Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
  • B01D3/14—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column
  • B01D3/143—Fractional distillation or use of a fractionation or rectification column by two or more of a fractionation, separation or rectification step
  • B01D3/146—Multiple effect distillation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
  • B01D3/34—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping with one or more auxiliary substances
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
  • C07C7/04—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation
  • C07C7/05—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds
  • C07C7/08—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation with the aid of auxiliary compounds by extractive distillation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/54—Quaternary phosphonium compounds

Definitions

• the present application relates to a process for the removal of volatile compounds from low volatility fluids by rectification using an adjuvant.
• the excipient serves to be able to obtain an arbitrarily pure residual content of the volatile compounds to be removed in the bottom of the column under industrially sensible conditions of pressure and temperature in the evaporator of the column.
• Low volatility fluids such as Ionic liquids or liquid polymers are enjoying increasing popularity in process engineering because their low vapor pressure offers several advantages. They are often used as process solvents because they reduce the amount of organic pollutants in the atmosphere (VOC) and are also used as auxiliaries in substance separation.
• VOC organic pollutants in the atmosphere
• a suitable additive influences by selective interactions with one or more of the mixture components the separation factor in the rectification, so that the separation of the dense or azeotropic-boiling mixture components is made possible.
• a second method widely used in the industry for separating azeotropic or narrow-boiling mixtures is liquid-liquid extraction [Sattler, K., Thermal Separation Methods, ISBN 3-527-28636-5, Chapter 6].
• the liquid stream (feed) to be separated is passed in selected extraction columns in countercurrent to a liquid, selective receiver phase, the solvent.
• the intensive mass transfer between the feed and the receiver phase leads to the fact that the receiver phase accumulates with one or more components of the feed and leaves the extraction column as an extract stream.
• the feed stream, which is depleted of the components passed into the extract stream, is withdrawn as a raffinate stream from the extraction column.
• Both extract stream and raffinate stream can then be fed to separate rectification columns, in which the respective stream can be separated into the individual components.
• nonvolatile liquids as solvent, as described in DE 10160518 for hyperbranched polymers or in "Ionic Liquids in Synthesis” (P. Wasserscheid and T. Welton, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 3-527-30515-7).
• ionic liquids instead of extraction columns, other single-stage or multistage apparatuses are also used for liquid-liquid extraction, eg so-called mixer-settlers.
• a third category of separation processes encountered in industry are membrane separation processes.
• the membrane separation process makes use of the fact that some components of a fluid feed stream are transported through a membrane faster than other components. In this way, a permeate stream is obtained behind the membrane and, analogously to the liquid-liquid extraction, a retentate stream which has been depleted in at least one component.
• a solvent can be used to improve the separation effect (so-called pertraction - permeation and extraction) or to use an electric field, such.
• membrane electrophoresis or electrofiltration / electrodialysis where an electric field is applied across the membrane to selectively affect the transport of material across the membrane in the desired manner (Membrane method, T. Melin and R. Rautenbach, Springer-Verlag, 2004 ).
• As a solvent also low-volatility liquids can be used expediently
• WO A 2001 15175 describes a process for the purification of ionic liquids, in which the liquids to be purified are thermally decomposed at low pressure, the decomposition products are thereby purified and re-reacted back to the ionic liquid.
• the liquids to be purified are thermally decomposed at low pressure, the decomposition products are thereby purified and re-reacted back to the ionic liquid.
• the production of ionic liquids and thus their re-transformation from the decomposition products is extremely expensive.
• component B In a second step, component B must now be separated from the entrainer so that the entrainer can be returned to the column and pure product B is obtained. It is of interest here that both component B is obtained in high purity and the entrainer. If the entrainer contained significant amounts of component B, then the component B contained would contaminate the top product (pure A) in the return to the top of the column. Because of the above-mentioned great expense in the separation by other separation methods, a rectification to separate Entrainer and component B in the second step would be desirable or even necessary in the interest of an economic process. 3, Z. 60ff., DE 10160518 Al, S. 4, Z. 19ff, EP 1372807 Bl, p. 10, Z. 46 ff. Or by Prof. Albrecht Salzer, Chemical & Engineering News of 29.4.2002, page 4, but these reasons seem to prevent this.
