T cells is considered against antigens presented in the MHC class I context as the main effector branch of adaptive immunity in the antitumor immune response, in this way, the main trends of antitumor immunotherapy are aimed at increasing this CTL response.
- IFN- ⁇ ⁇ nterferon- ⁇
- Type I IFNs have a potent antiviral effect, they are induced after the cells are infected by viruses and give rise to the synthesis of a large number of enzymes such as 2.5'oligoadenylate synthetase that interferes with virus replication.
- RNA or DNA This early (non-specific antigen) response is critical to limit the spread of the viral spectrum before the antigen-specific response can completely control the infection.
- IFN- ⁇ and ⁇ can affect all phases of the cell cycle: M, G1 and G2.
- fibroblasts are stimulated by serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- the IFNs cause a prolongation of the G1 phase, a reduction in the speed of entry to the S phase and a slowdown of the S and G2 phases
- Balkwill F et al.
- Interferon affects both G1 and S + G2 in cells stimulated from quiescence to growth. (1978) Nature 274: 798-800; Gewert DRMG, et al. Inhibition of cell proliferation by ⁇ nterferons 1.
- IFN-regulated proto-oncogenes include c-myc (Raveh T, et al. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase mediates c-Myc suppression induced by type I interferons. (1996) J Biol Chem 271: 25479-25484), bcl-2 (Koshiji M, et al. Apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (COLO201) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and / or interferon-gamma resulting from down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression.
- Interferon ⁇ induces the expression of retinoblastoma gene product in human Burkitt lymphoma Daud ⁇ cells: role in growth regulation. (1992) Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 89: 6599-6603; Resnitzky D, et al. Interferons and interleukin 6 suppress phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in growth-sensitive hematopoietic cells. (1992) Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 89: 402-406). The effect of IFN- ⁇ results in a reduction in one of the E2F, E2F-1 proteins.
- Fas One of the pathways for the induction of apoptosis involves the binding of Fas to FasL, which results in the recruitment of the protein that contains the death domain, FADD and the consequent activation of caspases, such as caspase -8.
- IFNs positively regulate Fas expression and therefore can function through the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway (Weller M, et al. Anti-Fas / APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of cultured human glioma cells. Induction and modulation of sensitivity by cytokines. (1994) J Clin Invest 94: 954-964). Fas can be positively regulated by IFN- ⁇ , (Gordon M, et al.
- CFU-GM granulocyte-mecrophage progenitors
- a dominant negative mutant of 2- 5A-dependent RNase suppresses antiproliferative and antiviral effects of interferon (1993) EMBO J 12: 3297-3304) .
- the latent ribonuclease is activated by 2-5A, the induction of these enzymes can inhibit the synthesis of RNA and proteins:
- the expression in enzymatically inactive ribonuclease (RNase-L) cells inhibits the antiproliferative and antiviral effects of IFNs
- Apoptosis is suppressed in nu! L-RNase-L mice treated with different apoptotic agents (Zhou A, et al.
- PKR levels are inversely correlated with the proliferative activity in different human tumors and tumor cell lines, and a PKR minin activity was found in invasive breast carcinoma (Haines GKCR, et al. Expression of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein Kinase (p68) in human breast tissue (1996) Tumor Biol 17: 5-12; Savinova OJB, et al. Abnormal levéis and minimal activity of the ds RNA-activated protein kinase,
- PKR expression can be controlled by an IFN-induced transcriptional factor, IRF-1 because IRF-1 rapidly increases in cells under arrest during growth, which may influence the expression of genes involved in negative growth control. cellular and can mediate the antiproliferative effect of IFNs.
- IFNs also negatively regulate the multi-drug resistance (mdr1) gene in human colon carcinoma cells (Stein U, et al. Modulation of mdr1 expression by cytokines in human colon carcinoma cells: an approach for reversal of multidrug resistance. (1996) Br J Cancer 74: 1384-1391).
- Array arrays have shown that the bcr gene (breakpoint cluster region) can also be negatively regulated by IFN ⁇ (Der SD 1 et al. Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon ⁇ , ⁇ , or and using oligonucleotide arrays ( 1998) Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 95: 15623-15628).
- Immunomodulatory effect The proportion of IFN- ⁇ producing cells (Th 1 type cells) increased in T lymphocytes cultured in the presence of IFN- ⁇ and cloned (Parronchi P, et al. IL-4 and IFN alpha and IFN gamma exert opposite regulatory effects on the development of cytolytic potential by Th 1 or Th2 human T cell clones. (1992) J Immunol 149: 2977-2983) or stimulated directly (Brinkmann V, et al. Interferon alpha ⁇ ncreases the frequency of IFN gamma-producing CD4 + T cells. (1993) J Exp Med 178: 1655-1663) via the TCR / CD3 complex. Other reports show that IFN- ⁇ induces IFN- ⁇ .
