WO2006064482A2 - Système intégré de lumière et de parfum - Google Patents

Système intégré de lumière et de parfum Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006064482A2
WO2006064482A2 PCT/IB2005/054245 IB2005054245W WO2006064482A2 WO 2006064482 A2 WO2006064482 A2 WO 2006064482A2 IB 2005054245 W IB2005054245 W IB 2005054245W WO 2006064482 A2 WO2006064482 A2 WO 2006064482A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
control
ambiance
correlation
fragrance
lighting
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2005/054245
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2006064482A3 (fr
Inventor
Benedicte Maria Elizabeth Van Houtert
Stefan Marcus Verbrugh
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.
U.S. Philips Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V., U.S. Philips Corporation filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V.
Priority to US11/721,826 priority Critical patent/US20090271003A1/en
Priority to EP05850871A priority patent/EP1827515A2/fr
Priority to JP2007546292A priority patent/JP2008524795A/ja
Publication of WO2006064482A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006064482A2/fr
Publication of WO2006064482A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006064482A3/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/015—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone
    • A61L9/02—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air by heating or combustion
    • A61L9/03—Apparatus therefor
    • A61L9/035—Apparatus therefor emanating multiple odours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/015—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone
    • A61L9/04—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air without heating
    • A61L9/12—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor
    • A61L9/125—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor emanating multiple odours
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2209/00—Aspects relating to disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L2209/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2209/12—Lighting means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F8/00—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying
    • F24F8/50—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by odorisation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of lighting systems, and in particular to a lighting system that is integrated with a fragrance-dispersal or aroma-diffuser system.
  • the lighting of an environment has a significant effect on the ambiance associated with the environment. Environments conducive to reading are typically brightly lit; environments conducive to romance are typically dimly lit; and so on.
  • the chromatic content also affects the ambiance of the environment. A yellow or red tinted light is generally considered to be "warmer” than a blue tinted light.
  • the saturation (white content) of the light and other parameters, such as the degree of dispersion of the light will affect the ambiance.
  • aroma can have a significant effect on the ambiance associated with the environment.
  • Scents such as eucalyptus and peppermint typically convey an active or invigorating ambience, whereas chamomile and sage convey a more relaxing atmosphere.
  • the choice of lighting and aroma are coordinated to provide a coherent ambience to induce a desired effect.
  • the Kurhaus Hotel in the Netherlands provides a "Result Room", wherein the lighting and aroma of a meeting room are adjusted to present an environment conducive to a particular meeting objective.
  • the room's color is set to blue, and an aromatic mix of chamomile, lavender, and sage is diffused through the room; if a decision-making meeting is planned, the room's color is set to red, and an aromatic mix of lemon, rosemary, and cedar is provided; if an idea-forming meeting is planned, the room's color is set to yellow, and an aromatic mix of bergamot, orange, and rosewood is provided.
  • Other combinations of colors and aromas, including user-defined lighting and aromatic effects, are also available.
  • PCT patent application PCT/US03/14769 discloses a computer system that is configured to allow the coordinated programming of particular light, fragrance, and sound effects.
  • the programming may be included with the computer, or provided by the user. The user selects a time to execute one or more of the programmed combinations of light, fragrance, and sound effects.
  • the user To achieve a desired ambiance, the user must either select from a set of predefined effects, or must define a particular combination of lighting and aromatic effects. In many situations, such as when the user merely enters his or her living room, the user may not be consciously aware of desiring a particular effect, or may not be interested in initiating the task of choosing from a menu of ambience effects, and thus working to achieve a pleasurable combination of lighting and aroma is not a task that the user will actively pursue. In other situations, the user may attempt to create a desired effect, but lacking the skills of an ambience-designer, may create a highly discordant combination of light and aroma effects.
  • the user may select a predefined ambience, and after awhile realize that the effect is not exactly what he or she intended, but the task of reprogramming the system and/or selecting from a menu of predefined effects is not inviting.
