WO2006132537A1 - Cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns - Google Patents

Cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006132537A1
WO2006132537A1 PCT/NO2006/000180 NO2006000180W WO2006132537A1 WO 2006132537 A1 WO2006132537 A1 WO 2006132537A1 NO 2006000180 W NO2006000180 W NO 2006000180W WO 2006132537 A1 WO2006132537 A1 WO 2006132537A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cladding
waterproof membrane
tunnel
formwork
meshed
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2006/000180
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jan Ronald Wetting
Jan ELVÖY
Original Assignee
Wapro Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wapro Ltd. filed Critical Wapro Ltd.
Priority to EP06747643.2A priority Critical patent/EP1896692A4/en
Publication of WO2006132537A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006132537A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/003—Linings or provisions thereon, specially adapted for traffic tunnels, e.g. with built-in cleaning devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
    • E21D11/383—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating by applying waterproof flexible sheets; Means for fixing the sheets to the tunnel or cavity wall

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns, especially road tunnels, as described in the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to a method for assembly of the cladding, as described in claim 8.
  • Wall covering in tunnels should provide water and frost protection and effectively lead water away, without the water freezing.
  • the construction should withstand dynamic forces, i.e. pressure and suction forces from passing vehicles, which move large amounts of air in front of them and thereby build up a pressure wave. After the vehicle there is a corresponding negative pressure.
  • the construction must also withstand vibrations which are created by the passing vehicle. It is important that the construction has a weight and stiffness, so that it does not fatigue as time goes by. The operating time for a construction like this should be minimum 50 years.
  • Norwegian patent publication 180423 describes a solution of the mentioned problems by use of tubular clamp devices for the fastening of a waterproof fabric as wall covering material and fastening means, which together form a relatively free-standing wall covering.
  • Swedish patent publication 509127 is a development of the Norwegian patent publication 180423 which is characterised in that a fluid proof fabric with associated fastening means, forms a base for sprayed concrete.
  • the Swedish patent publication 509127 refers to a fastening device which can be arranged directly on rock bolts. It also refers to armouring for sprayed concrete, which also can be arranged directly on the rock bolts.
  • the fabric is used partly as a shape component during the spraying of the sprayed concrete, and partly as a waterproof membrane.
  • the fastening means in Swedish patent publication 509127 is characterised in that they in some way are connected with the rock bolts by way of rails or similar, so that a mould or frame is formed. It is also known to use sprayed foam of different types as insulation, and which forms a base for sprayed concrete. This can be achieved by either the foam being sprayed directly onto the rock, or by boxes with foam fastened to the rock wall, e.g. GB patent publication 2 325 946. Many of the types of foam that are used are flammable and it is therefore desirable to find other solutions. Object
  • the object of the invention is to provide a wall covering which is water and frost proof, and at the same time is non-flammable.
  • it is an object that it should withstand dynamic pressure and suction forces from passing vehicles. Further it must withstand heavy vibrations which are created by passing vehicles.
  • the cladding of the invention is described in claim 1.
  • the invention includes a waterproof membrane, insulation material, meshed formwork, support elements and fastening means.
  • the invention uses plain fastening means which makes the work involving in assembling the invention quicker and easier in relation to the prior art.
  • the invention additionally differs from the prior art in that sections of waterproof membrane are used, which are joined together by use of suitable joining means.
  • the invention also has an advantage in relation to the prior art, in that precise arrangement of the rock bolt is not necessary, as no “frame” or absolute distances are used between the rock bolts for assembling the cladding in the tunnel, and that holes in the waterproof membrane for insertion of anchor bolts are arranged in situ, at the time of assembly.
  • the invention also relates to a method as described in claim 8.
  • the method includes the steps for a quicker and easier way to assemble the cladding, in relation to the prior art.
  • a relatively easy sprayed concrete process is also obtained, in that the cladding provides a base for the concrete, and that it can ultimately be sprayed on by one operation.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a cladding according to the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a cross-section of the cladding in Figure 1
  • FIG 3 shows the first assembly step with rock bolts and fastening means
  • Figure 4 shows an enlarged drawing of the fastening and sealing means
  • Figure 5 shows the situation before the waterproof membrane is assembled
  • Figure 6 shows the waterproof membrane fixed
  • Figure 7 shows the cladding after insulating material is applied, with meshed formwork and support elements applied
  • Figure 8 shows an example of the invention combined with wall elements of the prior art
  • Figure 9 shows a second alternative of an embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 10 shows a third alternative of an embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 11 shows a detailed drawing of joining means according to the invention
  • Figure 12 shows an advantageous embodiment of a meshed formwork.
  • FIG 1 and Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention, where a wall covering in a road tunnel 11, according to the invention, can be seen.
  • the inner tunnel wall 12 forms an approximately circular arc-shaped roof and wall profile, which have nearly the same arc radius and which sets the optimal width and height of the tunnel 11.
  • the drawings show the different layers of which the cladding 10, according to the invention, is built.
  • the wall covering is arranged at a distance D from the inner tunnel wall 12 by means of fastening means 20.
  • the fastening means 20 will be described more fully later under Figure 3.
  • the inner layer is formed by a waterproof membrane 15, which is fastened by fastening means 20.
