WO2007009609A1 - Prosthetic ring for heart surgery - Google Patents
Prosthetic ring for heart surgery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007009609A1 WO2007009609A1 PCT/EP2006/006605 EP2006006605W WO2007009609A1 WO 2007009609 A1 WO2007009609 A1 WO 2007009609A1 EP 2006006605 W EP2006006605 W EP 2006006605W WO 2007009609 A1 WO2007009609 A1 WO 2007009609A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ring
- prosthetic ring
- prosthetic
- heart surgery
- vela
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 208000012287 Prolapse Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 210000000591 tricuspid valve Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 210000004115 mitral valve Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000003709 heart valve Anatomy 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polytetrafluorethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000010339 dilation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 206010067171 Regurgitation Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 206010027727 Mitral valve incompetence Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000016569 congenital mitral valve insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000005907 mitral valve insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 208000025747 Rheumatic disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002547 anomalous effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010002906 aortic stenosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000003412 degenerative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000007119 infective endocarditis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000028867 ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003540 papillary muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000552 rheumatic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010010356 Congenital anomaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027205 Congenital disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010019280 Heart failures Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003430 Mitral Valve Prolapse Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003130 cardiopathic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010125 myocardial infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008807 pathological lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000472 traumatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
- A61F2/2445—Annuloplasty rings in direct contact with the valve annulus
- A61F2/2448—D-shaped rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
- A61F2/2454—Means for preventing inversion of the valve leaflets, e.g. chordae tendineae prostheses
Definitions
- the object of the present Invention is a prosthetic ring for heart surgery that includes significant innovations and advantages compared to other rings used for the same purpose .
- the prosthetic ring of the invention simultaneously repairs two of the main causes of physio- pathological cardio valvular insufficiency of: the dilation of the natural ring and the prolapse of the valvular vela.
- the heart is made up of four cavities that are connected to each other via some cardiac valves whose job is to allow the passage of blood in a single direction, not allowing the passage of blood in the opposite direction.
- Aortic stenosis must presently be treated surgically by means of the use of a replacement with a valvular prosthesis.
- mitral insufficiency causes secondary ischemia to cardiopathic ischemia from lesions of the coronary arteries or through a myocardial infarction, rheumatic illness, infectious endocarditis, cardiac traumas and congenital disease of the heart.
- Another cardiac valve, the tricuspid valve can also suffer from illnesses of differing causes (rheumatic, degenerative, functional, congenital, infectious endocarditis, traumatic) and is also capable of surgical repair.
- both the mitral valve and egually the tricuspid valve can suffer from a disease that brings about malfunction that is characterised by the reflow of blood from the ventricle to the auricle.
- This lesion is called mitral insufficiency or regurgitation and/or tricuspid, in accordance with the malfunctioning valve.
- the valvular insufficiency or regurgitation can be produced by multiple mechanism or lesions that overall causes the valve no to work properly and a part of the blood that the ventricle pumps returns to the auricle. This is because the valve does not completely close to a greater or lesser degree. This incomplete closure can be produced by differing mechanisms but the two most frequent mechanisms and that bring about the highest percentage regurgitation are:
- the vela are not held on the closure plane but because of an excess of movement protrude or prolapse or are anomalously directed towards the auricle.
- the space that remains between the valvular closure plane and the prolapse of the vela allows the anomalous passage (reflow) of blood towards the auricle bringing about valvular insufficiency and illness.
- prosthetic rings of differing forms (without shape, pre-shaped) , of differing flexibilities (flexible, semi-rigid, rigid) and of differing contours (closed, open) .
- the prosthetic rings aimed at the reconstruction of the mitral ring generally have a ⁇ D' shaped form, whilst the rings aimed at tricuspid reconstructions have a more or less ovoid form.
- the prosthetic ring on its own does not solve the problem and surgeons need to carry out other repair techniques to the vela, the cords, the papillary muscles or the ventricle itself.
- the key to the successful repair of the heart valves consists of a system that allows a surgical correction of the two causes involved in the valvular insufficiency or regurgitation, the dilation of the ring and the prolapse of one or several of the vela.
- the prosthetic ring for heart surgery of this present registration solves the previously stated disadvantages, moreover, providing other advantages that will become clear from the description which is attached below.
- the prosthetic ring of the invention simultaneously repairs two of the main causes of physio- pathological cardio valvular insufficiency of: the dilation of the natural ring and the prolapse of the valvular vela.
- the prosthetic ring for heart surgery of the invention is particularly for the reconstruction of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve, it is made up of a prosthetic ring of a flexible material, a closed and pre-formed contour, that when implanted carries out the anuloplasty or reduction of the dilated natural ring to its normal size, and is characterised because on the inside said ring has a net or mesh that is extended throughout the area defined by the perimeter of the ring and prevents the prolapse of one or several vela towards the auricular cavity, allowing the passage of blood from the auricle to the ventricle.
- the stated net or mesh is interwoven in such a way that it holds itself in an immovable position during the cardiac cycle.
