WO2006128055A2 - Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics - Google Patents

Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics Download PDF

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WO2006128055A2
WO2006128055A2 PCT/US2006/020607 US2006020607W WO2006128055A2 WO 2006128055 A2 WO2006128055 A2 WO 2006128055A2 US 2006020607 W US2006020607 W US 2006020607W WO 2006128055 A2 WO2006128055 A2 WO 2006128055A2
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optionally substituted
alkyl
group
aryl
atoms
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PCT/US2006/020607
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French (fr)
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WO2006128055A3 (en
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Mark D. Erion
Hongjian Jiang
Serge H. Boyer
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Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc.
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Priority claimed from US11/137,773 external-priority patent/US7514419B2/en
Application filed by Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. filed Critical Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority to US11/816,774 priority Critical patent/US20100081634A1/en
Priority to AU2006249347A priority patent/AU2006249347A1/en
Priority to CA002606497A priority patent/CA2606497A1/en
Priority to EP06760469A priority patent/EP1891080A2/de
Priority to CNA2006800177325A priority patent/CN101189248A/zh
Priority to MX2007014493A priority patent/MX2007014493A/es
Priority to JP2008513783A priority patent/JP2008545710A/ja
Publication of WO2006128055A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006128055A2/en
Publication of WO2006128055A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006128055A3/en

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Definitions

  • the present invention is directed toward phosphonic acid-containing compounds and monoesters thereof that are thyroid receptor ligands, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and to prodrugs of these compounds as well as their preparation and uses for preventing and/or treating metabolic diseases such as obesity, NASH, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia as well as associated conditions such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes.
  • the invention is also related to the liver specific delivery of thyroid receptor ligands and the use of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of diseases responsive to modulation of T3-responsive genes in the liver.
  • Thyroid hormones are synthesized in the thyroid in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to various stimulants (e.g., thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus).
  • Thyroid hormones are iodinated O-aryl tyrosine analogues excreted into the circulation primarily as 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4).
  • T4 is rapidly deiodinated in local tissues by thyroxine 5'-deiodinase to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (T3), which is the most potent TH.
  • T3 is metabolized to inactive metabolites via a variety of pathways, including pathways involving deiodination, glucuronidation, sulfation, deamination, and decarboxylation. Most of the circulating T4 and T3 is eliminated through the liver.
  • THs have profound physiological effects in animals and humans.
  • Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased body temperature, general nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, muscle weakness and fatigue, increased bone resorption and enhanced calcification, and a variety of cardiovascular changes, including increased heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased cardiac index, cardiac hypertrophy, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased pulse pressure. Hypothyroidism is generally associated with the opposite effects.
  • TRs thyroid hormone receptors
  • TRs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which, along with its common partner, the retinoid X receptor, form heterodimers that act as ligand-inducible transcription factors.
  • TRs have a ligand binding domain and a DNA binding domain and regulate gene expression through ligand-dependent interactions with DNA response elements (thyroid response elements, TREs).
  • TRa and TR ⁇ are encoded by two distinct genes (TRa and TR ⁇ ), which produce several isoforms through alternative splicing (Williams, MoI. Cell Biol. 20(22):8329-42 (2000); Nagaya et al, Biochem.
  • TR ⁇ -1 The major isoforms that have so far been identified are TR ⁇ -1, TR ⁇ -2, TR ⁇ -1 and TR ⁇ -2.
  • TR ⁇ -1 is ubiquitously expressed in the rat with highest expression in skeletal muscle and brown fat.
  • TR ⁇ -1 is also ubiquitously expressed with highest expression in the liver, brain and kidney.
  • TR ⁇ -2 is expressed in the anterior pituitary gland and specific regions of the hypothalamus as well as the developing brain and inner ear. In the rat and mouse liver, TR ⁇ -1 is the predominant isoform (80%).
  • the TR isoforms found in human and rat are highly homologous with respect to their amino acid sequences which suggest that each serves a specialized function.
  • TSH is an anterior pituitary hormone that regulates thyroid hormone production. TSH formation and secretion is in turn regulated by the hypothalamic TRH. TSH controls the uptake of iodide by the thyroid, the subsequent release of iodinated thyronines from thyroglobulin (e.g., T3, T4) as well as possibly the intrapituitary conversion of circulating T4 to T3. Compounds that mimic T3 and T4 can negatively regulate both TSH and TRH secretion resulting in suppression of TSH levels and decreased levels of T3 and other iodinated thyronines. Negative regulation of TSH is postulated based on co-transfection and knockout studies (Abel et al, J. Clin. Invest. 104:291-300 (1999)) to arise through activation of the thyroid receptor TR ⁇ , possibly the isoform TR ⁇ -2, which is highly expressed in the pituitary.
  • THs The most widely recognized effects of THs are an increase in metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and heat production.
  • T3 treatment increases oxygen consumption in isolated perfused liver and isolated hepatocytes.
  • Liver mitochondria from hyperthyroid rats exhibit increased oxygen consumption (Carreras et al, Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol. 281 f ⁇ 5j:H2282-8 (2001) and higher activities of enzymes in the oxidative pathways (Dummler et al, Biochem. J.
  • thermogenesis which is associated with an increase in mitochondrial proton leak possibly arising from TH-mediated effects on mitochondrial membrane, uncoupling proteins, enzymes involved in the inefficient s ⁇ -glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle such as mitochondrial sn-grycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH), and/or enzymes associated with proton leakage such as the adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT), Na + /K + -ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase and ATP synthase.
  • ANT adenine nucleotide transporter
  • THs also stimulate metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids.
  • Hyperthyroidism leads to decreased plasma cholesterol levels, which is likely due to increased hepatic LDL receptor expression. Hypothyroidism is a well-established cause of hypercholesterolemia and elevated serum LDL. L-T3 is known to lower plasma cholesterol levels. The effects of T3 are attributed to TR ⁇ since TR ⁇ -deficient mice are resistant to T3 -induced reduction in cholesterol levels. The effects- on cholesterol levels have been postulated to result from direct effects on LDL receptor expression, enzymes involved in conversion of cholesterol to bile acids such as the rate-limiting enzyme cholesterol 7 ⁇ -hydroxylase (CYP7A) and/or possibly enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis such as HMG CoA reductase.
  • CYP7A cholesterol 7 ⁇ -hydroxylase
  • THs are known to affect levels of other lipoproteins linked to atherosclerosis. THs stimulate apo AI and the secretion of apo AI in HDL while reducing apo BlOO. Accordingly, one would expect T3 and T3 mimetics to inhibit the atherosclerotic process in the cholesterol fed animal.
  • THs simultaneously increase de novo fatty acid synthesis and oxidation through effects on enzymes such as ACC, FAS, and spot-14.
  • THs increase circulating free fatty acids (FFA) levels in part by increasing production of FFAs from adipose tissue via TH-induced lipolysis.
  • FFA free fatty acids
  • THs increase mitochondrial enzyme levels involved in FFA oxidation, e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-I) and enzymes involved in energy storage and consumption.
  • CPT-I carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
  • the liver represents a major target organ of THs.
  • Microarray analysis of hepatic gene expression from livers of hypothyroid mice and mice treated with T3 showed changes in mRNA levels for 55 genes (14 positively regulated and 41 negatively regulated) (Feng et al, MoI. Endocrinol. 14(7): 947-55 (2000).
  • Others have estimated that approximately 8% of the hepatic genes are regulated by T3. Many of these genes are important to both fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism.
  • T3 is also known to have other effects in liver, including effects on carbohydrates through increased glycogenosis and gluconeo genesis and decreased insulin action.
  • the heart is also a major target organ of THs.
  • THs lower systemic vascular resistance, increase blood volume and produce inotropic and chronotropic effects.
  • Overall TH results in increased cardiac output, which may suggest that T3 or T3 mimetics might be of use to treat patients with compromised cardiac function ⁇ e.g., patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or cardiac arrest) (U.S. Patent No. 5,158,978).
  • CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
  • the changes in cardiac function are a result of changes in cardiac gene expression.
  • Increased protein synthesis and increased cardiac organ weight are readily observed in T3-treated animals and represent the side effect of T3 that limits therapeutic use.
  • TR ⁇ knockout mice exhibit high TSH and T4 levels and increased heart rate suggesting that they retain cardiac sensitivity and therefore that the cardiac effects are via TRa.
  • TRa knockouts exhibit reduced heart rates.
  • THs also play a role in the development and function of brown and white adipose tissue. Both TRa and TR ⁇ are expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT). THs induce differentiation of white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as a variety of lipogenic genes, including ACC, FAS, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and spot-14. Overall THs play an important role in regulating basal oxygen consumption, fat stores, lipogenesis and lipolysis (Oppenheimer et al, J. CHn. Invest. 87(l):125-32 (1991)).
  • TH has been used as an antiobesity drug for over 50 years.
  • Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased food intake but is also associated with an overall increase in the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Hyperthyroidism is also associated with decreased body weight (ca. 15%) whereas hypothyroidism is associated with a 25-30% increase in body weight. Treating hypothyroidism patients with T3 leads to a decrease in body weight for most patients but not all (17% of the patients maintain weight).
  • TH TH
  • side effects include cardiac problems, muscle weakness and erosion of body mass.
  • Long-term therapy has also been associated with bone loss.
  • the medical community has tended to use thyroxine at low doses as an adjunct to dietary treatments. At these doses, TH has little effect on body weight or BMR.
  • T3 analogues have been reported. Many were designed for use as cholesterol-lowering agents. Analogues that lower cholesterol and various lipoproteins (e.g., LDL cholesterol and Lp(a)) without generating adverse cardiac effects have been reported (e.g., Underwood et al, Nature 324:425-9 (1986)). hi some cases the improved therapeutic profile is attributed to increased specificity for the TR- ⁇ wherein other cases it may be due to enhanced liver distribution. (Stanton et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10(15) ⁇ 66l-3 (2000); Dow et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13(3):379-82 (2003)).
  • T3 and T3 mimetics are thought to inhibit atherosclerosis by modulating the levels of certain lipoproteins known to be independent risk factors or potential risk factors of atherosclerosis, including low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, apoAI, which is a major apoprotein constituent of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and lipoprotein (a) or Lp (a).
  • Lp(a) is an important risk factor, elevated in many patients with premature atherosclerosis. Lp(a) is considered highly atherogenic (de Bruin et al, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76:121-126 (1993)).
  • Lp(a) is a hepatic acute phase protein that promotes the binding of LDL to cell surfaces independent of LDL receptors. Accordingly, Lp(a) is thought to provide supplementary cholesterol to certain cells, e.g., cells involved in inflammation or repair. Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for premature atherosclerosis. Lp(a) is synthesized in the liver.
  • Apolipoprotein AI or apoAI is the major component of HDL, which is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis. apoAI is thought to promote the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and higher levels of HDL (or apoAI) result in decreased risk of atherosclerosis.
  • TH therapy is reported to stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis. Enzymes specific to gluconeogenesis and important for controlling the pathway and its physiological role of producing glucose are known to be influenced by TH therapy. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is upregulated by TH (Park et al, J. Biol. Chem. 274:211 (1999)) whereas others have found that glucose 6-phosphatase is upregulated (Feng et al., MoI. Endocrinol. 14:947 (2000)). TH therapy is also associated with reduced glycogen levels.
  • PEPCK Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
  • TH therapy results in improved non insulin stimulated and insulin stimulated glucose utilization and decreased insulin resistance in the muscle of ob/ob mice. (Oh et al, J. Nutr. 125:125 (1995)).
  • Figure Ia depicts the binding of T3 to the TRa 1 receptor using a homologous displacement reaction.
  • Figure Ib depicts the binding of T3 to the TR ⁇ l receptor using a homologous displacement reaction.
  • Figure Ic depicts the binding of Compound 17 to the TR ⁇ l receptor using a heterologous displacement reaction.
  • Figure Id depicts the binding of Compound 17 to the TR ⁇ l receptor using a heterologous displacement reaction.
  • Figure Ie depicts the binding of Compound 7 to the TR ⁇ l receptor using a heterologous displacement reaction.
  • Figure 2a depicts the dose response of serum cholesterol levels to
  • FIG. 1b depicts the dose response of serum cholesterol levels to
  • Figure 3 a depicts the effect of Compound 17 on the weight of the heart in cholesterol fed rats.
  • Figure 3b depicts the effect of Compound 7 on the weight of the heart in cholesterol fed rats.
  • Figure 4a depicts the effect of Compound 17 on cardiac GPDH activity in cholesterol fed rats.
  • Figure 4b depicts the effect of Compound 7 on cardiac GPDH activity in cholesterol fed rats.
  • Figure 5 depicts the dose response of serum cholesterol levels to
  • the present invention relates to phosphonic acid- and phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds that bind to thyroid receptors in the liver. Activation of these receptors results in modulation of gene expression of genes regulated by thyroid hormones.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable salts and co-crystals, prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and co-crystals of these prodrugs of these compounds.
  • the compounds can be used to treat diseases and disorders including metabolic diseases.
  • the phosphonic acid- and phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds are useful for improving efficacy, improving the therapeutic index, e.g., decreasing non-liver related toxicities and side effects, or for improving liver selectivity, i.e., increasing distribution of an active drug to the liver relative to extrahepatic tissues and more specifically increasing distribution of the an active drug to the nucleus of liver cells relative to the nucleus of extrahepatic tissue cells (including heart, kidney and pituitary).
  • Prodrugs of the phosphonic acid- and phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds are useful for increasing oral bioavailability and sustained delivery of the phosphorus-containing compounds.
  • the present invention relates to compounds of
  • Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X may be an active form or a prodrug thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts including but not limited to acid addition salts and physiological salts, and co-crystals of said compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X.
  • prodrugs of compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X that are active forms, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including but not limited to acid addition salts and physiological salts, and co-crystals thereof.
  • methods of making and using the compounds of the present invention are described.
  • Some of the compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X have asymmetric centers. Thus included in the present invention are racemic mixtures, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures, including diastereomeric enriched mixtures, and individual stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X and prodrugs thereof.
  • T groups that have more than one atom are read from left to right wherein the left atom of the T group is connected to the phenyl group bearing the R 1 and R 2 groups, and the right atom of the T group is linked to the phosphorus atom in X.
  • T is -O-CH 2 - or -N(H)C(O)- it means -PlKSIyI-O-CH 2 -P(O)YR 11 Y 5 R 1 ! and
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched or cyclic chain hydrocarbon radical with only single carbon-carbon bonds. Representative examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl, all of which may be optionally substituted. Alkyl groups are C J -C 2O .
  • aryl refers to aromatic groups which have 5-14 ring atoms and at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups which have 6-14 ring atoms wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are carbon atoms.
