WO2006101918A2 - Additif pour carburant destine a ameliorer l'efficacite de la combustion et a diminuer les emissions - Google Patents

Additif pour carburant destine a ameliorer l'efficacite de la combustion et a diminuer les emissions Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2006101918A2
WO2006101918A2 PCT/US2006/009384 US2006009384W WO2006101918A2 WO 2006101918 A2 WO2006101918 A2 WO 2006101918A2 US 2006009384 W US2006009384 W US 2006009384W WO 2006101918 A2 WO2006101918 A2 WO 2006101918A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
palladium
fuel additive
metallic
generator
fuel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2006/009384
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2006101918A3 (fr
Inventor
Robert R. Holcomb
Andrew R. Holcomb
Original Assignee
Demeter Systems Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Demeter Systems Llc filed Critical Demeter Systems Llc
Priority to US11/908,929 priority Critical patent/US20120102822A1/en
Publication of WO2006101918A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006101918A2/fr
Publication of WO2006101918A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006101918A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
    • B01J13/0008—Sols of inorganic materials in water
    • B01J13/0017—Sols of inorganic materials in water by extraction of ions from aqueous solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
    • B01J13/0026—Preparation of sols containing a liquid organic phase
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
    • B01J13/0047—Preparation of sols containing a metal oxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/0086—Preparation of sols by physical processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improved combustion of fuels in internal combustion engines, heating chambers and j et engines .
  • Burning a fossil fuel in an internal combustion engine, jet engine or heating furnace presents a hazard to the ecosystem of the world due to the emissions of hazardous carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur and incompletely burned fossil fuels.
  • Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are major components of acid rain. Acid rain is toxic to both animals and plants.
  • the burning of carbon based fuels also releases carbon dioxide into the environment, therefore increasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
  • crude oil supplies are dwindling worldwide. It is therefore advantageous to decrease emissions and reduce consumption by increasing efficiency. It is against this background that a need arose to develop the present invention.
  • Saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes are compounds in which each carbon atom is bonded with four other atoms. Each hydrogen atom is bonded to only one carbon atom.
  • Alkanes make up the basic components of gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil and natural gas. These hydrocarbons burn in excess O 2 to produce CO 2 and H 2 O in a highly exothermic process.
  • the heat of combustion is the amount of energy liberated per mole of hydrocarbon burned.
  • the combustion of hydrocarbons produces a large volume of gases in addition to a large amount of heat.
  • the rapid formation and expansion of these gases at high temperature and pressure drives the piston or turbine blades in internal combustion engines.
  • a large fraction of the pressure is due to the expansion of the water formed in the combustion reaction upon vaporization. At ambient pressure ( ⁇ one atmosphere), water expands to 1,700 times its volume as it moves from liquid to vapor phase.
  • smog and acid rain may result from the combustion process, specifically from the production of carbon, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and other non-metal oxides.
  • the products may be carbon monoxide (a very poisonous gas), carbon and unbunied hydrocarbon.
  • the catalyst of the current invention is believed to lower the amount of NOx released to the environment by three distinct mechanisms: 1) reduced total fuel consumption; 2) catalytic reduction of NOx back to N 2 and O 2 ; and 3) lowering of the activation temperature required for combustion.
  • Non-metal oxides are called acid anhydrides because many of them dissolve in water to form acid with no change in the oxidation state of the non-metal. Except for the oxides of boron and silicon, which are insoluble, nearly all oxides of non-metal dissolve in water to give acid solutions. For example: 1. Carbon dioxide
  • Petroleum consists mainly of hydrocarbons with small amounts of inorganic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,421 to Webb discloses a catalytic fuel additive for use in engines or furnaces.
  • the additive employs a solution of picric acid and ferrous sulphate in specified alcohol.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,086,775 and 2,151,432 to Lyons and McKone disclose adding an organo-metallic compound or mixture to a base fuel such as gasoline, benzene, fuel, oil, kerosene or blends to improve various aspects of engine performance.
  • a base fuel such as gasoline, benzene, fuel, oil, kerosene or blends
  • metals disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,086,775 are platinum, palladium, chromium and aluminum.
  • the preferred organo-metallic compounds were beta diketone and derivatives and their homologues, such as the metal acetylacetonates, proprionyl acetonates, formyl acetonates and the like.