- IFN- ⁇ knockout mice In IFN- ⁇ knockout mice, an increase in inflammation and demyelination has been observed (Tran EH, et al. IFN-gamma shapes immune invasion of the central nervous system via regulation of chemokines. (2000) J Immunol 164 : 2759-2768) which suggests the protective role of IFN- ⁇ in autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as MS and therefore its beneficial role in diseases that occur with an increase in IFN- ⁇ contrary to the pathogenic proinflammatory role that was frequently assigned the same.
- IFNs increase the effectiveness of all cell types of immune effectors. These include cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells (NK). Antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) can also be increased by IFNs. In addition to the increased expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, IFNs directly increase the functions of T cells relevant to the cytotoxicity of tumor cells (Kayagaki N, et al. Type I interferons regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis -inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on human T cells: a novel mechanism for the antitumoral effects of type I Interferons (1999) J Exp Med 189: 1451-1460).
- HLA human leukocyte antigen
- IFNs to increase the activity of NK cells and monocyte function has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo.
- Effect on angiogenesis Another component of the anti-tumor effects mediated by IFN is the inhibition of angiogenesis.
- the systemic administration of IFN- ⁇ reduces the growth of tumor cells in IFN-sensitive cells, by direct regulation of the expression of angiogenic protein, bFGF (Dinney CP, et al Inhibition of Basic fibroblast growth factor expression, angiogenesis, and growth of human bladder carcinoma in mice (1998) Cancer Res 58: 808-814).
- Antitumor effects of IFNs are the result of either the direct effect on the functional capacity or antigenic composition of the tumor cell or an indirect effect on the modulation of immune cell populations that interact with the tumor cell .
- a certain number of genes induced by type I IFNs are involved in apoptosis and include PKR, PML, RAP46 / Bag-1, phospholipid scramblase and Factor 1 -a If a hypoxia-inducible. (Der SD, et al. Identification of genes differentially regulated by interferon ⁇ , ⁇ , or Y using oligonucleotide arrays. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA (1998); 95: 15623-15628). It would be important to determine whether the effects of IFNs in vivo could be increased by combination with apoptosis inducing agents.
- IFNs have played an important role in clinical practice.
- the clinically beneficial therapeutic activity of IFN- a 2 as a simple agent has been demonstrated in many malignant diseases. These findings have allowed us to talk about IFNs as the first human proteins that have increased the survival of cancer patients. Combinations of IFNs with other drugs have shown favorable results and new and more effective clinical applications.
- IFNs When they have been combined with other therapies in animal models and cells, IFNs have increased the effectiveness of treatment in malignant diseases of diverse histology. The reduction in the number of cells or the size of the tumor and the prolongation of survival has in most cases had an additive or synergistic effect.
- CML chronic myeloid leukemia
- the application of IFN- ⁇ resulted in an important therapeutic response (more than 75%) in the majority of patients diagnosed de novo (Kantarjian HM, et al. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: a concise update ( 1993) Blood 82: 691-703; Talpaz M. Use of interferon in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (1994) Semin Oncol 21: 3-7).
- the best results in CML have demonstrated a significant clinical and cytogenetic response with IFN-Ct 2 (Talpaz M. Use of interferon in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. (1994) Semin Oncol 21: 3-7).
- Thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders positive or negative to the Ph chromosome, can be effectively controlled with IFN- ⁇ 2 (Ludwig H, et al. Treatment with recombinant IFN- ⁇ -2c: multiple myeloma and thrombocythaemia in myeloproliferative diseases. (1985) Oncology 42 (Suppl 1): 19-25; Talpaz M, et al. Recombinant IFN- ⁇ therapy of chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocytosis. (1989) Am J Med 86: 554-558).
- IFN- ⁇ has had a therapeutic role in lymphomas of varied histology and phenotypes of T and B cells, (Borden EC.
- IFN- ⁇ 2 showed activity in 45% of patients with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, with responses of 3 to 25 months (Borden EC.
- a response frequency greater than 45% occurred after treatment with IFN-Ci 2 (Foon KA, et al.
- IFN- ⁇ In the treatment of some metastatic solid tumors, IFN- ⁇ resulted in an equivalent response to the best chemotherapeutic agents.
- the melanoma response to IFN- ⁇ ranged from 2 to 29% (Creagan E, et al. Phase Il study of recombinant leukocyte interferon (rIFN-alpha-A) in disseminated malignant melanoma. (1984) Cancer 54: 2844 -2849; Robinson W, et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with recombinant interferon alpha 2. (1986) Immunobiology 172: 275-282).
- This approach is based on the use of bioregulatory products and procedures aimed at promoting, triggering or stimulating the individual's abilities to achieve the restoration of the homeostatic functional balance altered in the disease.
- the rational use of these active principles and procedures modifying the biological response aims to help the patient to gradually and gradually restore the normality of altered functions, by physiological mechanisms and pathways.