  • Carbocyclic aryl groups include monocyclic carbocyclic aryl groups and polycyclic or fused compounds such as optionally substituted naphthyl groups.
  • Heterocyclic aryl or heteroaryl groups are groups which have 5-14 ring atoms wherein 1 to 4 heteroatoms are ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon atoms.
  • Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and selenium.
  • Suitable heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, and the like, all optionally substituted.
  • biasing represents aryl groups which have 5-14 atoms containing more than one aromatic ring including both fused ring systems and aryl groups substituted with other aryl groups. Such groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable biaryl groups include naphthyl and biphenyl.
  • the term "optionally substituted” or “substituted” includes groups substituted by one, two, three, four, five, or six substituents, independently selected from lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower aralkyl, lower cyclic alkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, lower aryloxy, perhaloalkoxy, aralkoxy, lower heteroaryl, lower heteroaryloxy, lower heteroarylalkyl, lower heteroaralkoxy, azido, amino, halo, lower alkylthio, oxo, lower acylalkyl, lower carboxy esters, carboxyl, -carboxamido, nitro, lower acyloxy, lower aminoalkyl, lower alkylaminoaryl, lower alkylaryl, lower alkylaminoalkyl, lower alkoxyaryl, lower arylamino, lower aralkylamino, sulfonyl, lower -carboxa
  • Substituted aryl and “substituted heteroaryl” refers to aryl and heteroaryl groups substituted with 1-3 substituents. These substituents are selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower perhaloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, and amino.
  • -aralkyl refers to an alkylene group substituted with an aryl group. Suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl, picolyl, and the like, and may be optionally substituted. "Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • alkylaryl- refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyl group.
  • Lower alkylaryl- refers to such groups where alkyl is lower alkyl.
  • lower referred to herein in connection with organic radicals or compounds respectively refers to 6 carbon atoms or less. Such groups may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic.
  • cyclic alkyl or "cycloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups that are cyclic of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 carbon atoms Suitable cyclic groups include norbornyl and cyclopropyl. Such groups may be substituted.
  • heterocyclic refers to cyclic groups of 3 to 10 atoms, and in one aspect are 3 to 6 atoms, containing at least one heteroatom, in a further aspect are 1 to 3 heteroatoms.
  • Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
  • Heterocyclic groups may be attached through a nitrogen or through a carbon atom in the ring.
  • the heterocyclic alkyl groups include unsaturated cyclic, fused cyclic and spirocyclic groups.
  • Suitable heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinoethyl, and pyridyl.
  • arylamino (a), and “aralkylamino” (b), respectively, refer to the group -ISDRR' wherein respectively, (a) R is aryl and R' is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl, and (b) R is aralkyl and R' is hydrogen, aralkyl, aryl, alkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
  • acyl refers to -C(O)R where R is alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or aryl.
  • carboxy esters refers to -C(O)OR where R is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyclic alkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, all optionally substituted.
  • amino refers to -NRR' where R and R' are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocycloalkyl, all except H are optionally substituted; and R and R' can form a cyclic ring system.
  • -carboxylamido refers to -CONR 2 where each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • halogen refers to -F, -Cl, -Br and -I.
  • alkylaminoalkylcarboxy refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk-C(O)-O- where "alk” is an alkylene group, and R is a H or lower alkyl.
  • sulphonyl or “sulfonyl” refers to -SO 2 R, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • sulphonate or “sulfonate” refers to -SO 2 OR, where R is -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • alkenyl refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkenyl groups include allyl. "1 -alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups where the double bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1 -alkenyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphonate, it is attached at the first carbon.
  • alkynyl refers to unsaturated groups which have 2 to 12 atoms and contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and includes straight-chain, branched-chain and cyclic groups. Alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted. Suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl. "1 -alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups where the triple bond is between the first and second carbon atom. If the 1 -alkynyl group is attached to another group, e.g., it is a W substituent attached to the cyclic phosphonate, it is attached at the first carbon.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic group. In one aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 10 atoms. In another aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 6 atoms. In a further aspect the alkylene group contains up to and including 4 atoms. The alkylene group can be either straight, branched or cyclic.
  • acyloxy refers to the ester group -0-C(O)R, where R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • aminoalkyl- refers to the group NR 2 -alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group and R is selected from -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
  • alkylaminoalkyl- refers to the group alkyl-NR-alk- wherein each "alk” is an independently selected alkylene, and R is H or lower alkyl.
  • Lower alkylaminoalkyl- refers to groups where the alkyl and the alkylene group is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
  • arylaminoalkyl- refers to the group aryl-NR-alk- wherein
  • alk is an alkylene group and R is -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • R is -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • the alkylene group is lower alkylene.
  • alkylaminoaryl- refers to the group alkyl-NR-aryl- wherein
  • aryl is a divalent group and R is -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl. In “lower alkylaminoaryl-”, the alkyl group is lower alkyl. [0075] The term “alkoxyaryl-” refers to an aryl group substituted with an alkyloxy group. In “lower alkyloxyaryl-,” the alkyl group is lower alkyl.
  • aryloxyalkyl- refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryloxy group.
  • aralkyloxyalkyl- refers to the group aryl-alk-O-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. "Lower aralkyloxyalkyl-” refers to such groups where the alkylene groups are lower alkylene.
  • alkoxy- or "alkyloxy-” refers to the group alkyl-O-.
  • alkoxyalkyl- or “alkyloxyalkyl-” refer to the group alkyl-O-alk- wherein “alk” is an alkylene group. In “lower alkoxyalkyl-,” each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
  • alkylthio- refers to the group alkyl-S-.
  • alkylthioalkyl- refers to the group alkyl-S-alk- wherein
  • alk is an alkylene group.
  • each alkyl and alkylene is lower alkyl and alkylene, respectively.
  • alkoxycarbonyloxy- refers to alkyl-O-C(O)-O-.
  • aryloxycarbonyloxy- refers to aryl-O-C(O)-O-.
  • alkylthiocarbonyloxy- refers to alkyl-S-C(O)-O-.
  • R and R 1 include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl. The term does not include urea, -NR-C(O)-NR-.
  • R and R 1 include -H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
  • Carboxamidoalkylaryl and “carboxamidoaryl” refers to an aryl-alk-NR 1 -C(O), and ar-NR 1 -C(O)-alk-, respectively where "ar” is aryl, "alk” is alkylene, R 1 and R include H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and heterocycloalkyl.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one -OH.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with halo.
  • cyano refers to ⁇ C ⁇ N .
  • nitro refers to -NO 2 .
  • acylalkyl refers to an alkyl-C(O)-alk-, where “alk” is alkylene.
  • aminocarboxamidoalkyl- refers to the group
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to an alkylene group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • perhalo refers to groups wherein every C-H bond has been replaced with a C-halo bond on an aliphatic or aryl group.
  • Suitable perhaloalkyl groups include -CF3 and -CFC12-
  • carboxylic acid moiety refers to a compound having a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and salts thereof, a carboxylic acid ester, or a carboxylic acid surrogate.
  • surrogates of carboxylic acid refers to groups that possess near equal molecular shapes and volumes as carboxylic acid and which exhibit similar physical and biological properties.
  • examples of surrogates of carboxylic acid include, but are not limited to, tetrazole, 6-azauracil, acylsulphonamides, thiazolidinedione, hydroxamic acid, oxamic acid, malonamic acid, and carboxylic acid amides.
  • phosphorus-containing thyromimetics e.g., phosphonic acid-, phosphonic acid monoester-, and phosphinic acid-containing compounds
  • phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, and phosphinic acid are not considered to be surrogates of carboxylic acid in these compounds.
  • co-crystal as used herein means a crystalline material comprised of two or more unique solids at room temperature, each containing distinctive physical characteristics, such as structure, melting point and heats of fusion.
  • the co-crystals of the present invention comprise a co-crystal former H-bonded to a compound of the present invention.
  • the co-crystal former may be H-bonded directly to the compound of the present invention or may be H-bonded to an additional molecule which is bound to the compound of the present invention.
  • the additional molecule may be H-bonded to the compound of the present invention or bound ionically to the compound of the present invention.
  • the additional molecule could also be a second API.
  • Solvates of compounds of the present invention that do not further comprise a co-crystal former are not "co-crystals" according to the present invention.
  • the co-crystals may however, include one or more solvate molecules in the crystalline lattice. That is, solvates of co-crystals, or a co-crystal further comprising a solvent or compound that is a liquid at room temperature, is included in the present invention as a co-crystal.
  • the co-crystals may also be a co-crystal between a co-crystal former and a salt of a compound of the present invention, but the compound of the present invention and the co-crystal former are constructed or bonded together through hydrogen bonds.
  • Other modes of molecular recognition may also be present including, pi-stacking, guest-host complexation and van der Waals interactions.
  • hydrogen-bonding is the dominant interaction in the formation of the co-crystal, (and a required interaction according to the present invention) whereby a non-covalent bond is formed between a hydrogen bond donor of one of the moieties and a hydrogen bond acceptor of the other.
  • Crystalline material comprised of solid compound of the present invention and one or more liquid solvents (at room temperature) are included in the present invention as “solvates.”
  • a “hydrate” is where the solvent is water.
  • Other forms of the present invention include, but are not limited to, anhydrous forms and de-solvated solvates.
  • the ratio of the compound of the present invention to co-crystal former or solvent may be specified as stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. 1:1, 1.5:1, 1:1.5, 2:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios of APLco-crystal former/solvent are examples of stoichiometric ratios.
  • binding means the specific association of the compound of interest to the thyroid hormone receptor.
  • One method of measuring binding in this invention is the ability of the compound to inhibit the association of I- T3 with a mixture of thyroid hormone receptors using nuclear extracts or purified or partially purified thyroid hormone receptor (for example, alpha or beta) in a heterologous assay.
  • the term "energy expenditure” means basal or resting metabolic rate as defined by Schoeller et al, J Appl Physiol 53(4):955-9 (1982). Increases in the resting metabolic rate can be also be measured using increases in O 2 consumption and/or CO 2 efflux and/or increases in organ or body temperature.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of a compound or a combination of compounds that ameliorates, attenuates or eliminates one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition or prevents, modifies, or delays the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a particular disease or condition.
  • salts of compounds of Formula I and its prodrugs derived from the combination of a compound of this invention and an organic or inorganic acid or base include acetic acid, adipic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, (+)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-l-methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, dodecyl sulfonic acid, fumaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, hippuric acid, hydrochloride hemiethanolic acid, HBr, HCl, HI, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, methylbromide acid, methyl sulfuric acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitric acid
  • patient means an animal.
  • a mammal includes a dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, sheep, pig or human, hi one embodiment the animal is a human, hi another embodiment the animal is a male, hi another embodiment the animal is a female.
  • prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates a biologically active compound as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s), or a combination of each.
  • Standard prodrugs are formed using groups attached to functionality, e.g., HO-, HS-, HOOC-, R 2 N-, associated with the drug, that cleave in vivo.
  • Standard prodrugs include but are not limited to carboxylate esters where the group is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl as well as esters of hydroxyl, thiol and amines where the group attached is an acyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, phosphate or sulfate.
  • the groups illustrated are exemplary, not exhaustive, and one skilled in the art could prepare other known varieties of prodrugs. Such prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention fall within this scope.
  • Prodrugs must undergo some form of a chemical transformation to produce the compound that is biologically active or is a precursor of the biologically active compound, hi some cases, the prodrug is biologically active, usually less than the drug itself, and serves to improve drug efficacy or safety through improved oral bioavailability, and/or pharmacodynamic half-life, etc.
  • Prodrug forms of compounds may be utilized, for example, to improve bioavailability, improve subject acceptability such as by masking or reducing unpleasant characteristics such as bitter taste or gastrointestinal irritability, alter solubility such as for intravenous use, provide for prolonged or sustained release or delivery, improve ease of formulation, or provide site-specific delivery of the compound.
  • Prodrugs are described in The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drag Action, by Richard B.
  • phosphonate prodrug refers to compounds that breakdown chemically or enzymatically to a phosphonic acid or phosphinic acid group or a monoester thereof in vivo.
  • the term includes, but is not limited to, the following groups and combinations of these groups:
  • esters are possible in which a cyclic alkyl ring is formed. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions ⁇ e.g., Freed et al, Biochem. Pharm, 35:3193-3198 (1989)).
  • alkyloxycarbonyloxymethyl esters as shown in formula A, where R is alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, and arylamino; R', and R" are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and heterocycloalkyl have been studied in the area of ⁇ -lactam antibiotics (Nishimura et ah, J. Antibiotics 40(l):Sl-90 (1987); for a review see Ferres, H., Drugs of Today, 19:499 (1983)). More recently Cathy, M. S. et al.
  • R, R', and R" are independently H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alicyclic (see WO 90/08155; WO 90/10636).
  • acyloxyalkyl esters are possible in which a cyclic alkyl ring is formed such as shown in formula B. These esters have been shown to generate phosphorus-containing nucleotides inside cells through a postulated sequence of reactions beginning with deesterification and followed by a series of elimination reactions (e.g., Freed et al., Biochem. Pharm. 35:3193-3198 (1989)).
  • R is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, arylamino, or cycloalkyl.
  • Aryl esters have also been used as phosphonate prodrugs (e.g.,
  • Phenyl as well as mono and poly- substituted phenyl proesters have generated the parent phosphonic acid in studies conducted in animals and in man (Formula C).
  • Y is a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate (Khamnei et al, J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-15 (1996)).
  • Y is -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, halogen, amino, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, cyano, and heterocycloalkyl.
  • Benzyl esters have also been reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, using substituents at the para-position can accelerate the hydrolysis.
  • X and Y are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, perhaloalkyl, halo, or alkyloxycarbonyl; and R and R are independently -H, alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, halogen, and cyclic alkyl.
  • Thio-containing phosphonate proesters may also be useful in the delivery of drugs to hepatocytes. These proesters contain a protected thioethyl moiety as shown in formula E. One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified. Since the mechanism that results in de- esterification requires the generation of a free thiolate, a variety of thiol protecting groups are possible. For example, the disulfide is reduced by a reductase-mediated process (Puech et al, Antiviral Res. 22:155-174 (1993)). Thioesters will also generate free thiolates after esterase-mediated hydrolysis Benzaria, et al, J. Med. Ghent 39 (25) -.4958-65 (1996)). Cyclic analogs are also possible and were shown to liberate phosphonate in isolated rat hepatocytes. The cyclic disulfide shown below has not been previously described and is novel.
  • Z is alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, or alkylthio.
  • suitable prodrugs include proester classes exemplified by Biller and Magnin (U.S. Patent No. 5,157,027); Serafmowska et al, J. Med. Chem. 38(8):l372-9 (1995); Starrett et al, J. Med. Chem. 37:1857 (1994); Martin et al J. Pharm. Sd. 75:180 (1987); Alexander et al, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 59:1853 (1994); and EP 0 632 048 Al.