• the present invention is therefore a process for the separation of one or more volatile components of one or more low-volatility fluids by multi-stage rectification using at least one volatile Hüfsstoffes, characterized in that the Hüfsstoff used or the Hüfsstoffgemisch in the bottom of the distillation unit by its partial pressure contributed significant contribution to the pressure and the pressure in the bottom of the column minus the prevailing partial pressure of the Hüfsstoffes or Hilfsstoffge- mix 10 mbar and the hemp substance used or the Hüfsstoffgemisch leaves the distillation unit mostly together with the low-volatility fluids at the bottom.
• the hemp used contributes by its partial pressure in the bottom of the column a significant proportion to the vapor pressure, the significant proportion is at least 50%, preferably at least 75%, particularly preferably at least 90%, so that the liberation of the semi-volatile Stoffs by rectification at technically meaningful conditions of all volatile impurities to be removed (with the exception of Hüfsstoffs) is possible and the above and described in DE 10136614 Al and DE 10160518 Al and EP 1372807 Bl. Problem of limited purification can be solved in a surprisingly simple way.
• the partial pressure of the hydrogen or of the auxiliary mixture is higher than the partial pressure of the components to be removed overhead as impurities.
• the pressure in the bottom of the column minus the prevailing there partial pressure of the excipient or the Hüfsstoffgernisches is in the process according to the invention at most 10 mbar, preferably at most 5 mbar, more preferably at most 2 mbar.
• the hemp substance or the excipient mixture should, according to the invention, leave the purification column together with the low-volatility fluid largely at the bottom of the purification column, whereby largely at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 75% by weight, particularly preferably at least 95% by weight is understood , Most of the more volatile impurities leave the purification column on the head.
• the amount of adjuvant used depends on economic and thermodynamic considerations and on the nature of the application; based on the bottom stream of the cleaning column, in a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, if the semi-volatile fluid is purified as much as possible, less than 40% by weight, preferably less than 20% by weight, very particularly preferably less than 10% by weight be.
• auxiliary substance in a further embodiment, for example, in a affiliated to a chemical reaction purification of a low-volatility liquid with educt as Hüfsstoff the amount of auxiliary substance can be arbitrarily large, since on return of the purified low-volatile fluid, the starting material would find its way back into the reaction.
• the pure substance vapor pressure of the auxiliary substance or the Hüfsstoffgernisches is significantly greater than that of the low-volatility fluid at operating temperature by a factor of at least 10, preferably by a factor of at least 100, more preferably by a factor of at least 1000, wherein the pure vapor pressure of the low-volatility fluid at bottom temperature usually below 5 mbar.
• Hüfsstoffe that are used above its critical temperature have - by analogy - at its critical temperature already has a higher vapor pressure than the low-volatility fluid.
• the inventive method has the advantages that with a suitable choice of the excipient, the same must be dosed only in small concentrations and he still allows technically reasonable conditions (high pressure, low temperature) in the evaporator that it can be easily separated from the top product in the cleaning column, that - in the event that the erfmdungsürtzes purification process is associated with a separation process - he does not have to be separated later from the low volatility substance, because he does not significantly interfere in the concentrations used in the rest of the process that he, with appropriate task, in a circle can be driven, so that the costs of the excipient reduce and that it can be driven together with the low-volatile substance in a circle, in order to combine several of the above benefits.
• the distillative purification process according to the invention is distinguished from the extractive distillation in that, given a postulated chemical and thermal stability of the components with a similar number of theoretical stages, a similar complete separation of the volatile components is achieved.
• components could be obtained from the low-volatility fluid without an auxiliary agent if the operating pressure were lowered or the operating temperature raised, ie if an entrainer in the extractive distillation intended changes significantly the relative volatility of the components to be separated, which is the case when using the adjuvant in the invention. Mass distillation is not necessary.
• the low-volatility fluids to be purified by the process according to the invention are pure chemical compounds or mixtures which, at the operating temperature of the purification process, have vapor pressures below 10 mbar, preferably below 1 mbar, particularly preferably below 0.1 mbar.
• the operating temperature is usually a temperature at which no disturbing decomposition reactions or the like occur; This is usually a temperature below 600 0 C, preferably from below 35O 0 C, particularly preferably below be of 200 0 C.
• the low-volatility fluids may in particular also be ionic liquids, as defined by P. Wasserscheid and W. Keim in Angewandte Chemie, 2000, 112 / 3926-3945, individually or in mixtures or mixtures of one or more polymers with one or more ionic liquids or mixtures of one or more low-volatility fluids with one or more ionic liquids.