  • the second layer is formed by insulation material 16 which is held in place by a meshed formwork 17 and support elements 21, in the example reinforcement crosses, which are fastened by fastening means 20, which in turn provide a base for a layer of sprayed concrete 18.
  • the waterproof membrane 15 consists of material paths of waterproof material, in the example polyethylene, and which extends in the transverse direction of the inner tunnels 11 wall 13 and roof 14, with a width B.
  • the waterproof membrane 15 has at its lateral edges joining means 22 (shown in more detail in Figure 8), in the example zippers, by which sections of the waterproof membrane 15 are joined together.
  • the insulation material 16, consists in the example, of insulating mats ("Glava®”) and the meshed formwork 17, in the example, of steel.
  • Figure 3 shows how rock bolts 19 of hot galvanized steel are anchored in the tunnel wall 12, and how the fastening means 20 are arranged together with the rock bolts 19.
  • the rock bolts 19 are arranged in a transverse direction to the tunnel profile, in a fixed modular system, i.e. column and row wise, in fixed mutual distances in the longitudinal and lateral direction of the tunnel 11, in a structure which, in the example, has a distance of 1.2 x 1.2 meters.
  • the rock bolts 19 have a threaded hole for insertion of adapted threaded fastening means 20.
  • the rock bolts 19 are advantageously arranged in a way that they extend with nearly the same distance towards the centre of the tunnel.
  • FIG. 3 also shows the first step of the assembly process, which is insertion of rock bolts 19 into the wall 13 and roof 14 of the tunnel 11.
  • FIG 4 shows an enlarged view of fastening means 20, according to the invention.
  • the fastening means 20 consists of an anchor bolt 2OA, a distance nut 2OB and an inner plate 2OD, in the example, of hot galvanized steel.
  • the fastening means 20 also has two sealing plugs 2OC and two sealing discs 2OE, in the example of polyethylene, an outer plate 2OF and a tightening nut 2OG, in the example, of hot galvanized steel.
  • the anchor bolt 2OA is screwed into the rock bolt 19 to create a fixed anchor point for the cladding 10.
  • the distance nut 2OB is used to hold the cladding 10 in at distance D from the tunnel wall 12, and as a stopper for the inner plate 2OD.
  • the two sealing discs 2OE are used to seal around the holes for insertion of the anchor bolt 2OA in the waterproof membrane 15.
  • the inner plate 20D and the outer plate 2OF presses, by means of the tightening nut 2OG, the sealing discs 2OE together and consequently seals the hole in the waterproof membrane 15.
  • the inner plate 2OD and the outer plate 2OF advantageously have a curved profile (see Figure 4), to provide the sealing discs 2OE the opportunity to expand and thereby provide a better sealing effect.
  • the sealing plugs 2OC seal around the anchor bolt 2OA.
  • FIG. 5 shows how the rock bolt 19, the anchor bolt 2OA, the distance nut 20B, a sealing nut 20C, and a sealing disc 2OE are arranged and form fastening means to which the waterproof membrane 15 can be assembled.
  • the assembly of the waterproof membrane 15 starts down at the floor, by assembling the waterproof membrane 15 over the lowest rock bolt 19. A special tool is then used to press a circular hole in the waterproof membrane 15.
  • the waterproof membrane 16 is then fixed to the bolt by sealing discs 2OE, as described under Figure 5. After the waterproof membrane 15 is fastened to the lowest rock bolt 19, the membrane 15 is diagonally rolled over the bolt profile of the next bolt 19. The fastening process to the bolts is repeated.
  • a narrow section of the waterproof membrane 15 is arranged, with for example a width of 2 meters, to adapt the waterproof membrane to the rock bolts 19.
  • the next membrane section is arranged in the same way as the first membrane section, with the exception that this is joined to the first membrane section by a joining means 22, in the example, an industrial zipper, successively with this being fixed to the rock bolts 19.
  • FIG. 6 shows a waterproof membrane 15 arranged and fixed by fastening means 20.
  • a sealing disc 2OE, an outer plate 2OF, and a sealing plug 2OC are arranged against the waterproof membrane 15 and then tightened by a tightening nut 2OG, so that the area around the holes in the waterproof membrane 15 sealed.
  • the outer plate 2OF and the sealing nut 2OG are not one unit, as the outer plate 2OF will then follow the tightening nut 2OG when it is tightened, and accordingly, damage the sealing disc 2OE.
  • the zippers 22 are covered with a layer of sealing means, e.g. polypropylene or liquid PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride, which is hardened by use of ultraviolet lights), so that the zippers 22 also become as waterproof as the waterproof membrane 15.
  • the waterproof membrane 15 has advantageously an overlapping part (not shown), which covers the area where the zippers 22 are sewn on, which is welded to the waterproof membrane 15, in a way that seals this.
  • the waterproof membrane 15 advantageously has a overlapping part (not shown), which covers some part of the adjacent membrane section.
  • Figure 7 shows the insulating material 16, the meshed formwork 17 and the support elements 21 assembled.
  • the insulating material 16 is pressed over the anchor bolts 2OA and against the waterproof membrane 15, and fixed with a clip (not shown) or another fastening device.