  • prodrugs of Formula E-3 are an example of "optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl where the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate.”
  • Propyl phosphonate proesters can also be used to deliver drugs into hepatocytes. These proesters may contain a hydroxyl and hydroxyl group derivatives at the 3 -position of the propyl group as shown in formula F.
  • the R and X groups can form a cyclic ring system as shown in formula F.
  • One or more of the oxygens of the phosphonate can be esterified.
  • R is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl
  • X is hydrogen, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyloxy; and Y is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, halogen, hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, amino.
  • Phosphoramidate derivatives have been explored as phosphate prodrugs (e.g., McGuigan et ah, J. Med. Chem. 42:393 (1999) and references cited therein) as shown in Formula G and H.
  • Cyclic phosphoramidates have also been studied as phosphonate prodrugs because of their speculated higher stability compared to non-cyclic phosphoramidates (e.g., Starrett et al, J. Med. Chem. 37:1857 (1994)).
  • Another type of phosphoramidate prodrug was reported as the combination of S-acyl-2-thioethyl ester and phosphoramidate (Egron et al., Nucleosides Nucleotides i5:981 (1999)) as shown in Formula J:
  • prodrugs are possible based on literature reports such as substituted ethyls, for example, bis(trichloroethyl)esters as disclosed by McGuigan, et al, Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 3:1207-1210 (1993), and the phenyl and benzyl combined nucleotide esters reported by Meier, C. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7:99-104 (1997).
  • substituted ethyls for example, bis(trichloroethyl)esters as disclosed by McGuigan, et al, Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 3:1207-1210 (1993), and the phenyl and benzyl combined nucleotide esters reported by Meier, C. et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 7:99-104 (1997).
  • the structure above has an acyloxy substituent that is three carbon atoms from a Y, and an optional substituent, -CH 3 , on the new 6-membered ring.
  • N-[3-R 1 -5-R 2 -4-(4'-R 5 -3'-R 3 -phenoxy)phenyl]carbamoylphosphonic acid represents the formula:
  • V group and the carbon attached to the phosphorus atom on the six-membered ring The formula below shows a cis stereochemistry.
  • trans stereochemistry refers to the spatial relationship of the V group and the carbon, attached to the phosphorus atom, on the six- membered ring.
  • the formula below shows a tra ⁇ s-stereochemistry.
  • enantioenriched or “enantiomerically enriched” refers to a sample of a chiral compound that consists of more of one enantiomer than the other. The extent to which a sample is enantiomerically enriched is quantitated by the enantiomeric ratio or the enantiomeric excess.
  • liver refers to liver organ.
  • enhancing refers to increasing or improving a specific property.
  • liver specificity refers to the ratio:
  • the ratio can be determined by measuring tissue levels at a specific time or may represent an AUC based on values measured at three or more time points.
  • phosphorus-containing compounds refers to compounds that contain PO 3 H 2 , PO 3 2" , PO 2 HR, PO 2 R 1" , and monoesters thereof.
  • inhibitor of fructose- 1,6-biphosphatase refers to compounds that inhibit FBPase enzyme activity and thereby block the conversion of fructose 1 ,6-bisphosphate, the substrate of the enzyme, to fructose 6-phosphate. These compounds have an IC 50 of equal to or less than 50 ⁇ M on human liver FBPase measured according to the procedure found in US 6,489,476.
  • the term "increased or enhanced liver specificity” refers to an increase in the liver specificity ratio in animals treated with a compound of the present invention and a control compound.
  • the test compound is a phosphonic acid compound of the present invention and in another embodiment the test compound is a prodrug thereof, hi one embodiment the control compound is a phosphorus-containing compound of the present invention. In another embodiment the control compound is the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative of the phosphorus-containing test compound.
  • the term "enhanced oral bioavailability" refers to an increase of at least 50% of the absorption of the dose of the parent drug, unless otherwise specified, hi an additional aspect the increase in oral bioavailability of the prodrug (compared to the parent drag) is at least 100%, that is a doubling of the absorption.
  • Measurement of oral bioavailability usually refers to measurements of the prodrug, drug, or drag metabolite in blood, plasma, tissues, or urine following oral administration compared to measurements following systemic administration of the compound administered orally.
  • treating includes a slowing of the progress or development of a disease after onset or actually reversing some or all of the disease affects. Treatment also includes palliative treatment.
  • TR thyroid hormone receptors
  • TREs thyroid hormone response elements
  • ACC refers to acetyl CoA carboxylase.
  • FOS fatty acid synthase
  • spot- 14 refers to a 17 kilodalton protein expressed in lipogenic tissues and is postulated to play a role in thyroid hormone stimulation of lipogenesis. (Campbell, MC et al, Endocrinology /0:1210 (2003).
  • CPT- 1 refers to carnitine palmitoyltransferase- 1.
  • CYP7A refers to cholesterol 7-al ⁇ ha hydroxylase, which is a membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase.
  • CYP7A encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of bile acids.
  • apoAI refers to Apolipoprotein AI found in HDL and chylomicrons. It is an activator of LCAT and a ligand for the HDL receptor.
  • mGPDH refers to mitochondrial glycerol-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase.
  • hypocholesterolemia refers to presence of an abnormally large amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the circulating blood.
  • hypolipidemia or “lipemia” refers to the presence of an abnormally large amount of lipids in the circulating blood.
  • lipemia refers to a condition characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries wherein such deposits provoke fibrosis and calcification. Atherosclerosis raises the risk of angina, stroke, heart attack, or other cardiac or cardiovascular conditions.
  • the term "obesity” refers to the condition of being obese. Being obese is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 or greater; and extreme obesity is defined at a BMI of 40 or greater. "Overweight” is defined as a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9 (This is generally about 10 percent over an ideal body weight)
  • coronary heart disease refers to an imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
  • fatty liver and “liver steatosis” are interchangeable and refer to a disease or disorder characterized by significant lipid deposition in the liver hepatocytes (parenchyma cells). Simple fatty liver or liver steatosis is not associated with any other liver abnormalities such as scarring or inflammation. Fatty liver or liver steatosis is a common in patients who are very overweight or have diabetes mellitus.
  • NonAlcoholic SteatoHepatitis refers to a disease or disorder characterized by inflammation of the liver in combination with fatty liver. NASH is a possible diagnosis when other causes of liver inflammation such as hepatitis B and C viruses, autoimmune disorders, alcohol, drug toxicity, and the accumulation of copper (Wilson's Disease) or iron (hemochromatosis) are excluded.
  • NonAlcoholic Fatty Liver Disease refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from (and including) simple fatty liver (steatosis) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to cirrhosis (advanced scarring of the liver). All of the stages of NAFLD have fatty liver in common. In NASH, fat accumulation is associated with varying degrees of inflammation (hepatitis) which may lead to scarring (fibrosis) of the liver.
  • Steatosis can be most readily diagnosed with noninvasive imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography as examples, or following a percutaneous biopsy.
  • noninvasive imaging modalities such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography as examples, or following a percutaneous biopsy.
  • ultrasound as an example of a noninvasive imaging diagnosis tool: the sonographic findings of diffuse fatty change include a diffuse hyperechoic echotexture (bright liver), increased liver echotexture compared with the kidneys, vascular blurring, and deep attenuation (Yajima et ah, Tohoku J Exp Med 139(l):43-50 (1983)).
  • NAFLD percutaneous biopsy
  • histological features of NAFLD are indistinguishable from those of alcohol-induced liver disease, of which, predominant macrovesicular steatosis alone in >33% of hepatocytes will be used as the definition.
  • Other histologic features such as varying amounts of cytologic ballooning and spotty necrosis, scattered mixed neutrophilic-lymphocytic inflammation, glycogen nuclei, Mallory's hyaline, and perisinusoidal fibrosis may be present, but are not required for a diagnosis ofNAFLD.
  • nephrotic syndrome refers to a condition of heavy glomerular proteinuria which is associated with hyperlipidemia, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and deterioration of renal function.
  • the nephrotic dyslipidemia is marked by hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevated plasma concentration and impaired clearance of LDL, VLDL, and IDL.
  • LDL receptor deficiency lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) deficiency
  • elevated plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein diminished HDL receptor
  • dysregulation of HMG-CoA reductase and 7 ⁇ -hydroxylase diminished catabolism of apo B-IOO
  • increased production of Lp(a) downregulation of lipoprotein lipase VLDL receptor and hepatic lipase
  • chronic renal failure refers to a chronic kidney condition that leads to abnormalities of lipid metabolism and marked alteration of plasma lipid profile.
  • the typical dyslipidemia associated with chronic renal failure includes hypertriglyceridemia, elevated level and impaired clearance of VLDL, IDL, and LDL, inappropriately reduced HDL cholesterol, and impaired maturation of cholesterol-poor HDL-3 to cardioprotective cholesterol ester-rich HDL-2.
  • the primary mechanisms for the dyslipidemia include downregulation of lipoprotein lipase, VLDL receptor, hepatic triglyceride lipase, and LCAT.
  • diabetes refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. It refers to disorders in which carbohydrate utilization is reduced and that of lipid and protein enhanced; and may be characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketoacidosis, neuropathy, or nephropathy.
  • non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus refers to a heterogeneous disorder characterized by impaired insulin secretion by the pancreas and insulin resistance in tissues such as the liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
  • the manifestations of the disease include one or more of the following: impaired glucose tolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, glycosuria, increased hepatic glucose output, reduced hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage, reduced whole body glucose uptake and utilization, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, ketoacidosis, microvascular diseases such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease.
  • IGT impaired glucose tolerance
  • insulin resistance is defined clinically as the impaired ability of a known quantity of exogenous or endogenous insulin to increase whole body glucose uptake and utilization.
  • insulin regulates a wide variety of metabolic processes in addition to glucose homeostasis e.g., lipid and protein metabolism
  • the manifestations of insulin resistance are diverse and include one or more of the following: glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, a characteristic dyslipidemia (high triglycerides; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), obesity, upper-body fat distribution, fat accumulation in the liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), increased hepatic glucose output, reduced hepatic glucose uptake and storage into glycogen, hypertension, and increased prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic factors.
  • This cluster of cardiovascular-metabolic abnormalities is commonly referred to as "The Insulin Resistance Syndrome” or "The Metabolic Syndrome” and may lead
  • Metabolic Syndrome or "Metabolic Syndrome X” is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors in one person. They include:
  • Atherogenic dyslipidemia blood fat disorders — mainly high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol — that foster plaque buildups in artery walls
  • Insulin resistance or glucose intolerance the body can't properly use insulin or blood sugar
  • Prothrombotic state e.g., high fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor [—1] in the blood
  • Proinflammatory state e.g., elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the blood
  • Proinflammatory state e.g., elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the blood
  • Methods are identified by the presence of three or more of these components:
  • thyroid responsive element refers to an element that usually consists of directly repeated half-sites with the consensus sequence AGGTCA. (Harbers et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 24(12):2252-2259 (1996)). TREs contain two half-sites of the AGGTCA motif which can be arranged as direct repeats, inverted repeats, or everted repeats.
  • thyroid responsive genes refers to genes whose expression is affected by triiodothyronine (Menjo et al, Thyroid 9(9):959-61 (1999); Helbing et al, MoI. Endocrinol. 17(7):l395-409 (2003)).
  • TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Atherogenic proteins refers to proteins that induce, stimulate, enhance or prolong atherosclerosis and diseases related to atherosclerosis, including but not limited to coronary heart disease. Atherogenic proteins include apoAI and Lp (a).
  • thyroid hormone includes for example natural iodinated thyronines from thyroglobulin (e.g., T3, T4), as well as drugs such as Levothyroxine sodium which is the sodium salt of a levorotatory isomer of T4 and a commonly used drug as replacement therapy in hypothyroidism. Other uses include the treatment of simple nonendemic goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyrotropin-dependent thyroid carcinoma.
  • Liothyronine sodium is the sodium salt of a levorotatory isomer of T3.
  • Liotrix is a 4:1 mixture of levothyroxine and liothronine.
  • Thyroid is a preparation derived from dried and defatted thyroid glands of animals.
  • thyromimetic or "T3 mimetic” as used herein, is intended to cover any moiety which binds to a thyroid receptor and acts as an agonist, antagonist or partial agonist/antagonist of T3.
  • the thyromimetic may be further specified as an agonist, an antagonist, a partial agonist, or a partial antagonist.
  • the thyromimetics of the present invention presumably bind the T3 binding site and can inhibit T3 binding to a thyroid hormone receptor utilizing a heterologous displacement reaction.
  • Thyromimetics of the present invention that can produce one of or more of the effects mediated by naturally occurring ⁇ triiodothyronine in a target tissue or cell would be considered an agonist or partial agonist.
  • Thyromimetics of the present invention that can inhibit one of more of the effects mediated by naturally occurring L- triiodothyronine in a target tissue or cell would be considered an antagonist, partial agonist, or inverse agonist.
  • metabolic disease includes diseases and conditions such as obesity, diabetes and lipid disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia as well as disorders that are associated with abnormal levels of lipoproteins, lipids, carbohydrates and insulin such as metabolic syndrome X, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease.
  • diseases and conditions such as obesity, diabetes and lipid disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia as well as disorders that are associated with abnormal levels of lipoproteins, lipids, carbohydrates and insulin such as metabolic syndrome X, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease.
  • mitochondrial biogenesis refers to the rate at which nascent mitochondria are synthesized. Mitochondrial biogenesis that occurs during cell replication provides enough new mitochondria for both the parent and daughter cells. Mitochondrial biogenesis that occurs in the absence of cell replication leads to an increase in the number of mitochondria within a cell.
  • the term "significant” or “statistically significant” means a result (i.e. experimental assay result) where the p-value is ⁇ 0.05 (i.e. the chance of a type I error is less than 5%) as determined by an art-accepted measure of statistical significance appropriate to the experimental design. [0185] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the present invention relates to methods of preventing or treating metabolic diseases with phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the prodrugs, where the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds bind to a thyroid hormone receptor.
  • Thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone mimetics bind to thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus of cells and can change expression levels of genes encoding proteins that play an important role in metabolic diseases.
  • Metabolic diseases that can be prevented or treated with thyroid hormone mimetics include obesity and lipid disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia as described in further detail below.
  • Other metabolic diseases that can be prevented or treated with thyroid hormone mimetics include fatty liver/steatosis, NAFLD, NASH, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. Conditions associated with these diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, can also be treated with these thyroid hormone receptor binding compounds.