• Ionic liquids are compared to conventional salts at much lower temperatures' (usually below 200 0 C) liquid and often have a melting point below 0 0 C, in an individual case to -96 0 C, which is important for example the industrial Implementation of extractive rectification is.
• ionic liquids are usually non-flammable, non-corrosive and less viscous and are usually characterized by a low, sometimes currently not measurable, vapor pressure. They often have very good solubilities for a large number of organic, inorganic and polymeric substances.
• ionic liquids are considered, which - or their ions - in one or more of the following publications or references cited therein: EP 1372807
• ionic liquids are compounds which have at least one positive and at least one negative charge, but in total charge-free. are neutral, and have a melting point below 200 0 C, preferably below 100, more preferably below 50 0 C.
• the ionic liquids may also have a plurality of positive or negative charges, for example 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, most preferably 1 to 2, but in particular one positive and one negative charge.
• the charges may be located at different localized or delocalized regions within a molecule, that is, betaine-like, or distributed to a separate anion and cation each. Preferred are such
• Ionic liquids composed of at least one cation and at least one anion.
• Cation and anion can, as stated above, be one or more times, preferably simply charged.
• Preferred as a cation are ammonium or phosphonium ions, or such cations containing at least one 5- to 6-membered heterocycle having at least one phosphorus or nitrogen atom and optionally an oxygen or sulfur atom, particularly preferably those compounds having at least one 5- to 6-membered heterocycle containing one, two or three nitrogen atoms and a sulfur or an oxygen atom, most preferably those having one or two nitrogen atoms.
• Particularly preferred ionic liquids are those which have a molecular weight of less than 1000 g / mol, very particularly preferably less than 350 g / mol.
• R 1, R 2, R 5 R 4 ; R5 ; R6 U 11 ⁇ R7 independently of each other C ⁇ - C j g alkyl which may be interrupted by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, C 2 - C ⁇ g alkyl, Cg - Cj 2 -aryl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocycle or two of them together represent an unsaturated, saturated or aromatic and optionally by one or more oxygen and / or or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups interrupted ring, where the radicals mentioned in each case by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogen,
• Heteroatoms and / or heterocycles may be substituted.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 may be hydrogen.
• R 1 may furthermore be C 1 -C 4 -alkyloyl (alkylcarbonyl), C 1 -C -alkyloxycarbonyl, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkylcarbonyl or C 5 -C 12 -arylyloyl (arylcarbonyl), where the. groups mentioned in each case by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy,
• Halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles can be substituted.
• Optionally substituted by functional groups, aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkoxy, halogen, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted C j - C ⁇ g-alkyl is, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert Butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,1 , 3,3-tetramethylbutyl, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl, benzhydr
• C2 - C j g alkyl for example, 5-hydroxy-3-oxa-pentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6- dioxo-octyl, 1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxa undecyl, 7-hydroxy-4-oxa-heptyl, II-hydroxy-4,8-dioxa-undecyl, 15-hydroxy-4,8,12 trioxapentadecyl, 9-hydroxy-5-oxa-nonyl, 5 14-hydroxy-5,10-oxa-tetradecyl, 5-methoxy-3-oxa-pentyl, 8-methoxy-3,6-dioxa-octyl, II -Methoxy-3,6,9-trioxa undecyl, 7-methoxy-4-oxa-hept
• radicals When two radicals form a ring, these radicals may together be 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 2-oxa-1, 3-propylene, 1-oxa-1,3-propylene, 2-oxa-1, 3-propylene, 1-oxa-1, 3-propenylene, 1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-1-aza-1, 3-propenylene, 1, 4-buta-1, 3-dienylene, 1-aza-1, 4-buta-1,3-dienylene or 2-aza-1, 4-buta-1,3-dienylene.
• the number of oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or imino groups is not limited. As a rule, it is not more than 5 in the radical, preferably not more than 4, and very particularly preferably not more than 3.
• At least one carbon atom preferably at least two, is usually present between two heteroatoms.
• Substituted and unsubstituted imino groups may be, for example, imino, methylimino, iso-propylimino, n-butylimino or tert-butylimino.