- C-Fico C-Fico is a pigment attached to a protein found in a green-blue algae.
- C-Fico monomers are linked to 2 different protein subunits called ⁇ and ⁇ , which contain at least 3 covalently bound biline chromophores and open tetrapyrrole chains without metal complexes (Duerring M, et al. Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of constitutive c-phycocyanin from the chromatically adapting Cyanobacterium fremyella diplosiplon at 1.66 A resolution (1991). J Mol Biol; 217: 577-92).
- This prosthetic group is about 4% of the mass of the algae, indicating the presence of approximately 16 chromophoric groups per unit of molecular weight (Oh Eocha C. Phycobilins. In: Lewin RA, editor.
- ERO reactive oxygen species
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Trolox 0.038 ⁇ g / ml of Trolox
- Ia C-Fico Spirulina platensis Ia is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with a very low ratio IC 50 COX-2 / IC 50 COX-I (0.04).
- C-Fico inhibits luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (LCL) in a dose-dependent manner, probably through its ability to eliminate free radicals (OH “, H 2 O 2 , RO-) and increased peroxides during the respiratory start of phagocytic cells.
- C-Fico could decrease the LCL signals by other routes, for example, by affectation of the enzymes involved in the production of reactive oxygen species by activated phagocytes, NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase or by interference either with the binding of the stimulant or the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid.
- C-Fico inhibition of the release of leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) in an animal model of inflammation was recently evidenced. The peroxide-induced inflammatory response has been evaluated in a model "in vivo" in order to identify potential agents "scavenging" or scrubber 2 and OH- H2O.
- glucose oxidase effects (GO) injected in the mouse leg it reacts with the endogenous glucose and generates H 2 O 2 with the consequent production of OH radicals, both are responsible for tissue damage and the accompanying inflammatory changes (Spillert CR, et al. A peroxide-induced ⁇ nflammation model for drug testing (1987) 21: 297-8).
- C-Fico reduced the edema produced by glucose oxidase in the mouse leg. This anti-inflammatory effect may be due, at least in part, to the elimination of hydroxyl radicals.
- C-Fico is a phycobilin found in Spirulina algae (Sp).
- C-Fico can also be used in diseases with an important inflammatory component because there are reports related to its anti-inflammatory activity (González R, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Phycocyanin extract in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. (1999) Pharm Res 39; 1: 55-59). González et al evaluated the effect of a C-Fico extract on acetic acid-induced colitis, an animal model that mimics some of the acute inflammatory responses observed in ulcerative colitis (Frettland DJ, et al.
- C-Fico anti-inflammatory activity has also been found in the same dose range in carrageenan-induced edema in the leg of the rat and in granuloma due to cotton spots in rats (Romay Ch, et al. Further studies on anti- inflammatory activity of phycocyanin in some animal models of inflammation (1998) Inflamm Res 47 (8): 334-8). In these models Experimental inflammation as well as in experimental colitis, arachidonic acid metabolites play an important role. C-Fico significantly and dose-dependently reduced edema of the ear induced by arachidonic acid in mice, as well as carrageenan-induced edema in the leg of the rat.
- C-Fico also showed anti-inflammatory activity in the test of subchronic granuloma by cotton spots in which sterile cotton spots are implanted in the armpits of rats. Oral administration of C-Fico resulted in significant anti-inflammatory activity in all models tested. The anti-inflammatory activity observed was attributed to the oxygen-eliminating and antioxidant activity of C-Fico and perhaps due to its inhibitory effect on the metabolism of arachidonic acid.
- Vadiraja BB Hepatoprotective effect of C-Phycocyanin: Protection for carbon tetrachloride and R - (+) - pulegone-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats (1998) Biochem and Biophys Res Com 249: 428-431).
- Vadiraja et al studied the effect of C-Fico on hepatotoxicity induced by R - (+) - pulegone and CCI 4 in rats.
- C-Fico can act as an efficient radical scavenger.
- Bhat et al Bhat VB, et al. C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro (2000) Biochem Biophys Common Res 1: 20-25
- C-Fico is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger with a constant velocity ratio of 1.54, compared with 3.5 for uric acid (a known peroxyl radical scavenger). It is postulated that the decrease in antioxidant defense mechanisms and the increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are causal factors of the decline in functions related to age and neurodegenerative diseases (Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. (1956) J Gerontol 11: 289-300; Leibovitz BE, et al. Aspects of free radical reactions in biological systems: aging (1980) J Gerontol 35: 45-56; Ames BN, et al.
- CNS central nervous system
- Antioxidants increase some parameters of immune function when they are added to isolated immune cells "in vitro” or when they are given as supplements to animals and humans "in vivo" (lan SN, et al. Antioxidant, cytokines, and influenza infection ⁇ n aged mice and elderly humans (2000) J Infect Dis 182: S74-S80).