  • phosphonic acids were thought to be a poor replacement for carboxylic acids based on differences in geometry, size, and charge. Phosphonic acids can also show reduced binding affinities against enzymes that utilize or bind the analogous carboxylic acid. Phosphonic acids can also display differences in cellular and in vivo potency, oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and safety. T3 and previously reported T3 mimetics contain a carboxylic acid thought to be important for binding and activation of T3 responsive genes. The carboxylic acid may also be important in the transport and distribution of these compounds through various transport proteins. Transport proteins can enhance transport of certain compounds, particularly negatively charged compounds, to the nucleus. .
  • the present Inventors discovered that the phosphonic acid and phosphonic acid monoester T3 mimetic compounds of the present invention are capable of being effectively transported across the cellular membrane into liver cells and across the nuclear membrane where they bind the thyroid receptors and activate thyroid hormone responsive genes. Further, surprisingly the present Inventors discovered that the compounds of the present invention bind to the thyroid receptors with sufficient binding affinity to be effective in activating the receptors. Still further surprisingly, the present Inventors discovered that the compounds of the present invention act as agonists rather than antagonists and are thus effective in activating thyroid hormone responsive genes and for the uses described herein, such as lowering cholesterol.
  • the present Inventors discovered that the compounds of the present invention are effective in activating thyroid hormone responsive genes and for the uses described herein, such as lowering cholesterol, even for compounds of the present invention that bind to the thyroid hormone receptors with reduced affinity as compared to the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative. Still further surprisingly, the present Inventors discovered that the compounds of the present invention have a high enough tissue selectivity and have a therapeutic index great enough to be efficacious in treating the diseases and disorders described herein while avoiding undesired side-effects involving the heart.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the prodrugs used in these methods bind to at least one thyroid hormone receptor with an Ki of ⁇ 100 nM relative to T3, or ⁇ 9OnM, ⁇ 8OnM, ⁇ 70nM, ⁇ 6OnM, ⁇ 5OnM, ⁇ 40nM, ⁇ 30nM, ⁇ 20nM, ⁇ 1OnM, ⁇ 5OnM, ⁇ lnM, ⁇ 0.5nM.
  • Ki ⁇ 100 nM relative to T3, or ⁇ 9OnM, ⁇ 8OnM, ⁇ 70nM, ⁇ 6OnM, ⁇ 5OnM, ⁇ 40nM, ⁇ 30nM, ⁇ 20nM, ⁇ 1OnM, ⁇ 5OnM, ⁇ lnM, ⁇ 0.5nM.
  • Thyroid hormone receptor binding is readily determined using assays described in the literature.
  • nuclear extracts from animal livers can be prepared according to the methods described by Yokoyama et al. (J. Med. Chem. 35:695-707 (1995)). Binding assays can also be performed using purified thyroid hormone receptors. For example, using the methods used by Chiellini et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10:333-346 (2002)), competition ligand binding affinities are determined using 125 I-T3 and the human thyroid receptors TR ⁇ l and TR ⁇ l. The latter methods advantageously enable determination of thyroid receptor selectivity. Methods described in Example A were used to determine the binding of compounds of this invention.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the prodrugs used in these methods cause at least a 50%, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 6 fold or 8 fold increase or decrease in the expression of one or more thyroid hormone-responsive genes. Changes in gene expression can be detected in cells or in vivo. Prodrugs of the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds can increase cellular uptake but in some cases are poorly converted to the phosphonic acid or monoester due to low levels of the enzymes required for the conversion.
  • Changes in gene expression in vivo require either the phosphonic acid of the invention to be taken up by the tissue following administration or for the prodrug remain intact after administration long enough to distribute to the target organ and cell. Following distribution to the cell, enzymes responsible for cleaving the prodrug must act on the prodrug and convert it to the phosphonic acid or phosphonic acid monoester. The compound must then be able to be transported to the nucleus. If a portion of the compound is excreted from the cell it must be retransported back across the cellular membrane and nuclear membrane.
  • the prodrugs of the present invention that are activated in the liver and excreted by the liver as phosphonic acid compounds are retransported back across the cellular and nuclear membrane and into the nucleus.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compounds and their prodrugs led to surprisingly potent biological activity.
  • This surprisingly high biological activity is attributed to the ability of the compounds of the present invention to modulate genes known to be regulated by T3. For example, mGPDH increased > 1.5-fold in the liver of an animal administered a 1 mg/kg dose of the drug.
  • the liver is a major target organ of thyroid hormone with an estimated
  • T3-responsive genes in the liver include genes affecting lipogenesis, including spot 14, fatty acid transport protein, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase (Blennemann et al. a MoI. Cell. Endocrinol. 110(l-2):l-S (1995)) and CYP4A. HMG CoA reductase and LDL receptor genes have been identified as affecting cholesterol synthesis and as being responsive to T3.
  • CPT-I is a T3 -responsive gene involved in fatty acid oxidation.
  • Genes affecting energy expenditure including mitochondrial genes such as mitochondrial s ⁇ -glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH), and/or enzymes associated with proton leakage such as the adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT), Na + /K + -ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase and ATP synthase are also T3-responsive genes.
  • T3-responsive genes affecting glycogenosis and gluconeogenesis include glucose 6-phos ⁇ hatase and PEPCK.
  • Thyroid hormone-responsive genes in the heart are not as well described as the liver but could be determined using similar techniques as described by Feng et al. Many of the genes described to be affected in the heart are the same as described above for the liver. Common genes evaluated include mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH), and myosin heavy and light chains (Danzi et al, Thyroid 12(6):A61-12 (2002)).
  • mGPDH mitochondrial sn-glycerol 3 -phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Compounds used in the methods bind to thyroid receptors and produce a change in some hepatic gene expression.
  • Evidence for agonist activity is obtained using standard assays described in the literature.
  • One assay commonly used entails a reporter cell assay wherein cells, e.g., HeLa cells, Hek293 cells, or Chinese hamster ovary cells, are transfected with an expression vector for human TR ⁇ l or TR ⁇ l and subsequently with a reporter vector encoding a secreted form of alkaline phosphatase whose expression is under the control of a thyroid hormone response element.
  • Agonist activity is measured by exposing the cells to the compounds, especially phosphorus- containing prodrugs of the compounds that are cleaved to the phosphonic acid, phosphinic acid, or monoester by cell homogenates, followed by determining alkaline phosphatase activity in the cell culture medium using a chemiluminescent assay (Grover et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U.S.A. 100(17): 10067-72 (2003)).
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing thyromimetics and their prodrugs and salts are useful in preventing or treating arteriosclerosis by modulating levels of atherogenic proteins, e.g., Lp(a), apoAI, apoAII, LDL, HDL.
  • atherogenic proteins e.g., Lp(a), apoAI, apoAII, LDL, HDL.
  • Clinically overt hypothyroidism is associated with accelerated and premature coronary atherosclerosis and subclinical hypothyroidism is considered a condition with an increased risk for these diseases (Vanhaelst et al. and Bastenie et al, Lancet 2 (1967)).
  • T3 and T3 mimetics modulate atherogenic proteins in a manner that could prove beneficial for patients at risk to develop atherosclerosis or patients with atherosclerosis or diseases associated with atherosclerosis.
  • T3 and T3 mimetics are known to decrease Lp(a) levels, e.g., in the monkey, with 3,5- dichloro-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(l -methylethyl)phenoxy]benzeneacetic acid (Grover et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U.S.A. 100: ⁇ 00 ⁇ l- ⁇ 0012 (2003)).
  • the T3 mimetic CGS23425 [[4-[4-hydroxy-3-(l- methylethyl)phenoxy]-3,5-dimethylphenyl]amino]oxo acetic acid) increased apoAI expression via thyroid hormone receptor activation (Taylor et ah, MoI. Pharm. 52:542-547 (1997)).
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing thyromimetics, their salts and prodrugs can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and heart failure because such compounds are expected to distribute to the liver (Examples F and H) and modulate the expression and production of atherogenic proteins.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing thyromimetics and their prodrugs and salts are useful for preventing and/or treating metabolic diseases such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia and conditions such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and chronic renal failure without affecting thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4.
  • T3 mimetics in these methods would minimize effects on thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4.
  • the compounds or the present invention distribute more readily to the liver and result in pharmacological effects at doses that do not adversely affect thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4.
  • the compounds of the present invention have a therapeutic index, defined as the difference between the dose at which a significant effect is observed for a use disclosed herein, e.g., lowering cholesterol, and the dose at which a significant decrease in T3 or significant decrease in T4, or significant change in the ratio of T3 to T4 is observed, is at least 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900 fold, 1000 fold, 2000 fold, 3000 fold, 4000 fold, 5000 fold, 6000 fold, 7000 fold, 8000 fold, 9000 fold or at least 10000 fold, hi one embodiment, rather than a significant amount, the amount of change in T3 or T4 is a decrease selected from at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or at least 30% of circulating levels.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing thyromimetics and their prodrugs and salts are useful for significantly lowering cholesterol levels without having a significant effect on TSH levels, hi another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention significantly lower cholesterol levels without lowering TSH levels by more than 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5%.
  • TH can induce WAT differentiation, proliferation and intracellular lipid accumulation.
  • TH induces lipogenic genes in WAT such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase and spot-14.
  • TH also regulates lipolysis in fat to produce weight loss in a coordinated manner, i.e., lipolysis in fat to free fatty acids followed by free fatty acid utilization in tissues, e.g., liver, muscle and heart.
  • Mitochondria are the fuel source for all cellular respiration.
  • the synthesis of new mitochondria is a complex process which requires over 1000 genes (Goffart et al, Exp. Physiol. 88(l):33-40 (2003)).
  • the mechanisms which control mitochondrial biogenesis are not well defined, but are known to include exercise (Jones et al, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284(1): ⁇ 96- 101 (2003)), overexpression of PGC-I (Lehman et al, J. CHn. Invest. 106(7):847-56 (2000)) or AMP activated protein kinase (Bergeron et al, Am. J. Physiol Endocrinol.
  • Thyroid hormone has been shown to play a key role in mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing expression of nuclear respiratory factor- 1 and PGC-I (Weitzel et al, Exp. Physiol. 55(%): 121-8 (2003)).
  • NRF-I and/or PGC-I could lead to an increase in mitochondrial density within a cell. Such an increase would cause the cell to have a higher rate of energy expenditure.
  • Methods to analyze NRF-I and PGC-I include immunoblotting with specific antibodies, or analysis of mRNA levels. Compounds that caused increases in NRF-I or PGC-I would therefore lead to a greater energy expenditure. Even small increases in energy expenditure over long periods of time (weeks to years) could cause a decrease in weight under isocaloric circumstances.
  • Further methods for assessing mitochondrial biogenesis include the analysis of mitochondrial proteins such as cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase, either by immunoblotting or analysis of rnRNA levels. Mitochondrial density can also be measured by counting the number of mitochondria in electron micrographs.
  • phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing thyromimetics and their prodrugs and salts may be used to cause weight loss or prevent weight gain without side effects. It may be advantageous to use compounds that result in high liver specificity (Examples F and G).
  • compounds that result in increased levels of genes associated with oxygen consumption, e.g., GPDH (Example B) are particularly useful in weight loss and controlling weight gain.
  • compounds that show weight loss at doses that do not affect cardiac function e.g., heart rate, force of systolic contraction, duration of diastolic relaxation, vascular tone, or heart weight, may be particularly useful in weight loss and controlling weight gain.
  • compounds that cause weight loss without affecting thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4 are particularly useful.
  • phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing thyromimetics and their prodrugs and salts may be used to treat diabetes and related conditions like impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
  • T2DMs Patients with type 2 diabetes "T2DMs" exhibit chronic high blood glucose levels.
  • High fasting blood glucose in T2DMs is related to the overproduction of glucose by a pathway in the liver known as the gluconeogenesis pathway.
  • Throughput in this pathway is controlled in part by enzymes in the pathway such as PEPCK, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase as well as by hormones such as insulin, which can influence the expression and activities of these enzymes.
  • T3 is known to worsen diabetes. While the reason T3 worsens diabetes is not known, T3's effect on increasing the gene expression of PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase may be the cause of increased glucose levels.
  • T3 is known to increase lipolysis of triglyceride pools in fat and to increase circulating levels of free fatty acids. (K.S. Park, et al, Metabolism 45(70, ) : 1318-21 (1999)) T3's effect on free fatty acid levels may also be responsible for the negative effect on diabetes because high free fatty acid levels enhance flux through the gluconeogenesis pathway.
  • Compounds of this invention while they mimic T3, result in preferential activation of liver T3 genes, are not expected to increase lipolysis in peripheral tissues which is expected to avoid the T3-induced higher circulating levels of free fatty acids and their effects on increasing gluconeogenesis flux and decreasing insulin sensitivity. Increased hepatic insulin sensitivity will decrease PEPCK and glucose 6-phosphatase gene expression thus reducing gluconeogenesis. TR activation in the liver should also decrease liver fat content, which in turn is expected to improve diabetes and steatohepatitis ⁇ e.g., NASH), thus providing another use for the compounds of the present invention.
  • a decrease in liver fat content is associated with increased hepatic insulin sensitivity (Shulman, 2000) and accordingly should improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetics through decreased glucose production and enhanced glucose uptake.
  • the overall effect on the patient will be better glycemic control, thus providing another use for the compounds of the present invention.
  • TH also stimulates GLUT-4 transporter expression in skeletal muscle which produces concomitant increases in basal glucose uptake.
  • Studies in obese, insulin-resistant Zucker rats showed that TH therapy induces GLUT-4 expression in skeletal muscle and total amelioration of the hyperinsulinemia, although plasma glucose levels were moderately elevated (Torrance et al. Endocrinology 735:1204 (1997)).
  • Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of compounds of the present invention to prevent or treat hyperinsulinemia.
  • TH therapy results in increased energy expenditure. Increased energy expenditure can result in increased weight loss, which in turn can result in improved glycemic control. Diet and exercise are often used initially to treat diabetics. Exercise and weight loss increase insulin sensitivity and improve glycemia. Thus, further uses of the compounds of the present invention include increasing energy expenditure, increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glycemia.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compounds of the present invention are useful for increasing levels of genes associated with gluconeogenesis (Example B). In another aspect, the compounds of the present invention are useful for decreasing hepatic glycogen levels.
  • compounds of the present invention result in amelioration of hyperinsulinemia and/or decreased glucose levels in diabetic animal models at doses that do not affect cardiac function, e.g., heart rate, force of systolic contraction, duration of diastolic relaxation, vascular tone, or heart weight, hi a further aspect, compounds of the present invention result in amelioration of hyperinsulinemia and/or decreased glucose levels in diabetic animal models at doses that do not affect thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4.