  • the insulating material 16 is, in the example, insulating mats ("Glava®”), provided with aluminium foil. It is an advantage that the mats have an overlapping part of the aluminium foil, so that the joints between the insulating mats are covered, so as to avoid that concrete being sprayed in between the mats during the sprayed concrete process. Possibly, the joints can be taped or covered in another way.
  • a meshed formwork 17 of steel is arranged onto the insulating material 16, a meshed formwork 17 of steel is arranged.
  • the meshed formwork 17 is arranged so that it extends all the way down to the floor at the side walls of the tunnel, such that the meshed formwork 17 does not hang on the anchor bolts 2OA. Tensile forces on the anchor bolts are thereby avoided when the concrete is sprayed on, since it has a substantial weight.
  • a distance piece (not shown) and a support element 21 are arranged, which ultimately are fastened by a nut 2OG.
  • the support element 21, which in the example is of hot galvanized steel, is formed by a square-shaped disc with four projecting elements 21 A (supports), arranged 90° rotated in relation to each other, and the disc has a centrally arranged hole for insertion of the anchor bolt 2OA.
  • the projecting elements 21 A project a distance R away from the anchor bolts 2OA.
  • the projecting elements 21 A are arranged in such a way that they extend towards the adj acent proj ecting element 21 A of the adj acent support element 21, and in this way form a star-shape (see Figure 6).
  • the support element 21 and the meshed formwork 17 are then fixed and tightened by means of a tightening nut 2OG. This provides the reinforcing for the sprayed concrete.
  • FIG 8 shows an example of how the invention can be used in combination with prior art solutions, as for example wall elements 23.
  • the cast elements 23 are well known, are used in tunnels today, and include insulation. An embodiment like this will therefore include waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, and rock bolts 19 and cast elements 23.
  • the combination of cast elements 23 and the invention presents many opportunities.
  • the cladding includes by a variant as this, the same as described in the example of Figure 1.
  • the important issue in using a variant like this is that the waterproof membrane 15 is arranged so that it extends some distance down on the upper wall element 23, to provide overlapping, so that water is effectively guided away.
  • FIG. 9 shows a second alternative of an embodiment of the invention.
  • This embodiment includes waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, rock bolts 19, a layer 26 which consists of fibre fabric 27 and a meshed formwork 17, support elements 21 and finally, sprayed concrete 18.
  • a sufficiently thick fibre fabric 27 is used, insulation is not needed, because the fibre fabric 27 and air between the fibre fabric 27 and the waterproof membrane 15 will provide an insulating layer.
  • the fibre fabric 27 also has the function of preventing the sprayed concrete 18 from contacting the waterproof membrane 15, to prevent it form being damaged or deteriorating. Holes for insertion of fastening means in the fibre fabric 27 are arranged in situ by suitable tools.
  • FIG. 10 shows a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the meshed formwork 17 is left out and replaced by reinforcing threads in the sprayed concrete 18.
  • This embodiment includes waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, rock bolts 19, support elements 21, fibre fabric 27 and finally sprayed concrete 18 with reinforcing threads.
  • the fibre fabric 27 must be thick enough, so that the reinforcing threads in the sprayed concrete 18, do projects through it and damage the waterproof membrane 15. Holes for insertion of fastening means 27 are arranged in situ with a suitable tool.
  • FIG 11 is a detailed drawing of joining means 22, according to the invention.
  • the drawing shows how sections of the waterproof membrane 15, which are to be joined together, have a male part 25 and female part 24, which are adapted to each other, and which together provide a fastening function and joining means 22.
  • Figure 12 shows an advantageous embodiment of a meshed formwork 17, with plastic threads 28 applied thereto.
  • the meshed formwork 17 has applied thereto hot plastic threads 28, which melt together and fasten to the meshed formwork 17.
  • This is a known solution, which among other thing is used for erosion protection in precipitous slopes.
  • the invention can be used both in the lateral direction and in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. If the invention is arranged in the longitudinal direction, the sections of the waterproof membrane 15 will, as an example, be 100 meters long and 7 meters wide, where the joining means 22 are arranged in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. By arranging the waterproof membrane 15 in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, the assembly starts at the tunnel roof and continues down along the sides.
  • the waterproof membrane can be of different types of waterproof material, as for instance PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), PP (Polypropylene), PE (Polyethylene), HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene), or some other suitable material, and is described in SVV-manual (“Statens VegVesen”) 163.
  • PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
  • PP Polypropylene
  • PE Polyethylene
  • HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
  • Statens VegVesen SVV-manual
  • the sealing discs can be of different types of material, as for instance PP, PE or other suitable material.
  • the insulating material can be of different types of material, as GLA V A®, R0CKW00L®, or some other non-flammable insulation.
  • the insulation material is advantageously chosen with respect to thickness and rigidity, so that upon assembly does not hang down between the anchor points. If insulating material with low rigidity is used, supports can be employd to avoid this problem.
  • the meshed formwork is preferably of steel, but can also be manufactured of non- flammable plastic, and can have different shape and size.
  • the meshed formwork can have applied thereto, e.g. plastic threads, which melt together with each other and to the meshed formwork, to provide an anchoring for the sprayed concrete.