- a potential mechanism is the effect of antioxidants on the production of immunoregulatory molecules such as cytokines.
- Cytokines are induced in response to brain damage and can mediate and inhibit cell damage favoring repair.
- Many clinical studies report the increased expression of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or in the post-morten brain tissue of patients who have suffered a heart attack or brain damage.
- CSF cerebrospinal fluid
- pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF increase with age (Lynch MA. Age-related impairment in long-term potentiation in hippocampus. A role for the cytokine, interleukin-1 ⁇ ? (1998) Prog Neurobiol 56: 571-589; Knoblach SM, et al. Early neuronal expression of tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ after experimental brain injury contributes to neurological impairment.
- C-Fico is among all the compounds that form the Sp, which has the highest antioxidant activity, evaluated against the oxidation of methyl linolate in a hydrophobic system (Hirata T, et al. Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared fron Spirulina platensis (2000) J Appl Phycoi 12: 435-439). In one study (Gemma C, et al. Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar ⁇ -adenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines.
- Anti-allergic effects In addition to the anti-inflammatory properties of C-Fico mediated by its antioxidant properties to which we have referred widely. It has been reported that C-Fico has anti-inflammatory effects in the induced allergic inflammatory response and on the release of histamine from isolated rat mast cells (Rem ⁇ rez D 1 et al. Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response (2002) Mediators of Inflammation, 11: 81-85). In "in vivo" experiments, C-Fico was administered 1 hour before the challenge with Ovalbumin (Ova) in the ear of mice previously sensitized with Ova. An hour later, the MPO activity and edema in the ear was evaluated. C-Fico, significantly reduced both parameters as well as inhibited the release of histamine from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. The effect of C-Fico was dose dependent.
- Ovalbumin Ovalbumin
- the increased vascular permeability to plasma proteins is one of the characteristics of the allergic inflammatory response where mast cells play an important role because they can release preformed vasoactive mediators mainly histamine and in the case of rats and mice Ia serotonin (Halpern BN, et al. On the nature of the chemical mediators involved in anaphylactic reaction in mice. (1963) Br J Pharmacol 20: 389-398; Ohuchi K, et al.
- mast cells also contain pre-formed cytokines, such as TNF- ⁇ and Vascular permeability factor / vascular endothelial cell growth factor, among others, that can be released in dependent reactions - IgE and can give the mast cells effector and immunoregulatory potentials in the response to allergic inflammatory.
- cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ and Vascular permeability factor / vascular endothelial cell growth factor, among others, that can be released in dependent reactions - IgE and can give the mast cells effector and immunoregulatory potentials in the response to allergic inflammatory.
- lipid mediators synthesized de novo by mast cells such as prostaglandin D 2 , leukotrienes (LTC 4 , LTD 4 , LTE 4 , LTB 4 ) and platelet activating factor (PAF), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- C-Fico reduces the levels of prostaglandin D 2 and LTB 4 in the inflammation test induced by arachidonic acid, in the mouse ear (Romay C, et al. Effects of phycocyanin extract on prostaglandin E 2 levéis in Mouse eras inflammation test (2000) Arzneim Forsch / Drug Res ' 50: 1106-1109; Romay C, et al. Phycocyanin extract reduces leukotrienes B 4 levéis ⁇ n arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear inflammation test (1999) J Phar Pharmacol 51: 641-642).
- the inhibitory effect of C-Fico on the release of histamine from isolated rat mast cells supports the participation of this event in the action mode of C-Fico as an anti-inflammatory agent.
- ROS such as: the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals
- C-Fico is capable of eliminating peroxides, hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals (Lissi EA, et al. Kinetics of phycocyanin bilin groups destruction by peroxyl root.
- C-Fico from Spirulina platensis inhibited the growth of Ia K562 human leukemia cell line.
- the effect of C-Fico was initially studied following the growth of K562 cells in semi-solid agar culture at concentrations of 20, 40, 80 and 169 mg-1. The results showed that C-Fico inhibited the growth of K562 leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner with statistically significant inhibition observed at 80 and 160 mg-1.
- the effect of C-Fico was also studied using cell viability in the XTT reduction test.
- C-Fico again inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.
- the IC 50 value of C-Fico was 72.5 mg "1.
- flow cytometry experiments based on the analysis of the DNA content, revealed that the accumulation of K562 cells occurred in the G-1 phase when the cells were incubated with C-Fico for 6 days.The highest percentages of cells in G-1 phase were found at the concentrations of 40 and 80 mg-1 of C-Fico.
- the analysis of DNA fragmentation did not show the pattern of Staging typically observed in apoptosis, which indicates that a different mechanism may be involved in this inhibition
- the selective inhibition of COX-2 by C-Fico Reddy CM, et al.
- AK-5 cells unlike the results of the previous study where apoptosis did not mediate the antitumor effect of C-Fico, are induced to an apoptotic death program when treated with C-Fico, this program involves the activation of Caspase-3.