  • cardiac function e.g., heart rate, force of systolic contraction, duration of diastolic relaxation, vascular tone, or heart weight
  • compounds of the present invention result in amelioration of hyperinsulinemia and/or decreased glucose levels in diabetic animal models at doses that do not affect thyroid function, thyroid production of circulating iodinated thyronines such as T3 and T4, and/or the ratio of T3 to T4.
  • T3 and T3 mimetics have been limited by the deleterious side-effects on the heart.
  • Previous attempts to overcome this limitation have focused on selectively targeting the liver over the heart using T3 mimetics that selectively bind TR ⁇ over TRa. Because the heart expresses mainly TRa, previous investigators have attempted to increase the therapeutic index of T3 mimetics by increasing the selectively of the compounds for TR ⁇ which is expressed in the liver. Previous attempts have not focused on T3 mimetics that selectively distribute to the liver over the heart or at least have not been successful.
  • compounds of Formula I, II, HI, and VIII that selectively bind TR ⁇ over TRa by at least 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 60 fold, 70 fold, 80 fold, 90 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold or at least 500 fold
  • compounds of Formula I, II, III, and VIII that selectively bind TRa over TR ⁇ by at least 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold, 30 fold, 40 fold, 50 fold, 60 fold, 70 fold, 80 fold, 90 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold or at least 500 fold.
  • the compounds of the present invention have a therapeutic index, defined as the difference between the dose at which a significant effect is observed for a use disclosed herein, e.g., lowering cholesterol, and the dose at which a significant effect on a property or function, as disclosed herein (e.g., heart rate), is observed, is at least 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900 fold, 1000 fold, 2000 fold, 3000 fold, 4000 fold, 5000 fold, 6000 fold, 7000 fold, 8000 fold, 9000 fold or at least 10000 fold.
  • a therapeutic index defined as the difference between the dose at which a significant effect is observed for a use disclosed herein, e.g., lowering cholesterol, and the dose at which a significant effect on a property or function, as disclosed herein (e.g., heart rate), is observed, is at least 50 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900
  • Examples of said use disclosed herein includes but is not limited to reducing lipid levels, increasing the ratio of HDL to LDL or apoAI to LDL, reducing weight or preventing weight gain, maintaining or improving glycemic control, lowering blood glucose levels, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing expression of PGC-I, AMP activated protein kinase or nuclear respiratory factor, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, fatty liver/steatosis, NASH, NAFLD, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, depression, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and osteoporosis.
  • a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, fatty liver
  • cardiac property/function examples include but are not limited to cardiac hypertrophy (heart weight to body weight ratio), heart rate, and various hemodynamic parameters, including systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, end systolic left ventricular pressure and maximal speeds of contraction and relaxation.
  • a variety of methods are described that provide a means for evaluating the functional consequences of T3 -cardiac action, including measurement of cardiac hypertrophy (heart weight to body weight ratio), heart rate, and various hemodynamic parameters, including systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, end-systolic left ventricular pressure and maximal speeds of contraction and relaxation using methods described by Trost et al, ⁇ Endocrinology 141:3051-64 (2000)).
  • Compounds of the present invention were tested using the methods described in Examples B, D, and I.
  • the therapeutic index is determined by administering to animals a wide range of doses and determining the minimal dose capable of inducing a response in the liver relative to the dose capable of inducing a response in the heart.
  • cell reporter assays while often useful for confirming agonist activity, may not provide a suitable indication of potency.
  • evidence of agonist activity is often more readily obtained in vivo for compounds of the present invention.
  • In vivo assays include but are not limited to treating animals with phosphorus-containing compounds of the invention or a prodrug thereof and monitoring the expression of T3-responsive genes in the liver or the functional consequences of changes of T3-responsive genes.
  • compounds useful in the novel methods bind to thyroid receptors and produce changes in the expression of two or more hepatic genes.
  • Animals used for testing compounds useful in the methods include normal rats and mice, animals made hypothyroid using methods well described in the literature, including thyroid hormone receptor knockout mice ⁇ e.g., TRa "7" such as those used in Grover et al, 2003), or animals exhibiting high cholesterol ⁇ e.g., high cholesterol fed rat or hamster), obesity and/or diabetes ⁇ e.g., fa/fa rat, Zucker diabetic fatty rat, ob/ob mice, db/db mice, high fat fed rodent).
  • TRa "7 thyroid hormone receptor knockout mice
  • the drug or prodrug is administered by a variety of routes including by bolus injection, oral, and continuous infusion (Examples B, D and I). Animals are treated for 1-28 days and the liver, heart and blood are isolated. Changes in gene transcription relative to vehicle treated animals and T3 -treated animals are determined using northern blot analysis, RNAase protection or reverse-transcription and subsequent PCR. While methods are available for monitoring changes in thousands of hepatic genes, only a small number need to be monitored to demonstrate the biological effect of compounds in this invention.
  • genes such as spot-14, FAS, mGPDH, CPT-I, and LDL receptor are monitored. Changes of >1.5 fold in two or more genes is considered proof that the compound modulates T3 -responsive genes in vivo.
  • Alternative methods for measuring changes in gene transcription include monitoring the activity or expression level of the protein encoded by the gene. For instance, in cases where the genes encode enzyme activities (e.g., FAS, mGPDH), direct measurements of enzyme activity in appropriately extracted liver tissue can be made using standard enzymological techniques. In cases where the genes encode receptor functions (e.g., the LDL receptor), ligand binding studies or antibody-based assays (e.g., Western blots) can be performed to quantify the number of receptors expressed.
  • TR agonists will either increase or decrease enzyme activity or increase or decrease receptor binding or number.
  • the functional consequences of changing the expression levels of hepatic genes responsive to T3 is many-fold and readily demonstrated using assays well described in the literature.
  • Administering phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds that bind to a TR to animals can result in changes in lipids, including hepatic and/or plasma cholesterol levels; changes in lipoprotein levels including LDL-cholesterol, lipoprotein a (Lp(a)); changes in hepatic glycogen levels; and changes in energy expenditure as measured by changes in oxygen consumption and in some cases animal weight.
  • the effect on cholesterol is determined using cholesterol fed animals such as normal rats and hamsters, or TRa " " knockout mice. Cholesterol is measured using standard tests.
  • Compounds of the present invention were tested using the methods described in Example D and I. Hepatic glycogen levels are determined from livers isolated from treated animals. Compounds of the present invention were tested using the methods described in Examples D and E. Changes in energy expenditure are monitored by measuring changes in oxygen consumption (MVo )• A variety of methods are well described in the literature and include measurement in the whole animal using Oxymax chambers (U.S. Patent No. 6,441,015). Livers from treated rats can also be evaluated (Fernandez et ah, Toxicol. Lett.
  • Phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds that bind to a TR modulate expression of certain genes in the liver resulting in effects on lipids (e.g., cholesterol), glucose, lipoproteins, and triglycerides.
  • lipids e.g., cholesterol
  • Such compounds can lower cholesterol levels which is useful in the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia.
  • lipoproteins such as Lp(a) or LDL and are useful in preventing or treating atherosclerosis and heart disease in patients.
  • Such compounds can raise levels of lipoproteins such as apoAI or HDL and are useful in preventing or treating atherosclerosis and heart disease in patients.
  • Such compounds can cause a reduction in weight.
  • Such compounds can lower glucose levels in patients with diabetes.
  • Another aspect is compounds that in the presence of liver cells or microsomes result in compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X wherein X is phosphonic acid or phosphonic acid monoester.
  • Also provided are methods of reducing plasma lipid levels in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form, m another embodiment said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter, is enantiomerically enriched or diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomer covered later.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • said methods of reducing cholesterol results in a lowering of total cholesterol.
  • said methods of reducing cholesterol results in a reduction of high density lipoprotein (HDL).
  • said methods of reducing cholesterol results in a reduction of low density lipoprotein (LDL).
  • said methods of reducing cholesterol results in a reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL).
  • said LDL is reduced to a greater extent than said HDL.
  • said VLDL is reduced to a greater extent than said HDL.
  • said VLDL is reduced to a greater extent than said LDL.
  • the lipid is triglycerides, hi one embodiment said lipid is liver triglycerides, hi another embodiment said lipid is in the form of a lipoprotein, hi another embodiment said lipoprotein is Lp(a). hi another embodiment said lipoprotein is apoAII.
  • HDL to VLDL, LDL to VLDL, apoAl to LDL or apoAI to VLDL in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII and X, or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of treating hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VII and X, or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating atherosclerosis in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, ITI, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof, hi one embodiment said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter. hi another embodiment said compound is administered as a racemic mixture. In another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture. In another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture. In still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating nephrotic syndrome or chronic renal failure in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co- crystal thereof.
  • a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co- crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of reducing weight or preventing weight gain in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating obesity in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof, hi one embodiment said compound is an active form.
  • Li another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • hi another embodiment said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating coronary heart disease in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof, hi one embodiment said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • hi another embodiment said compound is administered as a racemic mixture
  • hi another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture
  • hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of maintaining or improving glycemic control in an animal being treated with a T3 mimetic comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • Li another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • said glycemic control is maintained after said animal is treated for at least 14 days with said compound, hi another embodiment said glycemic control is improved by 28 days in an animal treated with said compound.
  • Also provided are methods of lowering blood glucose levels in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof, hi one embodiment said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X or impaired glucose tolerance in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating altered energy expenditure in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating a liver disease responsive to modulation of T3 -responsive genes in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, ⁇ , III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of preventing or treating thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, depression, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, or osteoporosis in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof, hi one embodiment said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • hi another embodiment said compound is administered as a racemic mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, hi another embodiment said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of increasing expression of PGC-I, AMP activated protein kinase or nuclear respiratory factor in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form.
  • said compound is a prodrug.
  • said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • Also provided are methods of inhibiting hepatic gluconeo genesis in an animal comprising the step of administering to a patient an amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, a prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or co-crystal thereof.
  • said compound is an active form, hi another embodiment said compound is a prodrug, hi another embodiment said compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X or a prodrug thereof comprises a stereocenter.
  • said compound is administered as a racemic mixture.
  • said compound is administered as an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • said compound is a administered as a diastereomeric mixture, hi still another embodiment said compound is administered as an individual stereoisomer.
  • kits comprising: a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, or X or a prodrug thereof; and b) at least one container for containing said pharmaceutical composition.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising a first pharmaceutical compound selected from Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula VIII, or Formula X or a prodrug thereof and a second pharmaceutical compound of the same Formula but wherein said first and second pharmaceutical compounds are not the same molecules.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising a first pharmaceutical compound selected from Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula VIII, or Formula X or a prodrug thereof and a second pharmaceutical compound selected from Formula I, Formula ⁇ , Formula III, Formula VIII, Formula X or a prodrug thereof, but wherein said first and said second pharmaceutical compounds are not both from the same Formula.
  • compositions comprising a first pharmaceutical compound selected from Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula VIII, or Formula X or a prodrug thereof and a second pharmaceutical compound that is not a compound selected from Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula VIII, or Formula X or a prodrug thereof.
  • compositions comprising a first compound of the present invention and a second compound useful for reducing lipid levels, increasing the ratio of HDL to LDL or apoAI to LDL, reducing weight or preventing weight gain, maintaining or improving glycemic control, lowering blood glucose levels, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing expression of PGC-I, AMP activated protein kinase or nuclear respiratory factor, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis or for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, fatty liver/steatosis,, NASH, NAFLD, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, depression, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, or osteoporosis, hi one embodiment, a composition comprising said first and second compound is a single unit dose. In another embodiment, said unit does is in the form
  • kits for the prevention or treatment of a disease or disorder for which a compound of the present invention is effective in preventing or treating comprising: a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, or X or a prodrug thereof; b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an additional compound useful for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder for which a compound of the present invention is effective in preventing or treating; and c) at least one container for containing said first or second or both first and second pharmaceutical composition.
  • kits comprising: a) a first pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, II, III, VIII, or X or a prodrug thereof; b) a second pharmaceutical composition comprising an additional compound useful for reducing lipid
  • a compound of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for reducing lipid levels, increasing the ratio of HDL to LDL or apoAI to LDL, reducing weight or preventing weight gain, maintaining or improving glycemic control, lowering blood glucose levels, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing expression of PGC-I, AMP activated protein kinase or nuclear respiratory factor, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis or for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, fatty liver/steatosis, NASH, NAFLD, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, insulin resistance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, thyroid disease, thyroid cancer, depression, glaucoma, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, or osteoporosis.
  • the compounds have at least 10 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900 fold, 1000 fold, 2000 fold, 3000 fold, 4000 fold, 5000 fold 6000 fold, 7000 fold, 8000 fold, 9000 fold, 10,000 fold, 20,000 fold, 30,000 fold, 40,000 fold or 50,000 fold greater selectivity.
  • the selectivity for the liver is compared to the heart.
  • the selectivity for the liver is compared to the pituitary.
  • the selectivity for the liver is compared to the kidney.
  • phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing T3 mimetics or prodrug thereof that have improved liver selectivity as compared to a corresponding compound where the phosphorus-containing group is replaced with a carboxylic acid, but wherein the corresponding compound is otherwise identical.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compound (or prodrug thereof ) has at least 10 fold, 25 fold, 50 fold, 75 fold, 100 fold, 200 fold, 300 fold, 400 fold, 500 fold, 600 fold, 700 fold, 800 fold, 900 fold, 1000 fold, 2000 fold, 3000 fold, 4000 fold, 5000 fold 6000 fold, 7000 fold, 8000 fold, 9000 fold, 10,000 fold, 20,000 fold, 30,000 fold, 40,000 fold or 50,000 fold greater selectivity for the liver as compared to the corresponding carboxylic acid compound, hi one embodiment the liver selectivity is relative to the heart, hi another embodiment the liver selectivity is relative to the kidney, hi another embodiment the liver selectivity is relative to the pituitary.
  • phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing T3 mimetics or prodrug thereof that have a decreased Ki as compared to a corresponding compound where the phosphorus-containing group is replaced with a carboxylic acid, but wherein the corresponding compound is otherwise identical.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compound has at least 2 fold, 5 fold, 7 fold, 10 fold, 25 fold, or 50 fold lower Ki than the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative compound (wherein Ki is measured relative to T3).
  • the Ki of the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester- containing compound is ⁇ 150 nM ⁇ lOO nM, ⁇ 90nM, ⁇ 80nM, ⁇ 70nM,
  • phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compound has the same Ki as the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative.
  • the phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compound has a greater Ki than the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative.
  • said thyroid hormone receptor is TRa. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TR ⁇ . Also provided are compounds that bind at least one thyroid hormone receptor with an Ki of > 100 nM, > 90nM, > 8OnM, >70nM, > 60nM, > 5OnM, > 4OnM, > 3OnM, > 2OnM, > 1OnM, > 5OnM, ⁇ lnM, or > 0.5nM relative to T3, but in each case ⁇ 15OnM.