  • the predefined effects may not be suitable for the particular user. For example, if the user chooses a "romantic" effect, the lighting may be too dim, or too bright, for the particular user's environment.
  • the user is able to override the programmed controls in such a situation, once the user introduces such a change, the advantage of using a presumably expertly-designed predefined effect is diminished.
  • an integrated light and fragrance system that automatically controls the aromatic effects based on a user's control of the lighting effects.
  • the system accepts one or more sets of lighting- fragrance correlations from which to determine a preferred aromatic effect from a selected lighting effect.
  • these sets of lighting-fragrance correlations are provided by third-party vendors who employ the skills of expert ambience designers.
  • the system may also use these sets of lighting-fragrance correlations to control lighting effects based on a user's control of the fragrance effects.
  • the user merely controls a desired first effect, and a suitable second effect is created to enhance the first effect.
  • FIGs. IA- 1C illustrate example block and flow diagrams of an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a system for creating correlation data for use in an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a system for providing correlation data for use in an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example flow diagram of an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • the same reference numeral refers to the same element, or an element that performs substantially the same function.
  • the drawings are included for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • FIG. IA illustrates an example block diagram of an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • This example embodiment includes a lighting system 110, a fragrance system 120, and a controller 150 that coordinates the control of these systems 110, 120.
  • the lighting system 110 includes a control device 111 that is configured to control one or more lights 115.
  • the control device 111 provides for the control of the intensity/luminance of the lights 115, as well as other ambience- affecting characteristics of the lights 115, such as color/chrominance, purity, saturation, and so on, via control of the lighting system 110.
  • the fragrance system 120 similarly includes a control device 121 that is configured to control one or more fragrance dispensers 125.
  • the control device 121 controls the intensity of the fragrance, as well as the particular scent, lingering characteristics, and so on.
  • the controller 150 is configured to integrate and simplify the operation of the lighting
  • the 110 and fragrance 120 systems by controlling one of the systems 110, 120 based on the user's control of the other system 120, 110.
  • a user need only adjust the lighting system 110 for a desired ambience, and a coordinated fragrance is automatically provided to reinforce the desired effect.
  • the control of the fragrance system 120 is applied after it is determined that the changes to the lighting system are not on-going.
  • a correlation device 160 is configured to facilitate the determination of coordinated lighting and fragrance effects, preferably based on correlations 165 developed by experts in the field of interior/environmental design. For example, dim or average light with blue hues may be correlated with a mix of chamomile, lavender, and sage, wherein the intensity of the scent is inversely proportional to the intensity of the light, and/or the saturation level, the mix of lavender increasing as the blue hue tends to violet, and so on. In like manner, dim light with red hues may be correlated with a light rose scent, and a bright white light may be correlated with a very light scent of pine, or with no scent at all.
  • a basic set of correlations may be provided by the manufacturer of the integrated lighting and fragrance system, and additional correlations made available from third party vendors, as discussed further below.
  • the controller 150 is configured to be compatible with a variety of lighting systems 110 and fragrance systems 120, and is configured to transform the information from the correlation device 160 regarding lighting and fragrance characteristics into control parameters for the particular systems 110, 120 to achieve the desired effects.
  • the correlation device 160 can be configured to receive as input the actual control parameter used to control one of the systems 110, 120, and to provide as output the actual control parameter used to control the other system 120, 110.
  • FIG. IB illustrates an example flow diagram of the use of the integrated lighting and fragrance system.
  • control device 111 a user adjusts the characteristics of the lights 115, via the lighting system 110.
  • the controller 150 detects this change of lighting characteristics, preferably by monitoring the operation of the lighting system 110 or the control device 111 directly. If a direct monitoring of the system 110 or device 111 is not used, the controller 150 can be configured to detect the effects of the applied control, using for example, light and color sensors in the area that is affected by the lights 115, or via a camera that provides an image of the affected area to the controller 150.