- the apoptotic death mediated by C-Fico is induced through the generation of ROS.
- Bcl-2 an inhibitor of apoptosis, showed regular generation of ROS.
- the AK-5 cells transfected with the Bcl-2 gene were resistant to death induced by C-Fico.
- Genomic DNA electrophoresis of C-Fico treated cells showed the typical fragmentation pattern of apoptotic cells.
- Flow cytometry analysis of apoptotic cells treated with 25 and 50 ⁇ M of C-Fico for 48 hours showed 14.11 and 20.93% of cells in sub G0 / G1 phase respectively.
- C-Fico treatment of K562 cells also resulted in the release of cytochrome C in the cytosol and rupture of polymerase ribose poly (ADP) (PARP).
- PARP polymerase ribose poly
- This study also showed a decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but without any change in pro-apoptotic Bax, therefore the Bcl-2 / Bax ratio favors apoptosis.
- C-Fico The effects of C-Fico appear to be mediated by the entry of C-Fico into the cytosol by an unknown mechanism.
- the present study also demonstrates that C-Fico induces apoptosis in K562 by release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytosol, rupture of PARP and decrease of Bcl-2.
- DIC Document Inippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.
- Anti-tumor agents containing phycobillin (1983) Japanese Patent No. 58-65216
- Activity Lymphocytic treatment group was significantly higher than the control group, suggesting some degree of immune system stimulation.
- the present invention describes the use of a bioregulatory pharmaceutical compound aimed at promoting, triggering or recovering the affected capacities in the individual to achieve the restoration of the homeostatic functional balance altered in the disease.
- said compound is novel since its formulation since it is constituted by a protein of the family of interferons together with a product of natural origin, demonstrating in our invention its effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune, allergic diseases and cancer.
- the compound referred to in this invention is composed of IFN- ⁇ , specifically recombinant IFN- ⁇ 2b and C-Ficocianina, products that can be used as part of a pharmaceutical combination of parenteral or oral administration with an appropriate excipient.
- the said pharmaceutical combination can be used as a method of treatment by applying its active components separately in the same individual as a single treatment.
- the components of the combination were administered by different routes, the IFN- ⁇ intraperitoneally and the C-Phycocyanin orally as part of the same treatment and no significant differences were found at the same doses between
- the administration of the independent components by different routes and the administration of the components being part of a compound pharmaceutical by a single route, so that the route of administration does not influence the effect, so that said compound can also be administered intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, orally, nasally and intrathecally.
- the novelty of the invention consists in demonstrating the inductive effect of natural and adaptive regulatory T cells for both the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico pharmaceutical compound and its independent active ingredients.
- This important property of the immune system had already been suggested for IFN- ⁇ , but our invention, in addition to proving it for IFN- ⁇ , constitutes the first report of inducing effect of regulatory T cells for C-Phycocyanin, as well as demonstrating synergistic effect of both components of the pharmaceutical compound IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico, making its use rational in diseases that occur with a decrease in the number or functionality of cTr, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases, with which development is prevented of crisis especially in the relapsing forms of these diseases.
- a synergistic effect of the pharmaceutical compound IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico is evidenced with respect to the activity of its independent components in terms of its antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and tumor cell apoptosis inducing properties.
- the novelty of the invention consists in this case, in which the pharmaceutical compound showed to have statistically significant anticancer effects superior to its independent components, by means of its antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing properties of tumor cells evidenced by the positive regulation that it produced on the proteins p53 and later p21 necessary to maintain the arrest of the cell cycle in G2 / M phase and apoptosis followed by DNA damage.
- C-Fico also inhibited hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation (Halliwell B. How to characterize a biological antioxidant. (1990) Free rad Res Comm; 9: 1-32).
- the anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effect of tumor cells of the C-Fico is considered to be largely mediated by its potent antioxidant activity, so that the anti-cancer effect of the C-Fico could be explained , since most neoplastic processes have a chronic inflammatory component and elements that speak in favor of a marked oxidative stress.
- Interferon affects both G1 and S + G2 in cells stimulated from quiescence to growth. (1978) Nature 274: 798-800)
- the cumulative effect of the prolongation of the cell cycle by IFN- ⁇ , both in normal cells and tumor cells gives rise to cytostasis, increm Ento of cell volume and apoptosis (Otsuki T, et al. Human myeloma cell apoptosis induced by interferon- ⁇ . (1998) Br J Haematol 103: 518-529).
- Tumor cells develop alterations in one or more proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle, including IFN-regulated proto-oncogenes such as bcl2 (Koshiji M, et al.
- a synergistic effect and dose-dependent negative regulation of bcl2 were demonstrated in tumor cells stimulated by the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination.