  • WO 98/33871 to Peter-Hoblyn et al. and assigned to Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. discloses fuel-soluble platinum compounds, including platinum acetyl acetonate, and purports to enable reduction of emissions.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,629,472 to Hanley et al. discloses the use of palladium, including palladium oxide and palladium chloride.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,467 to Hohn et al. discloses the use of carboxylic esters as fuel additives. It discloses using acetates of metal compounds, including palladium as catalysts in the preparation of the carboxylic esters.
  • Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. offers a fuel-borne catalyst product under the trade name Platinum PlusTM that purports to reduce particulate emissions by 25%, hydrocarbons by 35% and carbon monoxide by 11 % .
  • Firepower offers a product under the trade name Firepower PillTM which purports to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy. It also offers a diesel product.
  • GB 745,012 to Cliff discloses a method of producing a dispersion of an inorganic colloid in fuel oil, which comprises mixing a hydrogel of an inorganic colloid with the fuel oil, separating the water, and mechanically working the colloid system.
  • the patent further discloses preparation of silica gel by subjecting sodium silicate to sulfuric acid and agitating until the product possesses a pH value of about 6.
  • WO No. 2005/003265 to Gilburt et al. discloses a gel additive containing a fuel-born organo-metallic compound (including platinum).
  • U.S. Publication No. 2001/0027219 in the name of Robert R. Holcomb discloses an inorganic polymer electret ("IPE") made of a dipolar colloidal silica particle. Applications of the IPE include fuels. The IPE is described as improving dispersion and sludging at low temperatures. A generator is also disclosed (see Figs. 7-9).
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,537,363 and 5,658,573 in the name of Robert R. Holcomb disclose a method of generating a relatively stable aqueous suspension of colloidal silica by circulating a solution of silica particles through a magnetic field.
  • WO No. 2004/065529 discloses use of cerium oxide which has been doped with palladium or platinum.
  • An article titled "Solubility of palladium in silicate melts: Implications for core formation in the Earth,” by Borison et al. discloses palladium solubilities in silicate melts.
  • the present invention relates to a novel fuel additive product and a method for making such additive, which decreases toxic exhaust emissions and increases the efficiency of the burn.
  • the fuel additive composition of the invention is believed, based on the available evidence, to operate by depositing and activating a reversible microfilm catalyst on the combustion surfaces of internal combustion engines, heat chambers and jet engines.
  • the fuel additive of the present invention comprises a sol of an inorganic-metallic and organo-metallic complex stabilized in a suitable hydrocarbon medium.
  • the complex component of the inventive composition is itself derived from an aqueous colloidal gel-sol composition in which the inorganic-metallic and organo-metallic complex components are formed and bound.
  • the metallic component of the complex according to the invention may be derived from one or more metals from the chemical elements in Groups VIII to XI in the Periodic Table, including platinum, cobalt, nickel, copper, gold, rhodium, and, preferably, palladium.
  • the organo component of the organo-metallic component may be one or more of the alkyl carboxylates, such as alkyl carboxylates having one to four carbon atoms, preferably acetate. Other longer chain alkyl carboxylates may be used within the skill of the art depending on inter alia solubility factors.
  • the inorganic component of the complex may be derived from one or more silicon, titanium or aluminum based compounds, preferably silicate, and most preferably, palladium silicate. It is believed that when a silica based colloid is used, for example, the complex includes various suicides, silicates, oxides, and ions.
  • the metallic complex components of the additive according to the invention are formed by any suitable technique, preferably by the methods of the invention, and dispersed in a hydrocarbon medium, such as xylene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and, preferably, kerosene.
  • the sol particles are a colloidal complex dispersed as a stable suspension in the hydrocarbon medium.
  • the particles are preferably less than about 20 microns, preferably where the major portion of a particle distribution is less than 20 microns.
  • the stabilized particles are believed to be adhered to the walls of the combustion chamber, so as to function effectively to achieve improved fuel performance.
  • the fuel additive is further characterized as containing particles wherein a small portion of water from the hydrosol precursor is bound within the sol particles to be extracted, and dispersed within the hydrocarbon medium.
  • complexes are believed to deposit reversible microfilms on combustion surfaces of internal combustion engines, heat chambers and hot sections of jet engines.
  • the combustion process is believed to oxidize the organic portions of the complex leaving a lattice complex catalytic microfilm with a specific surface area, porosity, metal dispersion, surface composition and surface catalytic activity.
  • the catalytic activity increases the speed of combustion and, therefore, the efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels, and decreases the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons as well as carbon dioxide.
  • SO 2 sulfur dioxide
  • NO x oxides of nitrogen
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the invention also relates to a novel method for obtaining the fuel additive of the present invention.