  • the controller 150 Based on the change of lighting characteristics, the controller 150 provides information 151 corresponding to the determined lighting control to the correlation device 160, and receives information 161 from the correlation device 160 corresponding to a preferred fragrance corresponding to this lighting control. Based on the information corresponding to the preferred fragrance, the controller 150 applies control to the fragrance system 120 to effect the dispersion of the preferred fragrance, via the fragrance dispensers 125.
  • FIG. IB corresponds to the expected typical use of the system, because it is assumed that most users will be comfortable adjusting the lighting effects in an environment, and allowing the system to automatically determine a coordinated fragrance.
  • the system is configured to also allow a user to adjust the fragrance effects in the environment, and to automatically adjust the lighting characteristics to correspond to the selected fragrance, as illustrated in FIG. 1C.
  • a user controls the fragrance system 120 via the control device 121.
  • the controller 150 detects the change of fragrance control, and provides information 152 corresponding to the selected fragrance to the correlation device 160.
  • the correlation device 160 provides information 162 regarding lighting characteristics that correspond to the selected fragrance.
  • the controller 150 receives this information and controls the lighting system 110 to provide the desired lighting effects at the lights 115.
  • the correlation device 160 preferably determines corresponding lighting and fragrance characteristics based on correlations determined by experts in the field of interior/environmental design.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example block diagram of a system for creating correlation data for use in an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • one or more experts 200 provide feedback 210 to a training engine regarding combinations of lighting and fragrance effects produced by various combinations of control input 111, 121 to the lighting 110 and fragrance 120 systems.
  • the correlation device 160 of FIG. IA includes a neural network or other trainable structures
  • the training engine 250 includes a copy of the correlation device 160 that is set to a training mode.
  • the expert 200 provides a correlation score 210 based on the suitability of the light and fragrance combination produced by the lights 115 and dispensers 125.
  • the neural network within the training engine 250 provides a determined correlation between the controls 111, 121, based on a set of node weights within the network.
  • the neural network's determined correlation would match the expert's determined correlation score 210.
  • the correlation score 210 is used to adjust the node weights to provide a determined correlation that is closer to the correlation score 210.
  • the resultant node weights are stored as the expert correlation data 165.
  • the controller 150 of FIG. IA pre-loads the correlation device 160 with a list of the available fragrances from the fragrance system 120. Thereafter, when the user adjusts the lighting system 110, the controller 150 provides the information related to the selected lighting effect to the correlation device 160, and the correlation device 160 evaluates each of the available fragrances for correlation with the selected lighting effect, and identifies the available fragrance that provided the highest correlation score to the controller 150.
  • the correlation device 160 may be a rule-based system, and the correlation data 165 is a combination of rules developed by one or more experts.
  • the training engine 250 of FIG. 2 may include a rules generator that transforms user feedback 210 into a set of rules that form the expert data 165.
  • the feedback 210 may be an explicit set of rules, and the training engine 250 is merely an interface that facilitates the input of explicit rules.
  • an expert 200 may explicit state: "If the hue is red, the fragrance should include a rose scent", or "If the lighting level is high, the scent intensity should be low", or "If the lighting level is low, do not use orange scent", and so on.
  • the training engine 250 deduces a set of rules based on the expert's feedback 210. For example, if the expert 200 seems to consistently prefer rose scent when red hues are present, the training engine 250 may deduce the above "If the hue is red, the fragrance should include a rose scent" rule. In a typical rules-based system, a weight may also be applied to each rule, or each group of rules, to set the rule's importance, ranging, for example from an 'absolute rule' to a 'suggestion'.
  • the correlation device 160 is configured to apply the expert- developed rules 165, and to choose an available scent based on how well each scent matches the given rules, weighted by the importance of each rule.
  • the expert data 165 may merely be a matrix, or a set of matrices, that maps lighting effects to fragrance effects, and the training engine 250 provides an interface for creating these matrices. If the matrix provides an ordering of lighting and fragrance effects, interpolation techniques can be used to determine the preferred effects for control settings that are not explicitly included in the matrix.
  • an algorithmic technique may be used to calculate a fragrance based on a given lighting effect, and vice versa.
  • light can be mapped to a multi-dimensional color space, such as an RGB (red- green-blue) color space, or HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color space.