  • said thyroid hormone receptor is TRa. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TR ⁇ . In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TRa 1. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TR ⁇ l. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TR ⁇ 2. In one embodiment said thyroid hormone receptor is TR ⁇ 2.
  • Novel methods described herein describe the use of phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds that bind to TRs.
  • novel compounds described below include compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be used in the methods described herein.
  • the novel compounds of the invention are phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds that bind to and activate thyroid receptors in the liver.
  • the present invention relates to compounds of Formula I, II, III, VIII, and X, including stereoisomers and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, co-crystals thereof, and prodrugs (including stereoisomers and mixtures of stereoisomers thereof) thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and co-crystals of the prodrugs.
  • lower alkyl esters (either diesters or monoesters) of phosphonic acid are not prodrug moieties as the phosphoester bond is not cleaved in vivo.
  • the phosphonic acid monoester-containing compounds of the invention are not themselves prodrugs.
  • the compounds can be made into prodrugs as disclosed above.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be either crystalline, amorphous or a mixture thereof.
  • Compositions comprising a crystalline form a compound of the present invention may contain only one crystalline form of said compound or more than one crystalline form.
  • the composition may contain two or more different polymorphs. The polymorphs
  • V. may be two different polymorphs of the free form, two or more polymorphs of different co-crystal forms, two or more polymorphs of different salt forms, a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more co-crystal forms and one or more polymorphs of the free form, a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more salt forms and one or more polymorphs of the free form, or a combination of one or more polymorphs of one or more co-crystal forms and one or more polymorphs of one or more salt forms.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of the compounds herein are included in the present invention.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts refer to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, trimethamine, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N- ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.
  • basic ion exchange resins such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropyl
  • compositions herein having a base functional group are also included in the present invention.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts refer to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free base, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic acid or an organic acid to the free base.
  • Salts derived from inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, acistrate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, besylate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate. bromide, fumarate, pamoate, glucouronate, hydroiodide, iodide, sulfate, xinofoate and chloride salts
  • the compounds of the present invention may be pure or substantially pure or have a purity of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or purity at least 99.5%.
  • the compounds may also be part of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
  • the compounds may also be part of a biological material or sample.
  • included in the present invention are cells and tissues comprising a compound of the present invention.
  • the cells or tissues can be in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro. Examples include liver or liver cells (e.g., hepatocytes), blood, gastric fluid (simulated or actual), intestinal fluid (simulated or actual), and urine.
  • the invention relates to a phosphonic acid- or phosphonic acid mono ester-containing thyromimetic compound of Formula X: wherein:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are aryl groups
  • G is an atom or group of atoms that links Ar 1 and Ar 2 through a single C, S, Se, O, or N atom or through two C atoms or through one C and one S atom or through one C and one O atom, wherein C and N are substituted;
  • T is an atom or group of atoms linking Ar 2 to X through 1-4 contiguous atoms or is absent;
  • X is a phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, or a prodrug thereof.
  • the compound has a Ki ⁇ 15OnM.
  • Another embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and a at least one excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a bioavailability of at least 15%.
  • the compound is crystalline.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is a unit dose.
  • the compound of Formula X is a compound of Formula I wherein G is -O-, T is -(CH 2 ) 0 - 4 -, R 1 and R 2 are independently halogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 5 carbons, R 3 is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons, R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is -OH, then X is not -P(O)(OH) 2 or -P(O)(O-lower alkyl) 2 .
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are aryl groups
  • G is an atom or group of atoms that links Ar 1 and Ar 2 through a single C, S, Se, O, or N atom or through two C atoms or through one C and one S atom or through one C and one O atom, wherein C and N are substituted;
  • T is an atom or group of atoms linking Ar 2 to E through 1-4 contiguous atoms or is absent;
  • E is a functional group or moiety with a pKa ⁇ 7.4, is carboxylic acid (COOH) or esters thereof, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, 6- azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acylsulfonamide, or other carboxylic acid surrogates known in the art or a prodrug thereof, or an atom or group of atoms containing an O or N that binds the thyroid hormone binding pocket of a TRa or TR ⁇ , but wherein E is not a -P(O)(OH) 2 or ester thereof; comprising the step of replacing E with aphosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, or a prodrug thereof.
  • COOH carboxylic acid
  • esters thereof is carboxylic acid (COOH) or esters thereof, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, 6- azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acyls
  • the compound has a Ki ⁇ 15OnM.
  • Another embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and a at least one excipient. hi another embodiment the pharmaceutical composition has a bioavailability of at least 15%.
  • the compound is crystalline, hi another embodiment the pharmaceutical composition is a unit dose.
  • the invention relates to a method of designing a thyromimetic compound with improved liver versus heart selectivity or improved therapeutic index comprising the steps of: obtaining a formula for a thyromimetic of Formula Y:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are aryl groups
  • G is an atom or group of atoms that links Ar 1 and Ar 2 through a single C, S, Se, O, or N atom or through two C atoms or through one C and one S atom or through one C and one O atom, wherein C and N are substituted;
  • T is an atom or group of atoms linking Ar 2 to E through 1-4 contiguous atoms or is absent;
  • E is a functional group or moiety with a pKa ⁇ 7.4, is carboxylic acid (COOH) or esters thereof, sulfonic acid, tetrazole, hydroxamic acid, 6- azauracil, thiazolidinedione, acylsulfonamide, or other carboxylic acid surrogates known in the art or a prodrug thereof, or an atom or group of atoms containing an O or N that binds the thyroid hormone binding pocket of a TRa or TR ⁇ , but wherein E is not a -P(O)(OH) 2 or ester thereof; comprising the step of replacing E with a phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, or a prodrug thereof; and synthesizing a compound of Formula X wherein X is phosphonic acid, phosphonic acid monoester, or a prodrug thereof.
  • the compound has a Ki ⁇ 15OnM.
  • Another embodiment includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and a at least one excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a bioavailability of at least 15%.
  • the compound is crystalline.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is a unit dose.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula I:
  • R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl;
  • R 53 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio; and
  • R 52 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 - C 4 allcynyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio;
  • Each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -S-Ci-C 4 alkyl, -NR b R c , optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
  • Each R b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • Each R c is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C(O)-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and -C(O)H;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-Ci-C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and cyano;
  • Each R d is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • Each R e is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl;
  • R f and R g are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R s may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsarurations, which may contain a second heterogroup selected from the group of O, NR C , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci -C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo, cyan
  • Each R h is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl;
  • R 3 and R 5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 5 are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -0-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-0-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -0-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(0)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -0C(0)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -0-C(0)0R y , -C(R z ) 2 0C(0)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-S-S-alky
  • attached to -0- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 - heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(0)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy, and -alkyl-S-S-S-alkylhydroxy; and R 11 attached to -NR V - is independently selected from the group consisting of
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 — 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of -CHR 2 OH, -CHR 2 OC(O)R 5 ',
  • Each R 2 is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R z , then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula I:
  • G, T, k, m, n, p, R a , R b , R c , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 5 , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R z , R y , R x , and R v are as defined above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(O)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alky
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(0)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -0C(0)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-S
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C00R y , -C(R ⁇ 2 COOR 3 ', -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR y , and -cycloalkylene-COOR y
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, R 3 is -C(O)NR 25 R 26 , -CH 2 -NR 25 R 26 , -NR 25 -C(O)R 26 , -OR 27 , R 28 , or R 29 ⁇ -o
  • R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or alkyl
  • R 5 is -OH
  • R 25 and R 26 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or heteroaralkyl
  • R 27 is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl
  • R 28 is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl
  • R 29 is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, then X is not -P(O)(OH) 2 , or -P(O)(O-lower alkyl) 2 ; b) when G is -0-, -S-, -Se-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -CH 2 -, -CF 2 -, -C(O)-, -NH-
  • A is selected from the group consisting of -NR 1 -, -O-, and -S-;
  • B is selected from the group consisting of -CR -, and -N-;
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -C(O)C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and -C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl;
  • R 53 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio; and
  • R 52 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 - C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio;
  • D is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -(CR a 2 )-, and -C(O)-;
  • Each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -NR b R c , optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and cyano;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, hydroxy, -(CR a 2 )aryl, -(CR a 2 )cycloalkyl, -(CR a 2 )heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)aryl, -C(O)cycloalkyl, -C(O)heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)alkyl and cyano;
  • Each R d is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • Each R e is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl;
  • R and R g are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R s may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, which may contain a second heterogroup selected from the group consisting of O, NR C , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo, cyan
  • Each R h is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 8 are taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0- 2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 8 are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -O-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; or
  • R 3 and R 5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 5 are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -0-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;
  • X is P(O)YR 11 Y 5 R 11 ;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-0-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -0-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(0)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -0C(0)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -0-C(0)0R y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-S-S-al
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 — 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R z , then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula II:
  • A, B, R, R b , G, D, R a , R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 3 , R 4 , R d , ,R e , R f , R s , R h , R 5 , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R z , R y , R x , and R v are defined as above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(O)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alky
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 - 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or , or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R z , then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula III:
  • R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl;
  • R 53 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio; and
  • R 52 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 - C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio;
  • Each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -NR b R c , optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
  • Each R b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • Each R c is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C(O)-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and -C(O)H;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and cyano;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, hydroxy, -(CR a 2 )aryl, -(CR a 2 )cycloalkyl, -(CR a 2 )heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)aryl, -C(O)cycloalkyl, -C(O)heterocycloalkyl, - C(O)alkyl and cyano;
  • Each R d is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • Each R e is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl;
  • R f and R g are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R g may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, which may contain a second heterogroup selected from the group consisting of O, NR C , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo,
  • Each R h is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl; or
  • R 3 and R 8 are taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0- 2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 8 are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -O-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; or
  • R 3 and R 5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 5 are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -0-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, -0-Ci-C 4 alkyl, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, cyano, -SH and -S-Ci-C 4 alkyl;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl,
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)OR y , -C(R x ) 2 C(O)OR y , -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 - 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen,
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R z , then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula III:
  • G, T, k, m, n, p, R a , R b , R c , R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 3 , R 4 , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 5 , R 7 , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R 2 , R y , R x , and R v are defined as above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkyla
  • G, T, k, m, n, p, R a , R b , R c , R 1 , R 2 , R 8 , R 3 , R 4 , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 5 , R 7 , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R z , R y , R x , and R v are defined as above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl,
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(0)0R y , -C(R x ) 2 C(0)0R y , -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR y , and -cycloalkylene-C(O)OR y ; when Y is -O- and Y' is NR V , then R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected
  • T is -A-B- where A is selected from the group consisting of -NR b -, -0-, -CH 2 - and -S- and B is selected from the group consisting of a bond and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, aryloxy, substituted amide, sulfone, sulfonamide and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl
  • R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl;
  • R 53 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio; and
  • R 52 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 - C 4 alkynyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio;
  • Each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -NR b R c , optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, and optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl; with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom;
  • Each R b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • Each R c is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C(O)-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and -C(O)H;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , and R 7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and cyano; with the proviso that at least one of R 1 and R 2 is not hydrogen;
  • R 8 and R 9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCH 2 F, optionally substituted-O-Ci-C 3 alkyl, hydroxy, -(CR a 2 )aryl, -(CR a 2 )cycloalkyl, -(CR a 2 )heterocycloalkyl, -C(O)aryl, -C(O)cycloalkyl, -C(O)heterocycloalkyl, - C(O)alkyl and cyano; or R 6 and T are taken together along with
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -C(O)C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and -C 1 -C 4 -RTyI; or
  • R 1 and R 7 are taken together along with the carbons to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 1 and R 7 are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -0-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; t is an integer from 3-6; - Ill -
  • r and s are integers from 0-5;
  • Each R d is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • Each R e is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl;
  • R f and R s are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C J -C I2 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl, and optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R g may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, said heterocyclic ring may contain a second heterogroup within the ring selected from the group consisting of O, NR C , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -
  • R 3 and R 8 are taken together along with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0- 2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R and R are attached, including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -O-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; or
  • R 3 and R 5 are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations, not including the unsaturation on the ring to which R 3 and R 5 are attached, including O to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR h -, -0-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-0-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -0-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(O)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 — 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydrogen, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon or carbon substituted by hydrogen,
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl; with the provisos that: a) V, Z, W, W are not all -H; and b) when Z is -R z , then at least one of V, W, and W is not -H, alkyl, aralkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrugs.
  • the invention relates to a compound of Formula VIII:
  • G, T, k, m, n, p, R a , R b , R c , R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R ⁇ R 3 R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , R 9 , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R z , R y , R x , and R v are defined as above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl, -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 , -NR z -C(0)-R y , -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y , -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y , -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y , -alkyl-S-C(O)R y , -alkyl-
  • G, T, k, m, n, p, R a , R b , R°, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 R 9 , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , X, V, W, W, Z, q, R z , R y , R x , and R v are defined as above;
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of-O-, and -NR v s when Y and Y' are both -O-, R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl wherein the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate, optionally substituted -alkylaryl,
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)OR y , -C(R x ) 2 C(O)OR y , -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR y , and -cycloalkylene-COOR y ; when Y is -O- and Y' is NR V , then R 11 attached to -O- is independently selected from
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, R 8 and R 9 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen and Ci -4 alkyl, R 6 and R 7 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen O-C 1-3 alkyl, hydroxy, cyano and C 1-4 alkyl, R 3 is -C(O)NR 25 R 26 ,
  • R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or alkyl
  • R 5 is -OH
  • R 25 and R 26 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or heteroaralkyl
  • R is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl
  • R 28 is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl
  • R 29 is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, then X is not -P(O)(OH) 2 , or -P(O)(O-lower alkyl) 2 ; b) when G is -O-, -S-, -Se-, -S(O
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -.
  • G is -0-.
  • G is -S-.
  • G is -CH 2 -.
  • G is -CF 2 -.
  • G is -CHF-.
  • G is - C(O)-.
  • G is -CH(OH)-.
  • G is -NH-.
  • R 50 and R 51 is oxygen and the other is -CH(R 54 )-, wherein R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkenyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.
  • R 50 and R 51 are sulphur and the other is -CH(R 54 )-, wherein R 54 is hydrogen, halogen, Ci, C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkenyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkynyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.
  • both R 50 and R 51 are -CH(R 53 )-, wherein R 53 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, Cj, C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkenyl, C 2 , C 3 or C 4 alkynyl, Ci, C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 alkoxy, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, fluoromethylthio, difluoromethylthio and trifluoromethylthio .
  • T is -CH 2 -.
  • T is selected from the group consisting of -(CR a 2 ) n -, -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R b )C(O)-, and -CH 2 CH(NR c R b )-.