  • a concentrate of inorganic-metallic and organo-metallic complex components may be extracted from an aqueous colloidal precursor into the hydrocarbon medium and used as such, or may, thereafter, be optionally diluted to achieve the fuel additive complex.
  • the invention includes all products made by such methods.
  • the particles through one embodiment of the process of the present invention, are electrostatically charged and polarized, the degree of polarization being dependent on several factors, including pH. This technique is believed to enhance the adhesiveness of the active ingredients of the sol to the combustion surfaces in the chamber.
  • the additive may be obtained by:
  • the resulting extraction concentrate may thereafter be further diluted.
  • the extraction concentrate itself may be used as the fuel additive.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably practiced using agitation or orientation techniques to form the aqueous precursor as well as the active sol, using an oscillation mechanism, such as a mechanical oscillator, and most preferably using one or more electrostatic generators, electromagnetic countercurrent generators, static magnetic countercurrent generators or electromagnetic oscillators.
  • the present invention may be practiced by a variety of chemical and physical processes in order to manufacture the desired catalyst. It is believed that when the active catalyst is exposed to the combustion chamber walls, it adheres to the chamber surface. This adhesive quality facilitates the formation of a catalytic matrix on the surface of the combustion chamber which is believed to enable the improved catalytic action of the inventive composition.
  • Figure 1 represents in diagrammatic form an electrostatic generator which may be used to generate the colloid substrate and active receptor sites needed during product synthesis;
  • Figure 2 represents in diagrammatic form an electromagnetic countercurrent generator which may be used to generate the colloid substrate and active receptor sites during product synthesis;
  • Figure 3 represents a sectional view of the countercurrent generator in accordance with one aspect of the present invention with a plot of the magnetic field gradients in the "z" axis;
  • Figure 4 represents in diagrammatic form a static magnetic countercurrent generator which may be used to generate the colloid substrate and active receptor sites during product synthesis;
  • Figure 5 represents a schematic of an electrostatic generator and an electromagnetic countercurrent generator configured in parallel
  • Figure 6 represents in diagrammatic form an electrostatic generator oscillator system (EGOS) in accordance with one aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 7 represents in a diagrammatic form an electromagnetic cyclic oscillator in accordance with one aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 8 represents in diagrammatic form a mechanical fluid oscillator system in accordance with one aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 9 represents in diagrammatic form the mechanical air oscillator system in accordance with one aspect of the present invention
  • Figure 10 represents the inventors' understanding of the mechanism of action of the additive when added to an engine chamber
  • Figure 11 represents an XPS spectrum of an XPS scan of a piston head after being activated by the fuel additive of the present invention.
  • the aqueous colloid such as a silica colloid
  • the aqueous colloid is a processing aide and a carrier to the combustion chamber wall such that adhesion occurs through an electrostatic charge on the palladium silicate, palladium suicide and palladium acetate bound to the silica colloid of the invention.
  • the palladium silicate colloid complex is moderately soluble in kerosene and soluble in pH 4.35 aqueous (partition coefficient ⁇ l/10).
  • PdO is insoluble in aqueous at pH 4.35 and kerosene.
  • Palladium (II) acetate is insoluble in water and at least substantially insoluble in organic, but is soluble in acetic acid.
  • palladium acetate, palladium oxide, palladium silicate and palladium suicides are believed to be formed along with a silica colloid.
  • the palladium oxide is not soluble in either the pH 4.35 acetic acid nor kerosene
  • the palladium silicate is soluble in both ( ⁇ l/10 partition coefficient) and the palladium acetate is only soluble in the pH 4.35 acetic acid silicate colloid solution.
  • the palladium acetate is believed complexed with the silica colloid along with the palladium silicate. This complex is extracted by kerosene at a volume ratio of 1/2 to 1/1 and a partition coefficient of about 1/10.
  • the palladium acetate is believed to be more soluble in kerosene when complexed with the silica colloid.
  • the primary palladium compound which is most active in the present invention for the early deposition stage onto the combustion chamber surface is palladium silicate.
  • the silicate forms the initial deposit.
  • the palladium acetate decomposes in the flame front forming palladium oxide, palladium metal and palladium ions.
  • Other experiments in the literature (Borisob and Spettel) in which palladium solubilities in silicate melts were studied in a variety of O 2 concentrations and temperatures ranging from 1343 to 1472 0 C are believed to be revealing to the mechanisms of the current invention. In such studies, palladium concentrations were determined by neutron activation analysis.