  • the correlation device 160 may include a processor that transforms a coordinate in a color space to a corresponding coordinate in an aroma space.
  • different experts may provide different transform equations to achieve different effects, and/or the transforms may include user definable parameters that provide a personal-touch to the algorithmically defined combinations.
  • correlation data 165 that maps lighting characteristics to fragrance characteristics, and optionally, fragrance characteristics to lighting characteristics, will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example block diagram of a system for providing correlation data 165 for use in an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • a network 320 such as the Internet, links a user's system 330 with a server 310 that provides access to one or more sets of correlation data 165, which are preferably developed by experts in the field of interior/environmental design.
  • the server 310 may be provided by a vendor of the integrated light and fragrance system of this invention, or by another party.
  • Supplying the correlation data 165 may be a commercial venture, wherein the user pays a fee for each copy, or the correlation data 165 may be freely provided to encourage purchase of the integrated light and fragrance system, or other products, such as particular lighting devices, fragrance dispensers, or fragrances for use in the system.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example flow diagram of an integrated light and fragrance system in accordance with this invention.
  • the system is illustrated as continuously looping, although one or ordinary skill in the art will recognize that an interrupt-driven embodiment may also be used.
  • a first control is checked to see if a change has occurred. If so, an alarm is set, at 420, and a timer that is associated with the alarm is reset. Not illustrated, if the system provides either light or fragrance control based on control of the other, different alarms and timers could be used for each detected control change. If the integrated system is configured to be the sole controller of the lighting and fragrance systems, the system effects the control of the corresponding system based on the detected control change, at 430. If, on the other hand, the systems 110, 120 of FIG. IA automatically control the associated devices 115, 125 based on the input from the control devices 111, 121, then block 430 can be omitted. The system loops back to 410 to continue to monitor for control changes.
  • the system determines whether an alarm is pending, at 440. If not, the system loops back to 410. If an alarm is pending, the system determines whether a predefined time duration has expired since the timer was reset, at 450. If not, the system loops back to 410. This looping for the predefined time duration assures that the second system is not automatically controlled while the first system is still being adjusted by the user. This predefined delay is typically set to be different for each of the systems 110, 120, because prematurely adjusting the lights is likely to be less consequential than prematurely dispersing a scent, due to the different persistence of each effect.
  • the coordinated control for the second system based on the detected change of control of the first system is determined, at 460, and applied to the second system, at 470.
  • the alarm is cleared, and the system loops back to 410 to continue to monitor for control changes.
  • the automated control 150 can be disabled by the user, and the correlation data 165 can be modified by the user.
  • each of the parameters of the system such as the delay times before activating the control of the lighting or fragrance system are configured to be adjustable by the user.
  • the correlation device 160 can be configured to apply different correlation data 165 based on other parameters, such as the time of day, day of the week, an identification of the particular user, and so on.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
  • Disinfection, Sterilisation Or Deodorisation Of Air (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un système intégré de lumière et de parfum assurant la commande automatique (150) d'effets aromatiques (125) basés sur une commande d'utilisateur (111) d'effets de lumière (115). Le système accepte une ou plusieurs corrélations éclairage/parfum à partir de laquelle/desquelles un effet aromatique préféré est déterminé (161, 162) à partir d'un effet d'éclairage préféré (151, 152). Eventuellement, ces ensembles de corrélations éclairage/parfum (165) sont fournis par des tiers vendeurs (310) qui utilisent les talents de concepteurs d'ambiance experts. Dans un mode de réalisation, le système peut également utiliser ces ensembles de corrélations éclairage/parfum (165) pour la commande d'effets d'éclairage (115) basée sur une commande d'utilisateur (121) des effets de parfum (125). Dans chacun de ces modes de réalisation, l'utilisateur commande simplement (111, 121) un premier effet souhaité (115, 125), et un deuxième effet approprié (125, 115) est créé pour améliorer le premier effet (115, 125).
PCT/IB2005/054245 2004-12-15 2005-12-14 Système intégré de lumière et de parfum WO2006064482A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/721,826 US20090271003A1 (en) 2004-12-15 2005-12-14 Integrated light and fragrance system
EP05850871A EP1827515A2 (fr) 2004-12-15 2005-12-14 Système intégré de lumière et de parfum
JP2007546292A JP2008524795A (ja) 2004-12-15 2005-12-14 一体化された照明芳香のシステム