• ⁇ functional groups for example carboxy, carboxamide, hydroxy, di- (C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl) - amino, C2-C4-alkyloxycarbonyl, cyano or C4-C4 alkyloxy,
• Cg - C ⁇ '- aryl is, for example, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, ⁇ -naphthyl, ß-naphthyl, 4- Di ⁇ henylyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, trichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, ethylphenyl, diethylphenyl, iso- ⁇
• a five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur-containing heterocycle is, for example, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxy, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl , Dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl and
• C ⁇ to C4 alkyl is for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
• C ⁇ - C] ⁇ g -Alkyloyl (alkylcarbonyl) represents, for example acetyl, propionyl, n-Butyloyl, sec-
• C 1 -C -alkyloxycarbonyl is, for example, methyloxycarbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, propyloxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl, n-butyloxycarbonyl, sec-butyloxycarbonyl, tert-butyl oxycarbonyl, hexyloxycarbonyl, 2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl or benzyloxycarbonyl.
• C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkylcarbonyl is, for example, cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl or cyclododecylcarbonyl.
• C 9 -C 12 -Aryloyl is, for example, benzoyl, toluyl, xyloyl, ⁇ -naphthoyl, ⁇ -naphthoyl, chlorobenzoyl, dichlorobenzoyl, trichlorobenzoyl or trimethylbenzoyl.
• R 1, R 1, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 4 independently of one another represent hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2 (Ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl, 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) ethyl, dimethylamino, diethylamino and chloro.
• R 7 is methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2- (methoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (ethoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, 2- (n-butoxycarbonyl) -ethyl, acetyl , Propionyl, t-butyryl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or n-butoxycarbonyl.
• Particularly preferred pyridinium ions according to formula 1 are those in which at least one of the radicals R 1 to R 5 is methyl, ethyl or chlorine, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen, or R 3 is Dimethylamino, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R 1 is carboxy or carboxamide, (and?) R 7 are acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R * and R ⁇ or R 2 and R 3 is 1,4-buta-1,3-dienylene, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n Butyl and all others are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred pyridazinium ions corresponding to formula 2 are those in which one of the radicals R 1 to R 4 is methyl or ethyl, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen or R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl, and all others are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred pyrimidinium ions according to formula 3 are those in which R 2 to R 4 are hydrogen or methyl, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and R ⁇ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, or R 2 and R 4 is methyl, R 3 is hydrogen and R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl. -.
• Particularly preferred pyrazinium ions according to formula 4 are those in which
• R 1 to R 4 are all methyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl or R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and all others are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred imidazolium ions corresponding to formula 5 are those in which independently of one another
• R! is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-cyanoethyl, R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and.
• R 2 to R 4 are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
• Particularly preferred 1H-pyrazolium ions corresponding to formula 6 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen or methyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl.
• Particularly preferred 3H-pyrazolium ions corresponding to formula 7 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen or methyl and.
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl
• Particularly preferred 4H-pyrazolium ions corresponding to formula 8 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 to R 4 are hydrogen or methyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl.
• Particularly preferred 1-pyrazolinium ions corresponding to formula 9 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 to R 6 are hydrogen or methyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl.
• 2-pyrazolinium ions corresponding to formula 10 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl ⁇ .
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and R 2 to R 6 are hydrogen or methyl.
• Particularly preferred 3-pyrazolinium ions corresponding to formula 11 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 or R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 3 to R 6 are hydrogen or methyl
• Particularly preferred imidazolinium ions corresponding to formula 12 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 or R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl or phenyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 3 or R 4 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• RS or R ⁇ is hydrogen or methyl
• imidazolinium ions corresponding to formula 13 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 or R 2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 3 to R 6 are hydrogen or methyl
• imidazolinium ions corresponding to formula 14 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 , R 2 or R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and R 4 to R 6 are hydrogen or methyl
• Particularly preferred thiazolium ions corresponding to formula 15 or oxazolium ions corresponding to formula 16 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 2 or R 3 is hydrogen or methyl
• 1,2,4-triazolium ions corresponding to formula 17 and 18 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 or R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or phenyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 3 is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl
• 1,2,3-triazolium ions according to formula 19 and 20 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 2 or R 3 are hydrogen or methyl or
• R 2 and R 3 are l, 4-buta-l, 3-dienylene and all others are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred pyrrolidinium ions corresponding to formula 21 are those in which independently of one another
• R 1 and R 7 are acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred ammonium ions according to formula 22 are those in which independently of one another
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, benzyl or phenyl.
• Particularly preferred phosphonium ions corresponding to formula 23 are those in which independently of one another
• R 7 is acetyl, methyl, ethyl or n-butyl and
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are phenyl, phenoxy, ethoxy and n-butoxy
• ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium and imidazolium ions are preferred.