  • the data of the current invention when taken in its entirety is believed to reveal that the palladium silicate, palladium acetate, silica colloid complex is extracted by kerosene from the finished liquor of the synthesis and reacts within the chamber as described herein.
  • the kerosene mixture is diluted and placed into the fuel tank in a final concentration preferably of approximately 250 parts per trillion of palladium.
  • the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through the intake valves; the flame front is ignited by the compression and by the spark plug.
  • the palladium silicate is believed carried by the silica colloid complex and deposited in small amounts on the walls of the combustion chamber, where it becomes annealed to the metal in the 2600 0 F (1427 0 C) atmosphere.
  • the palladium acetate is oxidized into a mixture of Pd 2+ , Pd 4+ and PdO. This mixture partitions itself into the silica matrix and forms an oxidation reduction catalyst.
  • the palladium valances and catalytic effects change as the air intake temperatures and O 2 concentrations change.
  • the catalyst effect is in equilibrium with the conditions of temperature and oxygen and compression within the combustion chamber.
  • the palladium acetate, palladium silicate, silica colloid complex is preferably synthesized using one or more of the following generators and oscillators (collectively “generator means") as described in detail herein. These useful generators and oscillators may be used alone or in many combinations and configurations, such as in parallel or in series.
  • generators and oscillators may be used alone or in many combinations and configurations, such as in parallel or in series.
  • the electrostatic generator of Figure 1 and electromagnetic counter current generator of Figure 2 are used in parallel and fed by reservoir (24) as shown in Figure 5.
  • the generator of Figures 1 and 4 may be used in parallel. 1. Electrostatic Generator
  • the electrostatic generator system depicted in Figure 1 allows manipulation of the electrostatic and electromagnetic flux of the system by control of the frequency and intensity of electrical pulses delivered to antennae (25 and 26). It is believed to allow empiric manipulation of receptor sites on various organic and inorganic polymers.
  • the antennae system (25) receives impulses at 50,000 to 100,000 cycles per second through conductors (7 and 8).
  • the impulses are generated by high voltage high frequency transformer (16) powered through conductors (17) from one side of bridge rectifier (18), powered by 120 volts AC conductors (19 and 20).
  • the antenna system (26) receives these high frequency impulses at 60 impulses per second through conductors (9 and 10).
  • the impulses are generated by high voltage, high frequency transformers (11) powered through conductors (12) from one side of a bridge rectifier (13) powered by 120 volt AC conductor (14 and 15), powered by the same AC power source (27) as 19 and 20. Therefore, the two paired antenna systems are powered simultaneously countercurrent to each other.
  • the generator system is prepared for operation by placing fluid in the reservoir (24).
  • valve (5) is placed in a 22-inch (55.88 cm) (one atmosphere) vacuum by opening valve (4), turning on vacuum pump (1), and pulling vacuum through conduit (2). When complete vacuum of one atmosphere has been reached valve 4 is closed.
  • Fluid pump (22) is turned on at 20 gpm (75.71 liters per minute). Fluid is drawn from reservoir (24) through conduit (23) and pushed through valve (21) by pump (22) through coils (6) and out through conduit (28) back into reservoir (24) and the cycle continues.
  • the electromagnetic countercurrent generator system depicted in Figure 2 allows various organic and inorganic polymers to be exposed to a four polar DC powered electromagnetic clusters (43, 44, 45 and 46) at equally spaced intervals along the generator housing (37). It is believed to allow structuring of receptor sites in an empiric fashion.
  • the electromagnetic clustering is structured in alternating polarity as revealed in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
  • the DC current leads depicted in clusters (44, 45 and 46) are wired through a series of rheostats such that the magnetic field gradients can be manipulated for changes in structure of the colloids which are evolving as they are repeatedly circulated through the magnetic field gradients of the invention.
  • the generator system is prepared for operation by placing fluid (35) in reservoir (31). Pump (33) is then activated and fluid (35) is pumped through conduit (32) via a positive displacement pump (33), through conduit (34) into generator housing (37) through conduit 36.
  • the fluid flows to the distal end of conduit (50) (1/2" (1.3 cm) plastic tubing) where it exits into surrounding conduit (47) (I" (2.5 cm) plastic tubing) through holes (41) (4-3/8" (1 cm) holes in pipe).
  • the fluid flows back to the proximal end and exits through holes (39/40) (4- 3/8" (1 cm) holes in pipe) into conduit (48) (1-1/2" (1.3 cm) plastic tubing).