  • the sprayed concrete that is used is described in SVV-manual 163.
  • the anchor bolts, the outer plates, the inner plates, the nuts and the support elements can be of different materials, as for instance hot galvanized steel or epoxy treated steel.
  • the support elements can be of different shape and size, adapted to the different embodiments, to provide the most advantageous support function.
  • Fibre fabric can be used instead of insulation and as a base for the sprayed concrete with reinforcing threads. If the fibre fabric is thick enough, an adequate insulation is provided together with the air that is held between the waterproof membrane and the sprayed concrete.
  • the fibre fabric is, as mentioned earlier, especially advantageous for underwater tunnels.
  • the insulating material and the meshed formwork can be fixed together in a suitable way, and rolled together in a roll in advance, so that the assembly can be done in one operation. The same can also be done when a fibre fabric is used, in that it is glued to the meshed formwork. Other similar modifications to ease the assembly can also be done.
  • the j oining means to j oin several sections of the waterproof membrane together can have different designs and does not need to be a "zipper", but can be another mean which by means of a simple operation joins several sections of the waterproof membrane together.
  • the joining means can also be designed so that it seals the joining area, as it is assembled in place.
  • the individual parts can have different dimensions according to the object.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)

Abstract

Cladding (10) for covering of tunnels and caverns for nonflammable water and frost protection, with a waterproof membrane (15), which internally against the tunnel or cavern is covered with a covering material (16; 17; 18; 23; 27), which cladding (10), by means of fastening means (20), is anchored on transverse rock bolts (19), which are anchored in bore holes in the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or cavern, and where the meshed formwork (17) and support elements (21) provides a base for a layer of sprayed concrete (18). The waterproof membrane (15) consists of lengths of material, which at the lateral edges has a mean (22) for joining, which material lengths extend in lateral or longitudinal direction of the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or cavern. The fastening means (20) holds the cladding (10) in a distance D from the wall (13) and roof 14 of the tunnel or cavern. The fastening means (20) includes sealing discs (2OE) for sealing of the holes in the waterproof membrane (15) for insertion of the anchor bolts (2OA). The cladding can provide an anchoring for sprayed concrete (18). In addition the invention relates to an advantageous method for mounting of the cladding.

Description

Cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns
The invention relates to a cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns, especially road tunnels, as described in the preamble of claim 1. The invention also relates to a method for assembly of the cladding, as described in claim 8.
Background
Wall covering in tunnels should provide water and frost protection and effectively lead water away, without the water freezing. In addition the construction should withstand dynamic forces, i.e. pressure and suction forces from passing vehicles, which move large amounts of air in front of them and thereby build up a pressure wave. After the vehicle there is a corresponding negative pressure. The construction must also withstand vibrations which are created by the passing vehicle. It is important that the construction has a weight and stiffness, so that it does not fatigue as time goes by. The operating time for a construction like this should be minimum 50 years. Norwegian patent publication 180423 describes a solution of the mentioned problems by use of tubular clamp devices for the fastening of a waterproof fabric as wall covering material and fastening means, which together form a relatively free-standing wall covering. Swedish patent publication 509127 is a development of the Norwegian patent publication 180423 which is characterised in that a fluid proof fabric with associated fastening means, forms a base for sprayed concrete. The Swedish patent publication 509127 refers to a fastening device which can be arranged directly on rock bolts. It also refers to armouring for sprayed concrete, which also can be arranged directly on the rock bolts. The fabric is used partly as a shape component during the spraying of the sprayed concrete, and partly as a waterproof membrane.
The fastening means in Swedish patent publication 509127 is characterised in that they in some way are connected with the rock bolts by way of rails or similar, so that a mould or frame is formed. It is also known to use sprayed foam of different types as insulation, and which forms a base for sprayed concrete. This can be achieved by either the foam being sprayed directly onto the rock, or by boxes with foam fastened to the rock wall, e.g. GB patent publication 2 325 946. Many of the types of foam that are used are flammable and it is therefore desirable to find other solutions. Object
The object of the invention is to provide a wall covering which is water and frost proof, and at the same time is non-flammable. In addition it is an object that it should withstand dynamic pressure and suction forces from passing vehicles. Further it must withstand heavy vibrations which are created by passing vehicles.
It is further an object to provide a cladding which is flexible and which can handle variations in the profile of the tunnel, without substantial modifications.
It is further an object to create a plain and lightweight, but non-damaging fastening device for the waterproof membrane, the insulation and the meshed formwork, which provides the base for sprayed concrete.
Finally it is an object to provide a cladding which can be utilized in combination with prior art solutions for wall covering.
The invention
The cladding of the invention is described in claim 1. The invention includes a waterproof membrane, insulation material, meshed formwork, support elements and fastening means.
The invention uses plain fastening means which makes the work involving in assembling the invention quicker and easier in relation to the prior art.
The invention additionally differs from the prior art in that sections of waterproof membrane are used, which are joined together by use of suitable joining means.
The invention also has an advantage in relation to the prior art, in that precise arrangement of the rock bolt is not necessary, as no "frame" or absolute distances are used between the rock bolts for assembling the cladding in the tunnel, and that holes in the waterproof membrane for insertion of anchor bolts are arranged in situ, at the time of assembly.