- the tension of the net or mesh is small allowing the absorption of the inertial impact of the vela of the heart valve.
- the net or mesh can be made with materials such as expanded polytetrafluorethylene or prolone®.
- the prosthetic ring is a tubular structure of a textile nature that encloses a flexible tube that forces the ring to take a predetermined shape, which in general is X D' or kidney shaped, the shape that the cardiac valves have when they are closed.
- the external tube is made out of a fabric material that allows the prosthetic ring to be connected to the natural ring by means of sutures, the passage of the needles with thread, which is connected to the diseased cardiac ring.
- the prosthetic ring that has been developed can be fitted with a support that allows easy handling of same during the surgical procedure. Once the prosthetic ring is implanted in the diseased heart the said support can be released on cutting the sutures, linking device, that connect it to the support.
- the prosthetic ring of the invention surgically corrects the main causes of insufficiency or regurgitation of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve, completely correcting the pathological motives that cause the valvular insufficiency, the dilation of the valvular ring and the prolapse of the vela.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the prosthetic ring of the invention
- Figure 2 shows a schematic view of the application of the above prosthetic ring
- the prosthetic ring for heart surgery and particularly for the reconstruction of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve is made up from a flexible prosthetic ring (1), closed and pre-formed, that once implanted carries out the anuloplasty or reduction of the natural ring (2) dilated to its natural size, and that internally has a net or mesh (3) that is extended throughout the area defined by the perimeter of the prosthetic ring (1) and that prevents the prolapse of one or several vela towards the cavity of the auricle, allowing the passage of blood from the auricle towards the ventricle.
- the stated net or mesh (3) is interwoven in such a way that it keeps itself in an immovable position during the cardiac cycle.
- the material of the net or mesh can be made with materials such as expanded polytetrafluorethylene or prolone®.
- the tension of the net or mesh (3) has a predetermined value that allows the absorption of the inertial impact of the vela of the heart valve.
- the prosthetic rung (1) is a tubular structure of a textile nature that encloses a flexible tube that forces the ring to take a predetermined shape, which in general is X D' or kidney shaped, the shape that the cardiac valves have when they are closed (not shown) .
- the external tube is made out of a fabric material that allows the prosthetic ring to be connected to the natural ring (2) to be made by means of sutures, the passage of the needles with thread (4), which is connected to the diseased cardiac ring.
- the prosthetic ring that has been developed can be fitted with a support that allows easy handling of same during the surgical operation. Once the prosthetic ring is implanted in the diseased heart the said support can be released by cutting the sutures, linking device, that connect it to the support (not shown) .
- the prosthetic ring of the invention surgically corrects the main causes of insufficiency or regurgitation of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve, completely correcting the pathological motives that cause the valvular insufficiency, the dilation of the valvular ring and the prolapse of the vela.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES200501722A ES2286925B1 (es) | 2005-07-15 | 2005-07-15 | Anillo protesico para cirugia cardiaca. |
ESES200501722 | 2005-07-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007009609A1 true WO2007009609A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
Family
ID=37273243
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2006/006605 WO2007009609A1 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-07-06 | Prosthetic ring for heart surgery |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
ES (1) | ES2286925B1 (es) |
WO (1) | WO2007009609A1 (es) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2000116A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-08 | 2008-12-10 | Laboratoires perouse | Nécessaire destiné à être implanté dans un conduit de circulation de sang |
CN102525703A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-04 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式主动脉瓣成形环 |
CN102579161A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-18 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式二尖瓣成形环 |
CN102579160A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-18 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式三尖瓣成形环 |
WO2016094490A3 (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2016-08-04 | De Canniere Didier | Intracardiac device to correct mitral regurgitation |
WO2016180669A1 (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2016-11-17 | Jenavalve Technology Gmbh | Device, system and method for treatment of a mitral and/or tricuspid heart valve insufficiency |
US10531956B2 (en) | 2015-09-03 | 2020-01-14 | Vesalous Cardiovascular Inc. | Apparatus for repairing heart valves and method of use thereof |
US10993805B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 | 2021-05-04 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Stent for the positioning and anchoring of a valvular prosthesis in an implantation site in the heart of a patient |
US11065138B2 (en) | 2016-05-13 | 2021-07-20 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Heart valve prosthesis delivery system and method for delivery of heart valve prosthesis with introducer sheath and loading system |
US11185405B2 (en) | 2013-08-30 | 2021-11-30 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Radially collapsible frame for a prosthetic valve and method for manufacturing such a frame |
US20220079761A1 (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2022-03-17 | The Medical College Of Wisconsin, Inc. | Atrioventricular Valve Repair Ring |
US11337800B2 (en) | 2015-05-01 | 2022-05-24 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Device and method with reduced pacemaker rate in heart valve replacement |