  • the generator housing (37) include five concentric circles.
  • the alternating paths of charged particles flowing through conduits (65, 64 and 63) create magnetic fields through which such particles travel.
  • Figure 3 reveals a cross sectional view (with lines A-A' noted for measurement purposes) of the electromagnetic countercurrent generator cluster with alternating polarity and the plotted field gradients. These gradients may be varied by alternating the amount of DC current on one or more of the energy poles of the four pole clusters. This gradient manipulation is advantageous in altering the colloid matrix of the invention, which enhances the carrier ability of the colloid for the palladium catalyst. 3. Static Magnetic Countercurrent Generator
  • the static magnetic countercurrent generator system depicted in Figure 4 allows the various organic and inorganic polymers to be exposed to a four polar static magnetic cluster 68 at equally spaced intervals along generator housing (58). It is believed to allow structuring of static receptor sites, in an empiric fashion.
  • the static magnetic clustering is structured in alternating polarity as revealed in Figure 4 with field gradients similar to that shown in Figure 3.
  • the electrostatic and magnetic forces allow control in structure of the colloids which are evolving as they are repeatedly circulated through the magnetic and electrostatic fields of the generator.
  • the generator system of Figure 4 is prepared for operation by placing fluid (55) into reservoir (31).
  • Pump (54) is then activated and fluid (55) is pumped through conduit (52) via positive displacement pump (54), through conduit (56) into generator housing (58), which is similar to the generator used in Figure 2, through conduit (57).
  • the fluid flows to the distal end of conduit (65) (1/2" (1.3 cm) plastic tubing) where it exits into surrounding conduit (64) (I" (2.5 cm) plastic tubing) through holes (66) (4-3/8" (1 cm) holes in pipe).
  • the fluid flows back to the proximal end and exits through holes (60 and 61) (4-3/8" (lcm) holes in pipe) into conduit (63) (1-1/2" (1.3 cm) plastic tubing).
  • Electromagnetic Oscillator The fluid flows to the distal end and exits through holes (67) (4-3/8" (1 cm) holes in pipe) into conduit (63) where it flows into reservoir (59) and through conduit (51) back into reservoir (53) and the cycle continues. 4.
  • Electromagnetic Oscillator 4-3/8" (1 cm) holes in pipe
  • the electromagnetic oscillator system depicted in Figure 6 serves as an electromagnetic oscillator pump. This system oscillates the colloidal fluid as it is forming the desired colloid of the invention. The oscillation inhibits premature gel formation and allows the desired colloid to evolve.
  • the oscillator system may be installed at any point in the generator system.
  • fluid flows through conduit (68), through one way valve (69) into reservoir (70).
  • the magnetic oscillator ferromagnetic piston (77) is oscillated in a distal, and proximal direction with plastic piston sleeve (74) thereby drawing fluid in through one way valve (69) and pushing out through conduit (71) through one way valve (72) and out through conduit (73).
  • the piston is oscillated by two series of electromagnetic coils which are wound in parallel but power in opposite directions as in coils (75 and 76).
  • the series of coils (75) starts with (+) lead (78) and ends with (-) lead (79) and are powered by one side of an AC power (83) bridge rectifier (82).
  • the series of coils (76) starts by a feed into the opposite end and goes in the opposite direction. These coils are fed by (+) lead (80) and end with (-) lead (81). The two sets of coils are therefore fed in opposite directions and alternate by being fed from two opposite sides of a bridge rectifier.
  • the electromagnetic high frequency oscillator system depicted in Figure 7 provides high frequency eddy current oscillation as well as cyclic electromagnetic mixing which is believed to allow structuring of certain organic and inorganic polymer colloids with desired receptor sites on which the catalyst of the invention can form and be bound for effective deposit upon catalytic surfaces.
  • This empiric structuring allows optimal formation of a catalytic structure which is believed to deposit on the surface of combustion chambers and is heat activated to provide a very active catalytic surface.
  • This electromagnetic high frequency oscillator system may be installed at any point in the generator system.
  • fluid flows through conduit (87) and through the reservoir to the distal portion where it empties into reservoir (85) and exits through conduit (86).
  • Reservoir (85) is housed inside the stator of a 5 hp 3 phase 240 volt 1800 rpm electric motor.
  • the 240 volt power source (92) is energized by a 3 phase 240 volt service (93).