Further features of the invention are described in claims 2-7.
The invention also relates to a method as described in claim 8. The method includes the steps for a quicker and easier way to assemble the cladding, in relation to the prior art. Through the invention a relatively easy sprayed concrete process is also obtained, in that the cladding provides a base for the concrete, and that it can ultimately be sprayed on by one operation.
Advantageous features by the method are described in the claims 9-12. Example
The invention is more fully described below with reference to the drawings, where Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a cladding according to the invention, Figure 2 shows a cross-section of the cladding in Figure 1,
Figure 3 shows the first assembly step with rock bolts and fastening means, Figure 4 shows an enlarged drawing of the fastening and sealing means, Figure 5 shows the situation before the waterproof membrane is assembled, Figure 6 shows the waterproof membrane fixed, Figure 7 shows the cladding after insulating material is applied, with meshed formwork and support elements applied,
Figure 8 shows an example of the invention combined with wall elements of the prior art, Figure 9 shows a second alternative of an embodiment of the invention, Figure 10 shows a third alternative of an embodiment of the invention, Figure 11 shows a detailed drawing of joining means according to the invention, and Figure 12 shows an advantageous embodiment of a meshed formwork.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the invention, where a wall covering in a road tunnel 11, according to the invention, can be seen. The inner tunnel wall 12 forms an approximately circular arc-shaped roof and wall profile, which have nearly the same arc radius and which sets the optimal width and height of the tunnel 11. The drawings show the different layers of which the cladding 10, according to the invention, is built. The wall covering is arranged at a distance D from the inner tunnel wall 12 by means of fastening means 20. The fastening means 20 will be described more fully later under Figure 3. The inner layer is formed by a waterproof membrane 15, which is fastened by fastening means 20. The second layer is formed by insulation material 16 which is held in place by a meshed formwork 17 and support elements 21, in the example reinforcement crosses, which are fastened by fastening means 20, which in turn provide a base for a layer of sprayed concrete 18. The waterproof membrane 15 consists of material paths of waterproof material, in the example polyethylene, and which extends in the transverse direction of the inner tunnels 11 wall 13 and roof 14, with a width B. The waterproof membrane 15 has at its lateral edges joining means 22 (shown in more detail in Figure 8), in the example zippers, by which sections of the waterproof membrane 15 are joined together. The insulation material 16, consists in the example, of insulating mats ("Glava®") and the meshed formwork 17, in the example, of steel.
Figure 3 shows how rock bolts 19 of hot galvanized steel are anchored in the tunnel wall 12, and how the fastening means 20 are arranged together with the rock bolts 19. The rock bolts 19 are arranged in a transverse direction to the tunnel profile, in a fixed modular system, i.e. column and row wise, in fixed mutual distances in the longitudinal and lateral direction of the tunnel 11, in a structure which, in the example, has a distance of 1.2 x 1.2 meters. The rock bolts 19 have a threaded hole for insertion of adapted threaded fastening means 20. The rock bolts 19 are advantageously arranged in a way that they extend with nearly the same distance towards the centre of the tunnel. This to ensure that a smooth surface as possible to work with is obtained, and that it results in the surface of the waterproof membrane 15 being smooth and consequently also the surface of the insulating material 16. As a result water is effectively guided away, and no "pockets" arise in the waterproof membrane 15 and the insulating material 16 which can reduce the effect of the invention. Figure 3 also shows the first step of the assembly process, which is insertion of rock bolts 19 into the wall 13 and roof 14 of the tunnel 11.
Figure 4 shows an enlarged view of fastening means 20, according to the invention. The fastening means 20 consists of an anchor bolt 2OA, a distance nut 2OB and an inner plate 2OD, in the example, of hot galvanized steel. The fastening means 20 also has two sealing plugs 2OC and two sealing discs 2OE, in the example of polyethylene, an outer plate 2OF and a tightening nut 2OG, in the example, of hot galvanized steel. The anchor bolt 2OA is screwed into the rock bolt 19 to create a fixed anchor point for the cladding 10. The distance nut 2OB is used to hold the cladding 10 in at distance D from the tunnel wall 12, and as a stopper for the inner plate 2OD. The two sealing discs 2OE are used to seal around the holes for insertion of the anchor bolt 2OA in the waterproof membrane 15. The inner plate 20D and the outer plate 2OF presses, by means of the tightening nut 2OG, the sealing discs 2OE together and consequently seals the hole in the waterproof membrane 15. The inner plate 2OD and the outer plate 2OF, advantageously have a curved profile (see Figure 4), to provide the sealing discs 2OE the opportunity to expand and thereby provide a better sealing effect.
The sealing plugs 2OC seal around the anchor bolt 2OA.
Figure 5 shows how the rock bolt 19, the anchor bolt 2OA, the distance nut 20B, a sealing nut 20C, and a sealing disc 2OE are arranged and form fastening means to which the waterproof membrane 15 can be assembled. The assembly of the waterproof membrane 15 starts down at the floor, by assembling the waterproof membrane 15 over the lowest rock bolt 19. A special tool is then used to press a circular hole in the waterproof membrane 15. The waterproof membrane 16 is then fixed to the bolt by sealing discs 2OE, as described under Figure 5. After the waterproof membrane 15 is fastened to the lowest rock bolt 19, the membrane 15 is diagonally rolled over the bolt profile of the next bolt 19. The fastening process to the bolts is repeated.