- One of the pathways for the induction of apoptosis involves the binding of Fas to FasL, which results in the recruitment of the protein that contains the FADD death domain and the consequent activation of caspases, such as caspase -8.
- IFN- ⁇ positively regulates Fas expression and therefore can function through Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway as demonstrated in another particular embodiment of our invention where it was also shown that the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico pharmaceutical compound positively modulated Fas expression in tumor cells.
- COX-2 is a known anti-apoptotic molecule and it has been reported that C-Fico is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, thus favoring programmed cell death of tumor cells (Reddy CM, et al. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase- 2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 3: 599-603).
- the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico compound significantly decreased and dose-dependent levels of COX-2 expression, this being one of the mechanisms that explain the apoptosis inducing effect of tumor cells by The combination described.
- Figure 1 Effect of independent treatments and of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the expression of natural (A and B) and adaptive (C and D) regulatory T cell marker genes by RT-PCR in patients with sclerosis Multiple.
- Figure 2 Effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the ratio of CD25 / Foxp3 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
- Figure 3 A) Flow Cytometry of the CD4 + CD25 + expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the independent active principles and with the combination IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico B) Inductive effect of CD4 + C.D25 + cells and CD4 + CD25 high of the independent active ingredients and of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination.
- Figure 4 Effect of independent treatments and of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the expression of natural regulatory (A and B) and adaptive (C and D) regulatory T cell marker genes by RT-PCR in patients with arthritis Rheumatoid
- Figure 5 Effect of independent treatments and of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the expression of regulatory T cell marker genes natural (A and B) and adaptive (C and P) by RT-PCR in patients with bronchial asthma.
- Figure 6 Dose-response effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the inhibition of proliferation in the HeLa cell line.
- Figure 7 A) Effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and of the independent active principles on the expression of the COX-2 and Bcl-2 genes in the K562 cell line.
- Figure 8 Effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and of the independent active principles on the expression of the Fas gene in the K562 cell line.
- Figure 9 Effect of the independent active ingredients and of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the expression of the cytochrome-c protein.
- Figure 10 Effect of the combination IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico and the independent active principles on the levels of p53 (A) and p21 (B) proteins quantified by ELISA in HepG2 cells.
- Figure 11 Kinetics of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the levels of the p53 (A) and p21 (B) proteins quantified by ELISA in the HepG2 cell line.
- Example 1 Therapeutic effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and its independent active ingredients in an EAE model.
- the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination was tested in an EAE biomodel. to evaluate its therapeutic effect:
- mice of 13Og average body weight were immunized, subcutaneously with 5 mg of spinal cord homogenate in PBS (50%) and Freund's complete adjuvant (50%), days 0 and 6.
- the therapeutic scheme was initiated intraperitoneally with the combination IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico (200 ng / kg / day - 740 ng / kg / day), the independent active principles IFN- ⁇ (200 ng / kg / day) and C-Fico (200 ng / kg / day) and placebo (PBS).
- the therapeutic scheme was followed by space of 10 days by means of the evaluation of the clinical evolution of the disease according to the following clinical index: 0; no alterations, 1; complete paralysis of the tail, 2; paralysis of one of the lower limbs, 3; complete paralysis of the posterior train, 4; complete paralysis of the posterior train and paralysis of the anterior train, 5; death.
- Weight loss and bladder or rectal sphincter incontinence which are also clinical signs of the disease in the animal were assessed by adding 0.5 to the clinical index mentioned above.
- the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed, the brain and spinal cord of each animal was processed (10% formalin fixation, staining with H&E and Luxol Blue) for histopathological analysis.
- the histopathological criteria considered were, the number and size of the perivascular inflammatory infiltrate, demyelinating lesions, apoptosis of neurons or glands, and astrocyte reactivity. All observations were made blindly.
- the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination protects experimentally induced animals to develop EAE, since only 50% of these animals develop the mildest form of the disease and the rest do not get sick. This is not the case in the rest of the groups where the incidence of the disease is 100% (groups treated with the independent active ingredients and placebo).
- the mean clinical index of the group treated with the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination is 0.37 ⁇ 0.47, that of the groups treated with the independent active principles is 1.37 ⁇ 1.7 for the IFN- ⁇ and 1.5 ⁇ 1.6 for the C- Fico and that of the placebo group is 1.7 ⁇ 1.4.
- a total of 8 rats per group was used and the comparisons were made according to the Newman Keuls multiple comparison test for p ⁇ 0.001.
- Example 2 Therapeutic effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination using different routes of administration.
- group I combination IFN- ⁇ / C- Fico (200 ng / kg / day - 7400 ⁇ g / kg / day) intraperitoneal
- group II IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination where IFN- ⁇ is administered at (200 ng / kg / day) intraperitoneally and Ia C -Fico at a rate of 7400 ⁇ g / kg / day orally through gastric intubation
- group III placebo. This therapeutic scheme was followed for 10 days. Clinical measurements were performed as explained in the previous example.