US11357624B2 (en) | 2007-04-13 | 2022-06-14 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Medical device for treating a heart valve insufficiency |
US11517431B2 (en) | 2005-01-20 | 2022-12-06 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Catheter system for implantation of prosthetic heart valves |
US11564794B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 | 2023-01-31 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Stent for the positioning and anchoring of a valvular prosthesis in an implantation site in the heart of a patient |
US11589981B2 (en) | 2010-05-25 | 2023-02-28 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Prosthetic heart valve and transcatheter delivered endoprosthesis comprising a prosthetic heart valve and a stent |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2338508B1 (es) * | 2008-01-21 | 2011-01-03 | Jose Manuel Bernal Marco | Anillo protesico para cirugia cardiaca pefeccionado. |
ES2353105B1 (es) * | 2010-06-28 | 2012-01-23 | José Manuel Bernal Marco | Anillo protésico reparador para cirugía valvular cardiaca |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5776189A (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 1998-07-07 | Khalid; Naqeeb | Cardiac valvular support prosthesis |
US6187040B1 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2001-02-13 | John T. M. Wright | Mitral and tricuspid annuloplasty rings |
US20020065554A1 (en) * | 2000-10-25 | 2002-05-30 | Streeter Richard B. | Mitral shield |
US20030069593A1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-04-10 | Tremulis William S. | Method and apparatus for valve repair |
US20050004665A1 (en) * | 2003-07-02 | 2005-01-06 | Lishan Aklog | Annuloplasty rings and methods for repairing cardiac valves |
-
2005
- 2005-07-15 ES ES200501722A patent/ES2286925B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-07-06 WO PCT/EP2006/006605 patent/WO2007009609A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5776189A (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 1998-07-07 | Khalid; Naqeeb | Cardiac valvular support prosthesis |
US6187040B1 (en) * | 1999-05-03 | 2001-02-13 | John T. M. Wright | Mitral and tricuspid annuloplasty rings |
US20020065554A1 (en) * | 2000-10-25 | 2002-05-30 | Streeter Richard B. | Mitral shield |
US20030069593A1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-04-10 | Tremulis William S. | Method and apparatus for valve repair |
US20050004665A1 (en) * | 2003-07-02 | 2005-01-06 | Lishan Aklog | Annuloplasty rings and methods for repairing cardiac valves |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11517431B2 (en) | 2005-01-20 | 2022-12-06 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Catheter system for implantation of prosthetic heart valves |
US11357624B2 (en) | 2007-04-13 | 2022-06-14 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Medical device for treating a heart valve insufficiency |
FR2916959A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-08 | 2008-12-12 | Perouse Soc Par Actions Simpli | Necessaire destine a etre implante dans un conduit de circulation de sang |
US7785364B2 (en) | 2007-06-08 | 2010-08-31 | Laboratoires Perouse | Kit to be implanted in a blood circulation conduit |
EP2000116A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-08 | 2008-12-10 | Laboratoires perouse | Nécessaire destiné à être implanté dans un conduit de circulation de sang |
US10993805B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 | 2021-05-04 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Stent for the positioning and anchoring of a valvular prosthesis in an implantation site in the heart of a patient |
US11154398B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 | 2021-10-26 | JenaValve Technology. Inc. | Stent for the positioning and anchoring of a valvular prosthesis in an implantation site in the heart of a patient |
US11564794B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 | 2023-01-31 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Stent for the positioning and anchoring of a valvular prosthesis in an implantation site in the heart of a patient |
US11589981B2 (en) | 2010-05-25 | 2023-02-28 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Prosthetic heart valve and transcatheter delivered endoprosthesis comprising a prosthetic heart valve and a stent |
CN102525703A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-04 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式主动脉瓣成形环 |
CN102579160A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-18 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式三尖瓣成形环 |
CN102579161A (zh) * | 2012-02-20 | 2012-07-18 | 广西医科大学第一附属医院 | 网式二尖瓣成形环 |
US11185405B2 (en) | 2013-08-30 | 2021-11-30 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Radially collapsible frame for a prosthetic valve and method for manufacturing such a frame |
WO2016094490A3 (en) * | 2014-12-09 | 2016-08-04 | De Canniere Didier | Intracardiac device to correct mitral regurgitation |
US11337800B2 (en) | 2015-05-01 | 2022-05-24 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Device and method with reduced pacemaker rate in heart valve replacement |
WO2016180669A1 (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2016-11-17 | Jenavalve Technology Gmbh | Device, system and method for treatment of a mitral and/or tricuspid heart valve insufficiency |
US10531956B2 (en) | 2015-09-03 | 2020-01-14 | Vesalous Cardiovascular Inc. | Apparatus for repairing heart valves and method of use thereof |
US11065138B2 (en) | 2016-05-13 | 2021-07-20 | Jenavalve Technology, Inc. | Heart valve prosthesis delivery system and method for delivery of heart valve prosthesis with introducer sheath and loading system |
WO2022056391A1 (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2022-03-17 | The Medical College Of Wisconsin, Inc. | Atrioventricular valve repair ring |
US20220079761A1 (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2022-03-17 | The Medical College Of Wisconsin, Inc. | Atrioventricular Valve Repair Ring |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2286925B1 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
ES2286925A1 (es) | 2007-12-01 |
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