  • Power source (92) contains a static resistor in each of the three lines (89, 90 and 91). The inline resistors are necessary to avoid overloading the stator coils since the armature has been removed. The total amperage of the system is 13 amps. 6.
  • the mechanical fluid oscillator system depicted in Figure 8 provides for high frequency oscillation of the fluid in the system by impacting fluid flowing through conduit (94) through expansion valve (99) into fluid flowing through conduit (97) through expansion valve 100. This causes violent oscillation in reservoir (95).
  • the oscillating fluid (98) flows out through conduit (96). This high frequency oscillation disperses the colloid as it circulates through the system thereby preventing premature gel formation as the colloid evolves into the desired structure of the invention.
  • the mechanical air oscillator system depicted in Figure 9 provides for high frequency oscillation of the fluid in the system by importing fluid flowing through conduit (101) along with high pressure air through conduit (102), through nozzle (107) into fluid flowing through conduit (106) and air through conduit (105) through nozzle (108) and colliding in chamber (103) and flowing out through conduit (104). This collision causes violent oscillations in reservoir (103). This high frequency oscillation disperses the colloid as it circulates through the system thereby preventing premature gel formation as the desired colloid evolves into the structure which is advantageous for the current invention.
  • the mechanical oscillator of Figure 9 is used in series with the outputs of the generators of Figures 1 and 2 which are placed in parallel.
  • the fuel additive of the present invention is preferably synthesized using the following process:
  • step (d) the solution is again mixed using an agitator such as described in step (b);
  • the fluid reservoir is filled with Glacial acetic - 3 gallons (11,400 ml).
  • the generator system is circulated at a rate of 20 gallons (75.71 liters) per minute for 45 minutes. This results in a pH for the solution of approximately 2.08.
  • the generator is run for 90 minutes.
  • the solution evolves from a reddish brown color (which is a monomer form of palladium acetate) to a brilliant gold (which is a trimer state of the compound). This completes the synthesis of palladium acetate.
  • the generators are then for approximately 1 Vi hours at a rate of approximately 10 to 20 gallons (37.85 to 75.71 liters) per minute.
  • the solutions are then allowed to separate.
  • the kerosene layer (a brilliant golden color) is harvested and stored.
  • a 30 ml aliquot of the kerosene mixture is diluted up to one gallon (3800 ml) to make the functional additive.
  • the average Zeta potential is -40 to -45 (mV).
  • the particle size and Zeta potential play a role in the tendency of the colloidal particle to attach to the surface of various combustion chambers to which the product of the invention may be exposed.
  • Particles 20-30 microns are small enough such that they don't have a tendency to be polar and have exclusively aqueous solubility.
  • This 20-30 micron colloid particle has a partition coefficient of 0.1 or 1/10 (organic/aqueous) at pH 4.35. Since the colloid binds some of the more polar palladium salts and oxides the colloid carries the desired Palladium over into the organic phase. The interior of a combustion chamber is net negatively charged.
  • the colloid of the invention is attracted to the negative electrode in the electric field of the Zeta potentiometer.
  • the air/fuel aerosol is pulled into the combustion chamber, it is the inventors' belief that the colloid is attracted to the surface where the high temperature (2,000 0 F (1,093 0 C) to 2,600 0 F (1,427 0 C)) converts the colloid into a thin silica melt which is a base matrix into which the palladium distributes and evolves into an effective catalytic surface.
  • solubility and color of the compounds of the invention Many additives of the present invention are poorly soluble unless complexed to the colloid of the invention. As discussed herein, it is the inventor's believe that the product of the inventive process is a mixture of the monomer and trimer of Palladium acetate with traces of palladium oxide and palladium silicate.
  • colloids may be substituted in the present invention other than silica colloids. These other colloids may function alone or in combination with silica in the current invention.
  • Two such colloids are titanium and aluminum, but not limited to these two colloids.
  • One such colloid which is particularly useful in diesel and jet fuel catalyst is a titanium hydroxide colloid. This catalyst is most effective when the titanium is used in combination with silica.
  • Another useful metal hydroxide is aluminum, particularly when used in combination with silica.
  • the silica, aluminum colloid provides a superior support matrix upon which the palladium catalyst may form on the combustion surface of an internal combustion engine and/or other combustion surfaces.
  • Fuel additives prepared in accordance with the present invention have been tested in a variety of automobiles and have been shown to improve gasoline mileage in a majority of case ' s across a range of 15% to 35% (with some as high as 55%) and, while some emission tests sometimes show increases of certain emissions, in a majority of cases emissions are reduced 20% to 40% after an engine break-in period of 1,000 to 1,500 miles (1,609 to 2,414 km).