  • T is -CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-.
  • T is -N(H)C(O)-.
  • T is -OCH 2 -.
  • T is -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n - or -NH(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -.
  • T is -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n -.
  • T is -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n -.
  • T is -N(R b )C(O)(CR a 2 ) n -.
  • T is -(CR a 2 ) n CH(NR b R c )-. In another aspect, T is -C(O)(CR a 2 ) m -. hi a further aspect, T is -(CR a 2 ) m C(O)-. hi another aspect, T is -(CR a 2 )C(O)(CR a 2 ) n -. In a further aspect, T is -(CR a 2 ) n C(O)(CR a 2 )-. In yet another aspect, T is -C(O)NH(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -.
  • T is selected from the group consisting of -(CR a 2 ) n -, -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p , -N(R b )C(O)-, and -CH 2 CH(NR c R b )-.
  • T is -(CR a 2 ) k -.
  • T is -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n - or -NH(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -.
  • T is -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n -.
  • T is -N(R°)(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) n -. In another aspect, T is -N(R b )C(O)(CR a 2 ) n -. In a further aspect, T is -(CR a 2 ) n CH(NR b R c )-. In another aspect, T is -C(O)(CR a 2 ) m -. hi a further aspect, T is -(CR a 2 ) m C(O)-. In another aspect, T is -(CR a 2 )C(O)(CR a 2 )n-.
  • T is -(CR a 2 ) n C(O)(CR a 2 )-.
  • T is -C(O)NH(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -.
  • T is -(CR a 2 )i-2-O-(CR a 2 )i- 2 -.
  • D is selected from the group consisting of a bond and -CH 2 -.
  • hi another aspect D is a bond.
  • D is -(CR a 2 ) -.
  • hi another aspect D is -C(O)-.
  • A is -NH-, -NMe-, -O-, and -S-.
  • A is -NR 1 -.
  • A is -O-.
  • A is -S-.
  • B is selected from
  • B is -CH-, CMe-, and -N-.
  • B is -CR b -.
  • B is -N-.
  • k is 0. hi a further aspect, k is 1. hi an additional aspect, k is 2. hi a further aspect, k is 3. hi yet another aspect, k is 4. hi one aspect m is 0. hi a further aspect, m is 1. In an additional aspect, m is 2. hi a further aspect, m is 3. hi one aspect n is 0. hi a further aspect, n is 1. hi an additional aspect, n is 2. In one aspect, p is 0. hi another aspect, p is 1.
  • each R a is hydrogen with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom, hi another aspect, each R a is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is halogen with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is -OH with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is optionally substituted -0-C 1 -C 4 alkyl with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , or -OCH 2 F, with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 4 alkyl with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is -NR b R c with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • each R a is optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl with the proviso that when one R a is attached to C through an O, S, or N atom, then the other R a attached to the same C is a hydrogen, or attached via a carbon atom.
  • R b is hydrogen. In an additional aspect, R b is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R c is hydrogen. In another aspect, R c is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R c is optionally substituted -C(O)-C 1 -C 4 alkyl. In yet another aspect, R c is -C(O)H. [0294] For compounds of Formula I, in one aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each bromo.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to
  • R and R are independently halogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 5 carbons, hi a further aspect, R 1 and R 2 are the same and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano. In an additional aspect, R 1 and R 2 are different and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R and R are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each iodo.
  • R 1 and R 2 are both alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each methyl, hi a further aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each chloro.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, and methyl, hi an additional aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each halogen, hi another aspect, R 1 and R 2 are not both halogen. In another aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl. hi a further aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl. hi another aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl. In a further aspect, R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , or -CH 2 F.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each -OCF 3 , - OCHF 2 , or -OCH 2 F.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted-O-CrC 3 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are different and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each halogen, hi another aspect, R 1 and R 2 are not both halogen.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , or -CH 2 F.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , or -OCH 2 F.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each optionally substituted-O-Q-Cs alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each cyano.
  • R and R are the same and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are different and are selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, and cyano.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each halogen.
  • R 1 and R 2 are not both halogen.
  • R , R , R , R , R , and R are each optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each optionally substituted -S-C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , or -CH 2 F. In a further aspect, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each -OCF 3 , -OCHF 2 , or -OCH 2 F. In another aspect, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each optionally substituted-O-Q-Qs alkyl. In a further aspect, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each cyano.
  • R 6 and R 7 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano or CF 3 . In a further aspect, R 6 and R 7 are independently hydrogen, halogen, or methyl. In another aspect, R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -Cj-C 4 alkyl, -C 1 -C 4 alkylaryl, C(O)aryl, cyano, CF 3 , -CHF 2 , or -CH 2 F. In another aspect, R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -C 1 -C 4 alkylaryl or C(O)aryl,. In another aspect, R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, benzyl or benzoate.
  • R 6 and T are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring of 5 to 6 atoms with 0-2 unsaturations including 0 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from -NR 1 -, -O-, and -S-, with the proviso that when there are 2 heteroatoms in the ring and both heteroatoms are different than nitrogen then both heteroatoms have to be separated by at least one carbon atom; and X is attached to this ring to either a carbon or a nitrogen by either -(CR a 2 )- or -C(O)- or a bond if X is attached directly to a carbon atom.
  • R 6 and T are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form a ring of 5 to 6 atoms containing 0 unsaturations. In another aspect, R 6 and T are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form a ring of 5 to 6 atoms containing 1 unsaturation. R 6 and T are taken together along with the carbons they are attached to form a ring of 5 to 6 atoms containing 2 unsaturations.
  • 0 to 2 heteroatoms are -NR 1 -.
  • 0 to 2 heteroatoms are -O-.
  • 0 to 2 heteroatoms are -S-.
  • R 1 is hydrogen.
  • R 1 is -C(O)C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is -C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 1 is -Cj-C 4 -aryl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each hydrogen, hi another aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each halogen, hi a further aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each -CF 3 . In another aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each -OCF 3 . hi a further aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each cyano. In another aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl. hi a further aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl. hi another aspect, R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) m aryl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) m cycloalkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) m heterocycloaUcyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -C(aryl).
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -C(cycloalkyl).
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -Ciheterocycloalkyl).
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -(CR a 2 ) n (CR b 2 )NR f R g .
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -OR d .
  • R 3 and R 4 are each -SR d .
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 . In another aspect, R 4 is not hydrogen. In a further aspect, R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen, hi another aspect, R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo. hi a further aspect, R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 .
  • R 4 is hydrogen, hi a further aspect, R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 6 alkyl, -CF 3 , cyano, -C(O)NR 1 R 8 , optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl, -SO 2 NR f R g , and -SO 2 R 6 .
  • R 3 is isopropyl or 4- fluorobenzyl.
  • R d is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 12 alkyl. In a further aspect, each R d is optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkenyl. hi another aspect, each R d is optionally substituted -C 2 -C 12 alkynyl. hi a further aspect, each R is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl. hi another aspect, each R is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl. hi a further aspect, each R is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl. In another aspect, each R d is -C(0)NR f R g . [0303] For compounds of Formula I, II, III, and VIII, in an additional aspect,
  • R e is optionally substituted -C 1 -Ci 2 alkyl. In another aspect, R e is optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl. In a further aspect, R e is optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl. In another aspect, R e is optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n aryl. In a further aspect, R e is optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n cycloalkyl. In another aspect, R e is optionally substituted -(CR a 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl.
  • R f and R g are each hydrogen, hi an additional aspect, R f and R g are each optionally substituted -Ci-Ci 2 alkyl. In another aspect, R f and R g are each optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl. hi an additional aspect, R f and R s are each optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl. hi a further aspect, R f and R s are each optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl.
  • R f and R g are each optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl. In another aspect, R f and R g are each optionally substituted -(CR 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl.
  • R and R g may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, which may contain a second heterogroup which is O.
  • R f and R s may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, which may contain a second heterogroup which is NR C .
  • R f and R g may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, which may contain a second heterogroup which is S.
  • R f and R g may together form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring of 3-8 atoms containing 0-4 unsaturations, which may contain a second heterogroup.
  • the optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo, cyano, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, optionally substituted phenyl, and -C(O)OR h .
  • the optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo, cyano, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, optionally substituted phenyl, and -C(O)OR h .
  • the optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -OR b , oxo, cyano, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, optionally substituted phenyl, and -C(O)OR 11 .
  • the optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 4 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -0R b , oxo, cyano, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, optionally substituted phenyl, and -C(O)OR 11 .
  • R h is optionally substituted -Cj-C 12 alkyl.
  • R h is optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkenyl.
  • R h is optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 2 alkynyl.
  • R h is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n aryl.
  • R h is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n cycloalkyl.
  • R h is optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -OC(O)R 6 , -OC(O)OR 11 , -F, and -NHC(O)R 6 .
  • R 5 is -OH.
  • R 5 is optionally substituted -OCi-C 6 alkyl.
  • R 5 is -OC(O)R 6 .
  • R 5 is -OC(O)OR 11 .
  • R 5 is -NHC(0)0R h .
  • R 5 is -0C(0)NH(R h ).
  • R 5 is -F.
  • R 5 is -NHC(O)R 6 .
  • R 5 is -NHC(O)NH(R 11 ).
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, cyano, -C(0)NR f R g , optionally substituted (CR a 2) n aryl, -S0 2 NR f R g , and -SO 2 R 6 .
  • R 3 is zso-propyl or 4-fluorobenzyl.
  • R 3 is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons.
  • R 3 is iodo.
  • R 3 is -CH(OH)(4-fluoro ⁇ henyl).
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, amino, hydroxyl, and -O- CH 3 .
  • X is -P(O)YR 11 Y 5 R 11 .
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ][-OR ⁇ ], and -P(OX-OCH(V)CH 2 CH 2 O-], wherein V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 CH 2 SC(O)Me] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 ,
  • V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-Oalk-SC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ][-OR ⁇ ] and -P(O)[-OCH(V)CH 2 CH 2 O-], wherein V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 ,
  • V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(0)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(0)0R y ][-0R u ],
  • V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[ ⁇ OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-/-propyl] 2 ,
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z ' -propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)C-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 ,
  • X is -PO 3 H 2 .
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(OH-butyl] 2 and -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-?-propyl] 2 .
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(OH-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-i-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 ,
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-ethyl] 2 and -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z ⁇ propyl] 2.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 and -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 .
  • X is -P(OX-OCH 2 CH 2 SC(O)Me] 2 .
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -P(OX-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ]
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(0)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(0)0R y ][-0R u ] and -P(O)[-OCH(V)CH 2 CH 2 O-], wherein V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 ,
  • this invention relates to Formulas I, II, III, or
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR V -.
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O- , R 11 attached to -O- is -H, alkyl.
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR V ⁇ ; when Y and Y' are both -O- , R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted aryl.
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O- , R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl .
  • Y and Y' are each independently selected from the group consisting of -0-, and -NR V -; when Y and Y' are both -O- , R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl.
  • the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate.
  • the cyclic moiety contains optionally substituted -alkylaryl.
  • the cyclic moiety contains a -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -NR z -C(0)-R y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R z ) 2 -OC(O)R y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R z ) 2 -O-C(O)OR y . In a further aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-C(O)R y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy. In a further aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy.
  • Y and Y' are both -NR V -.
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -H.
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(0)0R y .
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -C(R x ) 2 C(O)OR y .
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -C(O)SR y .
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -cycloalkylene-C(O)OR y .
  • Y is -O- and Y' is NR V .
  • R 11 attached to -O- is -H.
  • R 11 attached to -O- is alkyl.
  • R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted aryl.
  • R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 11 attached to -O- is optionally substituted CH 2 -heterocycloakyl.
  • the cyclic moiety contains a carbonate or thiocarbonate.
  • the cyclic moiety contains optionally substituted -alkylaryl.
  • the cyclic moiety contains -C(R Z ) 2 OC(O)NR Z 2 .
  • the cyclic moiety contains -NR z -C(0)-R y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R Z ) 2 - OC(O)R y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R z ) 2 -0-C(0)0R y . In a further aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -C(R z ) 2 OC(O)SR y . In another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-C(O)R y . m another aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy. In a further aspect, the cyclic moiety contains -alkyl-S-S-alkylhydroxy.
  • Y is -O- and Y' is NR V
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -H.
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -[C(R z ) 2 ] q -COOR y .
  • R 11 attached to -NR V - is -CCR ⁇ COOR 7 .
  • Y' are independently selected from -O- and -NR V -, then R 11 and R 11 together form a cyclic group comprising -alkyl-S-S-alkyl-.
  • Y and Y' aarree iinnddeeppeendently selected from -O- and -NR V - and together R 1 ' and R 1 ' are the group:
  • V is hydrogen.
  • V is optionally substituted alkyl.
  • V is optionally substituted aralkyl.
  • V is heterocycloalkyl.
  • V is aryl.
  • V is substituted aryl.
  • V is heteroaryl.
  • V is substituted heteroaryl.
  • V is optionally substituted 1-alkenyl.
  • V is optionally substituted 1-alkynyl.
  • W is hydrogen.
  • W is optionally substituted alkyl.
  • W is optionally substituted aralkyl.
  • W is heterocycloalkyl.
  • W is aryl.
  • W is substituted aryl.
  • W is heteroaryl.
  • W is substituted heteroaryl.
  • W is optionally substituted 1-alkenyl.
  • W is optionally substituted 1-alkynyl.
  • W is hydrogen.
  • W is optionally substituted alkyl.
  • W is optionally substituted aralkyl.
  • W is heterocycloalkyl.
  • W is aryl.
  • W is substituted aryl.
  • W is heteroaryl.
  • W is substituted heteroaryl.
  • W is optionally substituted 1-alkenyl.
  • W is optionally substituted 1-alkynyl.
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon.
  • the ring is substituted with hydroxyl attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus, hi another aspect, the ring is substituted with acyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus.
  • the ring is substituted with alkylthiocarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus. In another aspect, the ring is substituted with alkoxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus. Li a further aspect, the ring is substituted with aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus.
  • V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gamma position to the Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • V and W are connected via an additional 3 carbon atoms to form an optionally substituted cyclic group containing 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one substituent.
  • the substituent is hydroxyl that is attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • the substituent is acyloxy that is attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • the substituent is alkoxycarbonyloxy that is attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • the substituent is alkylthiocarbonyloxy that is attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus. In another aspect, the substituent is aryloxycarbonyloxy that is attached to one of said carbon atoms that is three atoms from a Y attached to the phosphorus.
  • Z and W are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0—1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.
  • W and W are connected via an additional 2-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-2 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, and V must be aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.
  • Z is -CHR 2 OH.
  • Z is -CHR 2 OC(O)R 1 '.