• Very particularly preferred cations are 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethylpyridinium, 1-methyl-2-ethyl-6-methylpyridinium, N-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl 2-ethylpyridine, 1-butyl-2-ethyl-6-methylpyridinium, n-butylpyridinium, 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl- imidazolium, 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium, 1,3,4-trimethylimidazolium, 2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 3,4-dimethylimidazolium, 2-ethyl-3, 4-dimethylimidazolium, 3-methyl-2-ethylimidazole,
• Preferred as anions are halides, F “, Cl", Br “, I”, acetate CH 3 COO ", trifluoroacetate CF 3 COO, triflate CF 3 SO 3", sulfate SO 4 2 ', hydrogensulfate HSO 4 ", methyl sulfate, CH 3 OSO 3 ", ethyl sulfate, C 2 H 5 OSO 3 ", sulfite SO 3 2 " , hydrogen sulfite HSO 3 ", aluminum chlorides AlCl 4 " , Al 2 Cl y", Al 3 CliO " > aluminum tetrabromide AlBr 4 -, nitrite NO 2 , Nitrate NO 3 " , copper chloride CuCl2 ', phosphate PO4 3 ", hydrogen phosphate HPO42, dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4", carbonate CO 3 ⁇ -, bicarbonate HCO3 ".
• tetrafluoroborate BF4 ' hexafluorophosphate PFg ", bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2N-, tosylate P-CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 3 -.
• the low-volatility fluids according to the invention may also be polymers.
• the polymers may have any desired polymer architecture, preferably linear, branched or hyperbranched as homopolymers or as alternating, random or gradient copolymers, as graft, comb or block copolymers, more preferably hyperbranched as homopolymers or as alternating, random or gradient copolymers.
• Hyperbranched polymers are understood to include those described by Kim, YH (in Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1998, 36, 1685) and HuIt, A., Johannson, M., Malmström, E. (in Advances in Polymer Science, 1999, 143) and / or ArIt et al.
• the polymers used preferably have a molecular weight between 800 g / mol and 500,000 g / mol, more preferably between 1000 g / mol and 50,000 g / mol and may be functional groups such groups as described in the textbook of organic chemistry (H. Beyer and W Walter, S. Hirzel Verlag Stuttgart, 21st Edition, 1988) - preferably OH, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, mercapto or nitro groups - alone or side by side.
• the polymers used can u. a. from the polymers listed in the textbook of organic chemistry (H. Beyer and W. Walter, S.
• the low volatility fluids may also be polymer blends or mixtures of one or more polymers with one or more ionic liquids or mixtures of one or more low volatility fluids with one or more polymers.
• absorbents or emulsions or suspensions with low-volatility fluids are also conceivable.
• flowable for example powdered or granular solids, which are contaminated, for example, superficially, treatable.
• the volatile fluids to be separated by the process according to the invention are all fluids (in particular liquids or liquefied gases or permanent gases) which, in the considered distillation, have a higher distribution coefficient yj / x; have as the low-volatility fluid from which they are to be separated.
• Volatile components to be separated in the purification process according to the invention may be, for example but not limited to:
• Amides and acids preferably carboxylic acids
• Auxiliaries used in the process according to the invention can be any fluids which, in the considered distillation, have a higher distribution coefficient y / x; have as the heavy-volatility fluid to which they are added, but at the same time have a partition coefficient which is usually lower than the partition coefficient of the volatile component or components to be removed.
• auxiliaries used in the process according to the invention are largely chemically inert in a preferred embodiment of the process.
• auxiliaries which, when used / reused in an associated separation process, additionally favorably influence the activity coefficients of the fluids to be separated and / or perform a function during use / reuse in an associated chemical reaction.
• the chemical structure of the auxiliaries to be used and the components A and B to be separated there are no general restrictions as long as they are thermally stable enough and have the required partial pressures and vapor pressures at other locations.
• a substance is also conceivable as an adjuvant, which develops the required properties, for example by thermal decomposition or chemical reaction, only within the rectification (for example, a low-volatility auxiliary which releases a more volatile auxiliary at the bottom temperature, which leads to a certain bottom pressure).
• rectification is meant according to the invention a multistage distillation under reflux.
• Core elements of a rectification column are the evaporator in the sump, with which an ascending vapor stream is generated, and the condenser on the head, with which a descending liquid flow is generated. Rising vapor flow and decreasing liquid flow are intensively brought into contact with internals.