- the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination either by the intraperitoneal administration route or by the intraperitoneal / oral routes respectively, protects experimentally induced animals to develop EAE. In both cases, only 40% of the animals developed the disease with respect to the placebo group where 100% of the animals became ill.
- the mean clinical index of the group treated with the intraperitoneal IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination is 0.37 ⁇ 0.17, that of the group treated with the oral IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination is 0.35 ⁇ 0.11 and that of the group treated with the placebo is 1.7 + 1.4.
- a total of 8 rats per group were used. The statistical comparison between the groups was p ⁇ 0.001. The Newman Keuls multiple test "test" was used.
- Example 3 Evaluation of the inductive effect of natural and adaptive regulatory T cells by the combination IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico and its independent active principles in mononuclear cells of patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
- CD25 Oligo 5 J -Sequence of 20 base pairs (bp) from position 618 to 637. Oligo 3'-Sequence of 20 bp from position 1053 to 1072, amplify a band of 454 bp of the sequence with number of access NM_000417. Foxp3: Oligo 5'-Sequence of 20 bp from position 482 to 501. Oligo 3'- Sequence of 20 bp from position 762 to 781, amplify band of 299 bp of the sequence with access number NM_014009.
- IL-10 Oligo 5'-Sequence of 20 bp from position 358 to 377. Oligo 3'- Sequence of 22 bp from position 687 to 709, amplify 351 bp band of the sequence with access number NM_000572.
- TGF- ⁇ Oligo 5'-Sequence of 19 bp from position 1209 to 1227. Oligo 3'- Sequence of 19 bp from position 1564 to 1582, amplify 373 bp band of the sequence with access number NM__000660.
- GAPDH Oligo 5'-Sequence of 18 bp from position 386 to 403. Oligo 3'- Sequence of 20 bp from position 561 to 580, amplify 164 bp band of the sequence with access number NM_002046.
- GAPDH was used as a constitutive expression gene against which the relative values obtained by application of the Molecular Analysis software were normalized to the densitometry of the 2% agarose gels where the PCR products were run.
- results are expressed as the mean or median (according to the distribution of the variable) of the relative values of RNA normalized with the GAPDH, the mean or medium and the 3 cellular variants were compared with treatment with respect to the control of single cells and it was calculated the p value associated with the statistician in patients and controls.
- results show an inducing effect of CD4 + CD25 + and CD4 + CD25 h ⁇ gh cells , for the independent components and even greater for the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination in both patients and controls (the results presented in our invention they are representative of 3 patients and 3 controls).
- the inducing effect of the lFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination reached the maximum biologically possible values (see Figures 3A and 3B).
- Example 4 Evaluation of the inductive effect of natural and adaptive regulatory T cells of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and its independent active principles in mononuclear cells of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. For the evaluation of the effect on the cTr marker genes, we proceeded as explained in the previous section only that 6 patients and 6 controls were included.
- Example 5 Evaluation of the inductive effect of natural and adaptive regulatory T cells of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and its independent active principles in mononuclear cells of patients with bronchial asthma.
- the antitumor activity of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination was demonstrated through the evaluation of the antiproliferative, cytotoxic and tumor cell apoptosis inducing activity.
- several human tumor cell lines were analyzed "in vitro": HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma), HepG2 (Human hepatocarcinoma), A375 (Human Melanoma), HL60 (Human Promyelocytic Leukemia), K562 (Human Erythroleukemia), PBMC (Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells).
- Each cell line evaluated was cultured at the total amount of cells referred to above, in the culture medium established for the growth of each line, 100 ⁇ l / well was added and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius 5% CO 2 , at After this time, the culture medium was replaced by means that contained the different treatments in duplicate: A) Single cells, B) Cells + 5 ⁇ M IFN- ⁇ 2b, C) Cells + 20 ⁇ M C-Fico, D) Cells + 5 ⁇ M IFN- ⁇ 2b / 20 ⁇ M C-Fico. The treated cells were incubated for an additional 48 hours under the same conditions. Subsequently, MTT was added and its soluble products were read at 540 nm in a plate reader (Multiscan, Titertek).
- Figure 6 shows the dose-dependence of the effect of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination on the inhibition of proliferation in the HeLa cell line.
- the apoptosis inducing activity of the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination and its independent active principles was also evaluated through its effect on the expression of the genes of COX-2 and Bcl-2 by RT-PCR and Ia expression of the cytochrome-c protein by Western-Blot.
- RNA / experimental variable extracted from the K562 cell line was started.
- the RT reaction was performed in a total volume of 20 ⁇ l which were subsequently divided into 2 PCR reactions of 10 ⁇ l each.
- GAPDH was used as a constitutive expression gene against which the relative values obtained by application of the Molecular Analysis software were normalized to the densitometry of the agarose gels where the PCR products were run.