  • Z is-CHR z OC(S)R y .
  • Z is -CHR z OC(S)OR y .
  • Z is -CHR z OC(O)SR y .
  • Z is -CHR z OCO 2 R y .
  • Z is -OR Z .
  • Z is -SR Z .
  • Z is -CHR 2 N 3 .
  • Z is -CH 2 NHaTyI.
  • Z is -(CH 2 ) q -OR z .
  • Z is -(CH 2 ) q -SR z .
  • R 11 is not hydrogen, hi one aspect, q is 2. In a further aspect, q is 3.
  • R y is alkyl. hi another aspect, R y is aryl. hi a further aspect, R y is heterocycloalkyl. hi another aspect, R y is aralkyl. [0332] For compounds of Formula I, II, III, and VIII, in one aspect, R x is -H.
  • R x is alkyl. In yet another aspect, together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group. [0333] For compounds of Formula I, II, III, and VIII, in one aspect, R v is -H.
  • R v is lower alkyl.
  • R v is acyloxyalkyl.
  • R v is alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl.
  • R v is lower acyl.
  • X is -P(O)YR 11 Y 5 R 11 wherein Y and Y' are each independently selected from -O- and -NR V -; together R 11 and R 11 are the group:
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkylthiocarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0-1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, that is fused to an aryl group
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl; and
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl.
  • V is optionally substituted aryl.
  • V is selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 3 -fluorophenyl, pyrid-4-yl, ⁇ yrid-3-yl and 3,5-dichlorophenyl.
  • the relative stereochemistry between the V-group substituent and T on the dioxaphosphonane ring is cis.
  • the cis dioxaphosphonane ring has R stereochemistry at the carbon where V is attached.
  • the cis dioxaphosphonane ring has S stereochemistry at the carbon where V is attached.
  • R 11 is not hydrogen
  • X is -P(O)YR 11 Y", wherein Y" is -C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Y is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.
  • X is PO 2 H 2 , P(O)(OH)(R z ),
  • X is -P(O)(OH)(CH 3 ), -P(O)(OH)(CH 2 CH 3 ), -P(O)(OH)(isopropyl), or -P(O)(OH)(t-butyl).
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -;
  • T is selected from the group consisting of -(CR a 2 ) n , -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R b )C(0)-, and -CH 2 CH(NR c R b )-;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -Ci-C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 ;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -OC(O)
  • V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -;
  • T is selected from the group consisting of -(CR a 2 ) n , -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 )p-, -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R b )C(0)-, and -CH 2 CH(NR c R b )-;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 ;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -OC(O)R 6
  • R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-; R 1 and R 2 are each iodo; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is iodo; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-i-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] [3,4-methylenedioxy
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -; T is -N(H)C(O)-; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, 4-chlorophenyl, and cyclohexyl; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 6 ; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, bromo, optionally substituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -CH 2 aryl, optionally substituted -CH(OH)aryl, -C(O)-amido wherein the amido group is selected from the group consisting of phenethylamino, piperidinyl, 4-methypiperizinyl, morpholinyl, cyclohexy
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -; T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, 4-chlorophenyl, and cyclohexyl; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 0 ; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, bromo, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted -CH 2 aryl, optionally substituted -CH(OH)aryl, -C(O)-amido wherein the amido group is selected from the group consisting of phenethylamino, piperidinyl, 4-methypiperizinyl, morpholinyl, cyclo
  • G is -CH 2 -; T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each methyl; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is iso-proTpyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ][OR e ] and -P(O)[-OCR z (aryl)CH 2 CH 2 O-] .
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -; T is -CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, 4-chlorophenyl, and cyclohexyl; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 6 ; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, bromo, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted -CH 2 aryl, optionally substituted -CH(OH)aryl, -C(O)-amido wherein the amido group is selected from the group consisting of phenethylamino, piperidinyl, 4-methypiperizinyl, morpholinyl, cyclohex
  • R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is /-propyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[ ⁇ OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR 2 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 ,
  • R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is /-propyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-?-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-/-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ]
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -; T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, 4-chlorophenyl, and cyclohexyl; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 6 ; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, iodo, bromo, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted ' -CH 2 aryl, optionally substituted -CH(OH)aryl, -C(O)-amido wherein the amido group is selected from the group consisting of phenethylamino, piperidinyl, 4-methypiperizinyl, morpholinyl, cyclohe
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is wo-propyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)R y ] 2 , -P(O)[-OCR z 2 OC(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CR z 2 C(O)OR y ][OR e ] and -P(O)[-OCR z (aryl)CH 2 CH 2 O-] .
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is iso- propyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(OHbutyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 ,
  • G is -O-
  • T is -(CH 2 ) 0-4 -
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 5 carbons
  • R 3 is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons
  • R 5 is -OH
  • R 4 is not hydrogen
  • G is -O-
  • G is -CH 2 -; T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each methyl; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is iso-p ⁇ opyl; and X is -P(O)YR 11 Y 5 R 11 ; wherein Y and Y' are each independently selected from -O- and -NR V -; together R 11 and R 11 are the group:
  • V, W, and W are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted 1-alkenyl, and optionally substituted 1-alkynyl; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group containing 5-7 atoms, wherein 0 - 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, substituted with hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryloxycarbonyloxy attached to a carbon atom that is three atoms from both Y groups attached to the phosphorus; or together V and Z are connected via an additional 3-5 atoms to form a cyclic group, wherein 0 - 1 atoms are heteroatoms and the remaining atoms are carbon, that is fused to an aryl group at the beta and gam
  • Each R z is selected from the group consisting of R y and -H;
  • Each R y is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, and aralkyl;
  • Each R x is independently selected from the group consisting of -H, and alkyl, or together R x and R x form a cycloalkyl group;
  • Each R v is selected from the group consisting of -H, lower alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl, and lower acyl.
  • V is aryl.
  • Z is hydrogen, W is hydrogen, and W is hydrogen.
  • V is 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 3 -fluorophenyl, pyrid-4-yl, pyrid-3-yl or 3,5-dichlorophenyl.
  • the relative stereochemistry between the substituents on the dioxaphosphonane ring is cis.
  • each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 2 alkyl, halogen, -OH, optionally substituted -0-Ci-C 2 alkyl, -OCF 3 , optionally substituted -S-Ci-C 2 alkyl, -NR b R c , optionally substituted -C 2 alkenyl, and optionally substituted -C 2 alkynyl;
  • Each R b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 2 alkyl;
  • Each R c is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, and optionally substituted -C(O)-Ci-C 2 alkyl, -C(O)H;
  • Each R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n monocyclic-heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 3 - C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 4 -C 5 -heterocycloalkyl, and -C(O)NR f R g ;
  • Each R e is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CR ⁇ n monocyclic-heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • R f and R s are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n monocyclic- heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 4 -C 5 -heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R s may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, which may contain a second heterogroup selected from the group of O, NR b , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of
  • Each R h is optionally substituted -Ci-Cj 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -Ci 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n monocyclic- heteroaryl, optionally substituted ⁇ (CR b 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted -(CR b 2 ) n -C 4 -C 5 -heterocycloalkyl.
  • each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, fluoro, chloro, -OH, -0-CH 3 , -OCF 3 , -SCH 3 , -NHCH 3 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • Each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and methyl
  • Each R c is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, -C(O)CH 3 , -C(O)H;
  • Each R is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -Ci-C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n monocyclic-heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • Each R e is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n monocyclic-heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
  • R and R g are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n monocyclic- heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted ⁇ (CH 2 ) n ⁇ C 4 -C 5 -heterocycloalkyl, or R f and R g may together form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, which may contain a second heterogroup selected from the group of O, NR b , and S, wherein said optionally substituted heterocyclic ring may be substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted methyl, -OR
  • Each R is optionally substituted -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, optionally substituted -C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n phenyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n monocyclic- heteroaryl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n -C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted -(CH 2 ) n -C 4 -C 5 -heterocycloalkyl.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -; D is selected from the group consisting of a bond and -CH 2 -; A is selected from the group consisting of -NH-, -NMe-, -O-, and -S-; B is selected from the group consisting of -CH-, -CMe-, and -N-; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -Cj-C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , and cyano; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 ; R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -OC(O)R e , -OC(O)OR h , -F, and -NHC(O)R 6 ; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substitute
  • V is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 ;
  • D is selected from the group consisting of a bond and -CH 2 -;
  • A is selected from the group consisting of -NH-, -NMe-, -0-, and -S-;
  • B is selected from the group consisting of -CH-, -CMe- and -N-;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 6 ;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted -Cj-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted -CH 2 aryl, optionally substituted -CH(OH)aryl, -C(O)-amido, -S(
  • A is selected from the group consisting of -NH- and -NMe-; B is selected from the group consisting of -CH- and -CMe-; R 1 and R 2 are each bromo; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is isopropyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O) [-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] [3,4
  • G is -O-; D is a bond; A is -O-; B is selected from the group consisting of -CH- and -CMe-; R 1 and R 2 are each bromo; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is isopropyl.
  • G is -O-; D is a bond; A is -O-; B is selected from the group consisting of -CH- and -CMe-; R 1 and R 2 are each bromo; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is isopropyl, X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[ ⁇ OCH 2 OC(OH-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z ' -propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 ,
  • R 1 and R 2 are each chloro, R 3 is ⁇ opropyl, R 7 is fluoro and R 5 is -OH, then R 4 is not hydrogen.
  • G is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, -CH 2 -, -C(O)- and — NR b -;
  • T is -A-B- where A is selected from the group consisting of -NR b -, -0-, -CH 2 - and -S- and B is selected from the group consisting of a bond and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, aryloxy, substituted
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -;
  • T is selected from the group consisting of -(CR a 2 ) n -, -O(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R c )(CR b 2 )(CR a V, -S(CR b 2 )(CR a 2 ) p -, -N(R b C(0)-, and -CH 2 CH(NR c R b )-;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -Ci-C 4 alkyl, -CF 3 , and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, -Ci-C 4 alkyl, cyano and CF 3 ;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, -OC(O)R 6 , -
  • G is selected from the group consisting of -O- and -CH 2 -;
  • T is -A-B- where A is selected from the group consisting of — NR b -, -0-, -CH 2 - and -S- and B is selected from the group consisting of a bond and substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 3 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, trifluoromethyl, substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, aryloxy, substituted amide, sulfone, sulfonamide and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, wherein said aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl ring(s) are attached or fused to the aromatic;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and substituted or unsubstit
  • T is -N(H)C(O)-; G is -0-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is -wo-propyl; and R 7 is fluoro.
  • T is -N(H)C(O)-; G is -0-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is -wo-propyl; R 7 is fluoro; X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(OH-butyl] 2 ,
  • T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and
  • R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, and -OC(O)R 6 ;
  • T is -OCH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is z ' sopropyl; and R 7 is fluoro.
  • T is -OCH 2 -; G is -0-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is wo-propyl; R 7 is fluoro; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 ,
  • T is -CH 2 -;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano;
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, and -OC(O)R e ;
  • T is -CH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is /-propyl; and R 7 is fluoro.
  • T is -CH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is z-propyl; R 7 is fluoro; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 ,
  • T is -CH 2 CH 2 -;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH and -OC(O)R 6 ;
  • T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is wo-propyl; and R 7 is fluoro.
  • T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; R 3 is zso-propyl; R 7 is fluoro; and X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 ,
  • T is -NHCH 2 -;
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, methyl, and cyano;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of -OH, and -OC(O)R e ;
  • T is -NHCH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo R 5 is -OH; R 3 is wo-propyl; and R 7 is fluoro.
  • T is -NHCH 2 -; G is -O-; R 1 and R 2 are each bromo;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo
  • R 5 is -OH
  • R 3 is zs ⁇ -propyl
  • R 7 is fluoro.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each bromo;
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo
  • R 5 is -OH;
  • R 3 is wo-propyl;
  • R 7 is fluoro;
  • X is selected from the group consisting of -PO 3 H 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)-t-butyl] 2 , -P(O)[-OCH 2 OC(O)O-z-propyl] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] 2 , -P(O)[-N(H)CH(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 ] [3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl], -P(O)[-N(H)C(CH 3
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 and R 8 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is iodo.
  • G is -O-; T is -N(H)C(O)-; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is -CH 2 (4-fluorophenyl).
  • G is -O-; T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each methyl; R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is ⁇ o-propyl.
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 and R 8 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is zjo-propyl.
  • G is -O-; T is -CH 2 CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R and R 8 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is iso-propyl.
  • G is -0-
  • T is -(CH 2 ) O-4 -
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently halogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbons, and cycloalkyl of 3 to 5 carbons
  • R is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons or cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbons
  • R 4 is hydrogen
  • R 5 is -OH
  • X is not -P(O)(OH) 2 or -P(O)(O lower alkyl) 2 .
  • R 5 is -NHC(O)R 6 , -NHS(-0) 1-2 R e , -NHC(S)NH(R h ), or -NHC(0)NH(R h )
  • G is -0-; T is -CH 2 CH(NH 2 )-; R 1 and R 2 are each iodo; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and iodo; R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is iodo.
  • G is -0-; T is -N(H)C(O)-; R 1 and R 2 are each methyl; R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is -CH(OH)(4-fluorophenyl).
  • G is -CH 2 -; T is -OCH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each methyl; R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is isopropyl.
  • G is -0-; T is -CH 2 -; R 1 and R 2 are each chloro; R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen; R 5 is -OH; and R 3 is ir ⁇ -pr ⁇ pyl.
  • the compound 1.3.6.7 from Formula V represents the compound of Formula V wherein V is 1, i.e., of group V is 1, i.e., of group -P(O)(OH) 2 ; V 2 is 3, i.e., of group -CH 2 -CH 2 -; V 3 is 6, i.e., of group methyl; and V 4 is 7, i.e., of group -SO 2 (4-fluorophenyl).

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PCT/US2006/020607 2003-11-19 2006-05-26 Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics WO2006128055A2 (en)

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AU2006249347A AU2006249347A1 (en) 2005-05-26 2006-05-26 Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics
CA002606497A CA2606497A1 (en) 2005-05-26 2006-05-26 Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics
EP06760469A EP1891080A2 (de) 2005-05-26 2006-05-26 Neue phosphorhaltige thyromimetika
CNA2006800177325A CN101189248A (zh) 2005-05-26 2006-05-26 新型含磷拟甲状腺素药
MX2007014493A MX2007014493A (es) 2005-05-26 2006-05-26 Tiromimeticos novedosos que contienen fosforo.
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US7829552B2 (en) 2003-11-19 2010-11-09 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Phosphorus-containing thyromimetics
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JP2008545710A (ja) 2008-12-18
MX2007014493A (es) 2008-02-07
CA2606497A1 (en) 2006-11-30

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