Firstly, a narrow section of the waterproof membrane 15 is arranged, with for example a width of 2 meters, to adapt the waterproof membrane to the rock bolts 19. The next membrane section is arranged in the same way as the first membrane section, with the exception that this is joined to the first membrane section by a joining means 22, in the example, an industrial zipper, successively with this being fixed to the rock bolts 19.
Figure 6 shows a waterproof membrane 15 arranged and fixed by fastening means 20. A sealing disc 2OE, an outer plate 2OF, and a sealing plug 2OC are arranged against the waterproof membrane 15 and then tightened by a tightening nut 2OG, so that the area around the holes in the waterproof membrane 15 sealed. It is an advantage that the outer plate 2OF and the sealing nut 2OG are not one unit, as the outer plate 2OF will then follow the tightening nut 2OG when it is tightened, and accordingly, damage the sealing disc 2OE. It is advantageous to arrange the waterproof membrane 15 and the rock bolts 19, so that the zippers 22 are arranged close to the fastening points, so that as little stress as possible acts on the zippers 22. After several sections of the waterproof membrane 15 are joined together, the zippers 22 are covered with a layer of sealing means, e.g. polypropylene or liquid PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride, which is hardened by use of ultraviolet lights), so that the zippers 22 also become as waterproof as the waterproof membrane 15. The waterproof membrane 15 has advantageously an overlapping part (not shown), which covers the area where the zippers 22 are sewn on, which is welded to the waterproof membrane 15, in a way that seals this. In addition the waterproof membrane 15 advantageously has a overlapping part (not shown), which covers some part of the adjacent membrane section. Figure 7 shows the insulating material 16, the meshed formwork 17 and the support elements 21 assembled.
The insulating material 16 is pressed over the anchor bolts 2OA and against the waterproof membrane 15, and fixed with a clip (not shown) or another fastening device. The insulating material 16 is, in the example, insulating mats ("Glava®"), provided with aluminium foil. It is an advantage that the mats have an overlapping part of the aluminium foil, so that the joints between the insulating mats are covered, so as to avoid that concrete being sprayed in between the mats during the sprayed concrete process. Possibly, the joints can be taped or covered in another way.
Onto the insulating material 16, a meshed formwork 17 of steel is arranged. The meshed formwork 17 is arranged so that it extends all the way down to the floor at the side walls of the tunnel, such that the meshed formwork 17 does not hang on the anchor bolts 2OA. Tensile forces on the anchor bolts are thereby avoided when the concrete is sprayed on, since it has a substantial weight. Onto this, a distance piece (not shown) and a support element 21 are arranged, which ultimately are fastened by a nut 2OG. The support element 21, which in the example is of hot galvanized steel, is formed by a square-shaped disc with four projecting elements 21 A (supports), arranged 90° rotated in relation to each other, and the disc has a centrally arranged hole for insertion of the anchor bolt 2OA. The projecting elements 21 A project a distance R away from the anchor bolts 2OA. The projecting elements 21 A are arranged in such a way that they extend towards the adj acent proj ecting element 21 A of the adj acent support element 21, and in this way form a star-shape (see Figure 6). The support element 21 and the meshed formwork 17 are then fixed and tightened by means of a tightening nut 2OG. This provides the reinforcing for the sprayed concrete. Finally the concrete is sprayed on in a known manner. Figure 8 shows an example of how the invention can be used in combination with prior art solutions, as for example wall elements 23. The cast elements 23 are well known, are used in tunnels today, and include insulation. An embodiment like this will therefore include waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, and rock bolts 19 and cast elements 23. The combination of cast elements 23 and the invention presents many opportunities. As an example cast elements 23 can be used in the walls 13 of the tunnel 11, while the invention is arranged in the roof 14 of the tunnel 11. The cladding includes by a variant as this, the same as described in the example of Figure 1. The important issue in using a variant like this is that the waterproof membrane 15 is arranged so that it extends some distance down on the upper wall element 23, to provide overlapping, so that water is effectively guided away.