  • Tables 1-4 are the results of six tests taken on the above vehicles except that approximately 5% of the tests results were discarded as anomalous, where the discarded tests results were more than two standard deviations outside of the mean results.
  • Table 1 shows a summary of mileage test data for a Ford F-150, Chrysler 300 (Hemi),
  • the accumulated data show that just before the additive has coated the cylinder walls sufficient to begin the activation process, the mileage performance results for both the highway and urban tests experience a short-term decline. Emissions (at different rates) also show a short-term increase at this point. It is believed the Infiniti engine, having a smaller engine, may require a longer activation period and so the pre-activation performance reduction is captured here after the first 1,076 miles (1,732 km), while it occurs in the case of the other vehicles prior to the 1,076 miles (1,732 km), activation distance.
  • Table 2 shows a summary of emissions test data for the above vehicles.
  • the Infiniti G35 took longer to activate and a portion of the pre-activation reduction in emissions performance was evident in the emissions results, specifically, the urban oxides of nitrogen results.
  • the oxides of nitrogen result also may be related to the need for a longer activation period due to the design of the Hemi engine. It is also noteworthy that the dual spark plug configuration of the Hemi produces less NOx and other emissions in the base case.
  • Used car mileage test data are as follows:
  • the primary component of the catalytic effect of the additive of the present invention is palladium which is a transition metal.
  • the catalytic activity of palladium is described in Table 5.
  • FIG. 11 is a portion of an XPS spectrum of an XPS scan of a piston head of a V-8 Ford truck after being activated by the fuel additive of the present invention.
  • the silica colloid of the invention binds a variety of palladium compounds and allows them to partition into the kerosene phase during manufacture and equilibration of the aqueous and organic phase. The kerosene is then diluted to the proper concentration and an appropriate concentration is added to the liquid fuel.
  • the fuel is diluted by the engine to an Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) of approximately 14.
  • AFR Air Fuel Ratio
  • This mixture is taken into the combustion chamber through the intake valve.
  • the airborne mixture is attracted to the walls of the chamber.
  • the surface temperatures of 2,000° F (1093° C) to 3,000° F (1649° C) converts the colloid into a thin silica melt which is a base matrix into which the palladium which exists in various forms, such as palladium ions and oxides, partitions and evolves into an effective catalytic surface including on the cylinder wall, piston head and spark plugs as is revealed in Figure 10.
  • infrared activation of a combustion process serves a similar function as a surface catalyst. Therefore if one can increase the amount of infrared absorption by a fuel mixture more efficient combustion occurs at lower activation temperatures. Based on infrared spectrographs, it is believed that the silica colloid of the current invention causes significant increased absorption of infrared.
  • Elemental analysis of the additive of the invention reveals that all elements which are of interest from a regulatory standpoint fall below 1 ppm which is believed to satisfy EPA regulations.
  • Silica is about 20 parts per trillion and palladium is about 250 parts per trillion in the fuel.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un additif pour carburant comprenant un sol contenant des particules d'au moins un composé métallique inorganique et d'au moins un composé organométallique stabilisé dans un milieu hydrocarboné approprié. Les composés se présentent sous forme d'un complexe métallique dans lequel l'élément métallique comprend au moins un métal sélectionné parmi les éléments des groupes VIII à XI du tableau périodique, de préférence du platine, du cobalt, du nickel, du cuivre, ou, du rhodium ou, idéalement, du palladium. Le composé organo est un carboxylate d'alkyle, de préférence de l'acétate, et le composé inorganique est dérivé du silicium, du titane, de l'aluminium, et de préférence du silicate. L'additif est de préférence obtenu par (a) formation d'une solution aqueuse d'au moins un composé métallique ; (b) formation d'un colloïde de composés organométalliques et métalliques inorganiques à partir de ladite solution ; et (c) extraction d'au moins certains des composés colloïdaux métalliques de la solution aqueuse à l'aide d'un milieu hydrocarboné approprié dans des conditions contrôlées de pH, de température et de temps.