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US63636504P 2004-12-15 2004-12-15
US60/636,365 2004-12-15

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Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006064482A2 true WO2006064482A2 (fr) 2006-06-22
WO2006064482A3 WO2006064482A3 (fr) 2006-09-14

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US (1) US20090271003A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1827515A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2008524795A (fr)
CN (1) CN101080243A (fr)
WO (1) WO2006064482A2 (fr)

Cited By (6)

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WO2008061945A2 (fr) * 2006-11-20 2008-05-29 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Dispositif pour distribuer un brouillard ou une vapeur d'une substance
WO2008142644A1 (fr) 2007-05-24 2008-11-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Système et procédé pour créer de façon automatique une atmosphère particulière par le réglage de contributions de moyens de stimulus perceptibles sensoriels
JP2010505227A (ja) * 2006-09-29 2010-02-18 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ 抽象的な記述から照明雰囲気を合成するための方法およびデバイス、並びに照明雰囲気合成システム
WO2010046810A1 (fr) 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Appareil de fragrance modulaire
WO2011071530A1 (fr) * 2009-12-09 2011-06-16 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Procédé de fonctionnement d'un distributeur de matières volatiles
WO2016055689A1 (fr) * 2014-10-10 2016-04-14 Onninen Oy Agencement de commande d'ambiance

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US9715223B2 (en) * 2013-07-10 2017-07-25 Scentair Technologies, Llc Bias setting in a scent delivery system
US10429806B2 (en) 2015-10-09 2019-10-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Volatile composition dispenser having a temperature sensor to remotely control an air handling device
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WO2017144408A1 (fr) * 2016-02-25 2017-08-31 Philips Lighting Holding B.V. Dispositifs appariés
CN110989703A (zh) * 2019-11-05 2020-04-10 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 调节香薰浓度的方法、装置、电子设备和计算机可读介质

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010505227A (ja) * 2006-09-29 2010-02-18 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ 抽象的な記述から照明雰囲気を合成するための方法およびデバイス、並びに照明雰囲気合成システム
WO2008061945A2 (fr) * 2006-11-20 2008-05-29 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Dispositif pour distribuer un brouillard ou une vapeur d'une substance
WO2008061945A3 (fr) * 2006-11-20 2008-09-25 Osram Gmbh Dispositif pour distribuer un brouillard ou une vapeur d'une substance
WO2008142644A1 (fr) 2007-05-24 2008-11-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Système et procédé pour créer de façon automatique une atmosphère particulière par le réglage de contributions de moyens de stimulus perceptibles sensoriels
US8892261B2 (en) 2007-05-24 2014-11-18 Koninklijke Philips N.V. System and method for automatically creating a specific atmosphere by controlling contributions of sensorial perceptible stimulus means
WO2010046810A1 (fr) 2008-10-24 2010-04-29 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Appareil de fragrance modulaire
WO2011071530A1 (fr) * 2009-12-09 2011-06-16 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Procédé de fonctionnement d'un distributeur de matières volatiles
US9101676B2 (en) 2009-12-09 2015-08-11 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Method of operating a volatile material dispenser
WO2016055689A1 (fr) * 2014-10-10 2016-04-14 Onninen Oy Agencement de commande d'ambiance

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US20090271003A1 (en) 2009-10-29
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JP2008524795A (ja) 2008-07-10
EP1827515A2 (fr) 2007-09-05

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