Figure 9 shows a second alternative of an embodiment of the invention. This embodiment includes waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, rock bolts 19, a layer 26 which consists of fibre fabric 27 and a meshed formwork 17, support elements 21 and finally, sprayed concrete 18. If a sufficiently thick fibre fabric 27 is used, insulation is not needed, because the fibre fabric 27 and air between the fibre fabric 27 and the waterproof membrane 15 will provide an insulating layer. In addition to acting as insulation, the fibre fabric 27 also has the function of preventing the sprayed concrete 18 from contacting the waterproof membrane 15, to prevent it form being damaged or deteriorating. Holes for insertion of fastening means in the fibre fabric 27 are arranged in situ by suitable tools. This is an embodiment, which is especially suitable for underwater tunnels, where the temperature is stable and high enough, so that insulation can be left out. But it can also be used in other tunnels. Figure 10 shows a further embodiment of the invention. Here the meshed formwork 17 is left out and replaced by reinforcing threads in the sprayed concrete 18. This embodiment includes waterproof membrane 15 with joining means 22, fastening means 20, rock bolts 19, support elements 21, fibre fabric 27 and finally sprayed concrete 18 with reinforcing threads. The fibre fabric 27 must be thick enough, so that the reinforcing threads in the sprayed concrete 18, do projects through it and damage the waterproof membrane 15. Holes for insertion of fastening means 27 are arranged in situ with a suitable tool. This is an embodiment which is especially relevant for underwater tunnels, where the temperature is stable and high enough, so that insulation can be left out. But it can also be used for other tunnels. Figure 11 is a detailed drawing of joining means 22, according to the invention. The drawing shows how sections of the waterproof membrane 15, which are to be joined together, have a male part 25 and female part 24, which are adapted to each other, and which together provide a fastening function and joining means 22. Figure 12 shows an advantageous embodiment of a meshed formwork 17, with plastic threads 28 applied thereto. The meshed formwork 17 has applied thereto hot plastic threads 28, which melt together and fasten to the meshed formwork 17. This is a known solution, which among other thing is used for erosion protection in precipitous slopes. Tests have shown that this is an advantageous embodiment to make the sprayed concrete 18 fasten to the meshed formwork 17. By using a meshed formwork 17 like this, the sprayed concrete 18 can be applied with the minimum of run-off and dripping of the sprayed concrete 18 , due to the plastic threads 28 providing a sort of "frame" for the anchoring of the sprayed concrete 18.
The invention can be used both in the lateral direction and in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. If the invention is arranged in the longitudinal direction, the sections of the waterproof membrane 15 will, as an example, be 100 meters long and 7 meters wide, where the joining means 22 are arranged in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. By arranging the waterproof membrane 15 in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, the assembly starts at the tunnel roof and continues down along the sides.
Modifications
The individual parts can be of other materials than described in the examples. For example, the waterproof membrane can be of different types of waterproof material, as for instance PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), PP (Polypropylene), PE (Polyethylene), HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene), or some other suitable material, and is described in SVV-manual ("Statens VegVesen") 163.
The sealing discs can be of different types of material, as for instance PP, PE or other suitable material.
The insulating material can be of different types of material, as GLA V A®, R0CKW00L®, or some other non-flammable insulation. The insulation material is advantageously chosen with respect to thickness and rigidity, so that upon assembly does not hang down between the anchor points. If insulating material with low rigidity is used, supports can be employd to avoid this problem.
The meshed formwork is preferably of steel, but can also be manufactured of non- flammable plastic, and can have different shape and size.
In addition, as mentioned above, the meshed formwork can have applied thereto, e.g. plastic threads, which melt together with each other and to the meshed formwork, to provide an anchoring for the sprayed concrete.
The sprayed concrete that is used is described in SVV-manual 163. The anchor bolts, the outer plates, the inner plates, the nuts and the support elements can be of different materials, as for instance hot galvanized steel or epoxy treated steel.
The support elements can be of different shape and size, adapted to the different embodiments, to provide the most advantageous support function.
Fibre fabric can be used instead of insulation and as a base for the sprayed concrete with reinforcing threads. If the fibre fabric is thick enough, an adequate insulation is provided together with the air that is held between the waterproof membrane and the sprayed concrete. The fibre fabric is, as mentioned earlier, especially advantageous for underwater tunnels. To ease the assembly process, the insulating material and the meshed formwork can be fixed together in a suitable way, and rolled together in a roll in advance, so that the assembly can be done in one operation. The same can also be done when a fibre fabric is used, in that it is glued to the meshed formwork. Other similar modifications to ease the assembly can also be done.
The j oining means to j oin several sections of the waterproof membrane together, in the example an industrial zipper, can have different designs and does not need to be a "zipper", but can be another mean which by means of a simple operation joins several sections of the waterproof membrane together. The joining means can also be designed so that it seals the joining area, as it is assembled in place.
In addition the individual parts can have different dimensions according to the object.

Claims

Claims
1. Cladding (10) for covering of tunnels and caverns for non-flammable water and frost protection, with a waterproof membrane (15), which internally of the tunnel or cavern is covered with a covering material (16; 17; 18; 23; 27), which cladding (10), by means of fastening means (20), is anchored on transverse rock bolts (19), which are anchored in bore holes in the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or cavern, and where the meshed formwork (17) and support elements (21) provide a base for a layer of sprayed concrete (18), characterized in that - the waterproof membrane (15) consists of lengths of material, which at the lateral edges has a mean (22) for joining, which material lengths extend in the lateral or longitudinal direction of the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or the cavern,
- the fastening means (20) holds the cladding (10) at a distance (D) from the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or cavern, and - the fastening means (20) includes sealing discs (20E) for sealing of the holes for insertion of the anchor bolts (20A).
2. Cladding (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fastening means (20) in addition includes distance nuts (20A), clips, tightening nuts (20G), fastening plates (inner plates 2OD and outer plates 20F) and sealing plugs (20C), and that the sealing discs (20D) and the sealing plugs (20C) are of elastic material, and that the inner plate (20D), the outer plates (20F) and the tightening nuts (20G) are of metal.
3. Cladding (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner plates (20D) and the outer plates (20F) have a curved profile to provide the sealing discs (20D) the ability to expand and provide increased sealing effect.