• By using the countercurrent thus generated it is possible, when using the amplifier part and the driven part, to set the compositions of the streams at the top and bottom of the column with the help of the parameters column height and reflux ratio in a wide range.
• rectification can also be carried out in suitably connected apparatus and machines.
• Such a rectification is considered to be multistage here if one or more equilibrium stages and a partial condenser are present, or two or more equilibrium stages and one total condenser.
• Equilibrium stages here may be parts of a column or a container which could be operated so that approximately a thermodynamic equilibration would be possible.
• the invention also relates to a separation process in which low-volatility fluids are used as special additives, characterized in that the low-volatility fluids used as special additives in one or more associated, i. preceding, intermediate and / or subsequent process steps are separated by the inventive method of volatile impurities.
• Preferred separation processes are those in which fluids are separated from one another, particularly preferably extractive rectification or liquid-liquid extraction or membrane separation.
• extractive rectification is meant the separation method as described in [Stichlmair, S. and Fair, J., Distillation, ISBN 0-471-25241-7, page 241 et seq.].
• strainers in this patent specification is understood as an extension of the above-mentioned low-volatility fluid, which may be pure or in admixture.
• Membrane processes such as may be used in the separation process according to the invention, are described e.g. in membrane method, T. Melin and R. Rautenbach, Springer-Verlag, 2004.
• the excipient can be reintroduced into the continuous or discontinuous separation process together with the purified, low-volatility fluid, in which case a continuous recycling of the components into the ongoing process is preferred. Particular preference is given to continuous recycling in continuously operated processes.
• the auxiliaries in turn additionally support the separation by causing a change in the separation factor of the components to be separated, differing from 1.
• Mixtures to be separated in the inventive separation process according to claims 4-9 may be selected, for example but not limited to
• alcohols having a carbon number between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 8, more preferably between 1 and 5, organic acids, preferably alkanoic acids, ketones, furans.
• the adjuvant according to the invention can perform a further function in the chemical reaction, for example as educt, intermediate, product, (co) solvent, solubilizer and / or or catalyst, preferably as starting material, product, (co) solvent or solubilizer, particularly preferably as starting material, (co) solvent or solubilizer.
• At least one low-volatility fluid in particular ionic liquids and / or polymers, are used as stabilizers and which are characterized in that they are freed from volatile components in at least one associated process step by the cleaning method according to the invention.
• low volatility fluids in particular ionic liquids and / or polymers, are used as lubricants and which are characterized in that they are freed in at least one associated process step by the inventive cleaning method of volatile components.
• Fig. 1 shows the scheme of an extractive distillation for the separation of the mixture A + B with cleaning and recycling of Entrainers "E".
• Table 1 shows the measured substance data with respect to the ionic liquid (IL) [bmimjfPFe].
• Table 2 shows the parameters for the NRTL model in Aspen Plus ®
• Equation 1 for calculations activity coefficients for the NRTL activity coefficients model of H. Renon and JM Prausnitz (AIChE Journal 14, 1968, page 135) in the in Aspen Plus ®: used version 11.1.1 form.
• a process as shown schematically in FIG. 2 is considered, in which the ionic liquid 1R-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim] [PF 6 ] is used as entrainer in the extractive distillation in order to separate the azeotropic mixture of cyclohexane and benzene to allow in a distillation column.
• the ionic liquid 1R-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim] [PF 6 ] is used as entrainer in the extractive distillation in order to separate the azeotropic mixture of cyclohexane and benzene to allow in a distillation column.
• p-DCB p-dichlorobenzene
• Table 3 shows the properties of the streams of this process: the head of the extractive distillation column (column 1) leaving 99.74% of the cyclohexane used with a purity of 99.77 wt .-%.
• This stream contains as impurities only 0.2% by weight of benzene and 0.03% by weight of p-DCB.
• 99.98% of the benzene used is recovered at the top of the purification column (column 2) - contaminated with only 0.03 wt.% Of cyclohexane.
• the ionic liquid leaves the purification column at the bottom together with the p-DCB and is returned to the extractive distillation column.
• T is the temperature in Kelvin
• Xi is the mole fraction of the component z
• Ty and Gy are auxiliary quantities defined by the above formulas

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• 2005
  • 2005-03-22 DE DE102005013030A patent/DE102005013030A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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