PCT/US2006/009384 2005-03-16 2006-03-16 Additif pour carburant destine a ameliorer l'efficacite de la combustion et a diminuer les emissions WO2006101918A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/908,929 US20120102822A1 (en) 2005-03-16 2006-03-16 Fuel additive for enhancing combustion efficiency and decreasing emissions

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US66242105P 2005-03-16 2005-03-16
US60/662,421 2005-03-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006101918A2 true WO2006101918A2 (fr) 2006-09-28
WO2006101918A3 WO2006101918A3 (fr) 2006-12-07

Family

ID=37024366

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2006/009384 WO2006101918A2 (fr) 2005-03-16 2006-03-16 Additif pour carburant destine a ameliorer l'efficacite de la combustion et a diminuer les emissions

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US20120102822A1 (fr)
TW (1) TW200815584A (fr)
WO (1) WO2006101918A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BR112015001586B1 (pt) * 2012-07-26 2023-03-28 Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc Composição de combustível de combustão e método para formular, composição de combustível de gás natural e método para preparar
FR3041688B1 (fr) * 2015-09-29 2019-05-10 Ge Energy Products France Snc Procede et installation de controle de la quantite de particules solides emises par une turbine a combustion
TWI653330B (zh) * 2018-08-31 2019-03-11 澤田重美 以新式燃料組成作為一改良式柴油引擎之燃料的方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2460700A (en) * 1947-07-01 1949-02-01 Leo Corp Method of operating an internal-combustion engine
US4752302A (en) * 1985-09-10 1988-06-21 Fuel Tech, Inc. Method and composition for improving flame combustion of liquid carbonaceous fuels

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5229020A (en) * 1989-05-30 1993-07-20 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Branched amido-amine dispersant additives

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2460700A (en) * 1947-07-01 1949-02-01 Leo Corp Method of operating an internal-combustion engine
US4752302A (en) * 1985-09-10 1988-06-21 Fuel Tech, Inc. Method and composition for improving flame combustion of liquid carbonaceous fuels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2006101918A3 (fr) 2006-12-07
US20120102822A1 (en) 2012-05-03
TW200815584A (en) 2008-04-01

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP5864627B2 (ja) 二酸化セリウムナノ粒子を製造する方法
JP6510403B2 (ja) 酸化鉄ナノ粒子分散液及び煤煙燃焼のための燃料添加剤
DE60108395T2 (de) Ein brennstoffzusatz
EP0708809B1 (fr) PROCEDE DE REDUCTION DES EMISSIONS DE NOx ET DES MATIERES PARTICULAIRES REJETEES PAR UN MOTEUR DIESEL
CA2123805A1 (fr) Methode pour reduire les emission polluantes d'un moteur diesel, grace a une composition de coordination organometallique d'un metal du groupe du platine
MXPA04004253A (es) Nanoparticulas de oxido de cerio.
US4670233A (en) Method of removing soot which has been trapped in an exhaust gas filter of an internal combustion engine
US8741798B2 (en) Catalysts for hydrocarbon oxidation
WO2018224902A1 (fr) Combustible à bio-nanoémulsion
BRPI0823310B1 (pt) Processo para fazer nanopartículas de dióxido de cério cristalino projetadas de forma reticulada contendo pelo menos um metal de transição (m)
WO2006101918A2 (fr) Additif pour carburant destine a ameliorer l'efficacite de la combustion et a diminuer les emissions
CA3007682C (fr) Additif pour carburant contenant de l'isopropanol, du carburant diesel, de l'essence et de l'eau
US20100242350A1 (en) Catalyst component for aviation and jet fuels
US7608559B2 (en) Method for producing heat-resisting compound oxides
KR20100048621A (ko) 연료첨가제의 제조방법
US20030124031A1 (en) Process for regenerating a particulate filter and device for implementing the process
Sharma et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticle fuel additives for improved efficiency and emissions of internal combustion engines
CN109593575A (zh) 一种铈基纳米材料的制备方法
DE19701961A1 (de) Automobil-Bio-Katalysator-Additiv Flüssig-Katalysator als Zugabe in den Kraftstoff zur regenerativen Erneuerung der Natur und Entsäuerung der Böden
CN101191086A (zh) 石油燃烧促进添加剂及其制备方法
UA30741U (en) Nanocomposition of aqueous fuel emulsion
JP2949269B2 (ja) 石油類の燃焼効率改良及び排出ガス減少用セラミツク の製造法
CN106590774A (zh) 柴油环保节能添加剂及环保高效柴油
UA30740U (uk) Спосіб приготування палива для двигуна внутрішнього згорання
CN108728184A (zh) 一种环保节能玫瑰柴油尾气清净剂及其制备方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: RU

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 06738447

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 11908929

Country of ref document: US