4. Cladding (10) according to claim 1, characterized in that the support elements (21) are designed as a square-shaped disc with projecting elements (21 A) in each corner, which supports the meshed formwork (17) in an area (R) from the anchor bolt (20A), where the projecting elements (21 A) extends against the corresponding projecting element (21 A) of the adjacent support element (21), and that the entire assembly is held together by means of a tightening nut (20G), which is arranged on the anchor bolt (20A).
5. Cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that the joining means (22) is a plastic industrial zipper.
6. Cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that the insulating material (16) is held in place by a clip or some other fastening device.
7. Cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that the meshed formwork (17) has applied thereto plastic threads (28) to provide an anchoring for the sprayed concrete (18).
8. Method for assembly of cladding for tunnels or caverns for non-flammable water and frost protection, comprising a waterproof membrane (15), preferably a layer of insulating material (16) or a fibre fabric (27), and preferably a meshed formwork (17), and support elements (21), which cladding (10) is assembled by means of fastening means (20) anchored on transverse rock bolts (19) in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, which rock bolts (19) are anchored in bore holes in the tunnel wall (12), and which meshed formwork (17) and support elements (21) provides a base for a layer of sprayed concrete (18), characterized in
- that rock bolts (19) are anchored in the wall (13) and roof (14) of the tunnel or cavern,
- that an anchor bolt (20A) is arranged on or into the rock bolt (19), - that on the anchor bolt (20A) is screwed a distance nut (20B) with a distance (D) from the wall (13) or roof (14),
- that on the anchor bolt (20A) is arranged an inner plate (20D) and a sealing disc (20E),
- that holes are arranged in the waterproof membrane (15) for insertion of the anchor bolt (20A), - that the waterproof membrane (15) is arranged against the sealing disc (20D),
- that against the waterproof membrane (15) is arranged a outer sealing disc (20D), a outer plate (20F) and a tightening nut (20G), which ensures that the sealing discs (20D) seals around the waterproof membrane (15),
- that insulating material (16) is pressed over the anchor bolt (20A) or a fibre fabric (27) is arranged, against the waterproof membrane (15) and fastened,
- that the meshed formwork (17) and support elements (21) are arranged onto the insulating material (16) or fibre fabric (27), and fastened, which supports the insulating material (16) or fibre fabric (27), and provides a base for the sprayed concrete (18), and - that the meshed formwork (17), the support elements (21) and the insulating material (16) or fibre fabric (27), are applied with a layer of sprayed concrete (18).
9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that a sealing means is applied to the joining means (22) of the waterproof membrane (15), prior to application of the insulating material (16) or fibre fabric (27).
10. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the holes of the waterproof membrane (15) and the fibre fabric (27) are arranged with a tool at the assembly.
11. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the insulating material (16) or fibre fabric (27) is fixed to the anchor bolt (20A) by means of a clip or some other fastening device.
12. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the meshed formwork (17) is fixed to the anchor bolt (20A) by a clip or some other fastening device.
PCT/NO2006/000180 2005-06-08 2006-05-15 Cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns WO2006132537A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06747643.2A EP1896692A4 (en) 2005-06-08 2006-05-15 Cladding for non-flammable water and frost protection of tunnels and caverns

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO20052766A NO323883B1 (en) 2005-06-08 2005-06-08 Device for non-combustible water and frost protection of tunnels and rock cavities
NO20052766 2005-06-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006132537A1 true WO2006132537A1 (en) 2006-12-14

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NO (1) NO323883B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2006132537A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102383813A (en) * 2011-07-23 2012-03-21 中铁十二局集团第二工程有限公司 Construction method for ultralong loess accumulative roc tunnel
CN106089233A (en) * 2016-06-12 2016-11-09 中国矿业大学 A kind of freeze proof length calculation method of setting up defences of frozen soil tunnel Portal Section
NO20170512A1 (en) * 2016-04-05 2017-10-06 Jon Aarbakk Drainage of water from a fuse bolt
WO2019151908A1 (en) * 2018-02-04 2019-08-08 Familjen Lindbloms Förvaltnings Ab A sealing device for sealing bolt holes

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102383813A (en) * 2011-07-23 2012-03-21 中铁十二局集团第二工程有限公司 Construction method for ultralong loess accumulative roc tunnel
NO20170512A1 (en) * 2016-04-05 2017-10-06 Jon Aarbakk Drainage of water from a fuse bolt
CN106089233A (en) * 2016-06-12 2016-11-09 中国矿业大学 A kind of freeze proof length calculation method of setting up defences of frozen soil tunnel Portal Section
CN106089233B (en) * 2016-06-12 2018-09-07 中国矿业大学 A kind of freeze proof length calculation method of setting up defences of frozen soil tunnel Portal Section
WO2019151908A1 (en) * 2018-02-04 2019-08-08 Familjen Lindbloms Förvaltnings Ab A sealing device for sealing bolt holes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO20052766L (en) 2006-12-11
EP1896692A1 (en) 2008-03-12
NO323883B1 (en) 2007-07-16
EP1896692A4 (en) 2015-03-11
NO20052766D0 (en) 2005-06-08

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