- Fas can be positively regulated by IFN- ⁇ , (Gordon M, Marley SB, LewisJL, et al. Treatment with interferon-alpha preferentially reduces the capacity for amplification of granulocyte-mecrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia but normal spares CFU-GM. (1998) J Clin Invest 102: 710-715) This event promotes Fas-mediated apoptosis (Selleri CMJ, Pane F, Luciano L, et al.
- Fas-mediated modulation of bcr / abl in chronic myelogenous leukaemia results in differential effects on apoptosis (1998) Blood 92: 981-989), in our invention it was evaluated if the IFN- ⁇ / C-Fico combination had a positive regulatory effect of Fas that IFN- ⁇ alone.
- Experimental variants were explained, which are explained in the previous example, 10 5 cells / experimental vaptant of the K562 cell line were incubated for 4 hours with the different treatments and the Fas level expression was measured by RT-PCR as explained. in previous headings.
- Proteasome inhibitors induces apoptosis in glucocorticoid-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes . (1998) Blood 92: 4220). 5 ⁇ g of proteins / experimental variable, from K562 cells treated as explained above for an incubation time of 24 hours, were analyzed by PAGE-SDS electrophoresis on a 15% acriiamide gel, then the proteins were transferred to a membrane of nitrocellulose, the specific protein was evidenced with the use of a murine anti-cytochrome-c monoclonal antibody.
- the proteins p53 and p21 are necessary to maintain the arrest of the cell cycle in the G2 / M phase and the apoptosis followed by DNA damage.
- an ELISA Roche Molecular Biochemical, Germany
- an ELISA Calbiochem, Cambridge, MA, USA
- the cells were treated with the combination 30nglFN- ⁇ 2b / 50 ⁇ MC-Fico or the independent components at the concentrations referred to above for the experiments shown in Figure 7A and for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours for the experiments shown in Figure 7B.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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CA2627531A CA2627531C (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | Interferon-alpha and c-phycocyanin for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases and cancer |
EP06805255A EP1955706A1 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | Interferon-alpha and c-phycocyanin for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases and cancer |
US12/091,776 US8110182B2 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | Treatment of multiple sclerosis by administration of interferon alpha and C-phycocyanin |
JP2008536916A JP2009513583A (ja) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | 自己免疫疾患、アレルギー性疾患及び癌の治療用インターフェロン−アルファ及びc−フィコシアニン |
BRPI0617943A BRPI0617943A2 (pt) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | composto farmacêutico e uso de um composto farmacêutico |
AU2006308342A AU2006308342A1 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2006-10-30 | Interferon-alpha and C-phycocyanin for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases and cancer |
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CU20050207A CU23581A1 (es) | 2005-10-28 | 2005-10-28 | Interferon alfa y c-ficocianina para el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunes, alérgicas y cáncer |
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WO2011151941A1 (ja) | 2010-06-04 | 2011-12-08 | 国立大学法人東京大学 | 制御性t細胞の増殖または集積を誘導する作用を有する組成物 |
IT1403990B1 (it) * | 2010-12-16 | 2013-11-08 | Associazione Termalisti Isola D Ischia | Cianobatterio della famiglia delle pseudanabaenaceae (oscillatoriales, cyanophyta), genere protolyngbya, specie protolyngbya sp. ceppo itd-01 |
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WO2013066864A1 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-10 | The Florida International University Board Of Trustees | Combination anti-cancer therapy |
EP2785828B1 (en) | 2011-12-01 | 2020-04-08 | The University of Tokyo | Human-derived bacteria that induce proliferation or accumulation of regulatory t cells |
KR102115854B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-13 | 2020-05-27 | 인하대학교 산학협력단 | 조류 색소 단백질을 포함하는 염증성 피부 질환 예방 또는 치료용 조성물 |
CN113198006B (zh) * | 2021-05-12 | 2022-05-03 | 国珍健康科技(北京)有限公司 | 具有抑制lps诱导巨噬细胞分泌no功能的组成物及其应用和免疫药物 |
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JPS5865216A (ja) | 1981-09-16 | 1983-04-18 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | 抗腫瘍剤 |
US5163898A (en) * | 1987-03-16 | 1992-11-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Medical treatment of tumors with phycocyanin |
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JPS5865216A (ja) | 1981-09-16 | 1983-04-18 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | 抗腫瘍剤 |
US5163898A (en) * | 1987-03-16 | 1992-11-17 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Medical treatment of tumors with phycocyanin |
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CU23581A1 (es) | 2010-10-30 |
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US20090280087A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
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AU2006308342A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
RU2008121248A (ru) | 2009-12-10 |
ZA200804609B (en) | 2009-02-25 |
BRPI0617943A2 (pt) | 2016-10-25 |
EP1955706A1 (en) | 2008-08-13 |
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US8110182B2 (en) | 2012-02-07 |
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